1
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Hao L, Liu X, Yi D, Wang Y, Yu X, Ma Z, Ji Y. The [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction of N-Substituted Pyrrole-2-carboxaldehydes with Arylalkenes under Copper Catalysis: Access to Dihydropyrrolizine Skeletons. Org Lett 2023; 25:9136-9141. [PMID: 38100569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we found that treating N-substituted pyrrole-2-carboxaldehydes with arylalkenes in DMF in N2 at 120 °C could afford pyrrolidine scaffolds with an up to 85% yield. This approach has several remarkable features, such as atom and step economy, readily accessible raw materials, and easy-to-operate manner, providing a simple and efficient method for constructing complicated bicyclic pyrroles. Additionally, we have successfully synthesized 28 target compounds, which further demonstrates its practicality and wide applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Hao
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xian Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Dongxu Yi
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Biotalk Co., LTD, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Yafei Ji
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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2
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Brzyska A, Majewski S, Ponikiewski Ł, Zubik-Duda M, Lipke A, Gładysz-Płaska A, Sowa S. Benzophosphol-3-yl Triflates as Precursors of 1,3-Diarylbenzophosphole Oxides. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37276533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A simple method for the synthesis of 3-arylbenzophosphole oxides under Suzuki-Miyaura coupling conditions has been presented. It employs benzophosphol-3-yl triflate starting materials which, prior to our work, had not been used for the synthesis of 3-arylbenzophosphole oxides. The reactions proceed over 24 h and provide a library of 3-arylbenzophosphole oxides. The synthetic access to the benzophosphol-3-yl triflates has been improved. The preliminary photophysical properties of some 3-arylbenzophosphole oxides have been investigated by absorption and emission measurements. The theoretical calculations were performed to establish structure-property relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Brzyska
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 8 Niezapominajek St., Krakow PL-30-239, Poland
| | - Sebastian Majewski
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Crystallochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, 33 Gliniana St., Lublin PL-20-614, Poland
| | - Łukasz Ponikiewski
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 G. Narutowicza St., Gdańsk PL-80-233, Poland
| | - Monika Zubik-Duda
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, PL-20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Lipke
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, 2/9 M. Curie-Sklodowska sq., Lublin PL-20-031, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gładysz-Płaska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, 2/13-15A M. Curie-Sklodowska sq., Lublin PL-20-031, Poland
| | - Sylwia Sowa
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Crystallochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, 33 Gliniana St., Lublin PL-20-614, Poland
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3
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Jiang HM, Sun Q, Jiang JP, Qin JH, Ouyang XH, Song RJ. Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative 1,2‐Alkylarylation of Styrenes with Unactivated C(sp3)‐H Alkanes and Electron‐Rich Aromatics via C(sp3)‐H/C(sp2)‐H Functionalization. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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4
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Wang J, Bai PB, Yang SD. Palladium-catalyzed relay C–H functionalization to construct novel hybrid-arylcyclophosphorus ligand precursors. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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5
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Ma J, Wang L, Duan Z. Chemo- and Regioselectivity-Tunable Phosphination of Alkynes. Org Lett 2022; 24:1550-1555. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ma
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lili Wang
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zheng Duan
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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6
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Ma D, Zhang L, Yin Y, Gao Y, Wang Q. Spectroscopic studies of the interaction between phosphorus heterocycles and cytochrome P450. J Pharm Anal 2022; 11:757-763. [PMID: 35028181 PMCID: PMC8740452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
P450 fatty acid decarboxylase OleT from Staphylococcus aureus (OleTSA) is a novel cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of fatty acids to yield primarily terminal alkenes and CO2 or minor α- and β-hydroxylated fatty acids as side-products. In this work, the interactions between a series of cycloalkyl phosphorus heterocycles (CPHs) and OleTSA were investigated in detail by fluorescence titration experiment, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and 31P NMR spectroscopies. Fluorescence titration experiment results clearly showed that a dynamic quenching occurred when CPH-6, a representative CPHs, interacted with OleTSA with a binding constant value of 15.2 × 104 M-1 at 293 K. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔS and ΔG) showed that the hydrogen bond and van der Waals force played major roles in the interaction between OleTSA and CPHs. The UV-vis and 31P NMR studies indicated the penetration of CPH-6 into the interior environment of OleTSA, which greatly affects the enzymatic activity of OleTSA. Therefore, our study revealed an effective way to use phosphorus heterocyclic compounds to modulate the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dumei Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Libo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Yingwu Yin
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Yuxing Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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7
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Ding R, Deng YH, Luo S, Tang XF, Liu L, Wang PL. Metal-free regioselective cascade sulfonylation-cyclization of 3-aza-1,5-enynes with sulfur dioxide and aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates to construct 1,2-dihydropyridines. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00175f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Radical cascade cyclization of tethered alkynes has emerged as an efficient tool to construct small but complex cyclic compounds. However, it currently relies on aryl or heteroaryl-tethered alkynes to give...
