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Ahmed L, Lüder J, Chuang CH, EL-Mahdy AFM. Covalent-Organic-Framework-Modified Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensor for Selective Detection of Hazardous Formic Acid. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:30408-30420. [PMID: 38805601 PMCID: PMC11181274 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a novel family of porous crystalline materials utilized in various advanced applications. However, applying COFs as a hazardous organic acid gas sensor is substantial but still challenging. Herein, a phenylenediamine-based covalent organic framework (TPDA-TPB COF) featuring excellent crystallinity, ultrastable thermal stability, and high surface area was successfully constructed. Then, the TPDA-TPB COF-modified quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor is fabricated by immobilizing the TPDA-TPB COF thin film on the gold-QCM chip. The fabricated TPDA-TPB COF-modified QCM sensor demonstrates a rapid response, excellent reproducibility, high selectivity, and sensitivity to formic gas, arising from hydrogen-bonding interactions between formic acid and the outermost layer of the TPDA-TPB COF, as determined by extensive analysis and density functional theory calculations. The basic sites of the TPDA-TPB COF, which are numerous due to its high nitrogen content, and the carboxylic acid groups present in formic acid exhibit efficient interactions. The sensitivity of the TPDA-TPB COF-modified QCM sensor was found to be 7.75 Hz ppm-1 at standard room temperature and pressure conditions, with a limit of detection (LOD) of formic acid down to 1.18 ppm, which is significantly below the workplace olfactory threshold limit of 5.0 ppm established by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The TPDA-TPB COF-modified QCM sensor exhibits remarkable detecting capabilities, making it highly attractive for detecting organic acid vapors in diverse applications that require superior performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamiaa
Reda Ahmed
- Department
of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Institute
of Medical Science and Technology, National
Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan
| | - Johann Lüder
- Department
of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Center
for Theoretical and Computational Physics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsin Chuang
- Institute
of Medical Science and Technology, National
Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan
| | - Ahmed F. M. EL-Mahdy
- Department
of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
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2
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Zhang K, Song R, Wu N, Wang Y, Zhang M, Chen X, Wang L, Xing J. Enhancing the Photoluminescence and Electroluminescence of Graphitic Carbon Nitride via Atomic and Molecular Co-modification. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:925-932. [PMID: 38241479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) materials exhibit attractive optoelectronic physical properties; however, their low photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) limit their applications in luminescent devices. Here, boron-doped aromatic carbon nitride (B-PhCNx) was synthesized for the first time via direct thermal polymerization of 2,4-diamino-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine and boric acid. The impact of B doping and phenyl modifying on the structural and optical characteristics of the samples was investigated in detail. The highest PLQY of 40.7% was achieved in B-PhCN20, which is 6.8 times that of pristine carbon nitride (p-CN). The B-PhCN20-based light-emitting diode demonstrates a maximum luminance of 1494 cd m-2 and a maximum external quantum efficiency of 1.03%, which are 3.5 and 4.9 times that of the p-CN-based device, respectively. Our findings will provide a reference for rationally designing low-cost and high-performance carbon-nitride-based optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Marine Environment Corrosion and Safety Protection, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruili Song
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Wu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Xilei Chen
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Marine Environment Corrosion and Safety Protection, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Marine Environment Corrosion and Safety Protection, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xing
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, People's Republic of China
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3
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Maged S, El-Borady OM, El-Hosainy H, El-Kemary M. Efficient photocatalytic reduction of p-nitrophenol under visible light irradiation based on Ag NPs loaded brown 2D g-C 3N 4 / g-C 3N 4 QDs nanocomposite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:117909-117922. [PMID: 37874512 PMCID: PMC10682077 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30010-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Recently, low-cost graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) revealed high photocatalytic activities and provided solutions to environmental pollution. In this study, we synthesized brown mesoporous 2D g-C3N4 by calcination dicyandiamide with pluronic P123. This is followed by loading of Ag NPs on the prepared 2D g-C3N4 by photodeposition process. After that, a ternary composite 2% Ag/ 2D g-C3N4 / g-C3N4 QDs heterojunction photocatalyst has been successfully prepared. The prepared nanomaterials were comprehensively characterized by various analysis techniques such as XRD, UV-Vis., BET, XPS, SEM, TEM. This new system exhibited a large surface area with porous structure and a wide absorption of visible light. The results verified that Ag NPs decoration enhanced the charge separation of photo-generated carriers of g-C3N4 2D and g-C3N4 QDs, promote significant enhancement in the photocatalytic activity for reduction of p-nitrophenol with a rate constant (k) value of 0.49729 / min in 6 min. This rate is about two-fold higher than that observed for pure g-C3N4 2D and g-C3N4 QDs as well as shows an improvement compared to 2% Ag/ g-C3N4 2D and g-C3N4 2D/ g-C3N4 QDs. The results open the door to design highly efficient 2D/0D nanocomposite photocatalysts for a wide variety of environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Maged
- Nano Sensor Group, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr ElSheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Ola M El-Borady
- Nano Sensor Group, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr ElSheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Hamza El-Hosainy
- Nano Sensor Group, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr ElSheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Maged El-Kemary
- Nano Sensor Group, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr ElSheikh, 33516, Egypt.
