1
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Ishida K, Litomska A, Dunbar KL, Hertweck C. An Enzymatic Prodrug-like Route to Thio and Selenoamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202404243. [PMID: 38747847 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
6-Thioguanine (6TG) is a clinically used antitumor agent that was rationally designed as a DNA-targeting antimetabolite, but it also occurs naturally. 6TG is a critical virulence factor produced by Erwinia amylovorans, a notorious plant pathogen that causes fire blight of pome fruit trees. The biosynthesis of the rare thioamide metabolite involves an adenylating enzyme (YcfA) and a sulfur-mobilizing enzyme (YcfC), but the mechanism of sulfur transfer and putative intermediates have remained elusive. Through dissection and in vitro reconstitution of the thionation process using diverse substrates, we uncover an intermediate, prodrug-like thio-conjugate and elucidate the precise enzyme functions. YcfA not only adenylates GMP but also transfers the mercapto group of l-cysteine to the activated carbonyl. A designated C-S lyase (YcfC) then cleaves the resulting S-adduct to yield the thioamide. This pathway is distinct from canonical tRNA sulfur modifications and known enzymatic peptide thionations. By exploring a wide range of substrate surrogates, we exploited the tolerance of the enzyme pair to produce even a seleno analog. This study provides valuable insight into a previously unexplored area of bacterial thioamide formation and lays the groundwork for synthetic biology approaches to produce thioamide antimetabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Ishida
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Litomska
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Kyle L Dunbar
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
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2
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Kayrouz CM, Ireland KA, Ying V, Davis KM, Seyedsayamdost MR. Ovoselenol, a Selenium-containing Antioxidant Derived from Convergent Evolution. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.10.588772. [PMID: 38645211 PMCID: PMC11030361 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.10.588772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Selenium is an essential micronutrient, but its presence in biology has been limited to protein and nucleic acid biopolymers. The recent identification of the first biosynthetic pathway for selenium-containing small molecules suggests that there is a larger family of selenometabolites that remains to be discovered. Using a bioinformatic search strategy that relies on mapping of composite active site motifs, we identify a recently evolved branch of abundant and uncharacterized metalloenzymes that we predict are involved in selenometabolite biosynthesis. Biochemical studies confirm this prediction and show that these enzymes form an unusual C-Se bond onto histidine, thus giving rise to a novel selenometabolite and potent antioxidant that we have termed ovoselenol. Aside from providing insights into the evolution of this enzyme class and the structural basis of C-Se bond formation, our work offers a blueprint for charting the microbial selenometabolome in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase M. Kayrouz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | - Kendra A. Ireland
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Vanessa Ying
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | - Katherine M. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Mohammad R. Seyedsayamdost
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
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3
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Chen L, Zhang L, Ye X, Deng Z, Zhao C. Ergothioneine and its congeners: anti-ageing mechanisms and pharmacophore biosynthesis. Protein Cell 2024; 15:191-206. [PMID: 37561026 PMCID: PMC10903977 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwad048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ergothioneine, Ovothiol, and Selenoneine are sulfur/selenium-containing histidine-derived natural products widely distributed across different organisms. They exhibit significant antioxidant properties, making them as potential lead compounds for promoting health. Increasing evidence suggests that Ergothioneine is positively correlated with healthy ageing and longevity. The mechanisms underlying Ergothioneine's regulation of the ageing process at cellular and molecular levels are beginning to be understood. In this review, we provide an in-depth and extensive coverage of the anti-ageing studies on Ergothioneine and discuss its possible intracellular targeting pathways. In addition, we highlight the recent efforts in elucidating the biosynthetic details for Ergothioneine, Ovothiol, and Selenoneine, with a particular focus on the study of their pharmacophore-forming enzymology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xujun Ye
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Changming Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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4
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Wang X, Hu S, Wang J, Zhang T, Ye K, Wen A, Zhu G, Vegas A, Zhang L, Yan W, Liu X, Liu P. Biochemical and Structural Characterization of OvoA Th2: A Mononuclear Nonheme Iron Enzyme from Hydrogenimonas thermophila for Ovothiol Biosynthesis. ACS Catal 2023; 13:15417-15426. [PMID: 38058600 PMCID: PMC10696552 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c04026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Ovothiol A and ergothioneine are thiol-histidine derivatives with sulfur substitutions at the δ-carbon or ε-carbon of the l-histidine imidazole ring, respectively. Both ovothiol A and ergothioneine have protective effects on many aging-related diseases, and the sulfur substitution plays a key role in determining their chemical and biological properties, while factors governing sulfur incorporation regioselectivities in ovothiol and ergothioneine biosynthesis in the corresponding enzymes (OvoA, Egt1, or EgtB) are not yet known. In this study, we have successfully obtained the first OvoA crystal structure, which provides critical information to explain their C-S bond formation regioselectivity. Furthermore, OvoATh2 exhibits several additional activities: (1) ergothioneine sulfoxide synthase activity akin to Egt1 in ergothioneine biosynthesis; (2) cysteine dioxygenase activity using l-cysteine and l-histidine analogues as substrates; (3) cysteine dioxygenase activity upon mutation of an active site tyrosine residue (Y406). The structural insights and diverse chemistries demonstrated by OvoATh2 pave the way for future comprehensive structure-function correlation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Sha Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- School