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8
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Li JZ, Mei L, Yu XC, Wang LT, Cai XE, Li T, Wei WT. C-centered radical-initiated cyclization by directed C(sp 3)–H oxidative functionalization. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01128j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
C(sp3)–H functionalization is attracting constant attention. This review emphasizes C-centered radicals initiated cyclization strategies by directed C(sp3)–H oxidative functionalization since 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Zhe Li
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Lan Mei
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Xuan-Chi Yu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Ling-Tao Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Xue-Er Cai
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Ting Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, Henan, 473061, China
| | - Wen-Ting Wei
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
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9
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Yi R, Li J, Wang D, Wei W. Radical Cascade Cyclization Involving C(sp 3)—H Functionalization of Unactivated Cycloalkanes. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202208001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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10
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Weigel WK, Dang HT, Feceu A, Martin DBC. Direct radical functionalization methods to access substituted adamantanes and diamondoids. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 20:10-36. [PMID: 34651636 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01916c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adamantane derivatives have diverse applications in the fields of medicinal chemistry, catalyst development and nanomaterials, owing to their unique structural, biological and stimulus-responsive properties, among others. The synthesis of substituted adamantanes and substituted higher diamondoids is frequently achieved via carbocation or radical intermediates that have unique stability and reactivity when compared to simple hydrocarbon derivatives. In this review, we discuss the wide range of radical-based functionalization reactions that directly convert diamondoid C-H bonds to C-C bonds, providing a variety of products incorporating diverse functional groups (alkenes, alkynes, arenes, carbonyl groups, etc.). Recent advances in the area of selective C-H functionalization are highlighted with an emphasis on the H-atom abstracting species and their ability to activate the particularly strong C-H bonds that are characteristic of these caged hydrocarbons, providing insights that can be applied to the C-H functionalization of other substrate classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K Weigel
- Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iow City, Iowa, USA.,University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA.
| | - Hoang T Dang
- Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iow City, Iowa, USA
| | - Abigail Feceu
- University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA.
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11
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Ponikiewski Ł, Sowa S. Ring Opening of Triflates Derived from Benzophospholan-3-one Oxides by Aryl Grignard Reagents as a Route to 2-Ethynylphenyl(diaryl)phosphine Oxides. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14928-14941. [PMID: 34699223 PMCID: PMC8576819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new simple method for the synthesis of 2-ethynylphenyl(diaryl)phosphine oxides via ring opening of benzophosphol-3-yl triflates has been developed. This process occurs via nucleophilic attack of a Grignard reagent at the phosphorus center, which results in ring opening and cleavage of a leaving group. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions and, within 15-60 min, leads to a library of previously unavailable 2-ethynylphenylphosphine oxides in yields up to 98%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Ponikiewski
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, Gdańsk PL-80-233, Poland
| | - Sylwia Sowa
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Marie Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, 33 Gliniana Street, Lublin PL-20-614, Poland
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12
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Haruna B, Hong W, Mohamed WI, Guo J, Ye L, Yin Y, Gao Y, Tu S. Visible-Light-Induced Oxidative C-H Functionalization of Unreactive Cycloalkanes, Alcohols, and Ethers with Alkynylphosphine Oxides into Benzo[ b]phosphole Oxides under Photocatalyst-, Metal-, and Base-Free Conditions. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13092-13099. [PMID: 34470208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We developed the radical cyclization/addition of alkynylphosphine oxides with easily available cycloalkanes, alcohols, and ethers using a visible-light and environmentally friendly synthetic strategy in the absence of photocatalyst at room temperature. This mild and metal- and base-free reaction provided a structurally varied set of significant benzo[b]phosphole oxides through sequential C-H functionalization in an atom-economical manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baffa Haruna
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Weitu Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Warsame Ibrahim Mohamed
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Jiami Guo
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Liyi Ye
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Yingwu Yin
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Yuxing Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Song Tu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
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13
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Ishijima K, Tanaka S, Imoto H, Naka K. 2,3-Diarylbenzo[b]arsole: Structural Modification and Polymerization for Tuning of Photophysical Properties. Chemistry 2021; 27:4676-4682. [PMID: 33415783 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