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4
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Amidi M, Salehi E. Calcined Chitosan/Cellulous Aerogel Modified with Copper Oxide Nanoparticles as an Efficient Sorbent for the Optimized Removal of Formic Acid from Water. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:4217-4225. [PMID: 37769283 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
A porous aerogel sorbent was prepared by the carbonization of a biohydrogel consisting of cellulose and chitosan (CS/CE) biopolymers. The adsorbent was also modified with copper oxide nanoparticles to effectively remove formic acid from water in batch mode. Characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, and X-ray diffraction, were employed to study the prepared sorbents. The concentration of formic acid in the solution was exactly determined by using liquid chromatography. To achieve maximum removal efficiency, important process variables were optimized using a central composite design data-based algorithm. Under optimal conditions, i.e., the initial concentration of 167.98 mg/L, the amount of sorbent equal to 75.28 mg, the contact time of 10.41 min, and the sample volume of 22.56 mL, a maximum acid removal efficiency of 84% was obtained. The Langmuir isotherm model was appropriately fitted to the experimental data, which indicates the chemical interaction of the sorbent active sites with formic acid. An adsorption capacity of 116.28 mg/g was also attained. The adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic pattern. According to the thermodynamic criteria, the adsorption of formic acid on the copper oxide-modified aerogel was exothermic, entropy-reducing, and favorable at temperatures lower than 290 K. Based on the results, CS/CE hydrogels comprising CuO nanoparticles are promising precursors for synthesizing carbonized aerogel sorbents that are successful in removing formic acid from aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadali Amidi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran
| | - Ehsan Salehi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran
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Fernández-Ramos MD, Bastida-Armesto M, Blanc-García R, Capitán-Vallvey LF, Medina-Castillo AL. Design of colorimetric nanostructured sensor phases for simple and fast quantification of low concentrations of acid vapors. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:160. [PMID: 36973585 PMCID: PMC10042966 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05723-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Two colorimetric nanostructured sensor phases (Color-NSPs) for the determination of low concentrations of acid vapors in the atmosphere of paper storage rooms have been designed and characterized. The acid vapor determination is based on the color change that occurs in polyaniline (PANI) in the presence of acids when it goes from its emeraldine base form (blue) to its emeraldine salt form (green). To synthesize the Color-NSPs, two methods have been used, a one-step method performed by grafting polyaniline onto a cellulose membrane (Cellu-PANI) and a two-step method in which in the first step, polyaniline is grafted onto the surface of polymeric nanoparticles (NPs-PANI), and in a second step, NPs-PANI are immobilized into the pores of a nylon membrane (Nylon-NPs PANI). The response of the sensors versus acid vapor was measured by color coordinates with a photographic camera. A linear response range from 1 ppmv to 7 ppmv was found for both sensors, and the detection limits were 0.95 ppmv (1.2 % RSD) and 0.40 ppmv (0.8 % RSD) for Cellu-PANI and Nylon-NPs PANI, respectively. In addition, both sensors showed complete reversibility and a short exposition time (5 min). The potential applicability of the Color-NSPs in the control of the exposure of paper heritage collections to outdoor- and indoor-generated gaseous pollutants was demonstrated by determining acid vapors in museums. The method was validated with an external reference method; the paired test was applied, and p-values greater than 5% were obtained, indicating an excellent correlation and showing that the Color-NSPs reported are simple, fast, and an economical alternative to control and protect cultural heritage materials in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Fernández-Ramos
- ECsens, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - M Bastida-Armesto
- ECsens, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - R Blanc-García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - L F Capitán-Vallvey
- ECsens, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - A L Medina-Castillo
- ECsens, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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6
