1
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Bieniek JC, Mashtakov B, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Dehydrogenative Electrochemical Synthesis of N-Aryl-3,4-Dihydroquinolin-2-ones by Iodine(III)-Mediated Coupling Reaction. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303388. [PMID: 38018461 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemically generated hypervalent iodine(III) species are powerful reagents for oxidative C-N coupling reactions, providing access to valuable N-heterocycles. A new electrocatalytic hypervalent iodine(III)-mediated in-cell synthesis of 1H-N-aryl-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2-ones by dehydrogenative C-N bond formation is presented. Catalytic amounts of the redox mediator, a low supporting electrolyte concentration and recycling of the solvent used make this method a sustainable alternative to electrochemical ex-cell or conventional approaches. Furthermore, inexpensive, readily available electrode materials and a simple galvanostatic set-up are applied. The broad functional group tolerance could be demonstrated by synthesizing 23 examples in yields up to 96 %, with one reaction being performed on a 10-fold higher scale. Based on the obtained results a sound reaction mechanism could be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Bieniek
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Boris Mashtakov
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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2
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Jiang W, Wang B, Song C, Liu J. Electrocatalytic Desulfurizative Amination of Thioureas to Guanidines. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14601-14609. [PMID: 37788335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Guanidine has been known as an important class of N-containing molecules with a wide range of applications. Described here is a selective and efficient electrochemical approach to the synthesis of guanidines from easily accessible thioureas and amines. The key to success for this reaction is the in situ generation of a hypervalent iodine reagent as a catalyst from iodoarene by anodic oxidation. This mild desulfurizative amination presents ample substrate scope and good functional group tolerance without the use of extra stoichiometric chemical oxidants. As only electrons serve as the oxidation reagents, this method offers a more straightforward and sustainable manner toward versatile guanidines, including late-stage functionalization of pharmaceutically relevant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Bing Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Chunlan Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou 511300, Guangdong Province, China
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3
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Murtaza A, Ulhaq Z, Shirinfar B, Rani S, Aslam S, Martins GM, Ahmed N. Arenes and Heteroarenes C-H Functionalization Under Enabling Conditions: Electrochemistry, Photoelectrochemistry & Flow Technology. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300119. [PMID: 37255348 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
C-H bond functionalization generates molecular complexity in single-step transformation. However, the activation of C-H bonds requires expensive metals or stoichiometric amounts of oxidizing/reducing species. In many cases, they often require pre-functionalization of starting molecules. Such pre-activating measures cause waste generation and their separation from the final product is also troublesome. In such a scenario, reactions activating elements generating from renewable energy resources such as electricity and light would be more efficient, green, and cost-effective. Further, incorporation of growing flow technology in chemical transformation processes will accelerate the safer accesses of valuable products. Arenes & heteroarenes are ubiquitous in pharmaceuticals, natural products, medicinal compounds, and other biologically important molecules. Herein, we discussed enabling tools and technologies used for the recent C-H bonds functionalization of arenes and heteroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Murtaza
- Department of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ulhaq
- Chemical Engineering Department, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Bahareh Shirinfar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, Bath, United Kingdom
- West Herts College, Hertfordshire, Watford, WD17 3EZ, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sadia Rani
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Samina Aslam
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Guilherme M Martins
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Carlos - UFS Car, 13565-905, São Carlos -SP, Brazil
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
- Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
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4
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Sato E, Yukiue A, Mitsudo K, Suga S. Anodic Dehydrogenative Aromatization of Tetrahydrocarbazoles Leading to Carbazoles. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37428821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Anodic oxidation-promoted aromatization of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazoles was achieved. Nitrogen-protected tetrahydrocarbazoles could be converted to the corresponding carbazoles with the use of bromide as a mediator. LiBr, an inexpensive bromide source, allowed for efficient transformation in the presence of AcOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Sato
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ayaka Yukiue
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Koichi Mitsudo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Seiji Suga
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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5
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Sokolovs I, Suna E. Electrochemical Synthesis of Dimeric λ 3-Bromane: Platform for Hypervalent Bromine(III) Compounds. Org Lett 2023; 25:2047-2052. [PMID: 36944352 PMCID: PMC10071479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
A straightforward and scalable approach to a previously unreported class of cyclic hypervalent Br(III) species capitalizes on the anodic oxidation of aryl bromide to dimeric benzbromoxole that serves as a versatile platform to access a range of structurally diverse Br(III) congeners such as acetoxy-, alkoxy-, and ethynyl-λ3-bromanes as well as diaryl-λ3-bromanes. The synthetic utility of dimeric λ3-bromane is exemplified by photoinduced Minisci-type heteroarylation reactions and benzylic oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igors Sokolovs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Edgars Suna
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
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6