of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai
Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Ke Ye
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Aiwen Wen
- Department
of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Guoliang Zhu
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Arturo Vegas
- Department
of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wupeng Yan
- School
of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai
Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xueting Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Pinghua Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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5
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Paris JC, Hu S, Wen A, Weitz AC, Cheng R, Gee LB, Tang Y, Kim H, Vegas A, Chang WC, Elliott SJ, Liu P, Guo Y. An S=1 Iron(IV) Intermediate Revealed in a Non-Heme Iron Enzyme-Catalyzed Oxidative C-S Bond Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309362. [PMID: 37640689 PMCID: PMC10592081 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ESH) and ovothiol A (OSHA) are two natural thiol-histidine derivatives. ESH has been implicated as a longevity vitamin and OSHA inhibits the proliferation of hepatocarcinoma. The key biosynthetic step of ESH and OSHA in the aerobic pathways is the O2 -dependent C-S bond formation catalyzed by non-heme iron enzymes (e.g., OvoA in ovothiol biosynthesis), but due to the lack of identification of key reactive intermediate the mechanism of this novel reaction is unresolved. In this study, we report the identification and characterization of a kinetically competent S=1 iron(IV) intermediate supported by a four-histidine ligand environment (three from the protein residues and one from the substrate) in enabling C-S bond formation in OvoA from Methyloversatilis thermotoleran, which represents the first experimentally observed intermediate spin iron(IV) species in non-heme iron enzymes. Results reported in this study thus set the stage to further dissect the mechanism of enzymatic oxidative C-S bond formation in the OSHA biosynthesis pathway. They also afford new opportunities to study the structure-function relationship of high-valent iron intermediates supported by a histidine rich ligand environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared C Paris
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sha Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Aiwen Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Andrew C Weitz
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ronghai Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Leland B Gee
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Yijie Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Hyomin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Arturo Vegas
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wei-Chen Chang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Sean J Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Pinghua Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yisong Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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6
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Wu D, Lei X. Enzymatic cascade reactions for the efficient synthesis of natural products. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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7
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Cordell GA, Lamahewage SNS. Ergothioneine, Ovothiol A, and Selenoneine-Histidine-Derived, Biologically Significant, Trace Global Alkaloids. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092673. [PMID: 35566030 PMCID: PMC9103826 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The history, chemistry, biology, and biosynthesis of the globally occurring histidine-derived alkaloids ergothioneine (10), ovothiol A (11), and selenoneine (12) are reviewed comparatively and their significance to human well-being is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A. Cordell
- Natural Products Inc., Evanston, IL 60202, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Sujeewa N. S. Lamahewage
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ruhuna, Matara 81000, Sri Lanka
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8
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A Survey on the Distribution of Ovothiol and ovoA Gene Expression in Different Tissues and Cells: A Comparative Analysis in Sea Urchins and Mussels. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040268. [PMID: 35447941 PMCID: PMC9029387 DOI: 10.3390/md20040268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovothiols are histidine-derived thiols produced by a variety of marine invertebrates, protists and bacteria. These compounds, which are among the strongest natural antioxidants, are involved in controlling the cellular redox balance due to their redox exchange with glutathione. Although ovothiols were initially reported as protective agents against environmental stressors, new evidence suggests that they can also act as pheromones and participate in fundamental biological processes such as embryogenesis. To get further insight into the biological roles of ovothiols, we compared ovothiol biosynthesis in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus and in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, the two species that represent the richest sources of these compounds among marine invertebrates. Ovothiol content was measured in different tissues and in the immune cells from both species and the expression levels of ovoA, the gene responsible for ovothiol biosynthesis, was inferred from publicly available transcriptomes. A comparative analysis of ovothiol biosynthesis in the two species allowed the identification of the tissues and cells synthesizing the metabolite and highlighted analogies and differences between sea urchins and mussels. By improving our knowledge on the biological roles of ovothiols and pointing out the existence of sustainable natural sources for their isolation, this study provides the basis for future biotechnological investigations on these valuable compounds.