2,3-Diarylbenzo[b]arsoles were synthesized from zirconacycles and diiodophenylarsine. The structural modification to the luminophore was attained through diarylacetylene precursors, Suzuki-Miyaura coupling, and oxidation of the arsenic atom. The emission properties were controlled according to these modifications. The 2,3-diarylbenzo[b]arsoles showed aggregation-induced emission enhancement; the stronger emission was observed in the solid states than in solutions. In addition, Suzuki-Miyaura polycondensation and olefin metathesis polymerization produced main- and side-chain polymers, respectively. The resultant polymers showed different emission behaviors such as aggregation caused quenching and aggregation induced emission enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ishijima
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of, Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Susumu Tanaka
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of, Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Imoto
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of, Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan.,Materials Innovation Lab, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kensuke Naka
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of, Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan.,Materials Innovation Lab, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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14
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Zhang L, Liu Z, Tian X, Zi Y, Duan S, Fang Y, Chen W, Jing H, Yang L, Yang X. Transition-Metal-Free C(sp 3)-H Coupling of Cycloalkanes Enabled by Single-Electron Transfer and Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Org Lett 2021; 23:1714-1719. [PMID: 33591768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a unique transition-metal-free C(sp3)-H/C(sp3)-H coupling of cycloalkanes at room temperature. Unactivated cycloalkanes and 2-azaallyls underwent the combination process of single-electron transfer (SET) and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) to deliver a wide variety of cycloalkane-functionalized products. This expedient approach enables C(sp3)-H/C(sp3)-H coupling of cycloalkanes under mild conditions without transition metals, initiators, and oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Zhengfen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China.,Faculty of Chemical and Environment Sciences, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, P. R. China
| | - Xun Tian
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Yujin Zi
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Shengzu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry & Environment, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Supramolecular Chemistry at the University of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Wen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Hong Jing
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- School of Chemistry & Environment, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Supramolecular Chemistry at the University of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
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15
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Ishijima K, Tanaka S, Imoto H, Naka K. 2-Arylbenzo[ b]arsoles: an experimental and computational study on the relationship between structural and photophysical properties. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:15612-15621. [PMID: 32966454 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02669g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[b]arsole derivatives, being arsenic analogues of indole, were synthesized by utilizing a safely prepared arsenic precursor. The structural and photophysical properties of the obtained 2-arylbenzo[b]arsoles were experimentally and computationally studied in comparison with those of 1,2,5-triarylarsoles and 9-phenylarsafluorene. It was found that the emission color and/or quantum yield were significantly affected by substituents on the luminescent center and metal-coordination to the arsenic atom. This is the first study on the structure-property relationship of benzo[b]arsole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ishijima
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Gashokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Susumu Tanaka
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Gashokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Imoto
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Gashokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan. and Materials Innovation Lab, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kensuke Naka
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Gashokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan. and Materials Innovation Lab, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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16
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Ni H, Lu Z, Xie Z. Transition-Metal-Free Cross-Coupling Reaction of Iodocarboranes with Terminal Alkynes Enabled by UV Light: Synthesis of 1-Alkynyl- o-Carboranes and Carborane-Fused Cyclics. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18661-18667. [PMID: 33048535 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A transition-metal-free coupling protocol between iodocarboranes and terminal alkynes enabled by light at room temperature has been developed, leading to the synthesis of a variety of 1-alkynyl-o-carboranes. Moreover, following this strategy, the introduction of 1-I-3-aryl-o-carboranes or 1-I-2-aryl-o-carboranes results in the formation of o-carborane-fused cyclics. Interestingly, when 1-I-3-(p-R-C6H4)-o-carboranes are chosen as coupling partners, unexpected R-group migration products are also isolated. On the basis of the results of control experiments and isolation of the key intermediates, a possible reaction mechanism is then proposed, involving the formation of spiro radical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangcheng Ni
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhenpin Lu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Zuowei Xie
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
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17
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Ma D, Hu S, Chen S, Pan J, Tu S, Yin Y, Gao Y, Zhao Y. Palladium-Catalyzed Addition/Cyclization of (2-Hydroxyaryl)boronic Acids with Alkynylphosphonates: Access to Phosphacoumarins. Org Lett 2020; 22:8156-8160. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dumei Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Shanshan Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Sirui Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Jiaoting Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Song Tu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Yingwu Yin
