1
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Freytag E, Kreimendahl L, Holzapfel M, Petersen J, Lackinger H, Stolte M, Würthner F, Mitric R, Lambert C. Chiroptical Properties of Planar Benzobisthiazole-Bridged Squaraine Dimers. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37487529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Five chiral squaraine dimers were synthesized by fusing chiral indolenine semisquaraines with three different benzobisthiazole bridges. The thereby created squaraine dimers show a strong splitting of the lowest energy absorption bands caused by exciton coupling. The intensities of the two exciton transitions and the energetic splitting depend on the angle of the two squaraine moieties within the chromophore dimer. The electric circular dichroism spectra of the dimers show intense Cotton effects whose sign depends on the used squaraine chromophores. Sizable anisotropies gabs of up to 2.6 × 10-3 could be obtained. TD-DFT calculations were used to partition the rotational strength into the three Rosenfeld terms where the electric-magnetic coupling turned out to be the dominant contribution while the exciton chirality term is much smaller. This is because the chromophore dimers are essentially planar but the angle between the electric transition dipole moment of one squaraine and the magnetic transition dipole moment of the other squaraine strongly deviates from 90°, which makes the dot product between the two moment vectors and, thus, the rotational strength substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emely Freytag
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lasse Kreimendahl
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Holzapfel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Petersen
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Lackinger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland Mitric
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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2
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Chan JYM, Ng DKP. [3 + 1] Mixed Cyclization: A Synthetic Route to Prepare Low-Symmetry Phthalocyanines. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7213-7218. [PMID: 35608557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel synthetic strategy for low-symmetry phthalocyanines has been developed, which involves the base-promoted cyclization of a preconnected trisphthalonitrile and a free phthalonitrile in the presence of a metal template. By using this [3 + 1] mixed cyclization approach, a series of zinc(II) phthalocyanine derivatives have been synthesized in up to 12% yields, including a very rare ABCD-type phthalocyanine and an amphiphilic ABAC-type analogue that can self-assemble in aqueous media, forming stable spherical nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Y M Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Dennis K P Ng
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
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3
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Ishii M, Mori T, Nakanishi W, Hill JP, Sakai H, Ariga K. Mechanical Tuning of Aggregated States for Conformation Control of Cyclized Binaphthyl at the Air-Water Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6481-6490. [PMID: 35549351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An air-water interface enables molecular assemblies and conformations to be controlled according to their intrinsic interactions and anisotropic stimuli. The chirality and conformation of binaphthyl derivatives have been controlled by tuning molecular aggregated states in solution. In this study, we have tuned molecular aggregated states of monobinaphthyldurene (MBD) by applying different mechanical stimuli to control the conformation at the air-water interface. Density functional theory calculations indicate that MBD exists essentially in two conformations, namely, 1-MBD (most stable) and 2-MBD (less stable). MBD was mechanically dissolved in appropriate lipid matrices using the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method, while pure MBD was self-assembled at the dynamic air-water interface in the absence of or by applying vortex motions (vortex LB method). In MBD mixed monolayer, surface pressure-molecular area measurements and atomic force microscopy observations suggest that separate lipids and MBD phases transform to mixed phases induced by the dissolution of MBD into the lipid matrices during mechanical compression at the air-water interface. Circular dichroism measurements indicate that molecular conformation changes from 1-MBD to 2-MBD in passing from a separated phase to a mixed MBD/lipid phase. In addition, the molecular aggregated states and conformations of MBD depend on the spreading volume and vortex flow rate when applying the vortex LB method. Molecular conformations and aggregated states of MBD could be controlled continuously by applying a mechanical stimulus at the air-water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ishii
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Taizo Mori
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Waka Nakanishi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Molecular Design and Function Group, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Jonathan P Hill
- Functional Chromophores Group, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Hideki Sakai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
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4
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Bilen Şentürk C, Şahin AN, Çetin A, Altındal A, Odabaş Z. Nitrate Ion Sensing Properties of Peripheral 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenoxy and Chlorine Substituted Metallo and Metal-free Phthalocyanines. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-021-02203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Freytag E, Holzapfel M, Swain A, Bringmann G, Stolte M, Würthner F, Lambert C. Axially chiral indolenine derived chromophore dimers and their chiroptical absorption and emission properties. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12229-12238. [PMID: 36349102 PMCID: PMC9601394 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04600h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Yamamoto homocoupling of two chiral oxindoles led to the atropo-diastereoselective formation of an axially chiral oxindole dimer. This building block served as the starting material for the syntheses of axially chiral squaraine and merocyanine chromophore dimers. These dimers show pronounced chiroptical properties, this is, outstandingly high ECD signals (Δε up to ca. 1500 M−1 cm−1) as a couplet with positive Cotton effect for the P-configuration around the biaryl axis and a negative Cotton effect for the M-configuration. All investigated dimers also exhibit pronounced circularly polarised emission with anisotropy values of ca. 10−3 cgs. Time-dependent density functional calculations were used to analyse the three contributions (local one electron, electric–magnetic coupling, and exciton coupling) to the rotational strength applying the Rosenfeld equation to excitonically coupled chromophores. While the exciton coupling term proves to be the dominant one, the electric–magnetic coupling possesses the same sign and adds significantly to the total rotational strength owing to a favourable geometric arrangement of the two chromophores within the dimer. From an axially chiral oxindole, squaraine and merocyanine chromophore dimers with pronounced chiroptical properties were prepared.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Emely Freytag
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Marco Holzapfel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Asim Swain
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
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6
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Zhang F, Radacki K, Braunschweig H, Lambert C, Ravat P. Zinc‐[7]helicenocyanin und sein diskretes π‐gestapeltes homochirales Dimer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Zhang
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Krzysztof Radacki