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9
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Cheng R, Weitz AC, Paris J, Tang Y, Zhang J, Song H, Naowarojna N, Li K, Qiao L, Lopez J, Grinstaff MW, Zhang L, Guo Y, Elliott S, Liu P. OvoA Mtht from Methyloversatilis thermotolerans ovothiol biosynthesis is a bifunction enzyme: thiol oxygenase and sulfoxide synthase activities. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3589-3598. [PMID: 35432880 PMCID: PMC8943887 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05479a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear non-heme iron enzymes are a large class of enzymes catalyzing a wide-range of reactions. In this work, we report that a non-heme iron enzyme in Methyloversatilis thermotolerans, OvoAMtht, has two different activities, as a thiol oxygenase and a sulfoxide synthase. When cysteine is presented as the only substrate, OvoAMtht is a thiol oxygenase. In the presence of both histidine and cysteine as substrates, OvoAMtht catalyzes the oxidative coupling between histidine and cysteine (a sulfoxide synthase). Additionally, we demonstrate that both substrates and the active site iron's secondary coordination shell residues exert exquisite control over the dual activities of OvoAMtht (sulfoxide synthase vs. thiol oxygenase activities). OvoAMtht is an excellent system for future detailed mechanistic investigation on how metal ligands and secondary coordination shell residues fine-tune the iron-center electronic properties to achieve different reactivities. Modulation of OvoAMtht's dual activities: sulfoxide synthase and thiol oxygenase.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghai Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Ave. Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Andrew C Weitz
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Ave. Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Jared Paris
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 1521 USA
| | - Yijie Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 1521 USA
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Rd Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Heng Song
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Ave. Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Nathchar Naowarojna
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Ave. Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Kelin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Ave. Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Lu Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Ave. Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Juan Lopez
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Ave. Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Ave. Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Rd Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Yisong Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 1521 USA
| | - Sean Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Ave. Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Pinghua Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Ave. Boston MA 02215 USA
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10
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Brancaccio M, Tangherlini M, Danovaro R, Castellano I. Metabolic adaptations to marine environments: molecular diversity and evolution of ovothiol biosynthesis in Bacteria. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6323227. [PMID: 34272861 PMCID: PMC8433421 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovothiols are sulfur-containing amino acids synthesized by marine invertebrates, protozoans, and bacteria. They act as pleiotropic molecules in signaling and protection against oxidative stress. The discovery of ovothiol biosynthetic enzymes, sulfoxide synthase OvoA and β-lyase OvoB, paves the way for a systematic investigation of ovothiol distribution and molecular diversification in nature. In this work, we conducted genomic and metagenomics data mining to investigate the distribution and diversification of ovothiol biosynthetic enzymes in Bacteria. We identified the bacteria endowed with this secondary metabolic pathway, described their taxonomy, habitat and biotic interactions in order to provide insight into their adaptation to specific environments. We report that OvoA and OvoB are mostly encountered in marine aerobic Proteobacteria, some of them establishing symbiotic or parasitic relationships with other organisms. We identified a horizontal gene transfer event of OvoB from Bacteroidetes living in symbiosis with Hydrozoa. Our search within the Ocean Gene Atlas revealed the occurrence of ovothiol biosynthetic genes in Proteobacteria living in a wide range of pelagic and highly oxygenated environments. Finally, we tracked the evolutionary history of ovothiol biosynthesis from marine bacteria to unicellular eukaryotes and metazoans. Our analysis provides new conceptual elements to unravel the evolutionary and ecological significance of ovothiol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarita Brancaccio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Michael Tangherlini
- Department of Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Fano Marine Centre, Fano, Italy
| | - Roberto Danovaro
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.,Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
