1
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Ermanis K, Gibson DC, Genov GR, Phipps RJ. Interrogating the Crucial Interactions at Play in the Chiral Cation-Directed Enantioselective Borylation of Arenes. ACS Catal 2023; 13:13043-13055. [PMID: 37822864 PMCID: PMC10563137 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c03384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Rendering a common ligand scaffold anionic and then pairing it with a chiral cation represents an alternative strategy for developing enantioselective versions of challenging transformations, as has been recently demonstrated in the enantioselective borylation of arenes using a quinine-derived chiral cation. A significant barrier to the further generalization of this approach is the lack of understanding of the specific interactions involved between the cation, ligand, and substrate, given the complexity of the system. We have embarked on a detailed computational study probing the mechanism, the key noncovalent interactions involved, and potential origin of selectivity for the desymmetrizing borylation of two distinct classes of substrate. We describe a deconstructive, stepwise approach to tackling this complex challenge, which involves building up a detailed understanding of the pairwise components of the nominally three component system before combining together into the full 263-atom reactive complex. This approach has revealed substantial differences in the noncovalent interactions occurring at the stereodetermining transition state for C-H oxidative addition to iridium for the two substrate classes. Each substrate engages in a unique mixture of diverse interactions, a testament to the rich and privileged structure of the cinchona alkaloid-derived chiral cations. Throughout the study, experimental support is provided, and this culminates in the discovery that prochiral phosphine oxide substrates, lacking hydrogen bond donor functionality, can also give very encouraging levels of enantioselectivity, potentially through direct interactions with the chiral cation. We envisage that the findings in this study will spur further developments in using chiral cations as controllers in asymmetric transition-metal catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristaps Ermanis
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United
Kingdom
| | - David C. Gibson
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Georgi R. Genov
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Phipps
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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2
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Dutschke PD, Tsui BTH, von Bremen-Kühne M, Morris RH, Hahn FE. Methanol-Mediated Formation of an Iridium(III) NHC/Azolato Chelate Complex: An Experimental and Theoretical Study. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D. Dutschke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, Münster D-48149, Germany
| | - Brian Tsz Ho Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 89 Saint George St. Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Maximilian von Bremen-Kühne
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, Münster D-48149, Germany
| | - Robert H. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 89 Saint George St. Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - F. Ekkehardt Hahn
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, Münster D-48149, Germany
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3
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Mondal P, Pal R, Pal AK, Das S, Misra A, Datta A. Understanding the Regioselectivity of Ion-Pair-Assisted Meta-Selective C(sp 2)-H Activation in Conformationally Flexible Arylammonium Salts. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9222-9231. [PMID: 35771188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The lack of directionality and the long-range nature of Coulomb interactions have been a bottleneck to achieve chemically precise C-H activation using ion-pairs. Recent report by Phipps and co-workers of the ion-pair-directed regioselective Iridium-catalyzed borylation opens a new direction toward harnessing noncovalent interactions for C-H activation. In this article, the mechanism and specific role of ion-pairing are investigated using density functional theory (DFT). Computational studies reveal that meta C-H activation is kinetically more favorable than the para analogue due to stronger electrostatic interactions between the ion-pairs in closer proximity [d(NMe3+···SO3-)TSP1m = 3.93 Å versus d(NMe3+···SO3-)TSP1p = 4.30 Å]. The electrostatic interactions overwhelm the Pauli repulsion and distortion interactions incurred in bringing the oppositely charged ions in close contact for the rate-limiting meta transition state (TSP1m). Multiple linear regression shows that the free energies of activation correlate well with descriptors like the charge densities on the meta carbon and Ir atom along with that on the cation and anion with R2 = 0.74. Tuned range-separated DFT calculations demonstrate accurately the localization of charge separation in the reactant complex and transition state for the meta selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Mondal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Rapti Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune 411008, India
| | - Arun K Pal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumik Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Dist-Darjeeling 734013, India
| | - Anirban Misra
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Dist-Darjeeling 734013, India
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
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4
