1
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Roy A, Zenker S, Jain S, Afshari R, Oz Y, Zheng Y, Annabi N. A Highly Stretchable, Conductive, and Transparent Bioadhesive Hydrogel as a Flexible Sensor for Enhanced Real-Time Human Health Monitoring. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2404225. [PMID: 38970527 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Real-time continuous monitoring of non-cognitive markers is crucial for the early detection and management of chronic conditions. Current diagnostic methods are often invasive and not suitable for at-home monitoring. An elastic, adhesive, and biodegradable hydrogel-based wearable sensor with superior accuracy and durability for monitoring real-time human health is developed. Employing a supramolecular engineering strategy, a pseudo-slide-ring hydrogel is synthesized by combining polyacrylamide (pAAm), β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), and poly 2-(acryloyloxy)ethyltrimethylammonium chloride (AETAc) bio ionic liquid (Bio-IL). This novel approach decouples conflicting mechano-chemical effects arising from different molecular building blocks and provides a balance of mechanical toughness (1.1 × 106 Jm-3), flexibility, conductivity (≈0.29 S m-1), and tissue adhesion (≈27 kPa), along with rapid self-healing and remarkable stretchability (≈3000%). Unlike traditional hydrogels, the one-pot synthesis avoids chemical crosslinkers and metallic nanofillers, reducing cytotoxicity. While the pAAm provides mechanical strength, the formation of the pseudo-slide-ring structure ensures high stretchability and flexibility. Combining pAAm with β-CD and pAETAc enhances biocompatibility and biodegradability, as confirmed by in vitro and in vivo studies. The hydrogel also offers transparency, passive-cooling, ultraviolet (UV)-shielding, and 3D printability, enhancing its practicality for everyday use. The engineered sensor demonstratesimproved efficiency, stability, and sensitivity in motion/haptic sensing, advancing real-time human healthcare monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Roy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Shea Zenker
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Saumya Jain
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ronak Afshari
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yavuz Oz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yuting Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Nasim Annabi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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2
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Li X, Li M, Li J, Gao Y, Liu C, Hao G. Wearable sensor supports in-situ and continuous monitoring of plant health in precision agriculture era. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:1516-1535. [PMID: 38184781 PMCID: PMC11123445 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Plant health is intricately linked to crop quality, food security and agricultural productivity. Obtaining accurate plant health information is of paramount importance in the realm of precision agriculture. Wearable sensors offer an exceptional avenue for investigating plant health status and fundamental plant science, as they enable real-time and continuous in-situ monitoring of physiological biomarkers. However, a comprehensive overview that integrates and critically assesses wearable plant sensors across various facets, including their fundamental elements, classification, design, sensing mechanism, fabrication, characterization and application, remains elusive. In this study, we provide a meticulous description and systematic synthesis of recent research progress in wearable sensor properties, technology and their application in monitoring plant health information. This work endeavours to serve as a guiding resource for the utilization of wearable plant sensors, empowering the advancement of plant health within the precision agriculture paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Hong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine ChemicalsGuizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Meng‐Zhao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of ChemistryCentral China Normal UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jing‐Yi Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of ChemistryCentral China Normal UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yang‐Yang Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine ChemicalsGuizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Chun‐Rong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of ChemistryCentral China Normal UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ge‐Fei Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine ChemicalsGuizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of ChemistryCentral China Normal UniversityWuhanChina
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3
