1
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Marie N, Ma JA, Tognetti V, Cahard D. Photocatalyzed Cascade Hydrogen Atom Transfers for Assembly of Multi-Substituted α-SCF 3 and α-SCF 2H Cyclopentanones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407689. [PMID: 38845586 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
A photocatalyzed formal (3+2) cycloaddition has been developed to construct original polysubstituted α-SCF3 cyclopentanones in a regio- and diastereoselective manner. This building block approach leverages trifluoromethylthio alkynes and branched/linear aldehydes, as readily available reaction partners, in consecutive hydrogen atom transfers and C-C bond formations. Difluoromethylthio alkynes are also compatible substrates. Furthermore, the potential for telescoped reaction starting from alcohols instead of aldehydes was demonstrated, as well as process automatization and scale-up under continuous microflow conditions. This prompted density functional theory (DFT) calculations to support a radical-mediated cascade process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Marie
- CNRS, UMR 6014 COBRA, Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Vincent Tognetti
- CNRS, UMR 6014 COBRA, Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Dominique Cahard
- CNRS, UMR 6014 COBRA, Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, Normandie Univ, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000, Rouen, France
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2
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Matsumoto N, Nakagawa S, Morisato K, Kanamori K, Nakanishi K, Yanai N. Crystalline organic monoliths with bicontinuous porosity. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11500-11506. [PMID: 39055017 PMCID: PMC11268461 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01650e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic crystals are a promising class of materials for various optical applications. However, it has been challenging to make macroscopic organic crystals with bicontinuous porosity that are applicable to flow chemistry. In this study, a new class of porous materials, cm-scale crystalline organic monoliths (COMs) with bicontinuous porosity, are synthesized by replicating the porous structure of silica monolith templates. The COMs composed of p-terphenyl can take up more than 30 wt% of an aqueous solution, and the photophysical properties of the p-terphenyl crystals are well maintained in the COMs. The relatively high surface area of the COMs can be exploited for efficient Dexter energy transfer from triplet sensitizers on the pore surface. The resulting triplet excitons in the COMs encounter and annihilate, generating upconverted UV emission. The COMs would open a new avenue toward applications of organic crystals in flow photoreaction systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Sakura Nakagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Kei Morisato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kanamori
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
- PRESTO, JST Honcho 4-1-8 Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakanishi
- Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- FOREST, JST Honcho 4-1-8 Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
- CREST, JST Honcho 4-1-8 Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
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3
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Shi T, Hu W. Asymmetric Carbene Transfer: Enhancing Chemical Diversity for Drug Discovery. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400971. [PMID: 38735847 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The quest to explore chemical space is vital for identifying novel disease targets, impacting both the effectiveness and safety profile of therapeutic agents. The tangible chemical space, currently estimated at a conservative 108 synthesized compounds, pales in comparison to the theoretically conceivable diversity of 1060 molecules. To bridge this vast gap, organic chemists are spearheading innovative methodologies that promise to broaden this limited chemical diversity. A beacon of this progressive wave is Asymmetric Carbene Transfer (ACT), a burgeoning strategy that significantly boosts molecular diversity with efficient bond-formation and precise chiral control. This review focuses on the capabilities of ACT in creating pharmaceutically significant molecules, encompassing an array of natural products and bioactive compounds. Through the lens of ACT, we discern its substantial influence on drug discovery, paving the way for novel therapeutic avenues by expanding the boundaries of molecular diversity. This review will shed light on prospective methodological developments of ACT and articulate their conceivable contributions to the medicinal chemistry arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoda Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China, 510006
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education", Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education", Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
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4
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Jain A, Yadav VK, Kumari A, Saha SK, Metre RK, Bhattacharyya S, Rana NK. Supported-amine-catalyzed cascade synthesis of spiro-thiazolone-tetrahydrothiophenes: assessing HSA binding activity. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5087-5092. [PMID: 38835316 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00619d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
We have devised a supported-amine-catalyzed efficient synthesis of spiro-thiazolone-tetrahydrothiophenes via a sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade approach. The catalyst demonstrated sustained efficacy over 21 cycles. These derivatives were found to exhibit excellent binding abilities with purified human serum albumin as indicated by both in silico and in vitro-based experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan-342030, India.
| | - Vinay K Yadav
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan-342030, India
| | - Akanksha Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan-342030, India.
| | - Suman K Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan-342030, India.
| | - Ramesh K Metre
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan-342030, India.
| | - Sudipta Bhattacharyya
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan-342030, India
| | - Nirmal K Rana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan-342030, India.
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5
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Bennett JJ, Murphy PV. Flow Chemistry for Synthesis of 2-(C-Glycosyl)acetates from Pyranoses via Tandem Wittig and Michael Reactions. Org Process Res Dev 2024; 28:1848-1859. [PMID: 38783857 PMCID: PMC11110061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
C-Glycosyl compounds (C-glycosides) are a class of saccharide derivatives with improved stability over their O-linked counterparts. This paper reports the synthesis of several trans-2-(C-glycosyl)acetates via a tandem Wittig-Michael reaction from pyranoses (cyclic hemiacetals) using continuous flow processing, which gave improvements compared to reactions conducted in round-bottom flasks. Products were isolated in yields of >60% from reactions of benzyl-protected xylopyranoses, glucopyranoses, and galactopyranoses at higher temperatures and pressures, which were superior to yields from batch procedures. A two-step procedure involving the Wittig reaction followed by Michael reaction (intramolecular oxa-Michael) of the unsaturated ester obtained in the presence of DBU was developed. Reactions of protected mannopyranose gave low yields in corresponding reactions in flow due to competing C-2 epimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack J. Bennett
- School
of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University
of Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Paul V. Murphy
- School
of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University
of Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
- SSPC
− SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, University of Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
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6