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Prudlik A, Mohebbati N, Hildebrandt L, Heck A, Nuhn L, Francke R. TEMPO-Modified Polymethacrylates as Mediators in Electrosynthesis: Influence of the Molecular Weight on Redox Properties and Electrocatalytic Activity. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202730. [PMID: 36426862 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Homogeneous catalysts ("mediators") are frequently employed in organic electrosynthesis to control selectivity. Despite their advantages, they can have a negative influence on the overall energy and mass balance if used only once or recycled inefficiently. Polymediators are soluble redox-active polymers applicable as electrocatalysts, enabling recovery by dialysis or membrane filtration. Using anodic alcohol oxidation as an example, we have demonstrated that TEMPO-modified polymethacrylates (TPMA) can act as efficient and recyclable catalysts. In the present work, the influence of the molecular size on the redox properties and the catalytic activity was carefully elaborated using a series of TPMAs with well-defined molecular weight distributions. Cyclic voltammetry studies show that the polymer chain length has a pronounced impact on the key-properties. Together with preparative-scale electrolysis experiments, an optimum size range was identified for polymediator-guided sustainable reaction control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Prudlik
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nayereh Mohebbati
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Laura Hildebrandt
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alina Heck
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Francke
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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7
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Franke MC, Longley VR, Rafiee M, Stahl SS, Hansen EC, Weix DJ. Zinc-Free, Scalable Reductive Cross-Electrophile Coupling Driven by Electrochemistry in an Undivided Cell. ACS Catal 2022; 12:12617-12626. [PMID: 37065181 PMCID: PMC10101217 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-electrophile coupling reactions are becoming increasingly important in organic synthesis, but application at scale is limited by three interconnected challenges: a reliance on amide solvents (complicated workup, regulated), the generation of stoichiometric Zn salts (complicated isolation, waste disposal issue), and mixing/activation challenges of zinc powder. We show here an electrochemical approach that addresses these three issues: the reaction works in acetonitrile with diisopropylethylamine as the terminal reductant in a simple undivided cell (graphite(+)/nickel foam(-)). The reaction utilizes a combination of two ligands, 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine and 4,4',4''-tri-tert-butyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine. Studies show that, alone, the bipyridine nickel catalyst predominantly forms protodehalogenated aryl and aryl dimer, whereas the terpyridine nickel catalyst predominantly forms bialkyl and product. By combining these two unselective catalysts, a tunable, general system results because excess radical formed by the terpyridine catalyst can be converted to product by the bipyridine catalyst. As the aryl bromide becomes more electron rich, the optimal ratio shifts to have more of the bipyridine nickel catalyst. Lastly, examination of a variety of flow-cell configurations establishes that batch recirculation can achieve higher productivity (mmol product/time/electrode area) than single-pass, that high flow rates are essential to maximizing current, and that two flow cells in parallel can nearly halve the reaction time. The resulting reaction is demonstrated on gram scale and should be scalable to kilogram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareena C. Franke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Victoria R. Longley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Eric C. Hansen
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340 USA
| | - Daniel J. Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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8
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Motiwala HF, Armaly AM, Cacioppo JG, Coombs TC, Koehn KRK, Norwood VM, Aubé J. HFIP in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12544-12747. [PMID: 35848353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim F Motiwala
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Ahlam M Armaly
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jackson G Cacioppo
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Thomas C Coombs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 United States
| | - Kimberly R K Koehn
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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9
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Mohebbati N, Sokolovs I, Woite P, Lõkov M, Parman E, Ugandi M, Leito I, Roemelt M, Suna E, Francke R. Electrochemistry and Reactivity of Chelation-stabilized Hypervalent Bromine(III) Compounds. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200974. [PMID: 35510557 PMCID: PMC9401590 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypervalent bromine(III) reagents possess a higher electrophilicity and a stronger oxidizing power compared to their iodine(III) counterparts. Despite the superior reactivity, bromine(III) reagents have a reputation of hard‐to‐control and difficult‐to‐synthesize compounds. This is partly due to their low stability, and partly because their synthesis typically relies on the use of the toxic and highly reactive BrF3 as a precursor. Recently, we proposed chelation‐stabilized hypervalent bromine(III) compounds as a possible solution to both problems. First, they can be conveniently prepared by electro‐oxidation of the corresponding bromoarenes. Second, the chelation endows bromine(III) species with increased stability while retaining sufficient reactivity, comparable to that of iodine(III) counterparts. Finally, their intrinsic reactivity can be unlocked in the presence of acids. Herein, an in‐depth mechanistic study of both the electrochemical generation and the reactivity of the bromine(III) compounds is disclosed, with implications for known applications and future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayereh Mohebbati
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Igors Sokolovs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, 1006, Riga, Latvia
| | - Philipp Woite
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Märt Lõkov
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Elisabeth Parman
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mihkel Ugandi
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Michael Roemelt
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edgars Suna
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, 1006, Riga, Latvia.,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 1, 1004, Riga, Latvia
| | - Robert Francke
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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10
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Ravindar L, Hasbullah SA, Hassan NI, Qin HL. Cross‐Coupling of C‐H and N‐H Bonds: a Hydrogen Evolution Strategy for the Construction of C‐N Bonds. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lekkala Ravindar
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Fakulti Teknologi dan Sains Maklumat Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science & Technology 43600 Bandar Baru Bangi MALAYSIA