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Li Y, Cheng Q, Deng Z, Zhang T, Luo M, Huang X, Wang Y, Wang W, Zhao X. Recent Progress of Anti-Freezing, Anti-Drying, and Anti-Swelling Conductive Hydrogels and Their Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:971. [PMID: 38611229 PMCID: PMC11013939 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are soft-wet materials with a hydrophilic three-dimensional network structure offering controllable stretchability, conductivity, and biocompatibility. However, traditional conductive hydrogels only operate in mild environments and exhibit poor environmental tolerance due to their high water content and hydrophilic network, which result in undesirable swelling, susceptibility to freezing at sub-zero temperatures, and structural dehydration through evaporation. The application range of conductive hydrogels is significantly restricted by these limitations. Therefore, developing environmentally tolerant conductive hydrogels (ETCHs) is crucial to increasing the application scope of these materials. In this review, we summarize recent strategies for designing multifunctional conductive hydrogels that possess anti-freezing, anti-drying, and anti-swelling properties. Furthermore, we briefly introduce some of the applications of ETCHs, including wearable sensors, bioelectrodes, soft robots, and wound dressings. The current development status of different types of ETCHs and their limitations are analyzed to further discuss future research directions and development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Qiwei Cheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Zexing Deng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Man Luo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Yuheng Wang
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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4
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Cheng F, Xu L, Zhang X, He J, Huang Y, Li H. Generation of a photothermally responsive antimicrobial, bioadhesive gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) based hydrogel through 3D printing for infectious wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129372. [PMID: 38237818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Recently, photothermal nanomaterials has attracted enormous interests owing to their enhanced therapeutic effects and less adverse effects in the treatment of infectious diseases. Herein, this work presents a photothermally responsive antimicrobial, bioadhesive hydrogel through three dimensions (3D) printing technology for treatment the wound infection. The hydrogel is based on a visible-light-activated naturally derived polymer (GelMA), GelMA grafted with dopamine (GelMA-DA) and the polydopamine coated reduced graphene oxide (rGO@PDA), which can provide the multifunctional such as photothermal antibacterial, antioxidant, conductivity, adhesion and hemostasis performance to accelerate wound healing. The developed hydrogel shown the excellent adhesion capability to adhere the in vitro physiological tissues and glass surface. Moreover, the fabricated hydrogel also exhibited excellent cytocompatibility to L929 cells which is a vital biofunction for efficiently promoting cell proliferation and migration in vitro. The hydrogel also showed remarkable photothermally responsive antimicrobial capability against two strains (99.3 % antibacterial ratio for E. coli and 98.6 % antibacterial ratio for S. aureus). Furthermore, it could support the wound repair and regeneration of S. aureus infected full-thickness wound defects in rats. Overall, the 3D printed hydrogel could be used as a photothermal platform for the development of more effective therapies against the infected wound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cheng
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Lei Xu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jinmei He
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yudong Huang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hongbin Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; College of Light Industry and Textile, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161000, China.
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5
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Zhang X, Liu S, Wang X, Peng J, Yang W, Ma Y, Fan K. Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based eutectogels for underwater sensing. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 654:1348-1355. [PMID: 37913724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.10.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Eutectogels derived from deep eutectic solvents (DESs) exhibit great potential for the fabrication of flexible sensors. However, the hygroscopicity of eutectogels hinders their applications in underwater sensing. In this work, a hydrophobic eutectogel with exceptional long-term underwater stability is produced through one-step polymerization of lauryl methacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate in a hydrophobic DES. The hydrophobic gel network and hydrophobic DES fulfill the eutectogel with outstanding water resistance (water contact angle > 110°) and excellent mechanical properties in an aqueous environment, thus leading to extraordinary durability (over 1000 testing cycles). Additionally, based on this eutectogel, underwater strain and pressure sensors with high sensitivity, rapid responsiveness, and superior durability were fabricated for accurate real-time monitoring of human activity. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the eutectogel sensor can transmit information through Morse code, performing as a wearable underwater communicator. This research provides an exemplary way for a demonstration method of hydrophobic eutectogel for durable underwater applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Zhang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China.
| | - Sen Liu
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Journal Editorial Department, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Jiwei Peng
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Wentong Yang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Yongpeng Ma
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Kaiqi Fan
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China.