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Ryan MR, Lynch D, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Selective Thermal Deprotection of N-Boc Protected Amines in Continuous Flow. Org Process Res Dev 2024; 28:1946-1963. [PMID: 38783851 PMCID: PMC11110071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Thermal N-Boc deprotection of a range of amines is readily effected in continuous flow, in the absence of an acid catalyst. While the optimum results were obtained in methanol or trifluoroethanol, deprotection can be effected in a range of solvents of different polarities. Sequential selective deprotection of N-Boc groups has been demonstrated through temperature control, as exemplified by effective removal of an aryl N-Boc group in the presence of an alkyl N-Boc group. As a proof of principle, a telescoped sequence involving selective deprotection of an aryl N-Boc group from 9h followed by benzoylation and deprotection of the remaining alkyl N-Boc group to form amide 13 proved successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle-Rose Ryan
- School
of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Denis Lynch
- School
of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Stuart G. Collins
- School
of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility,
SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Anita R. Maguire
- School
of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry
Research Facility, SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
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7
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Zhang Z, Yamada YMA. Recent Advancements in Continuous-Flow Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling Utilizing Immobilized Molecular Palladium Complexes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304335. [PMID: 38418426 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Immobilized Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling under continuous-flow conditions using a packed-bed reactor, representing an efficient, automated, practical, and safe technology compared to conventional batch-type reactions. The core objective of this study is the development of an active and durable catalyst. In contrast to supported Pd nanoparticles, the attachment of Pd complexes onto solid supports through well-defined coordination sites is considered a favorable approach for preparing highly dispersed and stabilized Pd species. These species can be directly employed in various flow reactions without the need for pre-treatment. This concept paper explores recent achievements involving the application of immobilized Pd complexes as precatalysts for continuous-flow Suzuki-Miyaura coupling. Our focus is to elucidate the significance of the designed catalyst structures in relation to their catalytic performance under flow conditions. Additionally, we highlight various reaction systems and catalyst packing methods, emphasizing their crucial roles in establishing a practical synthesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhong Zhang
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoichi M A Yamada
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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8
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Kumari A, Patanvadiya DJ, Jain A, Patra R, Paranjothy M, Rana NK. Pyridinium Ylide-Mediated Diastereoselective Synthesis of Spirocyclopropanyl-pyrazolones via Cascade Michael/Substitution Reaction. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38742411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
We have devised a highly diastereoselective formal [2 + 1] annulation reaction of arylidene/alkylidine-pyrazolones with in situ-generated supported as well as standard pyridinium ylides to construct spirocyclopropanyl-pyrazolones. The cascade approach exhibits a wide range of functional group tolerance, gram-scale capability, and substrate versatility. A diverse range of spirocyclic cyclopropanes was synthesized extensively with both mediators, and the supported pyridine was reused in subsequent cycles. Density functional theory calculations confirmed the formation of spirocyclopropane as the lower energy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342030, India
| | | | - Anshul Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342030, India
| | - Ranjan Patra
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research & Studies, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India
| | - Manikandan Paranjothy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342030, India
| | - Nirmal K Rana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342030, India
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9
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Wei J, Liu Y, Sun Y, Bai J, Gao H, Yang Z, Pan L. Continuous Synthesis of a Macrocyclic Sulfite of Polyethylene Glycol by Cascaded Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs). Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304319. [PMID: 38277192 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Many macrocyclic compounds are attractive drug-like molecules or intermediates due to their special properties. However, the bulk synthesis of such compounds are hindered by the necessity of using diluted solutions, in order to prevent intermolecular reactions that yields oligomer impurities, thereby resulting in a low production efficiency. Such challenge can be adequately addressed by using continuous reactors, allowing improved efficiency with smaller space footprints. In this work, we proposed a novel continuous process for the synthesis of a macrocyclic sulfite of tetraethylene glycol (PEG4-MCSi), which is a precursor to a very useful building block, PEG4-macrocyclic sulfate (PEG4-MCS). The basic reaction parameters, including stoichiometry and temperature, were first confirmed with small batch reactions, and the effectiveness of coiled reactors and continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) were compared. Cascaded CSTRs were proven to be suitable, and the reaction parameters were subject to further optimization to give a robust continuous process. The process was then tested with 4 parallel runs for up to 64 h. Finally, the merits and demerits of batch and continuous reactions were also compared, demonstrating the suitability of latter in the bulk production of macrocyclic PEG-MCSi compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichang Wei
- Institute for Advanced Pharmaceutical Materials, Asymchem Life Sciences (Tianjin) Co., Ltds., No. 265, South Avenue, TEDA West, Tianjin, 300301, P. R. China
| | - Yinli Liu
- Institute for Advanced Pharmaceutical Materials, Asymchem Life Sciences (Tianjin) Co., Ltds., No. 265, South Avenue, TEDA West, Tianjin, 300301, P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Sun
- Institute for Advanced Pharmaceutical Materials, Asymchem Life Sciences (Tianjin) Co., Ltds., No. 265, South Avenue, TEDA West, Tianjin, 300301, P. R. China
| | - Jun Bai
- Institute for Advanced Pharmaceutical Materials, Asymchem Life Sciences (Tianjin) Co., Ltds., No. 265, South Avenue, TEDA West, Tianjin, 300301, P. R. China
| | - He Gao
- Institute for Advanced Pharmaceutical Materials, Asymchem Life Sciences (Tianjin) Co., Ltds., No. 265, South Avenue, TEDA West, Tianjin, 300301, P. R. China
| | - Zhaojun Yang
- Institute for Advanced Pharmaceutical Materials, Asymchem Life Sciences (Tianjin) Co., Ltds., No. 265, South Avenue, TEDA West, Tianjin, 300301, P. R. China
| | - Long Pan
- Institute for Advanced Pharmaceutical Materials, Asymchem Life Sciences (Tianjin) Co., Ltds., No. 265, South Avenue, TEDA West, Tianjin, 300301, P. R. China
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10
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Khan MEI, Cassini TL, Petrini M, Palmieri A. Synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted isoxazoles by domino reductive Nef reaction/cyclization of β-nitroenones. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3299-3303. [PMID: 38577730 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00232f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
β-Nitroenones can be efficiently converted into 3,5-disubstituted isoxazoles by using tin(II)chloride dihydrate and ethyl acetate as a reducing agent and solvent, respectively. Products are obtained in good yields and several functional groups are tolerated thanks to the mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomas Lighuen Cassini
- University of Camerino, ChIP Research Center, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Marino Petrini
- University of Camerino, ChIP Research Center, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Palmieri
- University of Camerino, ChIP Research Center, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy.
