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Lee S, Bi L, Chen H, Lin D, Mei R, Wu Y, Chen L, Joo SW, Choo J. Recent advances in point-of-care testing of COVID-19. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8500-8530. [PMID: 37999922 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00709j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Advances in microfluidic device miniaturization and system integration contribute to the development of portable, handheld, and smartphone-compatible devices. These advancements in diagnostics have the potential to revolutionize the approach to detect and respond to future pandemics. Accordingly, herein, recent advances in point-of-care testing (POCT) of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using various microdevices, including lateral flow assay strips, vertical flow assay strips, microfluidic channels, and paper-based microfluidic devices, are reviewed. However, visual determination of the diagnostic results using only microdevices leads to many false-negative results due to the limited detection sensitivities of these devices. Several POCT systems comprising microdevices integrated with portable optical readers have been developed to address this issue. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, effective POCT strategies for COVID-19 based on optical detection methods have been established. They can be categorized into fluorescence, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, and wearable sensing. We introduced next-generation pandemic sensing methods incorporating artificial intelligence that can be used to meet global health needs in the future. Additionally, we have discussed appropriate responses of various testing devices to emerging infectious diseases and prospective preventive measures for the post-pandemic era. We believe that this review will be helpful for preparing for future infectious disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
| | - Liyan Bi
- School of Special Education and Rehabilitation, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Dong Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Bianzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Rongchao Mei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yixuan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai 264003, China
- School of Pharmacy, Bianzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Sang-Woo Joo
- Department of Information Communication, Materials, and Chemistry Convergence Technology, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, South Korea
| | - Jaebum Choo
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
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Liu X, Zhou X, Li X, Wei Y, Wang T, Liu S, Yang H, Sun X. Saliva Analysis Based on Microfluidics: Focusing the Wide Spectrum of Target Analyte. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-23. [PMID: 38039145 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2287656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Saliva is one of the most critical human body fluids that can reflect the state of the human body. The detection of saliva is of great significance for disease diagnosis and health monitoring. Microfluidics, characterized by microscale size and high integration, is an ideal platform for the development of rapid and low-cost disease diagnostic techniques and devices. Microfluidic-based saliva testing methods have aroused considerable interest due to the increasing need for noninvasive testing and frequent or long-term testing. This review briefly described the significance of saliva analysis and generally classified the targets in saliva detection into pathogenic microorganisms, inorganic substances, and organic substances. By using this classification as a benchmark, the state-of-the-art research results on microfluidic detection of various substances in saliva were summarized. This work also put forward the challenges and future development directions of microfluidic detection methods for saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinyue Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaojia Li
- Teaching Center for Basic Medical Experiment, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yixuan Wei
- Teaching Center for Basic Medical Experiment, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianlin Wang
- School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huazhe Yang
- School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoting Sun
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Tay DMY, Kim S, Hao Y, Yee EH, Jia H, Vleck SM, Chilekwa M, Voldman J, Sikes HD. Accelerating the optimization of vertical flow assay performance guided by a rational systematic model-based approach. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 222:114977. [PMID: 36516633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have shown to be instrumental in healthcare and disease control. However, they have been plagued by many inefficiencies in the laborious empirical development and optimization process for the attainment of clinically relevant sensitivity. While various studies have sought to model paper-based RDTs, most have relied on continuum-based models that are not necessarily applicable to all operation regimes, and have solely focused on predicting the specific interactions between the antigen and binders. It is also unclear how the model predictions may be utilized for optimizing assay performance. Here, we propose a streamlined and simplified model-based framework, only relying on calibration with a minimal experimental dataset, for the acceleration of assay optimization. We show that our models are capable of recapitulating experimental data across different formats and antigen-binder-matrix combinations. By predicting signals due to both specific and background interactions, our facile approach enables the estimation of several pertinent assay performance metrics such as limit-of-detection, sensitivity, signal-to-noise ratio and difference. We believe that our proposed workflow would be a valuable addition to the toolset of any assay developer, regardless of the amount of resources they have in their arsenal, and aid assay optimization at any stage in their assay development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dousabel M Y Tay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Microsystems Technology Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Seunghyeon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yining Hao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Emma H Yee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Huan Jia
- Antimicrobial Resistance Integrated Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Sydney M Vleck
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Makaya Chilekwa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Joel Voldman
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Microsystems Technology Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Hadley D Sikes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Antimicrobial Resistance Integrated Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore, 138602, Singapore.
