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Barrett L, Coopman K. Cell microencapsulation techniques for cancer modelling and drug discovery. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 52:345-354. [PMID: 38829715 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2024.2359996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Cell encapsulation into spherical microparticles is a promising bioengineering tool in many fields, including 3D cancer modelling and pre-clinical drug discovery. Cancer microencapsulation models can more accurately reflect the complex solid tumour microenvironment than 2D cell culture and therefore would improve drug discovery efforts. However, these microcapsules, typically in the range of 1 - 5000 µm in diameter, must be carefully designed and amenable to high-throughput production. This review therefore aims to outline important considerations in the design of cancer cell microencapsulation models for drug discovery applications and examine current techniques to produce these. Extrusion (dripping) droplet generation and emulsion-based techniques are highlighted and their suitability to high-throughput drug screening in terms of tumour physiology and ease of scale up is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Barrett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Aeronautical, Automotive, Chemical and Materials Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Karen Coopman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Aeronautical, Automotive, Chemical and Materials Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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2
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Tian C, Cai H, Ao Z, Gu L, Li X, Niu VC, Bondesson M, Gu M, Mackie K, Guo F. Engineering human midbrain organoid microphysiological systems to model prenatal PFOS exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174478. [PMID: 38964381 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a class of synthetic chemicals detected in various environmental compartments, has been associated with dysfunctions of the human central nervous system (CNS). However, the underlying neurotoxicology of PFOS exposure is largely understudied due to the lack of relevant human models. Here, we report bioengineered human midbrain organoid microphysiological systems (hMO-MPSs) to recapitulate the response of a fetal human brain to multiple concurrent PFOS exposure conditions. Each hMO-MPS consists of an hMO on a fully 3D printed holder device with a perfusable organoid adhesion layer for enhancing air-liquid interface culturing. Leveraging the unique, simply-fabricated holder devices, hMO-MPSs are scalable, easy to use, and compatible with conventional well-plates, and allow easy transfer onto a multiple-electrode array (MEA) system for plug-and-play measurement of neural activity. Interestingly, the neural activity of hMO-MPSs initially increased and subsequently decreased by exposure to a concentration range of 0, 30, 100, to 300 μM of PFOS. Furthermore, PFOS exposure impaired neural development and promoted neuroinflammation in the engineered hMO-MPSs. Along with PFOS, our platform is broadly applicable for studies toxicology of various other environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Tian
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Hongwei Cai
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Zheng Ao
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Longjun Gu
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Vivian C Niu
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47405, United States; Bloomington High School South, Bloomington, IN 47401, United States
| | - Maria Bondesson
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Mingxia Gu
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Division of Pulmonary Biology, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH 45229, Cincinnati, United States; University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, OH 45229, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Ken Mackie
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
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3
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Li K, Gu L, Cai H, Lu HC, Mackie K, Guo F. Human brain organoids for understanding substance use disorders. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2024; 58:101031. [PMID: 39146603 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2024.101031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are complex mental health conditions involving a problematic pattern of substance use. Challenges remain in understanding their neural mechanisms, which are likely to lead to improved SUD treatments. Human brain organoids, brain-like 3D in vitro cultures derived from human stem cells, show unique potential in recapitulating the response of a developing human brain to substances. Here, we review the recent progress in understanding SUDs using human brain organoid models focusing on neurodevelopmental perspectives. We first summarize the background of SUDs in humans. Moreover, we introduce the development of various human brain organoid models and then discuss current progress and findings underlying the abuse of substances like nicotine, alcohol, and other addictive drugs using organoid models. Furthermore, we review efforts to develop organ chips and microphysiological systems to engineer better human brain organoids for advancing SUD studies. Lastly, we conclude by elaborating on the current challenges and future directions of SUD studies using human brain organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangle Li
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Longjun Gu
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Hongwei Cai
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Hui-Chen Lu
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Ken Mackie
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States.