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Ayad MM, Abdelghafar ME, Torad NL, Yamauchi Y, Amer WA. Green synthesis of carbon quantum dots toward highly sensitive detection of formaldehyde vapors using QCM sensor. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137031. [PMID: 36397304 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, an eco-friendly method for the preparation of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) is demonstrated using hydrothermal treatment of laurel leaves. The optical and structural characteristics of the prepared CQDs are investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron (XPS), fluorescent and UV-visible spectroscopies, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor designed and modified with CQDs is capable of detecting formaldehyde vapors in the presence of other interfering chemical-vapor analytes. The changes in the frequency of the QCM sensor are linearly correlated with the injected formaldehyde concentrations. The sensing properties of formaldehyde, including sensitivity and reversibility, are investigated. Detection of formaldehyde in the presence of humidity is carefully discussed for home or workplace room environment use. The adsorption kinetics of various VOCs vapors are also calculated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad M Ayad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; Institute of Basic and Applied Sciences, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria 21934, Egypt.
| | - Mona E Abdelghafar
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Nagy L Torad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Ibaraki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Ibaraki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan; School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Wael A Amer
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir 32038, Bahrain.
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7
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Wang D, Guo J, Wang Z, Bao L, Xu J, Li HJ, Li G. Two-Dimensional MoS 2 for Resonant-Gravimetric Detection of Ppb-Level Formaldehyde. Anal Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ding Wang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science & Technology, Shanghai200093, China
| | - Jie Guo
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science & Technology, Shanghai200093, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science & Technology, Shanghai200093, China
| | - Liping Bao
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science & Technology, Shanghai200093, China
| | - Jingcheng Xu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science & Technology, Shanghai200093, China
| | - Hui-Jun Li
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science & Technology, Shanghai200093, China
| | - Guisheng Li
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science & Technology, Shanghai200093, China
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8
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Fullerene Rosette: Two-Dimensional Interactive Nanoarchitectonics and Selective Vapor Sensing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105454. [PMID: 35628264 PMCID: PMC9141234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The simplicity of fullerenes as assembled components provides attractive opportunities for basic understanding in self-assembly research. We applied in situ reactive methods to the self-assembly process of C60 molecules with melamine/ethylenediamine components in solution, resulting in a novel type of fullerene assemblies, micron-sized two-dimensional, amorphous shape-regular objects, fullerene rosettes. ATR−FTIR spectra, XPS, and TGA results suggest that the melamine/ethylenediamine components strongly interact and/or are covalently linked with fullerenes in the fullerene rosettes. The broad peak for layer spacing in the XRD patterns of the fullerene rosettes corresponds roughly to the interdigitated fullerene bilayer or monolayer of modified fullerene molecules. The fullerene rosettes are made from the accumulation of bilayer/monolayer assemblies of hybridized fullerenes in low crystallinity. Prototype sensor systems were fabricated upon immobilization of the fullerene rosettes onto surfaces of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), and selective sensing of formic acid was demonstrated as preliminary results for social-demanded toxic material sensing. The QCM sensor with fullerene rosette is categorized as one of the large-response sensors among reported examples. In selectivity to formic acids against basic guests (formic acid/pyridine >30) or aromatic guests (formic acid/toluene >110), the fullerene rosette-based QCM sensor also showed superior performance.