| | - Siti Aishah Hasbullah
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science & Technology 43600 Bandar Baru Bangi MALAYSIA
| | - Nurul Izzaty Hassan
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science & Technology 43600 Bandar Baru Bangi MALAYSIA
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- Wuhan University of Technology School of Chemistry 430070 Hubei CHINA
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11
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Doobary S, Poole DL, Lennox AJJ. Intramolecular Alkene Fluoroarylation of Phenolic Ethers Enabled by Electrochemically Generated Iodane. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16095-16103. [PMID: 34766770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The 3-substituted chromane core is found in several bioactive natural products. Herein, we describe a route to 3-fluorinated chromanes from allylic phenol ethers. Our external oxidant-free approach takes advantage of an electrochemical generation of a hypervalent iodine species, difluoro-λ3-tolyl iodane, which mediates the alkene fluoroarylation. High yields and selectivity for this transformation are achieved for electron poor substrates. The redox chemistry has been characterized for the electrochemical generation of the iodane in the presence of fluoride, and insights into the mechanism are given. The transformation has been demonstrated on gram scales, which indicates the potential broader utility of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayad Doobary
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Darren L Poole
- Medicines Design, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Alastair J J Lennox
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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12
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Mohebbati N, Prudlik A, Scherkus A, Gudkova A, Francke R. TEMPO‐Modified Polymethacrylates as Mediators in Electrosynthesis – Redox Behavior and Electrocatalytic Activity toward Alcohol Substrates. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nayereh Mohebbati
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Institute of Chemistry Rostock University Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Adrian Prudlik
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Institute of Chemistry Rostock University Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Anton Scherkus
- Institute of Chemistry Rostock University Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Aija Gudkova
- Institute of Chemistry Rostock University Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Robert Francke
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Institute of Chemistry Rostock University Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
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13
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Sokolovs I, Mohebbati N, Francke R, Suna E. Electrochemical Generation of Hypervalent Bromine(III) Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igors Sokolovs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis Aizkraukles 21 1006 Riga Latvia
- Institute of Chemistry Rostock University Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Nayereh Mohebbati
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Institute of Chemistry Rostock University Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Robert Francke
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Institute of Chemistry Rostock University Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Edgars Suna
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis Aizkraukles 21 1006 Riga Latvia
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Latvia Jelgavas 1 1004 Riga Latvia
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14
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Winterson B, Rennigholtz T, Wirth T. Flow electrochemistry: a safe tool for fluorine chemistry. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9053-9059. [PMID: 34276934 PMCID: PMC8261735 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02123k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The heightened activity of compounds containing fluorine, especially in the field of pharmaceuticals, provides major impetus for the development of new fluorination procedures. A scalable, versatile, and safe electrochemical fluorination protocol is conferred. The strategy proceeds through a transient (difluoroiodo)arene, generated by anodic oxidation of an iodoarene mediator. Even the isolation of iodine(iii) difluorides was facile since electrolysis was performed in the absence of other reagents. A broad range of hypervalent iodine mediated reactions were achieved in high yields by coupling the electrolysis step with downstream reactions in flow, surpassing limitations of batch chemistry. (Difluoroiodo)arenes are toxic and suffer from chemical instability, so the uninterrupted generation and immediate use in flow is highly advantageous. High flow rates facilitated productivities of up to 834 mg h-1 with vastly reduced reaction times. Integration into a fully automated machine and in-line quenching was key in reducing the hazards surrounding the use of hydrofluoric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan Winterson
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT Cymru/Wales UK
| | - Tim Rennigholtz
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT Cymru/Wales UK
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT Cymru/Wales UK
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15
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Sokolovs I, Mohebbati N, Francke R, Suna E. Electrochemical Generation of Hypervalent Bromine(III) Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15832-15837. [PMID: 33894098 PMCID: PMC8362160 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In sharp contrast to hypervalent iodine(III) compounds, the isoelectronic bromine(III) counterparts have been little studied to date. This knowledge gap is mainly attributed to the difficult-to-control reactivity of λ3 -bromanes as well as to their challenging preparation from the highly toxic and corrosive BrF3 precursor. In this context, we present a straightforward and scalable approach to chelation-stabilized λ3 -bromanes by anodic oxidation of parent aryl bromides possessing two coordinating hexafluoro-2-hydroxypropanyl substituents. A series of para-substituted λ3 -bromanes with remarkably high redox potentials spanning a range from 1.86 V to 2.60 V vs. Ag/AgNO3 was synthesized by the electrochemical method. We demonstrate that the intrinsic reactivity of the bench-stable bromine(III) species can be unlocked by addition of a Lewis or a Brønsted acid. The synthetic utility of the λ3 -bromane activation is exemplified by oxidative C-C, C-N, and C-O bond forming reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igors Sokolovs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, 1006, Riga, Latvia.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nayereh Mohebbati
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Robert Francke
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Edgars Suna