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4
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Kim S, Lam PY, Jayaraman A, Han A. Uniform sized cancer spheroids production using hydrogel-based droplet microfluidics: a review. Biomed Microdevices 2024; 26:26. [PMID: 38806765 PMCID: PMC11241584 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-024-00712-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models have been extensively utilized in various mechanistic studies as well as for drug development studies as superior in vitro platforms than conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models. This is especially the case in cancer biology, where 3D cancer models, such as spheroids or organoids, have been utilized extensively to understand the mechanisms of cancer development. Recently, many sophisticated 3D models such as organ-on-a-chip models are emerging as advanced in vitro models that can more accurately mimic the in vivo tissue functions. Despite such advancements, spheroids are still considered as a powerful 3D cancer model due to the relatively simple structure and compatibility with existing laboratory instruments, and also can provide orders of magnitude higher throughput than complex in vitro models, an extremely important aspects for drug development. However, creating well-defined spheroids remain challenging, both in terms of throughputs in generation as well as reproducibility in size and shape that can make it challenging for drug testing applications. In the past decades, droplet microfluidics utilizing hydrogels have been highlighted due to their potentials. Importantly, core-shell structured gel droplets can avoid spheroid-to-spheroid adhesion that can cause large variations in assays while also enabling long-term cultivation of spheroids with higher uniformity by protecting the core organoid area from external environment while the outer porous gel layer still allows nutrient exchange. Hence, core-shell gel droplet-based spheroid formation can improve the predictivity and reproducibility of drug screening assays. This review paper will focus on droplet microfluidics-based technologies for cancer spheroid production using various gel materials and structures. In addition, we will discuss emerging technologies that have the potential to advance the production of spheroids, prospects of such technologies, and remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Po Yi Lam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Arum Han
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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5
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Jiang L, Guo K, Chen Y, Xiang N. Droplet Microfluidics for Current Cancer Research: From Single-Cell Analysis to 3D Cell Culture. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:1335-1354. [PMID: 38420753 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Differences in drug resistance and treatment response caused by the heterogeneity of cancer cells are the primary reasons for poor cancer therapy outcomes in patients. In addition, current in vitro anticancer drug-screening methods rely on two-dimensional monolayer-cultured cancer cells, which cannot accurately predict drug behavior in vivo. Therefore, a powerful tool to study the heterogeneity of cancer cells and produce effective in vitro tumor models is warranted to leverage cancer research. Droplet microfluidics has become a powerful platform for the single-cell analysis of cancer cells and three-dimensional cell culture of in vitro tumor spheroids. In this review, we discuss the use of droplet microfluidics in cancer research. Droplet microfluidic technologies, including single- or double-emulsion droplet generation and passive- or active-droplet manipulation, are concisely discussed. Recent advances in droplet microfluidics for single-cell analysis of cancer cells, circulating tumor cells, and scaffold-free/based 3D cell culture of tumor spheroids have been systematically introduced. Finally, the challenges that must be overcome for the further application of droplet microfluidics in cancer research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Kefan Guo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Nan Xiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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6
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Wu Z, Cai H, Tian C, Ao Z, Jiang L, Guo F. Exploiting Sound for Emerging Applications of Extracellular Vesicles. NANO RESEARCH 2024; 17:462-475. [PMID: 38712329 PMCID: PMC11073796 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-023-5840-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are nano- to microscale, membrane-bound particles released by cells into extracellular space, and act as carriers of biomarkers and therapeutics, holding promising potential in translational medicine. However, the challenges remain in handling and detecting extracellular vesicles for disease diagnosis as well as exploring their therapeutic capability for disease treatment. Here, we review the recent engineering and technology advances by leveraging the power of sound waves to address the challenges in diagnostic and therapeutic applications of extracellular vesicles and biomimetic nanovesicles. We first introduce the fundamental principles of sound waves for understanding different acoustic-assisted extracellular vesicle technologies. We discuss the acoustic-assisted diagnostic methods including the purification, manipulation, biosensing, and bioimaging of extracellular vesicles. Then, we summarize the recent advances in acoustically enhanced therapeutics using extracellular vesicles and biomimetic nanovesicles. Finally, we provide perspectives into current challenges and future clinical applications of the promising extracellular vesicles and biomimetic nanovesicles powered by sound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuhao Wu
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Hongwei Cai
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Chunhui Tian
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Zheng Ao
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
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7
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Wu Z, Huang D, Wang J, Zhao Y, Sun W, Shen X. Engineering Heterogeneous Tumor Models for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304160. [PMID: 37946674 PMCID: PMC10767453 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Tumor tissue engineering holds great promise for replicating the physiological and behavioral characteristics of tumors in vitro. Advances in this field have led to new opportunities for studying the tumor microenvironment and exploring potential anti-cancer therapeutics. However, the main obstacle to the widespread adoption of tumor models is the poor understanding and insufficient reconstruction of tumor heterogeneity. In this review, the current progress of engineering heterogeneous tumor models is discussed. First, the major components of tumor heterogeneity are summarized, which encompasses various signaling pathways, cell proliferations, and spatial configurations. Then, contemporary approaches are elucidated in tumor engineering that are guided by fundamental principles of tumor biology, and the potential of a bottom-up approach in tumor engineering is highlighted. Additionally, the characterization approaches and biomedical applications of tumor models are discussed, emphasizing the significant role of engineered tumor models in scientific research and clinical trials. Lastly, the challenges of heterogeneous tumor models in promoting oncology research and tumor therapy are described and key directions for future research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuhao Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Danqing Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryThe First Affiliated HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325035China
| | - Weijian Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325027China
| | - Xian Shen
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryThe First Affiliated HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325035China
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8