| | - Immacolata Castellano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, Naples, Italy
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11
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Cheng R, Lai R, Peng C, Lopez J, Li Z, Naowarojna N, Li K, Wong C, Lee N, Whelan SA, Qiao L, Grinstaff MW, Wang J, Cui Q, Liu P. Implications for an imidazol-2-yl carbene intermediate in the rhodanase-catalyzed C-S bond formation reaction of anaerobic ergothioneine biosynthesis. ACS Catal 2021; 11:3319-3334. [PMID: 34745712 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the anaerobic ergothioneine biosynthetic pathway, a rhodanese domain containing enzyme (EanB) activates tne hercynine's sp2 ε-C-H Dona ana replaces it with a C-S bond to produce ergothioneine. The key intermediate for this trans-sulfuration reaction is the Cys412 persulfide. Substitution of the EanB-Cys412 persulfide with a Cys412 perselenide does not yield the selenium analog of ergothioneine, selenoneine. However, in deuterated buffer, the perselenide-modified EanB catalyzes the deuterium exchange between hercynine's sp2 ε-C-H bond and D2O. Results from QM/MM calculations suggest that the reaction involves a carbene intermediate and that Tyr353 plays a key role. We hypothesize that modulating the pKa of Tyr353 will affect the deuterium-exchange rate. Indeed, the 3,5-difluoro tyrosine containing EanB catalyzes the deuterium exchange reaction with k ex of ~10-fold greater than the wild-type EanB (EanBWT). With regards to potential mechanisms, these results support the involvement of a carbene intermediate in EanB-catalysis, rendering EanB as one of the few carbene-intermediate involving enzymatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghai Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Rui Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Chao Peng
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Juan Lopez
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Zhihong Li
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Nathchar Naowarojna
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Kelin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Christina Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Norman Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Stephen A. Whelan
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Lu Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Jiangyun Wang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Pinghua Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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12
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Torres JP, Lin Z, Watkins M, Salcedo PF, Baskin RP, Elhabian S, Safavi-Hemami H, Taylor D, Tun J, Concepcion GP, Saguil N, Yanagihara AA, Fang Y, McArthur JR, Tae HS, Finol-Urdaneta RK, Özpolat BD, Olivera BM, Schmidt EW. Small-molecule mimicry hunting strategy in the imperial cone snail, Conus imperialis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/11/eabf2704. [PMID: 33712468 PMCID: PMC7954447 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf2704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Venomous animals hunt using bioactive peptides, but relatively little is known about venom small molecules and the resulting complex hunting behaviors. Here, we explored the specialized metabolites from the venom of the worm-hunting cone snail, Conus imperialis Using the model polychaete worm Platynereis dumerilii, we demonstrate that C. imperialis venom contains small molecules that mimic natural polychaete mating pheromones, evoking the mating phenotype in worms. The specialized metabolites from different cone snails are species-specific and structurally diverse, suggesting that the cones may adopt many different prey-hunting strategies enabled by small molecules. Predators sometimes attract prey using the prey's own pheromones, in a strategy known as aggressive mimicry. Instead, C. imperialis uses metabolically stable mimics of those pheromones, indicating that, in biological mimicry, even the molecules themselves may be disguised, providing a twist on fake news in chemical ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Torres
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Zhenjian Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Maren Watkins
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Paula Flórez Salcedo
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Robert P Baskin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Shireen Elhabian
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, School of Computing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Helena Safavi-Hemami
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Dylan Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jortan Tun
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Gisela P Concepcion
- Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Noel Saguil
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Angel A Yanagihara
- Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Yixin Fang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jeffrey R McArthur
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Han-Shen Tae
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Rocio K Finol-Urdaneta