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, 1006, Riga, Latvia.,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 1, 1004, Riga, Latvia
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16
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Puthanveedu M, Khamraev V, Brieger L, Strohmann C, Antonchick AP. Electrochemical Dehydrogenative C(sp 2 )-H Amination. Chemistry 2021; 27:8008-8012. [PMID: 33931904 PMCID: PMC8251997 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A transition-metal-free direct electrolytic C-H amination involving an electrochemically generated nitrenium ion intermediate has been developed. The electrosynthesis takes place in the absence of any organoiodine catalysts and is enabled by an in situ generated electrolyte. A novel, efficient intramolecular and intermolecular C-H amination has been demonstrated using a simple reaction setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Puthanveedu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare PhysiologieAbteilung Chemische BiologieOtto-Hahn-Straße 1144227DortmundGermany
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieChemische BiologieOtto-Hahn-Straße 4a44221DortmundGermany
| | - Vladislav Khamraev
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieChemische BiologieOtto-Hahn-Straße 4a44221DortmundGermany
- North Caucasus Federal UniversityDepartment of Chemistry1a Pushkin St.355009StavropolRussian Federation
- Present address: D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia9 Miusskaya Square, 125047MoscowRussian Federation
| | - Lukas Brieger
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieAnorganische ChemieOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieAnorganische ChemieOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Andrey P. Antonchick
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare PhysiologieAbteilung Chemische BiologieOtto-Hahn-Straße 1144227DortmundGermany
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieChemische BiologieOtto-Hahn-Straße 4a44221DortmundGermany
- Nottingham Trent UniversityCollege of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Chemistry and ForensicsClifton LaneNG11 8NSNottinghamUK
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17
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Tang HT, Jia JS, Pan YM. Halogen-mediated electrochemical organic synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 18:5315-5333. [PMID: 32638806 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01008a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In general, halogenide anions are anodically oxidized into active species, which can be elemental halogen, halogen cations, or halogen radicals. These species subsequently react with substrates, such as olefins, ketones, or amines, to generate halogenated products. We review the mechanisms of these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun-Song Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying-Ming Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Zhu C, Ang NWJ, Meyer TH, Qiu Y, Ackermann L. Organic Electrochemistry: Molecular Syntheses with Potential. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:415-431. [PMID: 33791425 PMCID: PMC8006177 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and selective molecular syntheses are paramount to inter alia biomolecular chemistry and material sciences as well as for practitioners in chemical, agrochemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Organic electrosynthesis has undergone a considerable renaissance and has thus in recent years emerged as an increasingly viable platform for the sustainable molecular assembly. In stark contrast to early strategies by innate reactivity, electrochemistry was recently merged with modern concepts of organic synthesis, such as transition-metal-catalyzed transformations for inter alia C-H functionalization and asymmetric catalysis. Herein, we highlight the unique potential of organic electrosynthesis for sustainable synthesis and catalysis, showcasing key aspects of exceptional selectivities, the synergism with photocatalysis, or dual electrocatalysis, and novel mechanisms in metallaelectrocatalysis until February of 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiju Zhu
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nate W. J. Ang
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tjark H. Meyer
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Woehler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Youai Qiu
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Woehler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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19
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Dagar N, Sen PP, Roy SR. Electrifying Sustainability on Transition Metal-Free Modes: An Eco-Friendly Approach for the Formation of C-N Bonds. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:1229-1257. [PMID: 33373494 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Embracing sustainable green methodologies and techniques in chemical transformations has always been in the limelight to the synthetic community. Electrosynthesis has emerged as a powerful, sustainable synthetic tool for molecular synthesis exploiting inexpensive electricity in place of sacrificial chemical oxidizing/reducing reagents. Herein, recent advances in the incorporation of transition metal-free redox mediators in electrosynthesis for the construction of C-N bonds are outlined. Furthermore, conjugation of this strategy with flow catalysis allows easy scale up of the synthesis of molecular assembly. This comprehensive Review provides an overview of metal-free mediated electro-construction of C-N bonds, focusing on the reaction mechanisms involved and its synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Dagar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Partha Pratim Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sudipta Raha Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
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20
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Smeyne D, Verboom K, Bryan M, LoBue J, Shaikh A. Electrochemical esterification via oxidative coupling of aldehydes and alcohols. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.152898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Zu B, Ke J, Guo Y, He C. Synthesis of Diverse Aryliodine(
III
) Reagents by Anodic Oxidation
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang 150080 China
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Jie Ke
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Yonghong Guo
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Chuan He
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
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22
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Habert L, Cariou K. Photoinduced Aerobic Iodoarene-Catalyzed Spirocyclization of N-Oxy-amides to N-Fused Spirolactams*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:171-175. [PMID: 32956546 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Iodoarene catalysis is a powerful methodology that usually requires an excess of oxidant, or of redox mediator if the terminal oxidant is dioxygen, to generate the key hypervalent iodine intermediate to proceed efficiently. We report that, using the spiro-cyclization of amides as a benchmark reaction, aerobic iodoarene catalysis can be enabled by relying on a pyrylium photocatalyst under blue light irradiation. This unprecedented dual organocatalytic system allows the use of low catalytic loading of both catalysts under very mild operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Habert
