1
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Patra S, Pareek D, Gupta PS, Wasnik K, Singh G, Yadav DD, Mastai Y, Paik P. Progress in Treatment and Diagnostics of Infectious Disease with Polymers. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:287-316. [PMID: 38237146 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
In this era of advanced technology and innovation, infectious diseases still cause significant morbidity and mortality, which need to be addressed. Despite overwhelming success in the development of vaccines, transmittable diseases such as tuberculosis and AIDS remain unprotected, and the treatment is challenging due to frequent mutations of the pathogens. Formulations of new or existing drugs with polymeric materials have been explored as a promising new approach. Variations in shape, size, surface charge, internal morphology, and functionalization position polymer particles as a revolutionary material in healthcare. Here, an overview is provided of major diseases along with statistics on infection and death rates, focusing on polymer-based treatments and modes of action. Key issues are discussed in this review pertaining to current challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Patra
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Divya Pareek
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Prem Shankar Gupta
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Kirti Wasnik
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Gurmeet Singh
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Desh Deepak Yadav
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Yitzhak Mastai
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Pradip Paik
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
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2
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Najer A, Kim J, Saunders C, Che J, Baum J, Stevens MM. Enhanced Antimalarial and Antisequestration Activity of Methoxybenzenesulfonate-Modified Biopolymers and Nanoparticles for Tackling Severe Malaria. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:732-745. [PMID: 38271991 PMCID: PMC10862538 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Severe malaria is a life-threatening condition that is associated with a high mortality. Severe Plasmodium falciparum infections are mediated primarily by high parasitemia and binding of infected red blood cells (iRBCs) to the blood vessel endothelial layer, a process known as sequestration. Here, we show that including the 5-amino-2-methoxybenzenesulfonate (AMBS) chemical modification in soluble biopolymers (polyglutamic acid and heparin) and poly(acrylic acid)-exposing nanoparticles serves as a universal tool to introduce a potent parasite invasion inhibitory function in these materials. Importantly, the modification did not add or eliminated (for heparin) undesired anticoagulation activity. The materials protected RBCs from invasion by various parasite strains, employing both major entry pathways. Two further P. falciparum strains, which either expose ligands for chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) or intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) on iRBCs, were tested in antisequestration assays due to their relevance in placental and cerebral malaria, respectively. Antisequestration activity was found to be more efficacious with nanoparticles vs gold-standard soluble biopolymers (CSA and heparin) against both strains, when tested on receptor-coated dishes. The nanoparticles also efficiently inhibited and reversed the sequestration of iRBCs on endothelial cells. First, the materials described herein have the potential to reduce the parasite burden by acting at the key multiplication stage of reinvasion. Second, the antisequestration ability could help remove iRBCs from the blood vessel endothelium, which could otherwise cause vessel obstruction, which in turn can lead to multiple organ failure in severe malaria infections. This approach represents a further step toward creation of adjunctive therapies for this devastating condition to reduce morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Najer
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Junyoung Kim
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Catherine Saunders
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Junyi Che
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Jake Baum
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Department of Engineering Science,
and Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K.
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3
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Sadiq S, Khan I, Shen Z, Wang M, Xu T, Khan S, Zhou X, Bahadur A, Rafiq M, Sohail S, Wu P. Recent Updates on Multifunctional Nanomaterials as Antipathogens in Humans and Livestock: Classification, Application, Mode of Action, and Challenges. Molecules 2023; 28:7674. [PMID: 38005395 PMCID: PMC10675011 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens cause infections and millions of deaths globally, while antipathogens are drugs or treatments designed to combat them. To date, multifunctional nanomaterials (NMs), such as organic, inorganic, and nanocomposites, have attracted significant attention by transforming antipathogen livelihoods. They are very small in size so can quickly pass through the walls of bacterial, fungal, or parasitic cells and viral particles to perform their antipathogenic activity. They are more reactive and have a high band gap, making them more effective than traditional medications. Moreover, due to some pathogen's resistance to currently available medications, the antipathogen performance of NMs is becoming crucial. Additionally, due to their prospective properties and administration methods, NMs are eventually chosen for cutting-edge applications and therapies, including drug administration and diagnostic tools for antipathogens. Herein, NMs have significant characteristics that can facilitate identifying and eliminating pathogens in real-time. This mini-review analyzes multifunctional NMs as antimicrobial tools and investigates their mode of action. We also discussed the challenges that need to be solved for the utilization of NMs as antipathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samreen Sadiq
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (S.S.); (Z.S.); (M.W.); (T.X.)