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | | | - Baldomero M Olivera
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Eric W Schmidt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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13
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Ekanayake DM, Fischer AA, Elwood ME, Guzek AM, Lindeman SV, Popescu CV, Fiedler AT. Nonheme iron-thiolate complexes as structural models of sulfoxide synthase active sites. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:17745-17757. [PMID: 33241840 PMCID: PMC7781232 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03403g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Two mononuclear iron(ii)-thiolate complexes have been prepared that represent structural models of the nonheme iron enzymes EgtB and OvoA, which catalyze the O2-dependent formation of carbon-sulfur bonds in the biosynthesis of thiohistidine compounds. The series of Fe(ii) complexes reported here feature tripodal N4 chelates (LA and LB) that contain both pyridyl and imidazolyl donors (LA = (1H-imidazol-4-yl)-N,N-bis((pyridin-2-yl)methyl)methanamine; LB = N,N-bis((1-methylimidazol-2-yl)methyl)-2-pyridylmethylamine). Further coordination with monodentate aromatic or aliphatic thiolate ligands yielded the five-coordinate, high-spin Fe(ii) complexes [FeII(LA)(SMes)]BPh4 (1) and [FeII(LB)(SCy)]BPh4 (2), where SMes = 2,4,6-trimethylthiophenolate and SCy = cyclohexanethiolate. X-ray crystal structures revealed that 1 and 2 possess trigonal bipyramidal geometries formed by the N4S ligand set. In each case, the thiolate ligand is positioned cis to an imidazole donor, replicating the arrangement of Cys- and His-based substrates in the active site of EgtB. The geometric and electronic structures of 1 and 2 were analyzed with UV-vis absorption and Mössbauer spectroscopies in tandem with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Exposure of 1 and 2 to nitric oxide (NO) yielded six-coordinate FeNO adducts that were characterized with infrared and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies, confirming that these complexes are capable of binding diatomic molecules. Reaction of 1 and 2 with O2 causes oxidation of the thiolate ligands to disulfide products. The implications of these results for the development of functional models of EgtB and OvoA are discussed.
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14
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Milito A, Orefice I, Smerilli A, Castellano I, Napolitano A, Brunet C, Palumbo A. Insights into the Light Response of Skeletonema marinoi: Involvement of Ovothiol. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18090477. [PMID: 32962291 PMCID: PMC7551349 DOI: 10.3390/md18090477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diatoms are one of the most widespread groups of microalgae on Earth. They possess extraordinary metabolic capabilities, including a great ability to adapt to different light conditions. Recently, we have discovered that the diatom Skeletonema marinoi produces the natural antioxidant ovothiol B, until then identified only in clams. In this study, we investigated the light-dependent modulation of ovothiol biosynthesis in S. marinoi. Diatoms were exposed to different light conditions, ranging from prolonged darkness to low or high light, also differing in the velocity of intensity increase (sinusoidal versus square-wave distribution). The expression of the gene encoding the key ovothiol biosynthetic enzyme, ovoA, was upregulated by high sinusoidal light mimicking natural conditions. Under this situation higher levels of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide as well as ovothiol and glutathione increase were detected. No ovoA modulation was observed under prolonged darkness nor low sinusoidal light. Unnatural conditions such as continuous square-wave light induced a very high oxidative stress leading to a drop in cell growth, without enhancing ovoA gene expression. Only one of the inducible forms of nitric oxide synthase, nos2, was upregulated by light with consequent production of NO under sinusoidal light and darkness conditions. Our data suggest that ovothiol biosynthesis is triggered by a combined light stress caused by natural distribution and increased photon flux density, with no influence from the daily light dose. These results open new perspectives for the biotechnological production of ovothiols, which are receiving a great interest for their biological activities in human model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonsina Milito
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, Cerdanyola, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: or (A.M.); (A.P.); Tel.: +39-081-5833 (ext. 293/276) (A.M.)
| | - Ida Orefice
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (I.O.); (A.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Arianna Smerilli
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (I.O.); (A.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Immacolata Castellano
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy;
| | - Christophe Brunet
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (I.O.); (A.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Anna Palumbo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
- Correspondence: or (A.M.); (A.P.); Tel.: +39-081-5833 (ext. 293/276) (A.M.)