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, LabEx LERMIT, UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 1, avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, 11, rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Kevin Cariou
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, LabEx LERMIT, UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 1, avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, 11, rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
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23
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Yang P, Wang X, Wang L, He J, Zhang Q, Li D. Oxidative cross-dehydrogenative coupling between iodoarenes and acylanilides for C–N bond formation under metal-free conditions. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00225b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A metal-free oxidative cross-dehydrogenative coupling between iodoarenes and acylanilides was developed. It gave highly para-selectivie C–N coupling products with the retention of iodine atom which enables further transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Hubei University of Technology
- Wuhan 430068
- China
| | - Xia Wang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Hubei University of Technology
- Wuhan 430068
- China
| | - Liang Wang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Hubei University of Technology
- Wuhan 430068
- China
| | - Jiahua He
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Hubei University of Technology
- Wuhan 430068
- China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Hubei University of Technology
- Wuhan 430068
- China
| | - Dong Li
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Hubei University of Technology
- Wuhan 430068
- China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Synthesis and Optimization
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24
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Elsherbini M, Moran WJ. Scalable electrochemical synthesis of diaryliodonium salts. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:4706-4711. [PMID: 33960987 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00457c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic and acyclic diaryliodonium are synthesised by anodic oxidation of iodobiaryls and iodoarene/arene mixtures, respectively, in a simple undivided electrolysis cell in MeCN-HFIP-TfOH without any added electrolyte salts. This atom efficient process does not require chemical oxidants and generates no chemical waste. More than 30 cyclic and acyclic diaryliodonium salts with different substitution patterns were prepared in very good to excellent yields. The reaction was scaled-up to 10 mmol scale giving more than four grams of dibenzo[b,d]iodol-5-ium trifluoromethanesulfonate (>95%) in less than three hours. The solvent mixture of the large-scale experiment was recovered (>97%) and recycled several times without significant reduction in yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elsherbini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK.
| | - Wesley J Moran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK.
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25
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Kehl A, Schupp N, Breising VM, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Synthesis of Carbazoles by Dehydrogenative Coupling Reaction. Chemistry 2020; 26:15847-15851. [PMID: 32737905 PMCID: PMC7756279 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A constant current protocol, employing undivided cells, a remarkably low supporting electrolyte concentration, inexpensive electrode materials, and a straightforward precursor synthesis enabling a novel access to N‐protected carbazoles by anodic N,C bond formation using directly generated amidyl radicals is reported. Scalability of the reaction is demonstrated and an easy deblocking of the benzoyl protecting group is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Kehl
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Niclas Schupp
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Valentina M Breising
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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26
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Habert L, Cariou K. Photoinduced Aerobic Iodoarene‐Catalyzed Spirocyclization of
N
‐Oxy‐amides to N‐Fused Spirolactams**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Habert
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles LabEx LERMIT, UPR 2301 Université Paris-Saclay CNRS 1, avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology Chimie ParisTech PSL University CNRS 11, rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris France
| | - Kevin Cariou
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles LabEx LERMIT, UPR 2301 Université Paris-Saclay CNRS 1, avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology Chimie ParisTech PSL University CNRS 11, rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris France
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27
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Tang L, Wang ZL, He YH, Guan Z. An Electrochemical Beckmann Rearrangement: Traditional Reaction via Modern Radical Mechanism. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4929-4936. [PMID: 32710520 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis as a potential means of introducing heteroatoms into the carbon framework is rarely studied. Herein, the electrochemical Beckmann rearrangement, i. e. the direct electrolysis of ketoximes to amides, is presented for the first time. Using a constant current as the driving force, the reaction can be easily carried out under neutral conditions at room temperature. Based on a series of mechanistic studies, a novel radical Beckmann rearrangement mechanism is proposed. This electrochemical Beckmann rearrangement does not follow the trans-migration rule of the classical Beckmann rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Lv Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Hong He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Guan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
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28
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Abstract
The renewed interest in electrosynthesis demonstrated by organic chemists in the last years has allowed for rapid development of new methodologies. In this review, advances in enantioselective electrosynthesis that rely on catalytic amounts of organic or metal-based chiral mediators are highlighted with focus on the most recent developments up to July 2020. Examples of C-H functionalization, alkene functionalization, carboxylation and cross-electrophile couplings are discussed, along with their related mechanistic aspects.