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Alafeef M, Pan D. Diagnostic Approaches For COVID-19: Lessons Learned and the Path Forward. ACS NANO 2022; 16:11545-11576. [PMID: 35921264 PMCID: PMC9364978 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a transmitted respiratory disease caused by the infection of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although humankind has experienced several outbreaks of infectious diseases, the COVID-19 pandemic has the highest rate of infection and has had high levels of social and economic repercussions. The current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the limitations of existing virological tests, which have failed to be adopted at a rate to properly slow the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2. Pandemic preparedness has developed as a focus of many governments around the world in the event of a future outbreak. Despite the largely widespread availability of vaccines, the importance of testing has not diminished to monitor the evolution of the virus and the resulting stages of the pandemic. Therefore, developing diagnostic technology that serves as a line of defense has become imperative. In particular, that test should satisfy three criteria to be widely adopted: simplicity, economic feasibility, and accessibility. At the heart of it all, it must enable early diagnosis in the course of infection to reduce spread. However, diagnostic manufacturers need guidance on the optimal characteristics of a virological test to ensure pandemic preparedness and to aid in the effective treatment of viral infections. Nanomaterials are a decisive element in developing COVID-19 diagnostic kits as well as a key contributor to enhance the performance of existing tests. Our objective is to develop a profile of the criteria that should be available in a platform as the target product. In this work, virus detection tests were evaluated from the perspective of the COVID-19 pandemic, and then we generalized the requirements to develop a target product profile for a platform for virus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Alafeef
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental
Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Interdisciplinary
Health Sciences Facility, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250,
United States
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear
Medicine and Pediatrics, Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis,
University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Health Sciences
Research Facility III, 670 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201,
United States
- Department of Bioengineering, the
University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
United States
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Jordan
University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110,
Jordan
| | - Dipanjan Pan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental
Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Interdisciplinary
Health Sciences Facility, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250,
United States
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear
Medicine and Pediatrics, Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis,
University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Health Sciences
Research Facility III, 670 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201,
United States
- Department of Bioengineering, the
University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
United States
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Abstract
The highly transmissible severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 253 million people, claiming ∼5.1 million lives to date. Although mandatory quarantines, lockdowns, and vaccinations help curb viral transmission, there is a pressing need for cost-effective systems to mitigate the viral spread. Here, we present a generic strategy for capturing SARS-CoV-2 through functionalized cellulose materials. Specifically, we developed a bifunctional fusion protein consisting of a cellulose-binding domain and a nanobody (Nb) targeting the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2. The immobilization of the fusion proteins on cellulose substrates enhanced the capture efficiency of Nbs against SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses of the wild type and the D614G variant, the latter of which has been shown to confer higher infectivity. Furthermore, the fusion protein was integrated into a customizable chromatography with highly porous cellulose to capture viruses from complex fluids in a continuous fashion. By capturing and containing viruses through the Nb-functionalized cellulose, our work may find utilities in virus sampling and filtration through the development of paper-based diagnostics, environmental tracking of viral spread, and reducing the viral load from infected individuals. IMPORTANCE The ongoing efforts to address the COVID-19 pandemic center around the development of diagnostics, preventative measures, and therapeutic strategies. In comparison to existing work, we have provided a complementary strategy to capture SARS-CoV-2 by functionalized cellulose materials through paper-based diagnostics as well as virus filtration in perishable samples. Specifically, we developed a bifunctional fusion protein consisting of both a cellulose-binding domain and a nanobody specific for the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2. As a proof of concept, the fusion protein-coated cellulose substrates exhibited enhanced capture efficiency against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus of both the wild type and the D614G variant, the latter of which has been shown to confer higher infectivity. Furthermore, the fusion protein was integrated into a customizable chromatography for binding viruses from complex biological fluids in a highly continuous and cost-effective manner. Such antigen-specific capture can potentially immobilize viruses of interest for viral detection and removal, which contrasts with the common size- or affinity-based filtration devices that bind a broad range of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and cytokines present in blood (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04413955). Additionally, since our work focuses on capturing and concentrating viruses from surfaces and fluids as a means to improve detection, it can serve as an “add-on” technology to complement existing viral detection methods, many of which have been largely focusing on improving intrinsic sensitivities.