| | - Iltaf Khan
- School of Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China;
| | - Zhenyu Shen
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (S.S.); (Z.S.); (M.W.); (T.X.)
| | - Mengdong Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (S.S.); (Z.S.); (M.W.); (T.X.)
| | - Tao Xu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (S.S.); (Z.S.); (M.W.); (T.X.)
| | - Sohail Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 94640, Pakistan;
| | - Xuemin Zhou
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (S.S.); (Z.S.); (M.W.); (T.X.)
| | - Ali Bahadur
- College of Science, Mathematics, and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou 325060, China;
| | - Madiha Rafiq
- Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Department of Chemistry, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Sumreen Sohail
- Department of Information Technology, Careerera, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;
| | - Ping Wu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (S.S.); (Z.S.); (M.W.); (T.X.)
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4
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Coats JP, Cochereau R, Dinu IA, Messmer D, Sciortino F, Palivan CG. Trends in the Synthesis of Polymer Nano- and Microscale Materials for Bio-Related Applications. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200474. [PMID: 36949011 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric nano- and microscale materials bear significant potential in manifold applications related to biomedicine. This is owed not only to the large chemical diversity of the constituent polymers, but also to the various morphologies these materials can achieve, ranging from simple particles to intricate self-assembled structures. Modern synthetic polymer chemistry permits the tuning of many physicochemical parameters affecting the behavior of polymeric nano- and microscale materials in the biological context. In this Perspective, an overview of the synthetic principles underlying the modern preparation of these materials is provided, aiming to demonstrate how advances in and ingenious implementations of polymer chemistry fuel a range of applications, both present and prospective.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Peter Coats
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Cochereau
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Ionel Adrian Dinu
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Messmer
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Flavien Sciortino
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia G Palivan
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, CH-4058, Switzerland
- National Centre for Competence in Research - Molecular Systems Engineering, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, CH-4058, Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
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5
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Matshe WMR, Tshweu LL, Mvango S, Cele ZED, Chetty AS, Pilcher LA, Famuyide IM, McGaw LJ, Taylor D, Gibhard L, Basarab GS, Balogun MO. A Water-Soluble Polymer-Lumefantrine Conjugate for the Intravenous Treatment of Severe Malaria. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200518. [PMID: 36999404 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Uncomplicated malaria is effectively treated with oral artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). Yet, there is an unmet clinical need for the intravenous treatment of the more fatal severe malaria. There is no combination intravenous therapy for uncomplicated due to the nonavailability of a water-soluble partner drug for the artemisinin, artesunate. The currently available treatment is a two-part regimen split into an intravenous artesunate followed by the conventional oral ACT . In a novel application of polymer therapeutics, the aqueous insoluble antimalarial lumefantrine is conjugated to a carrier polymer to create a new water-soluble chemical entity suitable for intravenous administration in a clinically relevant formulation . The conjugate is characterized by spectroscopic and analytical techniques, and the aqueous solubility of lumefantrine is determined to have increased by three orders of magnitude. Pharmacokinetic studies in mice indicate that there is a significant plasma release of lumefantrine and production its metabolite desbutyl-lumefantrine (area under the curve of metabolite is ≈10% that of the parent). In a Plasmodium falciparum malaria mouse model, parasitemia clearance is 50% higher than that of reference unconjugated lumefantrine. The polymer-lumefantrine shows potential for entering the clinic to meet the need for a one-course combination treatment for severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M R Matshe
- Bio-Polymer Modification and Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, CSIR, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Lesego L Tshweu
- Bio-Polymer Modification and Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, CSIR, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Sindisiwe Mvango
- Bio-Polymer Modification and Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, CSIR, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Zamani E D Cele
- Bio-Polymer Modification and Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, CSIR, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Avashnee S Chetty
- Bio-Polymer Modification and Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, CSIR, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Lynne A Pilcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Ibukun M Famuyide
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - Lyndy J McGaw