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29
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Röckl JL, Dörr M, Waldvogel SR. Electrosynthesis 2.0 in 1,1,1,3,3,3‐Hexafluoroisopropanol/Amine Mixtures. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L. Röckl
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Maurice Dörr
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Germany
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30
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Barham JP, König B. Synthetic Photoelectrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11732-11747. [PMID: 31805216 PMCID: PMC7383880 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis (PRC) and synthetic organic electrochemistry (SOE) are often considered competing technologies in organic synthesis. Their fusion has been largely overlooked. We review state-of-the-art synthetic organic photoelectrochemistry, grouping examples into three categories: 1) electrochemically mediated photoredox catalysis (e-PRC), 2) decoupled photoelectrochemistry (dPEC), and 3) interfacial photoelectrochemistry (iPEC). Such synergies prove beneficial not only for synthetic "greenness" and chemical selectivity, but also in the accumulation of energy for accessing super-oxidizing or -reducing single electron transfer (SET) agents. Opportunities and challenges in this emerging and exciting field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Barham
- Universität RegensburgFakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Burkhard König
- Universität RegensburgFakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie93040RegensburgGermany
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31
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Berger M, Herszman JD, Kurimoto Y, de Kruijff GHM, Schüll A, Ruf S, Waldvogel SR. Metal-free electrochemical fluorodecarboxylation of aryloxyacetic acids to fluoromethyl aryl ethers. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6053-6057. [PMID: 34094098 PMCID: PMC8159297 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02417a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical decarboxylation of aryloxyacetic acids followed by fluorination provides easy access to fluoromethyl aryl ethers. This electrochemical fluorodecarboxylation offers a sustainable approach with electric current as traceless oxidant. Using Et3N·5HF as fluoride source and as supporting electrolyte, this simple electrosynthesis affords various fluoromethoxyarenes in yields up to 85%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Berger
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany http://www.chemie.uni-mainz.de/OC/AK-Waldvogel/
| | - John D Herszman
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany http://www.chemie.uni-mainz.de/OC/AK-Waldvogel/
| | - Yuji Kurimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany http://www.chemie.uni-mainz.de/OC/AK-Waldvogel/
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University 700-8530 Okayama Japan
| | - Goswinus H M de Kruijff
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany http://www.chemie.uni-mainz.de/OC/AK-Waldvogel/
| | - Aaron Schüll
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany http://www.chemie.uni-mainz.de/OC/AK-Waldvogel/
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Sven Ruf
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany http://www.chemie.uni-mainz.de/OC/AK-Waldvogel/
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32
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Qian P, Zha Z, Wang Z. Recent Advances in C−H Functionalization with Electrochemistry and Various Iodine‐Containing Reagents. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qian
- School of Chemistry and Material Engineering Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational InstitutionsFuyang Normal University Fuyang Anhui 236037 P. R.China
| | - Zhenggen Zha
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry & Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of Chinese Academy of Sciences Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology & School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R.China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry & Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of Chinese Academy of Sciences Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology & School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R.China
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33
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Zhang P, Li B, Niu L, Wang L, Zhang G, Jia X, Zhang G, Liu S, Ma L, Gao W, Qin D, Chen J. Scalable Electrochemical Transition‐Metal‐Free Dehydrogenative Cross‐Coupling Amination Enabled Alkaloid Clausines Synthesis. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 People's Republic of China
| | - Baoying Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 People's Republic of China
| | - Liwei Niu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 People's Republic of China
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Jia
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringQingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Guoying Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringQingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Qin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbin Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 People's Republic of China
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Barham
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Burkhard König
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
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35
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Maity A, Frey BL, Hoskinson ND, Powers DC. Electrocatalytic C–N Coupling via Anodically Generated Hypervalent Iodine Intermediates. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:4990-4995. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Asim Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Brandon L. Frey
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Nathanael D. Hoskinson
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - David C. Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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36
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Meyer TH, Chesnokov GA, Ackermann L. Cobalta-Electrocatalyzed C-H Activation in Biomass-Derived Glycerol: Powered by Renewable Wind and Solar Energy. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:668-671. [PMID: 31917522 PMCID: PMC7065255 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous glycerol was identified as a renewable reaction medium for metalla-electrocatalyzed C-H activation powered by sustainable energy sources. The renewable solvent was employed for cobalt-catalyzed C-H/N-H functionalizations under mild conditions. The cobalta-electrocatalysis manifold occurred with high levels of chemo- and positional selectivity and allowed for electrochemical C-H activations with broad substrate scope. The resource economy of this strategy was considerably substantiated by the direct use of renewable solar and wind energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjark H. Meyer
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Gleb A. Chesnokov
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
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37