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11
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Martins GM, Braga FC, de Castro PP, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT. Continuous flow reactions in the preparation of active pharmaceutical ingredients and fine chemicals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3226-3239. [PMID: 38441166 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00418c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present an overview of continuous flow chemistry, including photoflow and electroflow technologies in the preparation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and fine chemical intermediates. Examples highlighting the benefits and challenges associated with continuous flow processes, mainly involving continuous thermal, photo- and electrochemical transformations, are drawn from the relevant literature, especially our experience and collaborations in this area, with emphasis on the synthesis and prospective scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M Martins
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Felipe C Braga
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Pedro P de Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Timothy J Brocksom
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Kleber T de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
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12
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Yu J, Liu J, Li C, Huang J, Zhu Y, You H. Recent advances and applications in high-throughput continuous flow. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3217-3225. [PMID: 38436212 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06180a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
High-throughput continuous flow technology has emerged as a revolutionary approach in chemical synthesis, offering accelerated experimentation and improved efficiency. With the aid of process analytical technology and automation, this system not only enables rapid optimisation of reaction conditions at the millimole to the picomole scale, but also facilitates automated scale-up synthesis. It can even achieve the self-planning and self-synthesis of small drug molecules with artificial intelligence incorporated in the system. The versatility of the system is highlighted by its compatibility with both electrochemistry and photochemistry, and its significant applications in organic synthesis and drug discovery. This highlight summarises its recent developments and applications, emphasising its significant impact on advancing research across multiple disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaping Yu
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Jiaying Liu
- Institute of Advanced Technology of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Chaoyi Li
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Junrong Huang
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yuxiang Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Hengzhi You
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Green Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Centre, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
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13
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Laporte AAH, Masson TM, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Multiphasic Continuous-Flow Reactors for Handling Gaseous Reagents in Organic Synthesis: Enhancing Efficiency and Safety in Chemical Processes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316108. [PMID: 38095968 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of reactive gaseous reagents for the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) remains a scientific challenge due to safety and efficiency limitations. The implementation of continuous-flow reactors has resulted in rapid development of gas-handling technology because of several advantages such as increased interfacial area, improved mass- and heat transfer, and seamless scale-up. This technology enables shorter and more atom-economic synthesis routes for the production of pharmaceutical compounds. Herein, we provide an overview of literature from 2016 onwards in the development of gas-handling continuous-flow technology as well as the use of gases in functionalization of APIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annechien A H Laporte
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom M Masson
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D A Zondag
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Heeschen E, DeLucia E, Arin Manav Y, Roberts D, Davaji B, Barecka MH. Low cost 3D printable flow reactors for electrochemistry. HARDWAREX 2024; 17:e00505. [PMID: 38226322 PMCID: PMC10788492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2023.e00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Transition to carbon neutrality requires the development of more sustainable pathways to synthesize the next generation of chemical building blocks. Electrochemistry is a promising pathway to achieve this goal, as it allows for the use of renewable energy to drive chemical transformations. While the electroreduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen evolution are attracting significant research interest, fundamental challenges exist in moving the research focus toward performing these reactions on scales relevant to industrial applications. To bridge this gap, we aim to facilitate researchers' access to flow reactors, which allow the characterization of electrochemical transformations under conditions closer to those deployed in the industry. Here, we provide a 3D-printable flow cell design (manufacturing cost < $5), which consists of several plates, offering a customizable alternative to commercially available flow reactors (cost > $6,000). The proposed design and detailed build instructions allow the performance of a wide variety of chemical reactions in flow, including gas and liquid phase electroreduction, electro(less)plating, and photoelectrochemical reactions, providing researchers with more flexibility and control over their experiments. By offering an accessible, low-cost reactor alternative, we reduce the barriers to performing research on sustainable electrochemistry, supporting the global efforts necessary to realize the paradigm shift in chemical manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Heeschen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Elena DeLucia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Yilmaz Arin Manav
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Daisy Roberts
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Benyamin Davaji
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Magda H. Barecka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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15
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Kobayashi K, Tanaka T, Kon Y, Kawanami H, Koumura N. Enhancing continuous-flow reactions via compression-molding of solid catalysts and dilutants in packed-bed systems. RSC Adv 2024; 14:6598-6602. [PMID: 38390498 PMCID: PMC10882219 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08088a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present an improved packed-bed system designed for continuous-flow reactions using platinum (Pt)-black powder and silica gel (SiO2). The Pt-leaching from the reaction column is suppressed via compression-molding of the Pt and SiO2. Scanning electron microscopy results and particle-size distribution analysis demonstrate that crushed and downsized SiO2 is effective in suppressing outflow. Furthermore, we successfully conducted a scaled-up experiment of the flow reaction using a large column, achieving excellent productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwihwan Kobayashi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Teruhiko Tanaka
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kon
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Hajime Kawanami
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Nagatoshi Koumura
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
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16
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Shaikh MA, Ubale AS, Gnanaprakasam B. Amberlyst-A26-Mediated Corey-Chaykovsky Cyclopropanation of 9-Alkylidene-9 H-fluorene under Continuous Process. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2283-2293. [PMID: 38316018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we have developed a continuous-process for the direct cyclopropanation of various alkenes nonconjugated with carbonyl using trimethylsulfoxonium iodide as a methylene source via the Corey-Chaykovsky cyclopropanation reaction in the presence of Amberlyst-A26 as a heterogeneous base. Several 9-alkylidene-9H-fluorene derivatives successfully undergo Corey-Chaykovsky cyclopropanation to afford spiro[cyclopropane-1,9'-fluorene] in excellent yields under the continuous-process module. Furthermore, continuous process for the cyclopropanation of 3-benzylideneindolin-2-one derivatives using Amberlyst-A26 as a heterogeneous base has been described, which afford spiro[cyclopropane-1,3'-indolin]-2'-one derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moseen A Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Akash S Ubale
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Boopathy Gnanaprakasam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
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17
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Fuse S, Kanda S, Masui H. One-Flow Synthesis of Substituted Indoles via Sequential 1,2-Addition/Nucleophilic Substitution of Indolyl-3-Carbaldehydes. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300909. [PMID: 37962410 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Substituted indoles are important as drugs. A number of valuable indoles have been synthesized via nucleophilic substitution at the 3'-position of indoles. However, the preparation of an indolylmethyl electrophile containing a tertiary carbon at the 3'-position and its subsequent nucleophilic substitution are challenging owing to the instability of the electrophile. Herein, we demonstrated the rapid one-flow synthesis of indoles via sequential 1,2-addition/nucleophilic substitution of indolyl-3-carbaldehydes. The use of a microflow technology helped in suppressing the undesired reactions caused by the unstable intermediates, resulting in significantly higher yields and reproducibility compared to those under batch conditions. A crown ether was effective when 1-alkylindole-3-carboxaldehyde was used as a substrate. However, the crown ether exerted a detrimental effect when 1H-indole-3-carboxaldehyde was used. A total of 15 structurally diverse indole derivatives were obtained in generally acceptable to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Sena Kanda
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hisashi Masui
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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18