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Prince Ravat
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
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7
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Paramio I, Torres T, de la Torre G. Self-Assembled Porphyrinoids: One-Component Nanostructured Photomedicines. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2441-2451. [PMID: 33900022 PMCID: PMC8453889 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is becoming a promising way to treat various kinds of cancers, with few side effects. Porphyrinoids are the most relevant photosensitizers (PS) in PDT, because they present high extinction coefficients, biocompatibility, and excellent photochemical behavior. To maximize therapeutic effects, polymer-PS conjugates, and PS-loaded nanoparticles have been developed, with insights in improving tumor delivery. However, some drawbacks such as non-biodegradability, multistep fabrication, and low reagent loadings limit their clinical application. A novel strategy, noted by some authors as the "one-for-all" approach, is emerging to circumvent the use of additional delivery agents. This approach relies on the self-assembly of amphiphilic PS to fabricate nanostructures with improved transport properties. In this review we focus on different rational designs of porphyrinoid PS to achieve some of the following attributes in nanoassembly: i) selective uptake, through the incorporation of recognizable biological vectors; ii) responsiveness to stimuli; iii) combination of imaging and therapeutic functions; and iv) multimodal therapy, including photothermal or chemotherapy abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Paramio
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversidad Autónoma de MadridC/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 728049MadridSpain
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversidad Autónoma de MadridC/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 728049MadridSpain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)Universidad Autónoma de MadridC/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 728049MadridSpain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)-NanocienciaC/Faraday 928049MadridSpain
| | - Gema de la Torre
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversidad Autónoma de MadridC/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 728049MadridSpain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)Universidad Autónoma de MadridC/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 728049MadridSpain
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8
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Ravat P, Zhang F, Radacki K, Braunschweig H, Lambert C. Zinc-[7]helicenocyanine and Its Discrete π-Stacked Homochiral Dimer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23656-23660. [PMID: 34403564 PMCID: PMC8597050 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this communication, we demonstrate a novel approach to prepare a discrete dimer of chiral phthalocyanine (Pc) by exploiting the flexible molecular geometry of helicenes, which enables structural interlocking and strong aggregation tendency of Pcs. Synthesized [7]helicene‐Pc hybrid molecular structure, zinc‐[7]helicenocyanine (Zn‐7HPc), exclusively forms a stable dimeric pair consisting of two homochiral molecules. The dimerization constants were estimated to be as high as 8.96×106 M−1 and 3.42×107 M−1 in THF and DMSO, respectively, indicating remarkable stability of dimer. In addition, Zn‐7HPc exhibited chiral self‐sorting behavior, which resulted in preferential formation of a homochiral dimer also in the racemic sample. Two phthalocyanine subunits in the dimeric form strongly communicate with each other as revealed by a large comproportionation constant and observation of an IV‐CT band for the thermodynamically stable mixed‐valence state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Ravat
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, GERMANY
| | - Fangyuan Zhang
- Universität Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, GERMANY
| | - Krzysztof Radacki
- Universität Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, GERMANY
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Universität Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, GERMANY
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Universität Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, GERMANY
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9
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Revuelta‐Maza MÁ, Heras E, Agut M, Nonell S, Torres T, Torre G. Self‐Assembled Binaphthyl‐Bridged Amphiphilic AABB Phthalocyanines: Nanostructures for Efficient Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. Chemistry 2021; 27:4955-4963. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Heras
- Institut Químic de Sarrià Universitat Ramon Llull 08017 Barcelona Spain
| | - Montserrat Agut
- Institut Químic de Sarrià Universitat Ramon Llull 08017 Barcelona Spain
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de Sarrià Universitat Ramon Llull 08017 Barcelona Spain
| | - Tomás Torres
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7 28049 Madrid Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)-Nanociencia C/ Faraday 9 Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid Spain
| | - Gema Torre
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7 28049 Madrid Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
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10
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Okada Y, Hoshi T, Kobayashi N. Recent Progress in Optically-Active Phthalocyanines and Their Related Azamacrocycles. Front Chem 2020; 8:595998. [PMID: 33195104 PMCID: PMC7604507 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.595998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Optically-active phthalocyanines (Pcs) and related macrocycles reported in the 2010-2020 period are introduced in this review. They are grouped into several categories: (1) chiral binaphthyl-containing Pcs, (2) optically active alkyl chain-containing Pcs, (3) chiral axial ligand- coordinated or -linked Pcs, (4) chiral subphthalocyanines (SubPcs), and (5) related azamacrocycles. For each compound, the structure and important characteristics are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Okada
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Japan
| | - Tomonori Hoshi
- Clinical Research, Innovation and Education Center, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nagao Kobayashi
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Japan
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11
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Selby J, Holzapfel M, Lombe BK, Schmidt D, Krause AM, Würthner F, Bringmann G, Lambert C. Chiroptical Properties of Indolenine Squaraines with a Stereogenic Center at Close Proximity. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12227-12242. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Selby
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Holzapfel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Blaise Kimbadi Lombe
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg 9, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ana-Maria Krause
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg 9, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg 9, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg 9, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Gamelas SRD, Gomes ATPC, Faustino MAF, Tomé AC, Tomé JPC, Almeida A, Lourenço LMO. Photoinactivation of Escherichia coli with Water-Soluble Ammonium-Substituted Phthalocyanines. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:4044-4051. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara R. D. Gamelas
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana T. P. C. Gomes
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Augusto C. Tomé
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João P. C. Tomé
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Leandro M. O. Lourenço
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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