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Massignan L, Tan X, Meyer TH, Kuniyil R, Messinis AM, Ackermann L. C-H Oxygenation Reactions Enabled by Dual Catalysis with Electrogenerated Hypervalent Iodine Species and Ruthenium Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:3184-3189. [PMID: 31777143 PMCID: PMC7027769 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic generation of hypervalent iodine(III) reagents by anodic electrooxidation was orchestrated towards an unprecedented electrocatalytic C-H oxygenation of weakly coordinating aromatic amides and ketones. Thus, catalytic quantities of iodoarenes in concert with catalytic amounts of ruthenium(II) complexes set the stage for versatile C-H activations with ample scope and high functional group tolerance. Detailed mechanistic studies by experiment and computation substantiate the role of the iodoarene as the electrochemically relevant species towards C-H oxygenations with electricity as a sustainable oxidant and molecular hydrogen as the sole by-product. para-Selective C-H oxygenations likewise proved viable in the absence of directing groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Massignan
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Xuefeng Tan
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Tjark H. Meyer
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Rositha Kuniyil
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Antonis M. Messinis
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
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38
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Massignan L, Tan X, Meyer TH, Kuniyil R, Messinis AM, Ackermann L. Zusammenwirken von Rutheniumkatalysatoren und elektrokatalytisch generierten, hypervalenten Iodreagenzien für die C‐H‐Oxygenierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Massignan
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Xuefeng Tan
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Tjark H. Meyer
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Rositha Kuniyil
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Antonis M. Messinis
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
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39
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Leech MC, Garcia AD, Petti A, Dobbs AP, Lam K. Organic electrosynthesis: from academia to industry. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00064g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The growing impetus to develop greener and more cost-efficient synthetic methods has prompted chemists to look for new ways to activate small organic molecules. In this review, we cover the most recent industrial developments in electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kevin Lam
- School of Science
- University of Greenwich
- Kent
- UK
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40
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Liu S, Chen B, Yang Y, Yang Y, Chen Q, Zeng X, Xu B. Electrochemical oxidations of thioethers: Modulation of oxidation potential using a hydrogen bonding network. Electrochem commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.106583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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41
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Hu X, Zhang G, Nie L, Kong T, Lei A. Electrochemical oxidation induced intermolecular aromatic C-H imidation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5467. [PMID: 31784522 PMCID: PMC6884519 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13524-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The dehydrogenative aryl C-H/N-H cross-coupling is a powerful synthetic methodology to install nitrogen functionalities into aromatic compounds. Herein, we report an electrochemical oxidation induced intermolecular cross-coupling between aromatics and sulfonimides with high regioselectivity through N-radical addition pathway under external-oxidant-free and catalyst-free conditions. A wide variety of arenes, heteroarenes, alkenes and sulfonimides are applicable scaffolds in this transformation. In addition, aryl sulfonamides or amines (aniline derivatives) can be obtained through different deprotection process. The cyclic voltammetry mechanistic study indicates that the N-centered imidyl radicals are generated via proton-coupled electron transfer event jointly mediated by tetrabutylammonium acetate and anode oxidation process. The dehydrogenative C-H/N-H cross-coupling serves to install nitrogen functionalities into arenes with the highest atom economy. Here, the authors report an electrochemical cross-coupling between aromatics and sulfonimides through an N-radical addition pathway under oxidant- and catalyst-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoting Zhang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Nie
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Taige Kong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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42
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Doobary S, Sedikides AT, Caldora HP, Poole DL, Lennox AJJ. Electrochemical Vicinal Difluorination of Alkenes: Scalable and Amenable to Electron‐Rich Substrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayad Doobary
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Alexi T. Sedikides
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Henry P. Caldora
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Darren L. Poole
- Medicines Design GSK Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Rd Stevenage SG1 2NY UK
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43
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Doobary S, Sedikides AT, Caldora HP, Poole DL, Lennox AJJ. Electrochemical Vicinal Difluorination of Alkenes: Scalable and Amenable to Electron-Rich Substrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1155-1160. [PMID: 31697872 PMCID: PMC6973232 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated alkyl groups are important motifs in bioactive compounds, positively influencing pharmacokinetics, potency and conformation. The oxidative difluorination of alkenes represents an important strategy for their preparation, yet current methods are limited in their alkene‐types and tolerance of electron‐rich, readily oxidized functionalities, as well as in their safety and scalability. Herein, we report a method for the difluorination of a number of unactivated alkene‐types that is tolerant of electron‐rich functionality, giving products that are otherwise unattainable. Key to success is the electrochemical generation of a hypervalent iodine mediator using an “ex‐cell” approach, which avoids oxidative substrate decomposition. The more sustainable conditions give good to excellent yields in up to decagram scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayad Doobary
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Alexi T Sedikides
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Henry P Caldora
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Darren L Poole
- Medicines Design, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Alastair J J Lennox
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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44