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Fröhlich E. The Variety of 3D Breast Cancer Models for the Study of Tumor Physiology and Drug Screening. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087116. [PMID: 37108283 PMCID: PMC10139112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and responsible for multiple deaths worldwide. 3D cancer models enable a better representation of tumor physiology than the conventional 2D cultures. This review summarizes the important components of physiologically relevant 3D models and describes the spectrum of 3D breast cancer models, e.g., spheroids, organoids, breast cancer on a chip and bioprinted tissues. The generation of spheroids is relatively standardized and easy to perform. Microfluidic systems allow control over the environment and the inclusion of sensors and can be combined with spheroids or bioprinted models. The strength of bioprinting relies on the spatial control of the cells and the modulation of the extracellular matrix. Except for the predominant use of breast cancer cell lines, the models differ in stromal cell composition, matrices and fluid flow. Organoids are most appropriate for personalized treatment, but all technologies can mimic most aspects of breast cancer physiology. Fetal bovine serum as a culture supplement and Matrigel as a scaffold limit the reproducibility and standardization of the listed 3D models. The integration of adipocytes is needed because they possess an important role in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, 8010 Graz, Austria
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9
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Wu Y, Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Islam K, Liu Y. Microfluidic Droplet-Assisted Fabrication of Vessel-Supported Tumors for Preclinical Drug Discovery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:15152-15161. [PMID: 36920885 PMCID: PMC10249002 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c23305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High-fidelity in vitro tumor models are important for preclinical drug discovery processes. Currently, the most commonly used model for in vitro drug testing remains the two-dimensional (2D) cell monolayer. However, the natural in vivo tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of extracellular matrix (ECM), supporting stromal cells and vasculature. They not only participate in the progression of tumors but also hinder drug delivery and effectiveness on tumor cells. Here, we report an integrated engineering system to generate vessel-supported tumors for preclinical drug screening. First, gelatin-methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel was selected to mimic tumor extracellular matrix (ECM). HCT-116 tumor cells were encapsulated into individual micro-GelMA beads with microfluidic droplet technique to mimic tumor-ECM interactions in vitro. Then, normal human lung fibroblasts were mingled with tumor cells to imitate the tumor-stromal interaction. The tumor cells and fibroblasts reconstituted in the individual GelMA microbead and formed a biomimetic heterotypic tumor model with a core-shell structure. Next, the cell-laden beads were consociated into a functional on-chip vessel network platform to restore the tumor-tumor microenvironment (TME) interaction. Afterward, the anticancer drug paclitaxel was tested on the individual and vessel-supported tumor models. It was demonstrated that the blood vessel-associated TME conferred significant additional drug resistance in the drug screening experiment. The reported system is expected to enable the large-scale fabrication of vessel-supported heterotypic tumor models of various cellular compositions. It is believed to be promising for the large-scale fabrication of biomimetic in vitro tumor models and may be valuable for improving the efficiency of preclinical drug discovery processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Department
of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Yuwen Zhao
- Department
of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Yuyuan Zhou
- Department
of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Khayrul Islam
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Yaling Liu
- Department
of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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10
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Wang Y, Liu M, Zhang Y, Liu H, Han L. Recent methods of droplet microfluidics and their applications in spheroids and organoids. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1080-1096. [PMID: 36628972 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00493c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Droplet microfluidic techniques have long been known as a high-throughput approach for cell manipulation. The capacity to compartmentalize cells into picolitre droplets in microfluidic devices has opened up a range of new ways to extract information from cells. Spheroids and organoids are crucial in vitro three-dimensional cell culture models that physiologically mimic natural tissues and organs. With the aid of developments in cell biology and materials science, droplet microfluidics has been applied to construct spheroids and organoids in numerous formats. In this article, we divide droplet microfluidic approaches for managing spheroids and organoids into three categories based on the droplet module format: liquid droplet, microparticle, and microcapsule. We discuss current advances in the use of droplet microfluidics for the generation of tumour spheroids, stem cell spheroids, and organoids, as well as the downstream applications of these methods in high-throughput screening and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihe Wang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 P. R. China.
| | - Mengqi Liu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 P. R. China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 P. R. China.
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 P. R. China.
| | - Lin Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 P. R. China.
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Biomarker and Artificial Intelligence Application, Jinan, 250100 P. R. China
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11
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Monteduro AG, Rizzato S, Caragnano G, Trapani A, Giannelli G, Maruccio G. Organs-on-chips technologies – A guide from disease models to opportunities for drug development. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 231:115271. [PMID: 37060819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Current in-vitro 2D cultures and animal models present severe limitations in recapitulating human physiopathology with striking discrepancies in estimating drug efficacy and side effects when compared to human trials. For these reasons, microphysiological systems, organ-on-chip and multiorgans microdevices attracted considerable attention as novel tools for high-throughput and high-content research to achieve an improved understanding of diseases and to accelerate the drug development process towards more precise and eventually personalized standards. This review takes the form of a guide on this fast-growing field, providing useful introduction to major themes and indications for further readings. We start analyzing Organs-on-chips (OOC) technologies for testing the major drug administration routes: (1) oral/rectal route by intestine-on-a-chip, (2) inhalation by lung-on-a-chip, (3) transdermal by skin-on-a-chip and (4) intravenous through vascularization models, considering how drugs penetrate in the bloodstream and are conveyed to their targets. Then, we focus on OOC models for (other) specific organs and diseases: (1) neurodegenerative diseases with brain models and blood brain barriers, (2) tumor models including their vascularization, organoids/spheroids, engineering and screening of antitumor drugs, (3) liver/kidney on chips and multiorgan models for gastrointestinal diseases and metabolic assessment of drugs and (4) biomechanical systems recapitulating heart, muscles and bones structures and related diseases. Successively, we discuss technologies and materials for organ on chips, analyzing (1) microfluidic tools for organs-on-chips, (2) sensor integration for real-time monitoring, (3) materials and (4) cell lines for organs on chips. (Nano)delivery approaches for therapeutics and their on chip assessment are also described. Finally, we conclude with a critical discussion on current significance/relevance, trends, limitations, challenges and future prospects in terms of revolutionary impact on biomedical research, preclinical models and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Grazia Monteduro
- Omnics Research Group, Department of Mathematics and Physics "Ennio De Giorgi", University of Salento and Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR-Nanotec and INFN Sezione di Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Silvia Rizzato
- Omnics Research Group, Department of Mathematics and Physics "Ennio De Giorgi", University of Salento and Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR-Nanotec and INFN Sezione di Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giusi Caragnano