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Bisht R, Haldar C, Hassan MMM, Hoque ME, Chaturvedi J, Chattopadhyay B. Metal-catalysed C-H bond activation and borylation. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5042-5100. [PMID: 35635434 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01012c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalysed direct borylation of hydrocarbons via C-H bond activation has received a remarkable level of attention as a popular reaction in the synthesis of organoboron compounds owing to their synthetic versatility. While controlling the site-selectivity was one of the most challenging issues in these C-H borylation reactions, enormous efforts of several research groups proved instrumental in dealing with selectivity issues that presently reached an impressive level for both proximal and distal C-H bond borylation reactions. For example, in the case of ortho C-H bond borylation reactions, innovative methodologies have been developed either by the modification of the directing groups attached with the substrates or by creating new catalytic systems via the design of new ligand frameworks. Whereas meta and para selective C-H borylations remained a formidable challenge, numerous innovative concepts have been developed within a very short period of time by the development of new catalytic systems with the employment of various noncovalent interactions. Moreover, significant advancements have occurred for aliphatic C(sp3)-H borylations as well as enantioselective borylations. In this review article, we aim to discuss and summarize the different approaches and findings related to the development of directed proximal ortho, distal meta/para, aliphatic (racemic and enantioselective) borylation reactions since 2014. Additionally, considering the C-H borylation reaction as one of the most important mainstream reactions, various applications of this C-H borylation reaction toward the synthesis of natural products, therapeutics, and applications in materials chemistry will be summarized in the last part of this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Bisht
- Center of Bio-Medical Research, Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Chabush Haldar
- Center of Bio-Medical Research, Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Mirja Md Mahamudul Hassan
- Center of Bio-Medical Research, Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Md Emdadul Hoque
- Center of Bio-Medical Research, Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Jagriti Chaturvedi
- Center of Bio-Medical Research, Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Buddhadeb Chattopadhyay
- Center of Bio-Medical Research, Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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5
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Zhong RL, Suzuki K, Yamashita M, Sakaki S. Theoretical Insight into Catalysis of the Aluminabenzene–Iridium Complex for C(sp 3)–H Borylation of NEt 3: How to Control α- and β-Regioselectivities? ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Lin Zhong
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| | - Katsunori Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Daigakudori 1-1-1, Sanyo-Onoda, Yamaguchi 756-0884, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamashita
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho,
Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Sakaki
- Element Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries, Kyoto University, Goryo-Ohara 1-30,
Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan
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6
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Feng XQ, Wang HC, Li Z, Tang L, Sun X, Yang K. Transition-metal-catalyzed remote C-H functionalization of thioethers. RSC Adv 2022; 12:10835-10845. [PMID: 35424975 PMCID: PMC8988276 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01268e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, transition-metal-catalyzed direct C-H bond functionalization has been recognized as one of most efficient approaches for the derivatization of thioethers. Within this category, both mono- and bidentate-directing group strategies achieved the remote C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H functionalization of thioethers, respectively. This review systematically introduces the major advances and their mechanisms in the field of transition-metal-catalyzed remote C-H functionalization of thioethers from 2010 to 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Feng
- School of Pharmacy & School of Medicine, Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 China
| | - He-Cheng Wang
- School of Pharmacy & School of Medicine, Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 China
| | - Zhi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 China
| | - Long Tang
- School of Pharmacy & School of Medicine, Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 China
| | - Xiaoqiang Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 China
| | - Ke Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 China
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7
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Rogge T, Kaplaneris N, Chatani N, Kim J, Chang S, Punji B, Schafer LL, Musaev DG, Wencel-Delord J, Roberts CA, Sarpong R, Wilson ZE, Brimble MA, Johansson MJ, Ackermann L. C–H activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Zhang M, Wu H, Yang J, Huang G. A Computational Mechanistic Analysis of Iridium-Catalyzed C(sp3)–H Borylation Reveals a One-Stone–Two-Birds Strategy to Enhance Catalytic Activity. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongli Wu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinjin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Genping Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Xu M, Xia Y. Mechanistic Understanding of Rh(III)-Catalyzed Redox-Neutral C—H Activation/Annulation Reactions of N-Phenoxyacetamides and Methyleneoxetanones. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202103054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Zhong RL, Sakaki S. Methane Borylation Catalyzed by Ru, Rh, and Ir Complexes in Comparison with Cyclohexane Borylation: Theoretical Understanding and Prediction. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16732-16747. [PMID: 32894944 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Methane borylation catalyzed by Cp*M(Bpin)n (M = Ru or Rh; HBpin = pinacolborane; n = 2 or 3) and (TMPhen)Ir(Bpin)3 (TMPhen = 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) was investigated by DFT in comparison with cyclohexane borylation. Because Ru-catalyzed borylation has not been theoretically investigated yet, its reaction mechanism was first elucidated; Cp*Ru(Bpin)3 1-Ru is an active species, and Cp*Ru(Bpin)3(H)(CH3) 4-Ru is a key intermediate. In 4-Ru, the Ru is understood to have an ambiguous oxidation state between +IV and +VI because it has a H··Bpin bonding interaction with a bond order of about 0.5. Methane borylation occurs through oxidative addition of methane C-H bond followed by reductive elimination of borylmethane in all of these catalysts. The catalytic activity for methane borylation increases following the order Cp*Ru(Bpin)3 < (TMPhen)Ir(Bpin)3 < Cp*Rh(Bpin)2. Cyclohexane borylation occurs in the same mechanism except for the presence of isomerization of a key intermediate. Chemoselectivity of methane over cyclohexane increases following the order Ir < Ru < Rh. In all of these catalysts, the rate-determining step (RDS) of cyclohexane borylation needs a larger ΔG°‡ than the RDS of methane borylation because the more bulky cyclohexyl group induces larger steric repulsion with the ligand than methyl. One reason for the worse chemoselectivity of the Ir catalyst is its less congested transition state of the reductive elimination of borylcyclohexane. Herein, use of a strongly electron-donating ligand consisting of pyridine and N-heterocyclic carbene with bulky substituents is computationally proposed as a good ligand for the Ir catalyst; actually, the Ir complex of this ligand is calculated to be more active and more chemoselective than Cp*Rh(Bpin)2 for methane borylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Lin Zhong
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
| | - Shigeyoshi Sakaki
- Element Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries, Kyoto University, Goryo-Ohara 1-30, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan
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11
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Syed ZH, Chen Z, Idrees KB, Goetjen TA, Wegener EC, Zhang X, Chapman KW, Kaphan DM, Delferro M, Farha OK. Mechanistic Insights into C–H Borylation of Arenes with Organoiridium Catalysts Embedded in a Microporous Metal–Organic Framework. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoha H. Syed
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Zhihengyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11764, United States
| | - Karam B. Idrees
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Timothy A. Goetjen
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Evan C. Wegener
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Karena W. Chapman
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11764, United States
| | - David M. Kaphan
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Massimiliano Delferro
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Omar K. Farha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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12
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Liu YH, Jiang ZJ. Computational understanding of catalyst-controlled borylation of fluoroarenes: directed vs. undirected pathway. RSC Adv 2020; 10:19562-19569. [PMID: 35515481 PMCID: PMC9054080 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03428b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed to understand the origin of the regioselective C–H borylation of aromatics catalyzed by Co(i)/iPrPNP and Ir(iii)/dtbpy (4,4-di-tert-butyl bipyridine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-hua Liu
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering
- Guangzhou University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Zhong-Jie Jiang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials
- New Energy Research Institute
- College of Environment and Energy
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
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13
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Han Y, Li G, Liu L, Dai C, Shi DQ, Zhao Y. The protecting group enabled para-selective C–H benzylation of anilides via iron( ii) catalysis: a convenient approach for the synthesis of triarylmethanes. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00402b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the para-selective C–H benzylation of phenyl carbamate with an iron(ii) catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Han
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical
- Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Guobao Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical
- Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Lingling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical
- Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Chenyang Dai
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical
- Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Da-Qing Shi
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical
- Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Yingsheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical
- Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
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14
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Iridium-Catalyzed Undirected Homogeneous C–H Borylation Reaction. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2020_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Shishido R, Sasaki I, Seki T, Ishiyama T, Ito H. Direct Dimesitylborylation of Benzofuran Derivatives by an Iridium-Catalyzed C-H Activation with Silyldimesitylborane. Chemistry 2019; 25:12924-12928. [PMID: 31432548 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Direct dimesitylborylation of benzofuran derivatives by a C-H activation catalyzed by an iridium(I)/N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complex in the presence of Ph2 MeSi-BMes2 afforded the corresponding dimesitylborylation products in good to high yield with excellent regioselectivity. This method provides a straightforward route to donor-(π-spacer)-acceptor systems with intriguing solvatochromic luminescence properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Shishido
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Ikuo Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, 252-5258, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Seki
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICRD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Ishiyama
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICRD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
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16
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Dutta U, Maiti S, Pimparkar S, Maiti S, Gahan LR, Krenske EH, Lupton DW, Maiti D. Rhodium catalyzed template-assisted distal para-C-H olefination. Chem Sci 2019; 10:7426-7432. [PMID: 31489165 PMCID: PMC6713868 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01824g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We report first example of template assisted rhodium catalyzed para-C–H alkenylation.