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Yuxing Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
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18
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Aneeja T, Neetha M, Afsina CMA, Anilkumar G. Progress and prospects in copper-catalyzed C-H functionalization. RSC Adv 2020; 10:34429-34458. [PMID: 35514395 PMCID: PMC9056871 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06518h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper-catalyzed C-H functionalization is becoming a significant area in organic chemistry. Copper is now widely used as a catalyst in organic synthesis as it is inexpensive and not very toxic. Functionalization of C-H bonds to construct wide varieties of organic compounds has received much attention in recent times. This review focuses on the recent advances in Cu-catalyzed C-H functionalization and covers literature from 2018-2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaipparambil Aneeja
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University Priyadarsini Hills P.O. Kottayam Kerala 686560 India (+91) 481-2731036
| | - Mohan Neetha
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University Priyadarsini Hills P.O. Kottayam Kerala 686560 India (+91) 481-2731036
| | - C M A Afsina
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University Priyadarsini Hills P.O. Kottayam Kerala 686560 India (+91) 481-2731036
| | - Gopinathan Anilkumar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University Priyadarsini Hills P.O. Kottayam Kerala 686560 India (+91) 481-2731036
- Advanced Molecular Materials Research Centre (AMMRC), Mahatma Gandhi University Priyadarsini Hills P.O. Kottayam Kerala 686560 India
- Institute for Integrated Programmes and Research in Basic Sciences (IIRBS), Mahatma Gandhi University Priyadarsini Hills P.O. Kottayam Kerala 686560 India
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19
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Mejía E, Almasalma AA. Recent Advances on Copper-Catalyzed C–C Bond Formation via C–H Functionalization. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Reactions that form C–C bonds are at the heart of many important transformations, both in industry and in academia. From the myriad of catalytic approaches to achieve such transformations, those relying on C–H functionalization are gaining increasing interest due to their inherent sustainable nature. In this short review, we showcase the most recent advances in the field of C–C bond formation via C–H functionalization, but focusing only on those methodologies relying on copper catalysts. This coinage metal has gained increased popularity in recent years, not only because it is cheaper and more abundant than precious metals, but also thanks to its rich and versatile chemistry.1 Introduction2 Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling under Thermal Conditions2.1 C(sp3)–C(sp3) Bond Formation2.2 C(sp3)–C(sp2) Bond Formation2.3 C(sp2)–C(sp2) Bond Formation2.4 C(sp3)–C(sp) Bond Formation3 Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling under Photochemical Conditions3.1 C(sp3)–C(sp3) Bond Formation3.2 C(sp3)–C(sp2) and C(sp3)–C(sp) Bond Formation4 Conclusion and Perspective
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20
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Zhao R, Huang X, Wang M, Hu S, Gao Y, Xu P, Zhao Y. TfOH-Catalyzed Phosphinylation of 2,3-Allenols into γ-Ketophosphine Oxides. J Org Chem 2020; 85:8185-8195. [PMID: 32452681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The first facile and efficient acid-catalyzed direct coupling of a wide range of unprotected 2,3-allenols with arylphosphine oxides was developed, offering a general, one-step approach for the synthesis of structurally diverse γ-ketophosphine oxides accompanied by concurrent C-P/C═O bond formation with remarkable functional group tolerance and complete atom-economy under metal- and additive-free conditions. Mechanistic studies showed that this transformation involved a rearrangement and a phospha-Michael reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runmin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, China
| | - Xianhua Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, China
| | - Minning Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, China
| | - Shanshan Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, China
| | - Yuxing Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, China
| | - Pengxiang Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, China
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21
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Guo J, Mao C, Deng B, Ye L, Yin Y, Gao Y, Tu S. Azobisisobutyronitrile-Initiated Oxidative C-H Functionalization of Simple Alcohols with Diaryl(arylethynyl)phosphine Oxides: A Metal-Free Approach toward Hydroxymethyl Benzo[ b]phosphole Oxides and 6 H-Indeno[2,1- b]phosphindole 5-Oxide Derivatives. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6359-6371. [PMID: 32299209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first metal-free and facile radical addition/cyclization of simple alcohols with diaryl(arylethynyl)phosphine oxides has been described with azobisisobutyronitrile as a radical initiator, affording an efficient and one-pot procedure to access a new class of hydroxymethyl benzo[b]phosphole oxides and 6H-indeno[2,1-b]phosphindole 5-oxides for potential application in organic materials via sequential C(sp3)-H/C(sp2)-H functionalization. The method employs easily accessible starting materials and is endowed with high regioselectivity and broad functional-group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiami Guo
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Chenlu Mao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Liyi Ye
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Yingwu Yin
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Yuxing Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Song Tu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
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22
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Yu W, Wu W, Jiang H. Copper‐Catalyzed Benzylic C—H Functionalization, Oxidation and Cyclization of Methylarenes: Direct Access to 2‐Arylbenzothiazoles. CHINESE J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201900340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Yu