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Li M, Yue L, Rajan AC, Yu L, Sahu H, Montgomery SM, Ramprasad R, Qi HJ. Low-temperature 3D printing of transparent silica glass microstructures. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi2958. [PMID: 37792949 PMCID: PMC10550221 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi2958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Transparent silica glass is one of the most essential materials used in society and industry, owing to its exceptional optical, thermal, and chemical properties. However, glass is extremely difficult to shape, especially into complex and miniaturized structures. Recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) printing have allowed for the creation of glass structures, but these methods involve time-consuming and high-temperature processes. Here, we report a photochemistry-based strategy for making glass structures of micrometer size under mild conditions. Our technique uses a photocurable polydimethylsiloxane resin that is 3D printed into complex structures and converted to silica glass via deep ultraviolet (DUV) irradiation in an ozone environment. The unique DUV-ozone conversion process for silica microstructures is low temperature (~220°C) and fast (<5 hours). The printed silica glass is highly transparent with smooth surface, comparable to commercial fused silica glass. This work enables the creation of arbitrary structures in silica glass through photochemistry and opens opportunities in unexplored territories for glass processing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhe Li
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Liang Yue
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Arunkumar Chitteth Rajan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Luxia Yu
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Harikrishna Sahu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - S. Macrae Montgomery
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Rampi Ramprasad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - H. Jerry Qi
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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19
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Suwanpitak K, Sriamornsak P, Singh I, Sangnim T, Huanbutta K. Three-Dimensional-Printed Vortex Tube Reactor for Continuous Flow Synthesis of Polyglycolic Acid Nanoparticles with High Productivity. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2679. [PMID: 37836320 PMCID: PMC10574274 DOI: 10.3390/nano13192679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyglycolic acid (PGA) nanoparticles show promise in biomedical applications due to their exceptional biocompatibility and biodegradability. These nanoparticles can be readily modified, facilitating targeted drug delivery and promoting specific interactions with diseased tissues or cells, including imaging agents and theranostic approaches. Their potential to advance precision medicine and personalized treatments is evident. However, conventional methods such as emulsification solvent evaporation via batch synthesis or tubular reactors via flow chemistry have limitations in terms of nanoparticle properties, productivity, and scalability. To overcome these limitations, this study focuses on the design and development of a 3D-printed vortex tube reactor for the continuous synthesis of PGA nanoparticles using flow chemistry. Computer-aided design (CAD) and the design of experiments (DoE) optimize the reactor design, and computational fluid dynamics simulations (CFD) evaluate the mixing index (MI) and Reynolds (Re) expression. The optimized reactor design was fabricated using fused deposition modeling (FDM) with polypropylene (PP) as the polymer. Dispersion experiments validate the optimization process and investigate the impact of input flow parameters. PGA nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized for size and polydispersity index (PDI). The results demonstrate the feasibility of using a 3D-printed vortex tube reactor for the continuous synthesis of PGA nanoparticles through flow chemistry and highlight the importance of reactor design in nanoparticle production. The CFD results of the optimized reactor design showed homogeneous mixing across a wide range of flow rates with increasing Reynolds expression. The residence time distribution (RTD) results confirmed that increasing the flow rate in the 3D-printed vortex tube reactor system reduced the dispersion variance in the tracer. Both experiments demonstrated improved mixing efficiency and productivity compared to traditional tubular reactors. The study also revealed that the total flow rate had a significant impact on the size and polydispersity index of the formulated PGA nanoparticle, with the optimal total flow rate at 104.46 mL/min, leading to smaller nanoparticles and a lower polydispersity index. Additionally, increasing the aqueous-to-organic volumetric ratio had a significant effect on the reduced particle size of the PGA nanoparticles. Overall, this study provides insights into the use of 3D-printed vortex tube reactors for the continuous synthesis of PGA nanoparticles and underscores the importance of reactor design and flow parameters in PGA nanoparticle formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittipat Suwanpitak
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand;
| | - Pornsak Sriamornsak
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand;
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Inderbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala 140401, Punjab, India;
| | - Tanikan Sangnim
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand;
| | - Kampanart Huanbutta
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand
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20
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Davis B, Genzer J, Efimenko K, Abolhasani M. Continuous Ligand-Free Catalysis Using a Hybrid Polymer Network Support. JACS AU 2023; 3:2226-2236. [PMID: 37654589 PMCID: PMC10466318 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries primarily utilize batch homogeneous reactions to carry out chemical transformations, emerging platforms seek to improve existing shortcomings by designing effective heterogeneous catalysis systems in continuous flow reactors. In this work, we present a versatile network-supported palladium (Pd) catalyst using a hybrid polymer of poly(methylvinylether-alt-maleic anhydride) and branched polyethyleneimine for intensified continuous flow synthesis of complex organic compounds via heterogeneous Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling and nitroarene hydrogenation reactions. The hydrophilicity of the hybrid polymer network facilitates the reagent mass transfer throughout the bulk of the catalyst particles. Through rapid automated exploration of the continuous and discrete parameters, as well as substrate scope screening, we identified optimal hybrid network-supported Pd catalyst composition and process parameters for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of aryl bromides with steady-state yields up to 92% with a nominal residence time of 20 min. The developed heterogeneous catalytic system exhibits high activity and mechanical stability with no detectable Pd leaching at reaction temperatures up to 95 °C. Additionally, the versatility of the hybrid network-supported Pd catalyst is demonstrated by successfully performing continuous nitroarene hydrogenation with short residence times (<5 min) at room temperature. Room temperature hydrogenation yields of >99% were achieved in under 2 min nominal residence times with no leaching and catalyst deactivation for more than 20 h continuous time on stream. This catalytic system shows its industrial utility with significantly improved reaction yields of challenging substrates and its utility of environmentally-friendly solvent mixtures, high reusability, scalable and cost-effective synthesis, and multi-reaction successes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley
A. Davis
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Kirill Efimenko
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
- Biomanufacturing
Training and Education Center, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Milad Abolhasani
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
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21
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Sonstrom RE, Vang ZP, Scolati HN, Neill JL, Pate BH, Clark JR. Rapid Enantiomeric Excess Measurements of Enantioisotopomers by Molecular Rotational Resonance Spectroscopy. Org Process Res Dev 2023; 27:1185-1197. [PMID: 38046274 PMCID: PMC10691865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent work in drug discovery has shown that selectively deuterated small molecules can improve the safety and efficacy for active pharmaceutical ingredients. The advantages derive from changes in metabolism resulting from the kinetic isotope effect when deuterium is substituted for a hydrogen atom at a structural position where rate limiting C-H bond breaking occurs. This application has pushed the development of precision deuteration strategies in synthetic chemistry that can install deuterium atoms with high regioselectivity and with stereocontrol. Copper-catalyzed alkene transfer hydrodeuteration chemistry has recently been shown to have high stereoselectivity for deuteration at the metabolically important benzyl C-H position. In this case, stereocontrol results in the creation of enantioisotopomers-molecules that are chiral solely by virtue of the deuterium substitution-and chiral analysis techniques are needed to assess the reaction selectivity. It was recently shown that chiral tag molecular rotational resonance (MRR) spectroscopy provides a routine way to measure the enantiomeric excess and establish the absolute configuration of enantioisotopomers. High-throughput implementations of chiral tag MRR spectroscopy are needed to support optimization of the chemical synthesis. A measurement methodology for high-throughput chiral analysis is demonstrated in this work. The high-throughput ee measurements are performed using cavity-enhanced MRR spectroscopy, which reduces measurement times and sample consumption by more than an order-of-magnitude compared to the previous enantioisotopomer analysis using a broadband MRR spectrometer. It is also shown that transitions for monitoring the enantiomers can be selected from a broadband rotational spectrum without the need for spectroscopic analysis. The general applicability of chiral tag MRR spectroscopy is illustrated by performing chiral analysis on six enantioisotopomer reaction products using a single molecule as the tag for chiral discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoua Pa Vang
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United States
| | - Haley N Scolati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Justin L Neill
- BrightSpec Inc., Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Brooks H Pate
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Joseph R Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233-1881, United States
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22
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Kumari A, Jain A, Shukla K, Patra R, Rana NK. A reusable polymer anchored pyridine mediated formal [4 + 1] annulation reaction for the diastereoselective synthesis of 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans. Org Biomol Chem 2023. [PMID: 37376919 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00804e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a highly stereoselective formal [4 + 1] annulation reaction to construct trans-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans utilising in situ generated supported pyridinium ylide. This approach has excellent substrate versatility and gram-scale synthesis capability. Moreover, the polymer-anchored pyridine has been recovered and reused multiple times. The product has been transformed into valuable molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342030, India.