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - Dale Taylor
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Liezl Gibhard
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Gregory S Basarab
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Mohammed O Balogun
- Bio-Polymer Modification and Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, CSIR, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
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6
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San Anselmo M, Lantero E, Avalos-Padilla Y, Bouzón-Arnáiz I, Ramírez M, Postigo A, Serrano JL, Sierra T, Hernández-Ainsa S, Fernàndez-Busquets X. Heparin-Coated Dendronized Hyperbranched Polymers for Antimalarial Targeted Delivery. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2023; 5:381-390. [PMID: 36686062 PMCID: PMC9844211 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c01553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The rampant evolution of resistance in Plasmodium to all existing antimalarial drugs calls for the development of improved therapeutic compounds and of adequate targeted delivery strategies for them. Loading antimalarials in nanocarriers specifically targeted to the parasite will contribute to the administration of lower overall doses, with reduced side effects for the patient, and of higher local amounts to parasitized cells for an increased lethality toward the pathogen. Here, we report the development of dendronized hyperbranched polymers (DHPs), with capacity for antimalarial loading, that are coated with heparin for their specific targeting to red blood cells parasitized by Plasmodium falciparum. The resulting DHP-heparin complexes exhibit the intrinsic antimalarial activity of heparin, with an IC50 of ca. 400 nM, added to its specific targeting to P. falciparum-infected (vs noninfected) erythrocytes. DHP-heparin nanocarriers represent a potentially interesting contribution to the limited family of structures described so far for the loading and targeted delivery of current and future antimalarial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- María San Anselmo
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Departamento
de Química Orgánica-Facultad de Ciencias, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Elena Lantero
- Nanomalaria
Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Barcelona
Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat
de Barcelona), Rosselló
149-153, Barcelona 08036, Spain
- Nanoscience
and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University
of Barcelona, Martí
I Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Yunuen Avalos-Padilla
- Nanomalaria
Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Barcelona
Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat
de Barcelona), Rosselló
149-153, Barcelona 08036, Spain
- Nanoscience
and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University
of Barcelona, Martí
I Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Inés Bouzón-Arnáiz
- Nanomalaria
Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Barcelona
Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat
de Barcelona), Rosselló
149-153, Barcelona 08036, Spain
- Nanoscience
and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University
of Barcelona, Martí
I Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Miriam Ramírez
- Nanomalaria
Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Barcelona
Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat
de Barcelona), Rosselló
149-153, Barcelona 08036, Spain
- Nanoscience
and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University
of Barcelona, Martí
I Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Alejandro Postigo
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Departamento
de Química Orgánica-Facultad de Ciencias, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - José Luis Serrano
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Departamento
de Química Orgánica-Facultad de Ciencias, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Teresa Sierra
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Departamento
de Química Orgánica-Facultad de Ciencias, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Silvia Hernández-Ainsa
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Departamento
de Química Orgánica-Facultad de Ciencias, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
- ARAID
Foundation, Government of Aragón, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets
- Nanomalaria
Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Barcelona
Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat
de Barcelona), Rosselló
149-153, Barcelona 08036, Spain
- Nanoscience
and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University
of Barcelona, Martí
I Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain
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Akide Ndunge OB, Kilian N, Salman MM. Cerebral Malaria and Neuronal Implications of Plasmodium Falciparum Infection: From Mechanisms to Advanced Models. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202944. [PMID: 36300890 PMCID: PMC9798991 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Reorganization of host red blood cells by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum enables their sequestration via attachment to the microvasculature. This artificially increases the dwelling time of the infected red blood cells within inner organs such as the brain, which can lead to cerebral malaria. Cerebral malaria is the deadliest complication patients infected with P. falciparum can experience and still remains a major public health concern despite effective antimalarial therapies. Here, the current understanding of the effect of P. falciparum cytoadherence and their secreted proteins on structural features of the human blood-brain barrier and their involvement in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria are highlighted. Advanced 2D and 3D in vitro models are further assessed to study this devastating interaction between parasite and host. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to neuronal and cognitive deficits in cerebral malaria will be pivotal in devising new strategies to treat and prevent blood-brain barrier dysfunction and subsequent neurological damage in patients with cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Bate Akide Ndunge