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Yang J, Feng L, Chen Y, Feng L, Lu J, Du L, Guo J, Cheng Z, Shi Z, Zhao L. High-Sensitivity and Environmentally Friendly Humidity Sensors Deposited with Recyclable Green Microspheres for Wireless Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:15608-15622. [PMID: 35319203 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The reliable, high-sensitive, wireless, and affordable requirements for humidity sensors are needed in high-precision measurement fields. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) based on the piezoelectric effect can accurately detect the mass changes at the nanogram level. However, water-capture materials deposited on the surface of QCM generally show disadvantages in either cost, sensitivity, or recyclability. Herein, novel QCM-based humidity sensors (NQHSs) are developed by uniformly depositing green microspheres (GMs) of natural polymers prepared by the chemical synthesis of the emulsification/inner gel method on QCM as humidity-sensitive materials. The NQHSs demonstrate high accuracy and sensitivity (27.1 Hz/% RH) owing to the various hydrophilic groups and porous nano-3D deposition structure. Compared with the devices deposited with a smooth film, the frequency of the NQHSs shows almost no changes during the cyclic test and exhibits long-term stability. The NQHSs have been successfully applied to non-contact sensing human activities and remote real-time humidity monitoring via Bluetooth transmission. In addition, the deposited humidity-sensitive GMs and QCM substrate are fully recycled and reused (72% of the original value). This work has provided an innovative idea to construct environmental-friendly, high-sensitivity, and wireless humidity sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jueying Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liying Feng
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lihui Feng
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jihua Lu
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Le Du
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junqiang Guo
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhekun Cheng
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhongyu Shi
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Chen Q, Huang X, Yao Y, Mao K. Analysis of the Effect of Electrode Materials on the Sensitivity of Quartz Crystal Microbalance. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12060975. [PMID: 35335788 PMCID: PMC8954940 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigated the effect of electrode materials on the performance of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors by means of theoretical calculation, experiment, and finite element analysis methods. First, we calculated the particle displacement amplitude and thus obtained the mass sensitivity function distribution of QCMs with gold, silver and aluminum electrodes, and found that the QCM with the gold electrode has the highest mass sensitivity at the center of the electrode. Then, we tested the humidity-sensing performance of QCMs with gold, silver, and aluminum electrodes using graphene oxide (GO) as the sensitive material, and found that the QCM with the gold electrode has higher humidity sensitivity. Finally, we used the finite element analysis software COMSOL Multiphysics to simulate the specific electrode material parameters that affect the sensitivity of the QCMs. The simulation results show that the density and Young’s modulus of the electrode material parameters mainly affect the sensitivity. The results of this paper are instructive for optimizing QCM sensor performance and improving the capability of QCM quantitative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yao Yao
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
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11
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Orasugh JT, Ray SS. Prospect of DFT Utilization in Polymer-Graphene Composites for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Application: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040704. [PMID: 35215617 PMCID: PMC8880781 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The improvement in current materials science has prompted a developing need to capture the peculiarities that determine the properties of materials and how they are processed on an atomistic level. Quantum mechanics laws control the interface among atoms and electrons; thus, exact and proficient techniques for fixing the major quantum-mechanical conditions for complex many-particle, many-electron frameworks should be created. Density functional theory (DFT) marks an unequivocal advance in these endeavours. DFT has had a rapid influence on quintessential and industrial research during the last decade. The DFT system describes periodic structural systems of 2D or 3D electronics with the utilization of Bloch’s theorem in the direction of Kohn–Sham wavefunctions for the significant facilitation of these schemes. This article introduces and discusses the infinite systems modelling approach required for graphene-based polymer composites or their hybrids. Aiming to understand electronic structure computations as per physics, the impressions of band structures and atomic structure envisioned along with orbital predicted density states are beneficial. Convergence facets coupled with the basic functions number and the k-points number are necessary to explain for every physicochemical characteristic in these materials. Proper utilization of DFT in graphene-based polymer composites for materials in EMI SE presents the potential of taking this niche to unprecedented heights within the next decades. The application of this system in graphene-based composites by researchers, along with their performance, is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Tersur Orasugh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doorfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Suprakash Sinha Ray
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doorfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-12-841-2388
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