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15
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The catalytic mechanism of sulfoxide synthases. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 59:111-118. [PMID: 32726707 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sulfoxide synthases are non-heme iron enzymes that catalyze oxidative carbonsulfur bond formation in the biosynthesis of thiohistidines such as ergothioneine and ovothiol. The catalytic mechanism of these enzymes has been studied by protein crystallography, steady-state kinetics, non-natural amino acid incorporation and computational modeling. This review discusses the current status of this research and also highlights similarities between the CS bond forming activity of sulfoxide synthases with that of synthetic coordination compounds.
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16
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Milito A, Castellano I, Burn R, Seebeck FP, Brunet C, Palumbo A. First evidence of ovothiol biosynthesis in marine diatoms. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:680-688. [PMID: 31935446 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ovothiols are histidine-derived thiols that are receiving a great interest for their biological activities in human model systems. Thanks to the position of the thiol group on the imidazole ring of histidine, these compounds exhibit unusual antioxidant properties. They have been revealing a very promising pharmacological potential due to their anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as anti-fibrotic activities not always related to their antioxidant power. Ovothiols occur in three differentially methylated forms (A, B and C), isolated from ovary, eggs and biological fluids of many marine invertebrates, mollusks, microalgae, and pathogenic protozoa. These molecules are synthesized by two enzymes: the sulfoxide synthase OvoA and the sulfoxide lyase OvoB. OvoA catalyzes the insertion of the sulfur atom of cysteine on the imidazole ring of histidine, leading to the formation of a sulfoxide intermediate. This is then cleaved by OvoB, giving 5-thiohistidine, finally methylated on the imidazole ring thanks to the methyltransferase domain of OvoA. Recent studies have shown that OvoA homologs are encoded in a wide variety of genomes suggesting that ovothiol biosynthesis is much more widespread in nature than initially thought. Here we have investigated the OvoA occurrence in diatoms, one of the most abundant group of microalgae, dominating marine and freshwater environments. They are considered a very good model system for both biology/photophysiology studies and for biotechnological applications. We have performed comparative sequence and phylogenetic analyses of OvoA from diatoms, highlighting a high degree of conservation of the canonical domain architecture in the analyzed species, as well as a clear clustering of OvoA in the two different morphological groups, i.e. centric and pennate diatoms. The in silico analyses have also revealed that OvoA gene expression is modulated by growth conditions. More importantly, we have characterized the thiol fraction from cultures of the coastal centric diatom Skeletonema marinoi, providing the first evidence of ovothiol B biosynthesis in diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonsina Milito
- Dept. of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Immacolata Castellano
- Dept. of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Reto Burn
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Christophe Brunet
- Dept. of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Palumbo
- Dept. of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121, Naples, Italy.