Rhodium catalysis has been extensively used for ortho-C–H functionalization reactions, and successfully extended to meta-C–H functionalization. Its application to para-C–H activation remains an unmet challenge. Herein we disclose the first example of such a reaction, with the Rh-catalyzed para-C–H olefination of arenes. The use of a Si-linked cyanobiphenyl unit as a traceless directing group leads to highly para-selective arene–olefin couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Dutta
- Department of Chemistry , IIT Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India . .,IITB-Monash Research Academy , IIT Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400 076 , India.,School of Chemistry , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia .
| | - Sudip Maiti
- Department of Chemistry , IIT Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India .
| | - Sandeep Pimparkar
- Department of Chemistry , IIT Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India . .,IITB-Monash Research Academy , IIT Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400 076 , India.,School of Chemistry , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia .
| | - Siddhartha Maiti
- Department of Chemistry , IIT Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India .
| | - Lawrence R Gahan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia .
| | - Elizabeth H Krenske
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia .
| | - David W Lupton
- IITB-Monash Research Academy , IIT Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400 076 , India.,School of Chemistry , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia .
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry , IIT Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India . .,IITB-Monash Research Academy , IIT Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400 076 , India
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17
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Zhong RL, Sakaki S. sp3 C–H Borylation Catalyzed by Iridium(III) Triboryl Complex: Comprehensive Theoretical Study of Reactivity, Regioselectivity, and Prediction of Excellent Ligand. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9854-9866. [PMID: 31124356 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Lin Zhong
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Nishi-hiraki-cho 34-4, Takano, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Sakaki
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Nishi-hiraki-cho 34-4, Takano, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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18
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Zhang T, Liu S, Zhu L, Liu F, Zhong K, Zhang Y, Bai R, Lan Y. Theoretical study of FMO adjusted C-H cleavage and oxidative addition in nickel catalysed C-H arylation. Commun Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-019-0132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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19
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Zhang M, Liang J, Huang G. Mechanism and Origins of Enantioselectivity of Iridium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Silylation of Unactivated C(sp 3)-H Bonds. J Org Chem 2019; 84:2372-2376. [PMID: 30668096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations were performed to investigate the iridium-catalyzed intramolecular silylation of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds. The computations show that the in situ generated iridium(III) silyl dihydride species is the active catalyst, from which the followed migratory insertion and the transmetalation would generate the iridium(III) disilyl hydride species. The reaction was found to take place through an Ir(III)/Ir(V) catalytic cycle, and the C(sp3)-H bond oxidative addition constitutes the rate- and enantioselectivity-determining step. The steric repulsion and C-H···π interaction were found to account for the experimentally observed enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Liang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Genping Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , People's Republic of China
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20
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Barišić D, Tomišić V, Bregović N. Acid-base properties of phosphoric and acetic acid in aprotic organic solvents - A complete thermodynamic characterisation. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1046:77-92. [PMID: 30482305 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge regarding the acid-base behaviour in non-aqueous media has remained relatively scarce in spite of its importance for many aspects of chemistry. The research presented in this work fills some of particularly important gaps in the corresponding thermodynamic data. We report on a detailed study of acid-base properties of dihydrogen phosphate and acetate in aprotic organic solvents (acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, and dimethylformamide). It was found that several processes, i.e. protonation, homoassociation, and dimerisation play important roles in defining the basicity of these widely important anions. In the case of dihydrogen phosphate, formation of higher homoassociates (two anions, one acid molecule and vice versa) was detected, whereas acetate formed only simple homoassociates of 1:1 stoichiometry. The dimerisation of dihydrogen phosphate and acetic acid were confirmed to be important processes as well. The thermodynamics of the above mentioned reactions was characterised in detail by means of various experimental methods: ITC, spectrophotometry, NMR-spectroscopy, and conductometry. Reliable equilibrium constants and other thermodynamic reaction functions were determined. The obtained results were discussed in terms of hydrogen bonding potential of the anions and their conjugated acids, as well as solvent properties, i.e. their ability to solvate the species involved in the studied processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Barišić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia; Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - V Tomišić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - N Bregović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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21