- Omnics Research Group, Department of Mathematics and Physics "Ennio De Giorgi", University of Salento and Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR-Nanotec and INFN Sezione di Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Adriana Trapani
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS "Saverio de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maruccio
- Omnics Research Group, Department of Mathematics and Physics "Ennio De Giorgi", University of Salento and Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR-Nanotec and INFN Sezione di Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
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12
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Wu Z, Ao Z, Cai H, Li X, Chen B, Tu H, Wang Y, Lu RO, Gu M, Cheng L, Lu X, Guo F. Acoustofluidic assembly of primary tumor-derived organotypic cell clusters for rapid evaluation of cancer immunotherapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:40. [PMID: 36739414 PMCID: PMC9899402 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01786-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy shows promising potential for treating breast cancer. While patients may have heterogeneous treatment responses for adjuvant therapy, it is challenging to predict an individual patient's response to cancer immunotherapy. Here, we report primary tumor-derived organotypic cell clusters (POCCs) for rapid and reliable evaluation of cancer immunotherapy. By using a label-free, contactless, and highly biocompatible acoustofluidic method, hundreds of cell clusters could be assembled from patient primary breast tumor dissociation within 2 min. Through the incorporation of time-lapse living cell imaging, the POCCs could faithfully recapitulate the cancer-immune interaction dynamics as well as their response to checkpoint inhibitors. Superior to current tumor organoids that usually take more than two weeks to develop, the POCCs can be established and used for evaluation of cancer immunotherapy within 12 h. The POCCs can preserve the cell components from the primary tumor due to the short culture time. Moreover, the POCCs can be assembled with uniform fabricate size and cell composition and served as an open platform for manipulating cell composition and ratio under controlled treatment conditions with a short turnaround time. Thus, we provide a new method to identify potentially immunogenic breast tumors and test immunotherapy, promoting personalized cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuhao Wu
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Zheng Ao
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Hongwei Cai
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Honglei Tu
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Yijie Wang
- Computer Science Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47408, USA
| | - Rongze Olivia Lu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, California, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Mingxia Gu
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Division of Pulmonary Biology, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, and the Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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13
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Chen Y, Wu Z, Sutlive J, Wu K, Mao L, Nie J, Zhao XZ, Guo F, Chen Z, Huang Q. Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis targeting fetal nucleated red blood cells. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:546. [PMID: 36585678 PMCID: PMC9805221 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01749-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) aims to detect fetal-related genetic disorders before birth by detecting markers in the peripheral blood of pregnant women, holding the potential in reducing the risk of fetal birth defects. Fetal-nucleated red blood cells (fNRBCs) can be used as biomarkers for NIPD, given their remarkable nature of carrying the entire genetic information of the fetus. Here, we review recent advances in NIPD technologies based on the isolation and analysis of fNRBCs. Conventional cell separation methods rely primarily on physical properties and surface antigens of fNRBCs, such as density gradient centrifugation, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and magnetic-activated cell sorting. Due to the limitations of sensitivity and purity in Conventional methods, separation techniques based on micro-/nanomaterials have been developed as novel methods for isolating and enriching fNRBCs. We also discuss emerging methods based on microfluidic chips and nanostructured substrates for static and dynamic isolation of fNRBCs. Additionally, we introduce the identification techniques of fNRBCs and address the potential clinical diagnostic values of fNRBCs. Finally, we highlight the challenges and the future directions of fNRBCs as treatment guidelines in NIPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Chen
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Academy of Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China ,grid.49470.3e0000 0001 2331 6153School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Zhuhao Wu
- grid.411377.70000 0001 0790 959XDepartment of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA
| | - Joseph Sutlive
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDivision of Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Ke Wu
- grid.49470.3e0000 0001 2331 6153School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Lu Mao
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Academy of Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Jiabao Nie
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDivision of Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA ,grid.261112.70000 0001 2173 3359Department of Biological Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Xing-Zhong Zhao
- grid.49470.3e0000 0001 2331 6153School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States.
| | - Zi Chen
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Qinqin Huang
- The Research and Application Center of Precision Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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14
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Rojek K, Ćwiklińska M, Kuczak J, Guzowski J. Microfluidic Formulation of Topological Hydrogels for Microtissue Engineering. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16839-16909. [PMID: 36108106 PMCID: PMC9706502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics has recently emerged as a powerful tool in generation of submillimeter-sized cell aggregates capable of performing tissue-specific functions, so-called microtissues, for applications in drug testing, regenerative medicine, and cell therapies. In this work, we review the most recent advances in the field, with particular focus on the formulation of cell-encapsulating microgels of small "dimensionalities": "0D" (particles), "1D" (fibers), "2D" (sheets), etc., and with nontrivial internal topologies, typically consisting of multiple compartments loaded with different types of cells and/or biopolymers. Such structures, which we refer to as topological hydrogels or topological microgels (examples including core-shell or Janus microbeads and microfibers, hollow or porous microstructures, or granular hydrogels) can be precisely tailored with high reproducibility and throughput by using microfluidics and used to provide controlled "initial conditions" for cell proliferation and maturation into functional tissue-like microstructures. Microfluidic methods of formulation of topological biomaterials have enabled significant progress in engineering of miniature tissues and organs, such as pancreas, liver, muscle, bone, heart, neural tissue, or vasculature, as well as in fabrication of tailored microenvironments for stem-cell expansion and differentiation, or in cancer modeling, including generation of vascularized tumors for personalized drug testing. We review the available microfluidic fabrication methods by exploiting various cross-linking mechanisms and various routes toward compartmentalization and critically discuss the available tissue-specific applications. Finally, we list the remaining challenges such as simplification of the microfluidic workflow for its widespread use in biomedical research, bench-to-bedside transition including production upscaling, further in vivo validation, generation of more precise organ-like models, as well as incorporation of induced pluripotent stem cells as a step toward clinical applications.