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Kongsuphol P, Jia H, Cheng HL, Gu Y, Shunmuganathan BD, Chen MW, Lim SM, Ng SY, Tambyah PA, Nasir H, Gao X, Tay D, Kim S, Gupta R, Qian X, Kozma MM, Purushotorman K, McBee ME, MacAry PA, Sikes HD, Preiser PR. A rapid simple point-of-care assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2021; 1:46. [PMID: 35602218 PMCID: PMC9053278 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-021-00045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) prevent pathogens from infecting host cells. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 NAbs is critical to evaluate herd immunity and monitor vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. All currently available NAb tests are lab-based and time-intensive. Method We develop a 10 min cellulose pull-down test to detect NAbs against SARS-CoV-2 from human plasma. The test evaluates the ability of antibodies to disrupt ACE2 receptor-RBD complex formation. The simple, portable, and rapid testing process relies on two key technologies: (i) the vertical-flow paper-based assay format and (ii) the rapid interaction of cellulose binding domain to cellulose paper. Results Here we show the construction of a cellulose-based vertical-flow test. The developed test gives above 80% sensitivity and specificity and up to 93% accuracy as compared to two current lab-based methods using COVID-19 convalescent plasma. Conclusions A rapid 10 min cellulose based test has been developed for detection of NAb against SARS-CoV-2. The test demonstrates comparable performance to the lab-based tests and can be used at Point-of-Care. Importantly, the approach used for this test can be easily extended to test RBD variants or to evaluate NAbs against other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patthara Kongsuphol
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, 1 CREATE way, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
| | - Huan Jia
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, 1 CREATE way, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
| | - Hoi Lok Cheng
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, 1 CREATE way, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
| | - Yue Gu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4, Level 3, Singapore, 117545 Singapore
| | - Bhuvaneshwari D/O Shunmuganathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4, Level 3, Singapore, 117545 Singapore
| | - Ming Wei Chen
- School of Biological Science (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Dr, Singapore, 637551 Singapore
| | - Sing Mei Lim
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, 1 CREATE way, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
| | - Say Yong Ng
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, 1 CREATE way, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
| | - Paul Ananth Tambyah
- Department of Medicine, National University Hospital (NUH), 5 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119074 Singapore
- The Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme (ID TRP), NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Haziq Nasir
- Department of Medicine, National University Hospital (NUH), 5 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119074 Singapore
| | - Xiaohong Gao
- School of Biological Science (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Dr, Singapore, 637551 Singapore
| | - Dousabel Tay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 25 Ames Street, Building 66, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Seunghyeon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 25 Ames Street, Building 66, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Rashi Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4, Level 3, Singapore, 117545 Singapore
| | - Xinlei Qian
- Life Sciences Institute (LSI), National University of Singapore (NUS), Center for Life Sciences, #05-02, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456 Singapore
| | - Mary M. Kozma
- Life Sciences Institute (LSI), National University of Singapore (NUS), Center for Life Sciences, #05-02, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456 Singapore
| | - Kiren Purushotorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4, Level 3, Singapore, 117545 Singapore
| | - Megan E. McBee
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, 1 CREATE way, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
| | - Paul A. MacAry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4, Level 3, Singapore, 117545 Singapore
- Life Sciences Institute (LSI), National University of Singapore (NUS), Center for Life Sciences, #05-02, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456 Singapore
| | - Hadley D. Sikes
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, 1 CREATE way, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 25 Ames Street, Building 66, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Peter R. Preiser
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, 1 CREATE way, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
- School of Biological Science (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Dr, Singapore, 637551 Singapore
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