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Wang H, Shi J, Tan J, Xu W, Zhang S, Xu K. Electrochemical Synthesis of trans-2,3-Disubstituted Aziridines via Oxidative Dehydrogenative Intramolecular C(sp3)–H Amination. Org Lett 2019; 21:9430-9433. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiao Wang
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Jianxue Shi
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Jiajing Tan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenting Xu
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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45
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Li CY, Liu YC, Li YX, Reddy DM, Lee CF. Electrochemical Dehydrogenative Phosphorylation of Thiols. Org Lett 2019; 21:7833-7836. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yen Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - You-Chen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Xuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | | | - Chin-Fa Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Research Center for Sustainable Energy and Nanotechnology (RCSEN), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture (IDCSA), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402 Taiwan, R.O.C
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46
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Cardenal AD, Maity A, Gao WY, Ashirov R, Hyun SM, Powers DC. Iodosylbenzene Coordination Chemistry Relevant to Metal-Organic Framework Catalysis. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:10543-10553. [PMID: 31241320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypervalent iodine compounds formally feature expanded valence shells at iodine. These reagents are broadly used in synthetic chemistry due to the ability to participate in well-defined oxidation-reduction processes and because the ligand-exchange chemistry intrinsic to the hypervalent center allows hypervalent iodine compounds to be applied to a broad array of oxidative substrate functionalization reactions. We recently developed methods to generate these compounds from O2 that are predicated on diverting reactive intermediates of aldehyde autoxidation toward the oxidation of aryl iodides. Coupling the aerobic oxidation of aryl iodides with catalysts that effect C-H bond oxidation would provide a strategy to achieve aerobic C-H oxidation chemistry. In this Forum Article, we discuss the aspects of hypervalent iodine chemistry and bonding that render this class of reagents attractive lynchpins for aerobic oxidation chemistry. We then discuss the oxidation processes relevant to the aerobic preparation of 2-(tert-butylsulfonyl)iodosylbenzene, which is a popular hypervalent iodine reagent for use with porous metal-organic framework (MOF)-based catalysts because it displays significantly enhanced solubility as compared with unsubstituted iodosylbenzene. We demonstrate that popular synthetic methods to this reagent often provide material that displays unpredictable disproportionation behavior due to the presence of trace impurities. We provide a revised synthetic route that avoids impurities common in the reported methods and provides access to material that displays predictable stability. Finally, we describe the coordination chemistry of hypervalent iodine compounds with metal clusters relevant to MOF chemistry and discuss the potential implications of this coordination chemistry to catalysis in MOF scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D Cardenal
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Asim Maity
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Wen-Yang Gao
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Rahym Ashirov
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Sung-Min Hyun
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - David C Powers
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
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47
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Chen B, Yang Y, Yang Y, Liu S, Chen Q, Zeng X, Xu B. Effects of the Hydrogen Bonding Network on Electrophilic Activation and Electrode Passivation: Electrochemical Chlorination and Bromination of Aromatics. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bocheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyDonghua University Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyDonghua University Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Yuhao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyDonghua University Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Shiwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyDonghua University Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Qianjin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyDonghua University Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Xiaojun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyDonghua University Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Bo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyDonghua University Shanghai 201620 China
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48
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Elsherbini M, Winterson B, Alharbi H, Folgueiras‐Amador AA, Génot C, Wirth T. Continuous‐Flow Electrochemical Generator of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents: Synthetic Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9811-9815. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elsherbini
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Bethan Winterson
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Haifa Alharbi
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | | | - Célina Génot
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
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49
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Strehl J, Hilt G. Electrochemical, Manganese-Assisted Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation between β-Keto Esters and Silyl Enol Ethers. Org Lett 2019; 21:5259-5263. [PMID: 31247778 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical carbon-carbon bond formation process between β-keto esters and silyl enol ethers was investigated utilizing manganese salts. The tricarbonyl compounds were generated in moderate to good yields under neutral conditions. Control experiments revealed that an electro-generated base at the cathode is important. Electroanalytical measurements with a Mn(TPA) complex suggested that the oxidation of the silyl enol ether is the first step in the oxidation process initiated by a corresponding Mn(IV) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Strehl
- Institut für Chemie , Universität Oldenburg , Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 , D-26111 Oldenburg , Germany
| | - Gerhard Hilt
- Institut für Chemie , Universität Oldenburg , Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 , D-26111 Oldenburg , Germany
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50
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Roesel AF, Broese T, Májek M, Francke R. Iodophenylsulfonates and Iodobenzoates as Redox‐Active Supporting Electrolytes for Electrosynthesis. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arend F. Roesel
- Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Timo Broese
- Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Michal Májek
- Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Robert Francke
- Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
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