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15
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Shen P, Jia Y, Shi S, Sun J, Han X. Analytical and biomedical applications of microfluidics in traditional Chinese medicine research. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Azimian Zavareh V, Rafiee L, Sheikholeslam M, Shariati L, Vaseghi G, Savoji H, Haghjooy Javanmard S. Three-Dimensional in Vitro Models: A Promising Tool To Scale-Up Breast Cancer Research. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:4648-4672. [PMID: 36260561 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Common models used in breast cancer studies, including two-dimensional (2D) cultures and animal models, do not precisely model all aspects of breast tumors. These models do not well simulate the cell-cell and cell-stromal interactions required for normal tumor growth in the body and lake tumor like microenvironment. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are novel approaches to studying breast cancer. They do not have the restrictions of these conventional models and are able to recapitulate the structural architecture, complexity, and specific function of breast tumors and provide similar in vivo responses to therapeutic regimens. These models can be a link between former traditional 2D culture and in vivo models and are necessary for further studies in cancer. This review attempts to summarize the most common 3D in vitro models used in breast cancer studies, including scaffold-free (spheroid and organoid), scaffold-based, and chip-based models, particularly focused on the basic and translational application of these 3D models in drug screening and the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vajihe Azimian Zavareh
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746 73461, Iran.,Core Research Facilities (CRF), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746 73461, Iran
| | - Laleh Rafiee
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746 73461, Iran
| | - Mohammadali Sheikholeslam
- Department of Biomaterials, Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746 73461, Iran.,Biosensor Research Center, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746 73461, Iran
| | - Laleh Shariati
- Department of Biomaterials, Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746 73461, Iran.,Cancer Prevention Research Center, Omid Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746 73461, Iran
| | - Golnaz Vaseghi
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746 73461, Iran
| | - Houman Savoji
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.,Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada.,Montreal TransMedTech Institute, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Shaghayegh Haghjooy Javanmard
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746 73461, Iran
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17
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Ao Z, Song S, Tian C, Cai H, Li X, Miao Y, Wu Z, Krzesniak J, Ning B, Gu M, Lee LP, Guo F. Understanding Immune-Driven Brain Aging by Human Brain Organoid Microphysiological Analysis Platform. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200475. [PMID: 35908805 PMCID: PMC9507385 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The aging of the immune system drives systemic aging and the pathogenesis of age-related diseases. However, a significant knowledge gap remains in understanding immune-driven aging, especially in brain aging, due to the limited current in vitro models of neuroimmune interaction. Here, the authors report the development of a human brain organoid microphysiological analysis platform (MAP) to discover the dynamic process of immune-driven brain aging. The organoid MAP is created by 3D printing that confines organoid growth and facilitates cell and nutrition perfusion, promoting organoid maturation and their committment to forebrain identity. Dynamic rocking flow is incorporated into the platform that allows to perfuse primary monocytes from young (20 to 30-year-old) and aged (>60-year-old) donors and culture human cortical organoids to model neuroimmune interaction. The authors find that the aged monocytes increase infiltration and promote the expression of aging-related markers (e.g., higher expression of p16) within the human cortical organoids, indicating that aged monocytes may drive brain aging. The authors believe that the organoid MAP may provide promising solutions for basic research and translational applications in aging, neural immunological diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ao
- Department of Intelligent Systems EngineeringIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIN47405USA
| | - Sunghwa Song
- Department of Intelligent Systems EngineeringIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIN47405USA
| | - Chunhui Tian
- Department of Intelligent Systems EngineeringIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIN47405USA
| | - Hongwei Cai
- Department of Intelligent Systems EngineeringIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIN47405USA
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Intelligent Systems EngineeringIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIN47405USA
| | - Yifei Miao
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM)Division of Pulmonary BiologyDivision of Developmental BiologyCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH45229USA
- University of Cincinnati School of MedicineCincinnatiOH45229USA
| | - Zhuhao Wu
- Department of Intelligent Systems EngineeringIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIN47405USA
| | - Jonathan Krzesniak
- Department of Intelligent Systems EngineeringIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIN47405USA
| | - Bo Ning
- Center for Cellular and Molecular DiagnosticsDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLA70112USA
| | - Mingxia Gu
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM)Division of Pulmonary BiologyDivision of Developmental BiologyCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH45229USA
- University of Cincinnati School of MedicineCincinnatiOH45229USA
| | - Luke P. Lee
- Harvard Institute of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolHarvard UniversityBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMA02115USA
- Department of BioengineeringDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceUniversity of California at BerkeleyBerkeleyCA94720USA
- Department of BiophysicsInstitute of Quantum BiophysicsSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonGyeonggi‐do16419South Korea
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Intelligent Systems EngineeringIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIN47405USA
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18
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Research on the Centrifugal Driving of a Water-in-Oil Droplet in a Microfluidic Chip with Spiral Microchannel. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Combining the advantages of droplet-based microfluidics and centrifugal driving, a method for centrifugally driving W/O droplets with spiral microchannel is proposed in this paper. A physical model of droplet flow was established to study the flow characteristics of the W/O droplet in the spiral microchannel driven by centrifugal force, and kinematic analysis was performed based on the rigid body assumption. Then, the theoretical formula of droplet flow rate was obtained. The theoretical value was compared with the actual value measured in the experiments. The result shows that the trend of the theoretical value is consistent with the measured value, and the theoretical value is slightly larger than the experimentally measured value caused by deformation. Moreover, it is found that the mode of centrifugal driving with spiral microchannel has better flow stability than the traditional centrifugal driving structure. A larger regulation speed range can be achieved by adjusting the motor speed without using expensive equipment or precise instruments. This study can provide a basis and theoretical reference for the development of droplet-based centrifugal microfluidic chips.