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Wanqing Wu
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
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23
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Liang D, Huo B, Dong Y, Wang Y, Dong Y, Wang B, Ma Y. Copper-Catalyzed Alkylarylation of Unactivated Alkenes: Synthesis of 3-Alkyl Indolines from N-Allyl Anilines and Alkanes. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:1932-1936. [PMID: 31046195 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A rare example of C(sp3 )-H functionalization of simple alkanes with unactivated alkenes is presented. In the presence of a copper salt and di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP), N-allyl anilines underwent exo-selective alkylation/cyclization cascade with unactivated alkenic bonds as radical acceptors and simple alkanes as radical precursors, providing a direct access to 3-alkyl indolines. The present protocol features simple operation, broad substrate scope and great exo selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqiang Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Kunming University, 2 Puxin Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650214, China
| | - Bojie Huo
- Department of Chemistry, Kunming University, 2 Puxin Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650214, China
| | - Yongrui Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Kunming University, 2 Puxin Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650214, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Kunming University, 2 Puxin Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650214, China
| | - Ying Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250014, China
| | - Baoling Wang
- Yunnan Engineering Technology Research Center for Plastic Films, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650214, China
| | - Yinhai Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Kunming University, 2 Puxin Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650214, China
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24
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Chen F, Xia Y, Lin R, Gao Y, Xu P, Zhao Y. Copper-Catalyzed Direct Twofold C-P Cross-Coupling of Unprotected Propargylic 1,4-Diols: Access to 2,3-Bis(diarylphosphynyl)-1,3-butadienes. Org Lett 2019; 21:579-583. [PMID: 30608708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first facile and efficient Cu-catalyzed direct coupling of unprotected propargylic diols with H-phosphine oxides was developed, providing a practical approach to access structurally diverse 2,3-bis(diarylphosphynyl)-1,3-butadienes along with the formation of two new P-Csp2 and two new C═C bonds under ligand- and base-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fushan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province , Xiamen University , Xiamen , Fujian 361005 , China
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province , Xiamen University , Xiamen , Fujian 361005 , China
| | - Rongcan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province , Xiamen University , Xiamen , Fujian 361005 , China
| | - Yuxing Gao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province , Xiamen University , Xiamen , Fujian 361005 , China
| | - Pengxiang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province , Xiamen University , Xiamen , Fujian 361005 , China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province , Xiamen University , Xiamen , Fujian 361005 , China
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25
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Hou H, Xu Y, Yang H, Yan C, Shi Y, Zhu S. Regioselective radical arylation: silver-mediated synthesis of 3-phosphorylated coumarins, quinolin-2(1H)-one and benzophosphole oxides. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8175-8184. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01585j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A silver-mediated domino radical addition/cyclization reaction of diaryl- or dialkyl-phosphine oxides with propynoic acid derivatives delivering 3-phosphorylated coumarins, quinolin-2(1H)-one and benzophosphole oxides is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Hou
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou
- China
| | - Yue Xu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou
- China
| | - Haibo Yang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou
- China
| | - Chaoguo Yan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou
- China
| | - Yaocheng Shi
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou
- China
| | - Shaoqun Zhu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou
- China
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26
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Liu L, Dong J, Yan Y, Yin SF, Han LB, Zhou Y. Photoredox-catalyzed decarboxylative alkylation/cyclization of alkynylphosphine oxides: a metal- and oxidant-free method for accessing benzo[b]phosphole oxides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:233-236. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08689c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
By photoredox-catalysis, alkylation/aryl cyclization of alkynylphosphine oxides towards benzo[b]phospholes has been realized under metal- and oxidant-free conditions at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
| | - Jianyu Dong
- Department of Educational Science
- Hunan First Normal University
- Changsha 410205
- China
| | - Yani Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
| | - Shuang-Feng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
| | - Li-Biao Han
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Tsukuba
- Ibaraki 305-8565
- Japan
| | - Yongbo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
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27
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Nilewar S, Jayaraman A, Sterenberg BT. Alkyne Insertion into P–C(sp2) Bonds as a Route to Fused Phospholes: Transition-Metal-Like Reactivity at Phosphorus. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant Nilewar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Arumugam Jayaraman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Brian T. Sterenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
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