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A para
-C-H Functionalization of Aniline Derivatives via In situ Generated Bulky Hypervalent Iodinium Reagents. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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22
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Li H, Obligacion JV, Chirik PJ, Hall MB. Cobalt Pincer Complexes in Catalytic C-H Borylation: The Pincer Ligand Flips Rather Than Dearomatizes. ACS Catal 2018; 8:10606-10618. [PMID: 30719402 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism for the borylation of an aromatic substrate by a cobalt pincer complex was investigated by density functional theory calculations. Experimental observations identified trans-(iPrPNP)CoH2(BPin) as the resting state in the borylation of five-membered heteroarenes, and 4-BPin-(iPrPNP)Co(N2)BPin as the resting state in the catalytic borylation of arene substrates. The active species, 4-R-(iPrPNP)CoBPin (R=H, BPin), were generated by reductive elimination of H2 in the former, through Berry pseudorotation to the cis isomer, and N2 loss in the latter. The catalytic mechanism of the resulting Co(I) complex was computed to involve three main steps: C-H oxidative addition of the aromatic substrate (C6H6), reductive elimination of PhBPin, and regeneration of the active complex. The oxidative addition product formed through the most favorable pathway, where the breaking C-H bond of C6H6 is parallel to a line between the two phosphine atoms, leaves the complex with a distorted PNP ligand, which rearranges to a more stable complex via dissociation and re-association of HBPin. Alternative pathways, σ-bond metathesis and the oxidative addition in which the breaking C-H bond is parallel to the Co-B bond, are predicted to be unlikely for this Co(I) complex. The thermodynamically favorable formation of the product PhBPin via reductive elimination drives the reaction forward. The active species regenerates through the oxidative addition of B2Pin2 and reductive elimination of HBPin. In the overall reaction, the flipping (refolding) of the five-membered phosphine rings, which connects the species with two phosphine rings folded in the same direction and that with them folded in different directions, is found to play an important role in the catalytic process, as it relieves steric crowding within the PNP ligand and opens Co coordination space. Metal-ligand cooperation based on the ligand's aromatization/dearomatization, a common mechanism for heavy-metal pincer complexes, and the dissociation of one phosphine ligand, do not apply in this system. This study provides guidance for understanding important features of pincer ligands with first-transition-row metals that differ from those in heavier metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Li
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jennifer V. Obligacion
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Paul J. Chirik
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Michael B. Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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23
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Wang Z, Zhu L, Zhong K, Qu L, Bai R, Lan Y. Mechanistic Insights into Manganese (I)‐Catalyzed Chemoselective Hydroarylations of Alkynes: A Theoretical Study. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheyuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing 400030 P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing 400030 P.R. China
| | - Kangbao Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing 400030 P.R. China
| | - Ling‐Bo Qu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P.R. China
| | - Ruopeng Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing 400030 P.R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing 400030 P.R. China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P.R. China
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24
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Iglesias M, Oro LA. A leap forward in iridium-NHC catalysis: new horizons and mechanistic insights. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:2772-2808. [PMID: 29557434 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00743d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises the most recent advances in Ir-NHC catalysis while revisiting all the classical reactions in which this type of catalyst has proved to be active. The influence of the ligand system and, in particular, the impact of the NHC ligand on the activity and selectivity of the reaction have been analysed, accompanied by an examination of the great variety of catalytic cycles hitherto reported. The reaction mechanisms so far proposed are described and commented on for each individual process. Moreover, some general considerations that attempt to explain the influence of the NHC from a mechanistic viewpoint are presented at the end of the review. The first sections are dedicated to the most widely explored reactions that use Ir-NHCs, i.e., hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation, for which a general overview that tries to compile all the Ir-NHC catalysts hitherto reported for these processes is provided. The next sections deal with hydrogen borrowing, hydrosilylation, water splitting, dehydrogenation (of alcohols, alkanes, aminoboranes and formic acid), hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE), signal amplification by reversible exchange and C-H bond functionalisation (silylation and borylation). The last section compiles a series of reactions somewhat less explored for Ir-NHC catalysts that include the hydroalkynylation of imines, hydroamination, diboration of olefins, hydrolysis and methanolysis of silanes, arylation of aldehydes with boronic acids, addition of aroyl chlorides to alkynes, visible light driven reactions, isomerisation of alkenes, asymmetric intramolecular allylic amination and reactions that employ heterometallic catalysts containing at least one Ir-NHC unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Iglesias