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17
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Abstract
Natural nonproteinogenic amino acids vastly outnumber the well-known 22 proteinogenic amino acids. Such amino acids are generated in specialized metabolic pathways. In these pathways, diverse biosynthetic transformations, ranging from isomerizations to the stereospecific functionalization of C-H bonds, are employed to generate structural diversity. The resulting nonproteinogenic amino acids can be integrated into more complex natural products. Here we review recently discovered biosynthetic routes to freestanding nonproteinogenic α-amino acids, with an emphasis on work reported between 2013 and mid-2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B Hedges
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Katherine S Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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18
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Gerdol M, Sollitto M, Pallavicini A, Castellano I. The complex evolutionary history of sulfoxide synthase in ovothiol biosynthesis. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191812. [PMID: 31771466 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfoxide synthases are enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of small sulfur-containing natural products. Their enzymatic activity represents a unique sulfur transfer strategy in nature that is the insertion of a sulfur atom on the imidazole ring of histidine. To date, only two enzymes are known to carry out this function: the sulfoxide synthase EgtB, involved in the biosynthesis of ergothioneine in fungi and bacteria, and the 5-histidylcysteine sulfoxide synthase OvoA, involved in the biosynthesis of ovothiols, found in the eggs and biological fluids of marine invertebrates, some proteobacteria and protists. In particular, ovothiols, thanks to their unique redox properties, are probably the most intriguing marine sulfur-containing molecules. Although they have long been considered as cellular protective molecules, new evidence suggest that their biological activities and ecological role might be more complex than originally thought. Here, we investigate the evolutionary history of OvoA in Metazoa, reporting its monophyletic ancient origins, which could be traced back to the latest common ancestor of Choanozoa. Nevertheless, we show that OvoA is missing in several major extant taxa and we discuss this patchy distribution in the light of the massive genome reduction events documented in Metazoa. We also highlight two interesting cases of secondary acquisition through horizontal gene transfer, which occurred in hydrozoans and bdelloid rotifers. The evolutionary success of this metabolic pathway is probably ascribable to its role in the maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis, which enables organisms to survive in different environmental niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Sollitto
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Immacolata Castellano
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
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19
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Tsentalovich YP, Yanshole VV, Yanshole LV, Zelentsova EA, Melnikov AD, Sagdeev RZ. Seasonal Variations and Interspecific Differences in Metabolomes of Freshwater Fish Tissues: Quantitative Metabolomic Profiles of Lenses and Gills. Metabolites 2019; 9:E264. [PMID: 31684114 PMCID: PMC6918250 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9110264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This work represents the first comprehensive report on quantitative metabolomic composition of tissues of pike-perch (Sander lucioperca) and Siberian roach (Rutilus rutilus lacustris). The total of 68 most abundant metabolites are identified and quantified in the fish lenses and gills by the combination of LC-MS and NMR. It is shown that the concentrations of some compounds in the lens are much higher than that in the gills; that indicates the importance of these metabolites for the adaptation to the specific living conditions and maintaining the homeostasis of the fish lens. The lens metabolome undergoes significant seasonal changes due to the variations of dissolved oxygen level and fish feeding activity. The most season-affected metabolites are osmolytes and antioxidants, and the most affected metabolic pathway is the histidine pathway. In late autumn, the major lens osmolytes are N-acetyl-histidine and threonine phosphoethanolamine (Thr-PETA), while in winter the highest concentrations were observed for serine phosphoethanolamine (Ser-PETA) and myo-inositol. The presence of Thr-PETA and Ser-PETA in fish tissues and their role in cell osmotic protection are reported for the first time. The obtained concentrations can be used as baseline levels for studying the influence of environmental factors on fish health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri P Tsentalovich
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya 3a, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Vadim V Yanshole
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya 3a, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Lyudmila V Yanshole
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya 3a, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina A Zelentsova
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya 3a, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Arsenty D Melnikov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya 3a, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Renad Z Sagdeev
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya 3a, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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20
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Abstract
Secondary metabolites are often considered within the remit of bacterial or plant research, but animals also contain a plethora of these molecules with important functional roles. Classical feeding studies demonstrate that, whereas some are derived from diet, many of these compounds are made within the animals. In the past 15 years, the genetic and biochemical origin of several animal natural products has been traced to partnerships with symbiotic bacteria. More recently, a number of animal genome-encoded pathways to microbe-like natural products have come to light. These pathways are sometimes horizontally acquired from bacteria, but more commonly they unveil a new and diverse animal biochemistry. In this review, we highlight recent examples of characterized animal biosynthetic enzymes that reveal an unanticipated breadth and intricacy in animal secondary metabolism. The results so far suggest that there may be an immense diversity of animal small molecules and biosynthetic enzymes awaiting discovery. This biosynthetic dark matter is just beginning to be understood, providing a relatively untapped frontier for discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Torres