| | - Anshul Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342030, India.
| | - Khyati Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, UP, India
| | - Ranjan Patra
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research & Studies, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India
| | - Nirmal K Rana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342030, India.
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23
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O'Callaghan KS, Lynch D, Baumann M, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Flow photolysis of aryldiazoacetates leading to dihydrobenzofurans via intramolecular C-H insertion. Org Biomol Chem 2023. [PMID: 37248769 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00541k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Flow photolysis of aryldiazoacetates 3-5 leads to C-H insertion to form dihydrobenzofurans 6-8 in a metal-free process, using either a medium pressure mercury lamp (250-390 nm) or LEDs (365 nm or 450 nm) with comparable synthetic outcomes. Significantly, addition of 4,4'-dimethoxybenzophenone 9 results in an increased yield and also alters the stereochemical outcome leading to preferential isolation of the trans dihydrobenzofurans 6a-8a (up to 50% yield), while the cis and trans diastereomers of 6-8 are recovered in essentially equimolar amounts in the absence of a photosensitiser (up to 26% yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie S O'Callaghan
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | - Denis Lynch
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Stuart G Collins
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | - Anita R Maguire
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Ireland.
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland
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24
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Glace M, Armstrong C, Puryear N, Bailey C, Moazeni-Pourasil RS, Scott D, Abdelwahed S, Roper TD. An Automated Continuous Synthesis and Isolation for the Scalable Production of Aryl Sulfonyl Chlorides. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104213. [PMID: 37241953 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a continuous system to produce multi-hundred-gram quantities of aryl sulfonyl chlorides is described. The scheme employs multiple continuous stirred-tank reactors (CSTRs) and a continuous filtration system and incorporates an automated process control scheme. The experimental process outlined is intended to safely produce the desired sulfonyl chloride at laboratory scale. Suitable reaction conditions were first determined using a batch-chemistry design of experiments (DOE) and several isolation methods. The hazards and incompatibilities of the heated chlorosulfonic acid reaction mixture were addressed by careful equipment selection, process monitoring, and automation. The approximations of the CSTR fill levels and pumping performance were measured by real-time data from gravimetric balances, ultimately leading to the incorporation of feedback controllers. The introduction of process automation demonstrated in this work resulted in significant improvements in process setpoint consistency, reliability, and spacetime yield, as demonstrated in medium- and large-scale continuous manufacturing runs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Glace
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Cameron Armstrong
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Nathan Puryear
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Colin Bailey
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | | | - Drew Scott
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Sherif Abdelwahed
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Thomas D Roper
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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25
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Bennett JJ, Murphy PV. Flow chemistry based catalytic hydrogenation for improving the synthesis of 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) from an l-sorbose derived precursor. Carbohydr Res 2023; 529:108845. [PMID: 37210941 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
1-Deoxynojirimycin (1-DNJ) is a glycoprocessing inhibitor, and it serves as a synthetic precursor to two of three currently marketed iminosugar drugs, miglustat (N-butyl DNJ/Zavesca®) and miglitol (Glyset®). Herein a continuous flow procedure is presented that shortens a synthesis of 1-DNJ from an intermediate prepared from l-sorbose. Batch reactions involving an azide reduction, subsequent reductive amination-based cyclisation, and O-benzyl deprotection in a previous report required two steps and the use of an acid. Here, this sequence is achieved in one step using the H-Cube® MiniPlus continuous flow reactor. Subsequent reductive amination of 1-DNJ with butanal using the H-Cube® gave NB-DNJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack J Bennett
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Paul V Murphy
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, SSPC - The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland.