- Department of Internal MedicineSection of Infectious DiseasesYale University School of Medicine300 Cedar StreetNew HavenCT06510USA
| | - Nicole Kilian
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, ParasitologyHeidelberg University HospitalIm Neuenheimer Feld 32469120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Mootaz M. Salman
- Department of PhysiologyAnatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QUUK
- Kavli Institute for NanoScience DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease CentreUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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8
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Choi KA, Kim JH, Ryu K, Kaushik N. Current Nanomedicine for Targeted Vascular Disease Treatment: Trends and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012397. [PMID: 36293254 PMCID: PMC9604340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has been developed to deliver cargos effectively to the vascular system. Nanomedicine is a novel and effective approach for targeted vascular disease treatment including atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, strokes, peripheral arterial disease, and cancer. It has been well known for some time that vascular disease patients have a higher cancer risk than the general population. During atherogenesis, the endothelial cells are activated to increase the expression of adhesion molecules such as Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1), Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin, and P-selectin. This biological activation of endothelial cells gives a targetability clue for nanoparticle strategies. Nanoparticle formation has a passive targeting pathway due to the increased adhesion molecule expression on the cell surface as well as increased cell activation. In addition, the VCAM-1-targeting peptide has been widely used to target the inflamed endothelial cells. Biomimetic nanoparticles using platelet and leukocyte membrane fragment strategies have been promising techniques for targeted vascular disease treatment. Cyclodextrin, a natural oligosaccharide with a hydrophobic cavity, increase the solubility of cholesterol crystals at the atherosclerotic plaque site and has been used to deliver the hydrophobic drug statin as a therapeutic in a targeted manner. In summary, nanoparticles decorated with various targeting molecules will be an effective and promising strategy for targeted vascular disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-A Choi
- National Institute of Medical Welfare, Kangnam University, Yongin 16979, Korea
| | - June Hyun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Suwon, Suwon 18323, Korea
| | - Kitae Ryu
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Suwon, Suwon 18323, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.R.); (N.K.)
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Suwon, Suwon 18323, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.R.); (N.K.)
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9
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Preparation, characterization, and evaluation of eosin B-loaded nano-liposomes for growth inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:383-393. [PMID: 34993631 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07395-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a deadly disease in humans caused by the Plasmodium parasite. High prevalence of malaria and resistance of malaria parasite to currently proposed drugs have increased the need to introduce and use new and effective antimalarial agents. In this study, eosin B was used as an effective antimalarial agent, the efficacy of which has already been confirmed by in vitro models. Also, for efficacy and safety improvement of eosin B, liposomal nanocarrier was used because of diversity and adaptability in controlled drug delivery and targeting. Eosin B was trapped inside liposomal nanocarriers by thin layer hydration method and its optimization was performed based on size, polydispersity index, and drug entrapment efficiency. Finally, the eosin B-loaded liposomes were tested on Plasmodium falciparum in culture to evaluate its anti-plasmodial effect. According to the results, the formulation with DSPC:cholesterol 8:1 (molar ratio) and drug concentration of 3 mg/ml was selected as the optimal form. The optimal nano-liposomes showed a size of 163.3 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.250, and an encapsulation efficiency of 69.94%. The process of drug release from nanocarriers was also obtained about 63% at the end of 72 h. Stability studies over 2 months at 25 °C and 4 °C on the optimum sample showed that the samples stored in the refrigerator were more stable in terms of size characteristics, polydispersity index, and drug entrapment efficiency. The results indicate a greater effect of liposomal-formulated eosin B on inhibiting parasite growth compared to the free eosin B.
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