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19
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Ao Z, Cai H, Wu Z, Krzesniak J, Tian C, Lai YY, Mackie K, Guo F. Human Spinal Organoid-on-a-Chip to Model Nociceptive Circuitry for Pain Therapeutics Discovery. Anal Chem 2021; 94:1365-1372. [PMID: 34928595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of new pain therapeutics targeting human nociceptive circuitry is an emerging, exciting, and rewarding field. However, current models for evaluating prospective new therapeutics [e.g., animals and two-dimensional (2D) in vitro cultures] fail to fully recapitulate the complexity of human nociceptive neuron and dorsal horn neuron biology, significantly limiting the development of novel pain therapeutics. Here, we report human spinal organoid-on-a-chip devices for modeling the biology and electrophysiology of human nociceptive neurons and dorsal horn interneurons in nociceptive circuitry. Our device can be simply made through the integration of a membrane with a three-dimensional (3D)-printed organoid holder. By combining air-liquid interface culture and spinal organoid protocols, our devices can differentiate human stem cells into human sensori-spinal-cord organoids with dorsal spinal cord interneurons and sensory neurons. By easily transferring from culture well plates to the multiple-electrode array (MEA) system, our device also allows the plug-and-play measurement of organoid activity for testing nociceptive modulators (e.g., mustard oil, capsaicin, velvet ant venom, etc.). Our organoid-on-a-chip devices are cost-efficient, scalable, easy to use, and compatible with conventional well plates, allowing the plug-and-play measurement of spinal organoid electrophysiology. By the integration of human sensory-spinal-cord organoids with our organoid-on-a-chip devices, our method may hold the promising potential to screen and validate novel therapeutics for human pain medicine discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ao
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Hongwei Cai
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Zhuhao Wu
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jonathan Krzesniak
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Chunhui Tian
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Yvonne Y Lai
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Ken Mackie
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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20
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Wu Y, Zhou Y, Qin X, Liu Y. From cell spheroids to vascularized cancer organoids: Microfluidic tumor-on-a-chip models for preclinical drug evaluations. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:061503. [PMID: 34804315 PMCID: PMC8589468 DOI: 10.1063/5.0062697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is one of the most effective cancer treatments. Starting from the discovery of new molecular entities, it usually takes about 10 years and 2 billion U.S. dollars to bring an effective anti-cancer drug from the benchtop to patients. Due to the physiological differences between animal models and humans, more than 90% of drug candidates failed in phase I clinical trials. Thus, a more efficient drug screening system to identify feasible compounds and pre-exclude less promising drug candidates is strongly desired. For their capability to accurately construct in vitro tumor models derived from human cells to reproduce pathological and physiological processes, microfluidic tumor chips are reliable platforms for preclinical drug screening, personalized medicine, and fundamental oncology research. This review summarizes the recent progress of the microfluidic tumor chip and highlights tumor vascularization strategies. In addition, promising imaging modalities for enhancing data acquisition and machine learning-based image analysis methods to accurately quantify the dynamics of tumor spheroids are introduced. It is believed that the microfluidic tumor chip will serve as a high-throughput, biomimetic, and multi-sensor integrated system for efficient preclinical drug evaluation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Yuyuan Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Xiaochen Qin
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Yaling Liu
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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21
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Gong Z, Huang L, Tang X, Chen K, Wu Z, Zhang L, Sun Y, Xia Y, Chen H, Wei Y, Wang F, Guo S. Acoustic Droplet Printing Tumor Organoids for Modeling Bladder Tumor Immune Microenvironment within a Week. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2101312. [PMID: 34558233 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Current organoid models are limited by the incapability of rapidly fabricating organoids that can mimic the immune microenvironment for a short term. Here, an acoustic droplet-based platform is presented to facilitate the rapid formation of tumor organoids, which retains the original tumor immune microenvironment and establishes a personalized bladder cancer tumor immunotherapy model. In combination with a hydrophobic substrate, the acoustic droplet printer can yield a large number of homogeneous and highly viable bladder tumor organoids in vitro within a week. The generated organoids consist of all components of bladder tumor, including diverse immune elements and tumor cells. By coculturing tumor organoids with autologous immune cells for 2 days, tumor reactive T cells are induced in vitro. Furthermore, it is also demonstrated that these tumor-reactive T cells can also enhance the killing efficiency of matched organoids. Because of the easy operation, repeatability, and stability, the proposed acoustic droplet platform will provide a reliable approach for personalized tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Gong
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro‐ and Nano‐Structures of Ministry of Education School of Physics and Technology Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Lanxiang Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Center for Single‐Cell Omics and Tumor Liquid Biopsy Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430071 China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Xuan Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Center for Single‐Cell Omics and Tumor Liquid Biopsy Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430071 China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Keke Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro‐ and Nano‐Structures of Ministry of Education School of Physics and Technology Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Zhuhao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro‐ and Nano‐Structures of Ministry of Education School of Physics and Technology Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Center for Single‐Cell Omics and Tumor Liquid Biopsy Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro‐ and Nano‐Structures of Ministry of Education School of Physics and Technology Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Yu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro‐ and Nano‐Structures of Ministry of Education School of Physics and Technology Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro‐ and Nano‐Structures of Ministry of Education School of Physics and Technology Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Yongchang Wei