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Eric W Schmidt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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21
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Song H, Naowarojna N, Cheng R, Lopez J, Liu P. Non-heme iron enzyme-catalyzed complex transformations: Endoperoxidation, cyclopropanation, orthoester, oxidative C-C and C-S bond formation reactions in natural product biosynthesis. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 117:1-61. [PMID: 31564305 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Non-heme iron enzymes catalyze a wide range of chemical transformations, serving as one of the key types of tailoring enzymes in the biosynthesis of natural products. Hydroxylation reaction is the most common type of reactions catalyzed by these enzymes and hydroxylation reactions have been extensively investigated mechanistically. However, the mechanistic details for other types of transformations remain largely unknown or unexplored. In this paper, we present some of the most recently discovered transformations, including endoperoxidation, orthoester formation, cyclopropanation, oxidative C-C and C-S bond formation reactions. In addition, many of them are multi-functional enzymes, which further complicate their mechanistic investigations. In this work, we summarize their biosynthetic pathways, with special emphasis on the mechanistic details available for these newly discovered enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Ronghai Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Juan Lopez
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pinghua Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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22
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Bohutskyi P, McClure RS, Hill EA, Nelson WC, Chrisler WB, Nuñez JR, Renslow RS, Charania MA, Lindemann SR, Beliaev AS. Metabolic effects of vitamin B12 on physiology, stress resistance, growth rate and biomass productivity of Cyanobacterium stanieri planktonic and biofilm cultures. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Brancaccio M, Russo M, Masullo M, Palumbo A, Russo GL, Castellano I. Sulfur-containing histidine compounds inhibit γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in human cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14603-14614. [PMID: 31375562 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) is an enzyme located on the surface of cellular membranes and involved in GSH metabolism and maintenance of redox homeostasis. High GGT expression on tumor cells is associated with increased cell proliferation and resistance against chemotherapy. GGT inhibitors evaluated so far in clinical trials are too toxic for human use. In this study, using enzyme kinetics analyses, we demonstrate that ovothiols, 5(Nπ)-methyl thiohistidines of marine origin, act as noncompetitive inhibitors of GGT, with an apparent Ki of 21 μm, when we fixed the concentrations of the donor substrate. We found that these compounds are more potent than the known GGT inhibitor 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine and are not toxic toward human embryonic cells. In particular, cellular process-specific fluorescence-based assays revealed that ovothiols induce a mixed cell-death phenotype of apoptosis and autophagy in GGT-overexpressing cell lines, including human liver cancer and chronic B leukemic cells. The findings of our study provide the basis for further development of 5-thiohistidines as therapeutics for GGT-positive tumors and highlight that GGT inhibition is involved in autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarita Brancaccio
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Mariorosario Masullo
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples "Parthenope," 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Palumbo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Russo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy.,Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Immacolata Castellano
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy
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24
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Naowarojna N, Irani S, Hu W, Cheng R, Zhang L, Li X, Chen J, Zhang YJ, Liu P. Crystal Structure of the Ergothioneine Sulfoxide Synthase from Candidatus Chloracidobacterium thermophilum and Structure-Guided Engineering To Modulate Its Substrate Selectivity. ACS Catal 2019; 9:6955-6961. [PMID: 32257583 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ergothioneine is a thiohistidine derivative with potential benefits on many aging-related diseases. The central step of aerobic ergothioneine biosynthesis is the oxidative C-S bond formation reaction catalyzed by mononuclear nonheme iron sulfoxide synthases (EgtB and Egt1). Thus far, only the Mycobacterium thermoresistibile EgtB (EgtB Mth ) crystal structure is available, while the structural information for the more industrially attractive Egt1 enzyme is not. Herein, we reported the crystal structure of the ergothioneine sulfoxide synthase (EgtB Cth ) from Candidatus Chloracidobacterium thermophilum. EgtB Cth has both EgtB- and Egt1-type of activities. Guided by the structural information, we conducted Rosetta Enzyme Design calculations, and we biochemically demonstrated that EgtB Cth can be engineered more toward Egt1-type of activity. This study provides information regarding the factors governing the substrate selectivity in Egt1- and EgtB-catalysis and lays the groundwork for future sulfoxide synthase engineering toward the development of an effective ergothioneine process through a synthetic biology approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathchar Naowarojna
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Seema Irani
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Weiyao Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ronghai Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Xinhao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiesheng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan Jessie Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Pinghua Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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