- Departamento Química Inorgánica - ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza - CSIC, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Luis A Oro
- Departamento Química Inorgánica - ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza - CSIC, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain. and King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Korenaga T, Nitatori K, Muraoka H, Ogawa S, Shimada K. Perfluorocyclopentadienyl Radical Derivative as an Organocatalyst for Oxidative Coupling of Aryl- and Thienylmagnesium Compounds under Atmospheric Oxygen. J Org Chem 2018; 83:4835-4839. [PMID: 29557173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative homocoupling reaction of Grignard reagents in the presence of atmospheric oxygen molecules proceeded in the presence of a heptafluorotolyl-substituted perfluorocyclopentadienyl radical. The turnover number (TON) was over 30 for the coupling reactions of PhMgBr to give biphenyl. The organocatalyst could couple thienylmagnesium compounds to give bithiophene derivatives in up to 94% yield. Furthermore, a gram-scale synthesis of 6,6'-dimethoxybiphenyl-2,2'-diyl-bis(phosphonic acid diethyl ester) was demonstrated. Stabilization of the phenyl radical for the inhibition of the side reaction was also considered using DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinobu Korenaga
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Iwate University , 4-3-5 Ueda , Morioka , Iwate 020-8551 , Japan
| | - Kaoru Nitatori
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Iwate University , 4-3-5 Ueda , Morioka , Iwate 020-8551 , Japan
| | - Hiroki Muraoka
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Iwate University , 4-3-5 Ueda , Morioka , Iwate 020-8551 , Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Iwate University , 4-3-5 Ueda , Morioka , Iwate 020-8551 , Japan
| | - Kazuaki Shimada
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Iwate University , 4-3-5 Ueda , Morioka , Iwate 020-8551 , Japan
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26
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Yuan C, Zhu L, Zeng R, Lan Y, Zhao Y. Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed C−H Difluoromethylation of Ketoximes: Tuning the Regioselectivity from the meta
to the para
Position. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunchen Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing 40030 P.R. China
| | - Runsheng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 P.R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing 40030 P.R. China
| | - Yingsheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 P.R. China
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27
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Yuan C, Zhu L, Zeng R, Lan Y, Zhao Y. Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed C-H Difluoromethylation of Ketoximes: Tuning the Regioselectivity from the meta to the para Position. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1277-1281. [PMID: 29215181 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A highly para-selective CAr -H difluoromethylation of ketoxime ethers under ruthenium catalysis has been developed. A wide variety of ketoxime ethers are compatible with the reaction, which leads to the corresponding para-difluoromethylated products in moderate to good yield. A mechanistic study clearly showed that chelation-assisted cycloruthenation is the key factor in the para selectivity of the difluoromethylation of ketoxime ethers. Density functional theory was used to gain a theoretical understanding of the para selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunchen Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 40030, P.R. China
| | - Runsheng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 40030, P.R. China
| | - Yingsheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
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28
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Liu Y, Chen J, Zhan K, Shen Y, Gao H, Yao L. Mechanistic study of the ligand controlled regioselectivity in iridium catalyzed C–H borylation of aromatic imines. RSC Adv 2018; 8:35453-35460. [PMID: 35547887 PMCID: PMC9088018 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07886f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DFT calculation indicates that in iridium catalyzed C–H borylation of aromatics, the ortho selectivity is proposed to be attributed to the electron donating effect of AQ ligand, while the meta selectivity is due to steric hindrance of TMP ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Liu
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering
- Guangzhou University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Jipei Chen
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering
- Guangzhou University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Kangsheng Zhan
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering
- Guangzhou University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Yiqiang Shen
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering
- Guangzhou University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Hui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Lingmin Yao
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering
- Guangzhou University
- Guangzhou
- China
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29
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Li HL, Kanai M, Kuninobu Y. Iridium/Bipyridine-Catalyzed ortho-Selective C–H Borylation of Phenol and Aniline Derivatives. Org Lett 2017; 19:5944-5947. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Liang Li
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Motomu Kanai
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- ERATO, Japan Science
and Technology Agency (JST), Kanai Life Science Catalysis Project, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kuninobu
- ERATO, Japan Science
and Technology Agency (JST), Kanai Life Science Catalysis Project, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1
Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
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