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26
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Jain A, Regina A, Kumari A, Patra R, Paranjothy M, Rana NK. Reusable Supported Pyridine-Mediated Cascade Synthesis of trans-2,3-Dihydroindoles via In Situ-Generated N-Ylide. Org Lett 2023; 25:3790-3795. [PMID: 37184141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Merrifield resin-anchored pyridines were prepared and applied as reusable mediators for trans-selective cascade synthesis of 2,3-dihydroindoles. The developed approach relied on in situ N-ylide formation followed by Michael substitution reactions. The cascade reaction was also carried out efficiently with simple pyridine. The products were further transformed into synthetically valuable compounds, and supported pyridine was reused for multiple cycles. Density functional theory calculations confirmed the trans-selectivity as the lower-energy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342030, India
| | - Anitta Regina
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342030, India
| | - Akanksha Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342030, India
| | - Ranjan Patra
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research & Studies, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India
| | - Manikandan Paranjothy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342030, India
| | - Nirmal K Rana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342030, India
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27
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Feng Báez JP, George De la Rosa MV, Alvarado-Hernández BB, Romañach RJ, Stelzer T. Evaluation of a compact composite sensor array for concentration monitoring of solutions and suspensions via multivariate analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 233:115451. [PMID: 37182364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Compact composite probes were identified as a priority to alleviate space constraints in miniaturized unit operations and pharmaceutical manufacturing platforms. Therefore, in this proof of principle study, a compact composite sensor array (CCSA) combining ultraviolet and near infrared features at four different wavelengths (280, 340, 600, 860 nm) in a 380 × 30 mm housing (length x diameter, 7 mm diameter at the probe head), was evaluated for its capabilities to monitor in situ concentration of solutions and suspensions via multivariate analysis using partial least squares (PLS) regression models. Four model active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs): warfarin sodium isopropanol solvate (WS), lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate (LID), 6-mercaptopurine monohydrate (6-MP), and acetaminophen (ACM) in their aqueous solution and suspension formulation were used for the assessment. The results demonstrate that PLS models can be applied for the CCSA prototype to measure the API concentrations with similar accuracy (validation samples within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) limits), compared to univariate CCSA models and multivariate models for an established Raman spectrometer. Specifically, the multivariate CCSA models applied to the suspensions of 6-MP and ACM demonstrate improved accuracy of 63% and 31%, respectively, compared to the univariate CCSA models [1]. On the other hand, the PLS models for the solutions WS and LID showed a reduced accuracy compared to the univariate models [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean P Feng Báez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00926, USA
| | - Mery Vet George De la Rosa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00926, USA
| | | | - Rodolfo J Romañach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus, Mayagüez, PR 00681, USA
| | - Torsten Stelzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00926, USA.
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Mao F, Jin C, Wang J, Yang H, Yan X, Li X, Xu X. A one-step base-free synthesis of N-arylamides via modified pivaloyl mixed anhydride mediated amide coupling. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:3825-3828. [PMID: 37083033 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00452j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Pivalic anhydride is shown to be an effective reagent for direct amidation of carboxylic acids with N-alkyl anilines. The only by-product of this reaction is nontoxic pivalic acid, which can be easily removed by aqueous workup. The reactions are conducted under mild conditions and found to be compatible with a range of carboxylic acids, including aromatic, heterocyclic, acrylic, and aliphatic carboxylic acids and amino acids generating the desired amides in short reaction times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Mao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Can Jin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Xinhuan Yan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Xiangsheng Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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Jurina T, Sokač Cvetnić T, Šalić A, Benković M, Valinger D, Gajdoš Kljusurić J, Zelić B, Jurinjak Tušek A. Application of Spectroscopy Techniques for Monitoring (Bio)Catalytic Processes in Continuously Operated Microreactor Systems. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13040690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last twenty years, the application of microreactors in chemical and biochemical industrial processes has increased significantly. The use of microreactor systems ensures efficient process intensification due to the excellent heat and mass transfer within the microchannels. Monitoring the concentrations in the microchannels is critical for a better understanding of the physical and chemical processes occurring in micromixers and microreactors. Therefore, there is a growing interest in performing in-line and on-line analyses of chemical and/or biochemical processes. This creates tremendous opportunities for the incorporation of spectroscopic detection techniques into production and processing lines in various industries. In this work, an overview of current applications of ultraviolet–visible, infrared, Raman spectroscopy, NMR, MALDI-TOF-MS, and ESI-MS for monitoring (bio)catalytic processes in continuously operated microreactor systems is presented. The manuscript includes a description of the advantages and disadvantages of the analytical methods listed, with particular emphasis on the chemometric methods used for spectroscopic data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Jurina
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva ul. 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tea Sokač Cvetnić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva ul. 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anita Šalić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Benković
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva ul. 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Valinger
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva ul. 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasenka Gajdoš Kljusurić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva ul. 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Bruno Zelić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department for Packaging, Recycling and Environmental Protection, University North, Trg dr. Žarka Dolinara 1, 48 000 Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Ana Jurinjak Tušek
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva ul. 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Sagmeister P, Prieschl M, Kaldre D, Gadiyar C, Moessner C, Sedelmeier J, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Continuous Flow-Facilitated CB2 Agonist Synthesis, Part 1: Azidation and [3 + 2] Cycloaddition. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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31
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Lei Z, Ang HT, Wu J. Advanced In-Line Purification Technologies in Multistep Continuous Flow Pharmaceutical Synthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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32
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Medici F, Puglisi A, Rossi S, Raimondi L, Benaglia M. Stereoselective [2 + 2] photodimerization: a viable strategy for the synthesis of enantiopure cyclobutane derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2899-2904. [PMID: 36939196 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00232b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The [2 + 2] photodimerization of cinnamic acid derivatives to afford enantiopure cyclobutanes has been investigated. The use of a chiral auxiliary represents a convenient and straightforward method to exert enantiocontrol on the reaction. By exploiting Evans oxazolidinones, the stereoselective light-driven cyclisation affords a functionalised cyclobutane ring with up to 99% enantiocontrol after removing the chiral auxiliary. In-flow experiments allowed us to improve further the efficiency of the methodology, leading to high conversion and excellent enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Medici
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi, 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi, 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi, 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Laura Raimondi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi, 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Benaglia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi, 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Sutar DV, Sarang NU, Jamdade AB, Gnanaprakasam B. Continuous Flow Inter- and Intramolecular Macrolactonization under High Dilution Conditions. J Org Chem 2023; 88:3740-3759. [PMID: 36862843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c03000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
An efficient continuous flow process for the macrolactonization of seco acids and diacids using diols in the presence of Mukaiyama reagent (N-methyl-2-chloropyridinium iodide) has been developed for medium to large sized macrocyclic lactones. In comparison with other methods, the continuous flow process provided good to high yield in a short reaction time. By using this methodology, a wide range of macrocyclic lactones (11 compounds), dilactones (15 compounds), and tetralactone derivatives (2 compounds) with various ring sizes (12-26 atoms in the core) were synthesized in just 35 min of residence time. Advantageously, macrolactonization under the flow process is very elegant to handle the high dilution of reactants with a defined perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA) tube reactor volume (7 mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashrat Vishambar Sutar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Neha Uttamrao Sarang
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Akash Bandu Jamdade
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Boopathy Gnanaprakasam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
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Zakrzewski J, Yaseneva P, Taylor CJ, Gaunt MJ, Lapkin AA. Scalable Palladium-Catalyzed C(sp3)–H Carbonylation of Alkylamines in Batch and Continuous Flow. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Zakrzewski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Polina Yaseneva
- Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GG, U.K
| | - Connor J. Taylor
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park Milton Road, Milton, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
- Innovation Centre in Digital Molecular Technologies, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Matthew J. Gaunt
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
- Innovation Centre in Digital Molecular Technologies, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Alexei A. Lapkin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