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Fubing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Center for Single‐Cell Omics and Tumor Liquid Biopsy Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430071 China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Shishang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro‐ and Nano‐Structures of Ministry of Education School of Physics and Technology Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
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22
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Wu Z, Chen B, Wu Y, Xia Y, Chen H, Gong Z, Hu H, Ding Z, Guo S. Scaffold-free generation of heterotypic cell spheroids using acoustofluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:3498-3508. [PMID: 34346468 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00496d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
3D cell cultures such as cell spheroids are widely used for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and translational medicine, but challenges remain in recapitulating the architectural complexity and spatiotemporal heterogeneity of tissues. Thus, we developed a scaffold-free and versatile acoustofluidic device to fabricate heterotypic cell spheroids with complexity over cell architectures and components. By varying the concentrations of cell suspension, we can precisely control the size of spheroids aggregated by a contact-free acoustic radiation force. By tuning the cell components including tumor cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, heterotypic spheroids were controllably fabricated. These heterotypic spheroids can be used as a proof-of concept to model the spatial organization of tumor tissues. We demonstrated that the assembled components can self-assemble into layered structures as instructed by their cadherin expression. Finally, we demonstrated the acoustic assembly of mouse mammary gland components into spheroids and observed their maturation in culture. To conclude, we developed an acoustofluidic platform to fabricate complex spheroids with multiple components. We envision that this platform will pave the way for the high accuracy of spheroid fabrication and offer broad applications in numerous areas, such as tumor research, tissue engineering, developmental biology, and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuhao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiyi Gong
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hang Hu
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhao Ding
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shishang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Joseph X, Akhil V, Arathi A, Mohanan PV. Comprehensive Development in Organ-On-A-Chip Technology. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:18-31. [PMID: 34324944 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The expeditious advancement in the organ on chip technology provided a phase change to the conventional in vitro tests used to evaluate absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) studies and toxicity assessments. The demand for an accurate predictive model for assessing toxicity and reducing the potential risk factors became the prime area of any drug delivery process. Researchers around the globe are welcoming the incorporation of organ-on-a-chips for ADME and toxicity evaluation. Organ-on-a-chip (OOC) is an interdisciplinary technology that evolved as a contemporary in vitro model for the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) studies of a proposed drug candidate in the pre-clinical phases of drug development. The OOC provides a platform that mimics the physiological functions occurring in the human body. The precise flow control systems and the rapid sample processing makes OOC more advanced than the conventional two-dimensional (2D) culture systems. The integration of various organs as in the multi organs-on-a-chip provides more significant ideas about the time and dose dependant effects occurring in the body when a new drug molecule is administered as part of the pre-clinical times. This review outlines the comprehensive development in the organ-on-a-chip technology, various OOC models and its drug development applications, toxicity evaluation and efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Joseph
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India
| | - V Akhil
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India
| | - A Arathi
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India
| | - P V Mohanan
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India.
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24
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Liu W, Hu R, Han K, Sun M, Liu D, Zhang J, Wang J. Parallel and large-scale antitumor investigation using stable chemical gradient and heterotypic three-dimensional tumor coculture in a multi-layered microfluidic device. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2000655. [PMID: 34218506 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer has been responsible for a large number of human deaths in the 21st century. Establishing a controllable, biomimetic, and large-scale analytical platform to investigate the tumor-associated pathophysiological and preclinical events, such as oncogenesis and chemotherapy, is necessary. METHODS AND RESULTS This study presents antitumor investigation in a parallel, large-scale, and tissue-mimicking manner based on well-constructed chemical gradients and heterotypic three-dimensional (3D) tumor cocultures using a multifunction-integrated device. The integrated microfluidic device was engineered to produce a controllable and steady chemical gradient by manipulative optimization. Array-like and size-homogeneous production of heterotypic 3D tumor cocultures with in vivo-like features, including similar tumor-stromal composition and functional phenotypic gradients of metabolic activity and viability, was successfully established. Furthermore, temporal, parallel, and high-throughput analyses of tumor behaviors in different antitumor stimulations were performed in a device based on the integrated operations involving gradient generation and coculture. CONCLUSION This achievement holds great potential for applications in the establishment of multifunctional tumor platforms to perform tissue-biomimetic neoplastic research and therapy assessment in the fields of oncology, bioengineering, and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Hu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kai Han
- School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Meilin Sun
- School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jinyi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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25