- Innovation Centre in Digital Molecular Technologies, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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An eco-friendly and very low catalyst loading continuous condensation of primary amines and 1,3 Di carbonyl compounds: Synthesis of enaminones and enaminoesters by microreactor technology. J Flow Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-023-00263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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Abstract
How do you get into flow? We trained in flow chemistry during postdoctoral research and are now applying it in new areas: materials chemistry, crystallization, and supramolecular synthesis. Typically, when researchers think of "flow", they are considering predominantly liquid-based organic synthesis; application to other disciplines comes with its own challenges. In this Perspective, we highlight why we use and champion flow technologies in our fields, summarize some of the questions we encounter when discussing entry into flow research, and suggest steps to make the transition into the field, emphasizing that communication and collaboration between disciplines is key.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Laybourn
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,
| | - Karen Robertson
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,
| | - Anna G. Slater
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.,
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37
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Wang C, Xuan B, Huang C, Yao J, Wu C, Sun T. Optimization and Scale-Up of a Continuous Flow Synthesis of Dapagliflozin. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunchao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education. Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Boxin Xuan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education. Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education. Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Jingchun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. LTD., Linyi, 276005, China
| | - Chengjun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education. Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. LTD., Linyi, 276005, China
| | - Tiemin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education. Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
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38
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Comito M, Monguzzi R, Tagliapietra S, Palmisano G, Cravotto G. Towards Antibiotic Synthesis in Continuous-Flow Processes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031421. [PMID: 36771086 PMCID: PMC9919330 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous-flow chemistry has become a mainstream process and a notable trend among emerging technologies for drug synthesis. It is routinely used in academic and industrial laboratories to generate a wide variety of molecules and building blocks. The advantages it provides, in terms of safety, speed, cost efficiency and small-equipment footprint compared to analog batch processes, have been known for some time. What has become even more important in recent years is its compliance with the quality objectives that are required by drug-development protocols that integrate inline analysis and purification tools. There can be no doubt that worldwide government agencies have strongly encouraged the study and implementation of this innovative, sustainable and environmentally friendly technology. In this brief review, we list and evaluate the development and applications of continuous-flow processes for antibiotic synthesis. This work spans the period of 2012-2022 and highlights the main cases in which either active ingredients or their intermediates were produced under continuous flow. We hope that this manuscript will provide an overview of the field and a starting point for a deeper understanding of the impact of flow chemistry on the broad panorama of antibiotic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziale Comito
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
- Research and Development, ACS Dobfar SpA, Via Paullo 9, 20067 Tribiano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Monguzzi
- Research and Development, ACS Dobfar SpA, Via Paullo 9, 20067 Tribiano, Italy
| | - Silvia Tagliapietra
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palmisano
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-670-7183
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39
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Tarange DL, Nayak N, Kumar A. Continuous Flow Synthesis of Substituted 3,4-Propylenedioxythiophene Derivatives. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dattatray L. Tarange
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay (IITB), Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Nagaraj Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay (IITB), Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay (IITB), Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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40
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Nagy BS, Fu G, Hone CA, Kappe CO, Ötvös SB. Harnessing a Continuous-Flow Persulfuric Acid Generator for Direct Oxidative Aldehyde Esterifications. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201868. [PMID: 36377674 PMCID: PMC10107610 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Persulfuric acid is a well-known oxidant in various industrial-scale purification procedures. However, due to its tendency toward explosive decomposition, its usefulness in organic synthesis remained largely underexplored. Herein, a continuous in situ persulfuric acid generator was developed and applied for oxidative esterification of aldehydes under flow conditions. Sulfuric acid served as a readily available and benign precursor to form persulfuric acid in situ. By taking advantage of the continuous-flow generator concept, safety hazards were significantly reduced, whilst a robust and effective approach was ensured for direct transformations of aldehydes to valuable esters. The process proved useful for the transformation of diverse aliphatic as well as aromatic aldehydes, while its preparative capability was verified by the multigram-scale synthesis of a pharmaceutically relevant key intermediate. The present flow protocol demonstrates the safe, sustainable, and scalable application of persulfuric acid in a manner that would not be amenable to conventional batch processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence S. Nagy
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Gang Fu
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Christopher A. Hone
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research CenterPharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13A-8010GrazAustria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research CenterPharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Sándor B. Ötvös
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research CenterPharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13A-8010GrazAustria
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41
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The applications of organozinc reagents in continuous flow chemistry: Negishi coupling. J Flow Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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42
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Scott D, Briggs NEB, Formosa A, Burnett A, Desai B, Hammersmith G, Rapp K, Capellades G, Myerson AS, Roper TD. Impurity Purging through Systematic Process Development of a Continuous Two-Stage Crystallization. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Drew Scott
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia23284, United States
| | - Naomi E. B. Briggs
- On Demand Pharmaceuticals, 1550 E Gude Drive, Rockville, Maryland20850, United States
| | - Anna Formosa
- On Demand Pharmaceuticals, 1550 E Gude Drive, Rockville, Maryland20850, United States
| | - Annessa Burnett
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia23284, United States
| | - Bimbisar Desai
- TCG GreenChem, Inc., 701 Charles Ewing Boulevard, Ewing, New Jersey08628, United States
| | - Greg Hammersmith
- On Demand Pharmaceuticals, 1550 E Gude Drive, Rockville, Maryland20850, United States
| | - Kersten Rapp
- On Demand Pharmaceuticals, 1550 E Gude Drive, Rockville, Maryland20850, United States
| | - Gerard Capellades
- Henry M. Rowan College of Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey08028, United States
| | - Allan S. Myerson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Thomas D. Roper
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia23284, United States
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43
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Yang L, Sun Y, Zhang L. Microreactor Technology: Identifying Focus Fields and Emerging Trends by Using CiteSpace II. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200349. [PMID: 36482287 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microreactors have gained widespread attention from academia and industrial researchers due to their exceptionally fast mass and heat transfer and flexible control. In this work, CiteSpace software was used to systematically analyze the relevant literature to gain a comprehensively understand on the research status of microreactors in various fields. The results show that the research depth and application scope of microreactors are continuing to expand. The top 10 most popular research fields are photochemistry, pharmaceutical intermediates, multistep flow synthesis, mass transfer, computational fluid dynamics, μ-TAS (micro total analysis system), nanoparticles, biocatalysis, hydrogen production, and solid-supported reagents. The evolution trends of current focus areas are examined, including photochemistry, mass transfer, biocatalysis and hydrogen production and their milestone literature is analyzed in detail. This article demonstrates the development of different fields of microreactors technology and highlights the unending opportunities and challenges offered by this fascinating technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- School of Economics and Management, School of Intellectual Property, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yutao Sun
- School of Economics and Management, School of Intellectual Property, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Lijing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
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44
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Lan Z, Lu Y. Micromixing Intensification within a Combination of T-Type Micromixer and Micropacked Bed. MICROMACHINES 2022; 14:45. [PMID: 36677105 PMCID: PMC9866573 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The combination of microstructural units is an effective strategy to improve the micromixing of liquid phase systems, especially viscous systems. However, how the microstructural combination influences micromixing is still not systematically investigated. In this work, the Villermaux/Dushman reaction is used to study the micromixing performance of the viscous system of the glycerol-water in the combination of a T-type micromixer and a micropacked bed. Micromixing performances under various structural parameters and fluid characteristics are determined and summarized, and the micromixing laws are revealed by dimensionless analysis considering the specific spatial characteristics and temporal sequence in the combined microstructures. It achieves good agreement with experimental results and enables guidance for the design and scaling-up of the combined T-type micromixer and micropacked bed towards micromixing intensification in viscous reaction systems.