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Dimitriou P, Li J, Tornillo G, McCloy T, Barrow D. Droplet Microfluidics for Tumor Drug-Related Studies and Programmable Artificial Cells. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2021; 5:2000123. [PMID: 34267927 PMCID: PMC8272004 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Anticancer drug development is a crucial step toward cancer treatment, that requires realistic predictions of malignant tissue development and sophisticated drug delivery. Tumors often acquire drug resistance and drug efficacy, hence cannot be accurately predicted in 2D tumor cell cultures. On the other hand, 3D cultures, including multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSs), mimic the in vivo cellular arrangement and provide robust platforms for drug testing when grown in hydrogels with characteristics similar to the living body. Microparticles and liposomes are considered smart drug delivery vehicles, are able to target cancerous tissue, and can release entrapped drugs on demand. Microfluidics serve as a high-throughput tool for reproducible, flexible, and automated production of droplet-based microscale constructs, tailored to the desired final application. In this review, it is described how natural hydrogels in combination with droplet microfluidics can generate MCTSs, and the use of microfluidics to produce tumor targeting microparticles and liposomes. One of the highlights of the review documents the use of the bottom-up construction methodologies of synthetic biology for the formation of artificial cellular assemblies, which may additionally incorporate both target cancer cells and prospective drug candidates, as an integrated "droplet incubator" drug assay platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantelitsa Dimitriou
- Applied Microfluidic LaboratorySchool of EngineeringCardiff UniversityCardiffCF24 3AAUK
| | - Jin Li
- Applied Microfluidic LaboratorySchool of EngineeringCardiff UniversityCardiffCF24 3AAUK
| | - Giusy Tornillo
- Hadyn Ellis BuildingCardiff UniversityMaindy RoadCardiffCF24 4HQUK
| | - Thomas McCloy
- Applied Microfluidic LaboratorySchool of EngineeringCardiff UniversityCardiffCF24 3AAUK
| | - David Barrow
- Applied Microfluidic LaboratorySchool of EngineeringCardiff UniversityCardiffCF24 3AAUK
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26
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Cai H, Ao Z, Wu Z, Song S, Mackie K, Guo F. Intelligent acoustofluidics enabled mini-bioreactors for human brain organoids. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:2194-2205. [PMID: 33955446 PMCID: PMC8243411 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00145k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Acoustofluidics, by combining acoustics and microfluidics, provides a unique means to manipulate cells and liquids for broad applications in biomedical sciences and translational medicine. However, it is challenging to standardize and maintain excellent performance of current acoustofluidic devices and systems due to a multiplicity of factors including device-to-device variation, manual operation, environmental factors, sample variability, etc. Herein, to address these challenges, we propose "intelligent acoustofluidics" - an automated system that involves acoustofluidic device design, sensor fusion, and intelligent controller integration. As a proof-of-concept, we developed intelligent acoustofluidics based mini-bioreactors for human brain organoid culture. Our mini-bioreactors consist of three components: (1) rotors for contact-free rotation via an acoustic spiral phase vortex approach, (2) a camera for real-time tracking of rotational actions, and (3) a reinforcement learning-based controller for closed-loop regulation of rotational manipulation. After training the reinforcement learning-based controller in simulation and experimental environments, our mini-bioreactors can achieve the automated rotation of rotors in well-plates. Importantly, our mini-bioreactors can enable excellent control over rotational mode, direction, and speed of rotors, regardless of fluctuations of rotor weight, liquid volume, and operating temperature. Moreover, we demonstrated our mini-bioreactors can stably maintain the rotational speed of organoids during long-term culture, and enhance neural differentiation and uniformity of organoids. Comparing with current acoustofluidics, our intelligent system has a superior performance in terms of automation, robustness, and accuracy, highlighting the potential of novel intelligent systems in microfluidic experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Cai
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Zheng Ao
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Zhuhao Wu
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Sunghwa Song
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Ken Mackie
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, and, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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27
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Jing L, Sun M, Xu P, Yao K, Yang J, Wang X, Liu H, Sun M, Sun Y, Ni R, Sun J, Huang D. Noninvasive In Vivo Imaging and Monitoring of 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone Scaffolds Labeled with an NIR Region II Fluorescent Dye. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:3189-3202. [PMID: 35014406 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in fabricating porous scaffolds with ultrafine fibers for tissue regeneration. However, the lack of noninvasive tracking methods in vivo makes it impossible to track the fate of such scaffolds in situ. The development of near-infrared region II (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) dyes provides the possibility of performing noninvasive visualization with deep-tissue penetration and high spatial resolution in vivo. Herein, we developed a polycaprolactone (PCL) ink containing the small organic NIR-II dye SY-1030 and the fluorescently labeled macromolecular dye SY-COO-PCL and fabricated high-resolution NIR-II active scaffolds via electrohydrodynamic jet (EHDJ) printing. All printed scaffolds subcutaneously implanted in mice were clearly imaged one week after the operation. Compared with scaffolds containing SY-1030, the fluorescence intensity emitted from scaffolds containing SY-COO-PCL can be tracked for up to three weeks. Moreover, the image quality can be optimized by adjusting the dye concentration, laser power, and exposure time. The advantage of such NIR-II active scaffolds is evidenced by the lower dye concentration, longer tracking period, and better in vivo stability. We also demonstrated the biocompatibility and biodegradability of the scaffolds containing SY-COO-PCL over a 3-month period. The developed NIR-II active scaffolds have potential applications in biopolymer implant tracking, tissue reconstruction monitoring, and target-position-based drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linzhi Jing
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Linquan Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.,Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Mingtai Sun
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Linquan Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Pingkang Xu
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Linquan Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.,Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Kai Yao
- Department of Mechatronics and Robotics, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, 88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Hang Liu
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Linquan Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.,Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Minxuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, 88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152, Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Runyan Ni
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Linquan Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Mechatronics and Robotics, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Dejian Huang
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Linquan Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.,Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore
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