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45
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García-Lacuna J, Baumann M. Inline purification in continuous flow synthesis – opportunities and challenges. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous flow technology has become the method of choice for many academic and industrial researchers when developing new routes to chemical compounds of interest. With this technology maturing over the last decades, robust and oftentimes automated processes are now commonly exploited to generate fine chemical building blocks. The integration of effective inline analysis and purification tools is thereby frequently exploited to achieve effective and reliable flow processes. This perspective article summarizes recent applications of different inline purification techniques such as chromatography, extractions, and crystallization from academic and industrial laboratories. A discussion of the advantages and drawbacks of these tools is provided as a guide to aid researchers in selecting the most appropriate approach for future applications. It is hoped that this perspective contributes to new developments in this field in the context of process and cost efficiency, sustainability and industrial uptake of new flow chemistry tools developed in academia.
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Horáková P, Kočí K. Continuous-Flow Chemistry and Photochemistry for Manufacturing of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238536. [PMID: 36500629 PMCID: PMC9738912 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is any substance in a pharmaceutical product that is biologically active. That means the specific molecular entity is capable of achieving a defined biological effect on the target. These ingredients need to meet very strict limits; chemical and optical purity are considered to be the most important ones. A continuous-flow synthetic methodology which utilizes a continuously flowing stream of reactive fluids can be easily combined with photochemistry, which works with the chemical effects of light. These methods can be useful tools to meet these strict limits. Both of these methods are unique and powerful tools for the preparation of natural products or active pharmaceutical ingredients and their precursors with high structural complexity under mild conditions. This review shows some main directions in the field of active pharmaceutical ingredients' preparation using continuous-flow chemistry and photochemistry with numerous examples of industry and laboratory-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Horáková
- Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- TEVA Czech Industries s.r.o., 747 70 Opava, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Kamila Kočí
- Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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47
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Sumii Y, Iwasaki H, Fujihira Y, Mahmoud EM, Adachi H, Kagawa T, Cahard D, Shibata N. KHMDS/Triglyme Cryptate as an Alternative to Phosphazene Base in Stereodivergent Pentafluoroethylation of N-Sulfinylimines Using HFC-125. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15806-15819. [PMID: 36315641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
A protocol for the stereodivergent pentafluoroethylation of N-sulfinylimines using HFC-125 with KHMDS/triglyme has been developed. Both diastereomers of the pentafluoroethylated amines can be selectively synthesized based on the presence or absence of triglyme. This additive-controlled protocol allows the KHMDS/triglyme cryptate to be a straightforward and cheap alternative to previously reported base-controlled stereodivergent trifluoromethylation using potassium hexamethyldisilazide (KHMDS) versus P4-tBu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sumii
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroto Iwasaki
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yamato Fujihira
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Elsayed M Mahmoud
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.,Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Hiroaki Adachi
- Tosoh Finechem Corporation, 4988, Kaiseicho, Shunan 746-0006, Japan
| | - Takumi Kagawa
- Tosoh Finechem Corporation, 4988, Kaiseicho, Shunan 746-0006, Japan
| | - Dominique Cahard
- CNRS UMR 6014 COBRA, Normandie Université, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.,Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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48
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Croci F, Vilím J, Adamopoulou T, Tseliou V, Schoenmakers PJ, Knaus T, Mutti FG. Continuous Flow Biocatalytic Reductive Amination by Co-Entrapping Dehydrogenases with Agarose Gel in a 3D-Printed Mould Reactor. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200549. [PMID: 36173971 PMCID: PMC9828473 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we show how the merge of biocatalysis with flow chemistry aided by 3D-printing technologies can facilitate organic synthesis. This concept was exemplified for the reductive amination of benzaldehyde catalysed by co-immobilised amine dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase in a continuous flow micro-reactor. For this purpose, we investigated enzyme co-immobilisation by covalent binding, or ion-affinity binding, or entrapment. Entrapment in an agarose hydrogel turned out to be the most promising solution for this biocatalytic reaction. Therefore, we developed a scalable and customisable approach whereby an agarose hydrogel containing the co-entrapped dehydrogenases was cast in a 3D-printed mould. The reactor was applied to the reductive amination of benzaldehyde in continuous flow over 120 h and afforded 47 % analytical yield and a space-time yield of 7.4 g L day-1 using 0.03 mol% biocatalysts loading. This work also exemplifies how rapid prototyping of enzymatic reactions in flow can be achieved through 3D-printing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Croci
- van' t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences HIMS-Biocat & Analytical ChemistryUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jan Vilím
- van' t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences HIMS-Biocat & Analytical ChemistryUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Theodora Adamopoulou
- van' t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences HIMS-Biocat & Analytical ChemistryUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Vasilis Tseliou
- van' t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences HIMS-Biocat & Analytical ChemistryUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Schoenmakers
- van' t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences HIMS-Biocat & Analytical ChemistryUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Tanja Knaus
- van' t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences HIMS-Biocat & Analytical ChemistryUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Francesco G. Mutti
- van' t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences HIMS-Biocat & Analytical ChemistryUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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49
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Impact of solvent selection on batch and flow syntheses for heterogeneous hydrogenation in drug substance manufacturing: A model-based analysis. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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50
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Masui H, Fuse S. Micro-Flow <i>N</i>-Acylation Using Highly Electrophilic Acyl Ammonium Cations for Peptide and Urethane-Protected <i>N</i>-Carboxyanhydride Syntheses. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2022. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.80.986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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