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6
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Liu C, Peng K, Wu Y, Fu F. Functional adhesive hydrogels for biological interfaces. SMART MEDICINE 2023; 2:e20230024. [PMID: 39188302 PMCID: PMC11235964 DOI: 10.1002/smmd.20230024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogel adhesives are extensively employed in biological interfaces such as epidermal flexible electronics, tissue engineering, and implanted device. The development of functional hydrogel adhesives is a critical, yet challenging task since combining two or more attributes that seem incompatible into one adhesive hydrogel without sacrificing the hydrogel's pristine capabilities. In this Review, we highlight current developments in the fabrication of functional adhesive hydrogels, which are suitable for a variety of application scenarios, particularly those that occur underwater or on tissue/organ surface conditions. The design strategies for a multifunctional adhesive hydrogel with desirable properties including underwater adhesion, self-healing, good biocompatibility, electrical conductivity, and anti-swelling are discussed comprehensively. We then discuss the challenges faced by adhesive hydrogels, as well as their potential applications in biological interfaces. Adhesive hydrogels are the star building blocks of bio-interface materials for individualized healthcare and other bioengineering areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyi Liu
- School of Environmental and Biological EngineeringNanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjingChina
| | - Kexin Peng
- School of Environmental and Biological EngineeringNanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjingChina
| | - Yilun Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Fanfan Fu
- School of Environmental and Biological EngineeringNanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjingChina
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
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7
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Xu J, Zhu X, Zhao J, Ling G, Zhang P. Biomedical applications of supramolecular hydrogels with enhanced mechanical properties. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 321:103000. [PMID: 37839280 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.103000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular hydrogels bound by hydrogen bonding, host-guest, hydrophobic, and other non-covalent interactions are among the most attractive biomaterials available. Supramolecular hydrogels have attracted extensive attention due to their inherent dynamic reversibility, self-healing, stimuli-response, excellent biocompatibility, and near-physiological environment. However, the inherent contradiction between non-covalent interactions and mechanical strength makes the practical application of supramolecular hydrogels a great challenge. This review describes the mechanical strength of hydrogels mediated by supramolecular interactions, and focuses on the potential strategies for enhancing the mechanical strength of supramolecular hydrogels and illustrates their applications in related fields, such as flexible electronic sensors, wound dressings, and three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds. Finally, the current problems and future research prospects of supramolecular hydrogels are discussed. This review is expected to provide insights that will motivate more advanced research on supramolecular hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaoguang Zhu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jiuhong Zhao
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Guixia Ling
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China..
| | - Peng Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China..
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8
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Yang Q, Zhou Q, Guo Z, Song L, Meng F, Tong Z, Zhan X, Liu Q, Ren Y, Zhang Q. A Facile Strategy to Construct Anti-Swelling, Antibacterial, and Antifogging Coatings for Protection of Medical Goggles. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300099. [PMID: 37263296 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019) pandemic, traditional medical goggles are not only easy to attach bacteria and viruses in long-term exposure, but easy to fogged up, which increases the risk of infection and affects productivity. Bacterial adhesion and fog can be significantly inhibited through the hydrogel coatings, owing to super hydrophilic properties. On the one hand, hydrogel coatings are easy to absorb water and swell in wet environment, resulting in reduced mechanical properties, even peeling off. On the other hand, the hydrogel coatings don't have intrinsic antibacterial properties, which still poses a potential risk of bacterial transmission. Herein, an anti-swelling and antibacterial hydrogel coating is synthesized by 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), acrylamide (AM), dimethylaminoethyl acrylate bromoethane (IL-Br), and poly(sodium-p-styrenesulfonate) (PSS). Due to the self-driven entropy reduction effect of polycation and polyanion, an ion cross-linking network is formed, which endows the hydrogel coating with excellent antiswelling performance. Moreover, because of the synergistic effect of highly hydrated surfaces and the active bactericidal effect from quaternary ammonium cations, the hydrogel coating exhibits outstanding antifouling performances. This work develops a facile strategy to fabricate anti-swelling, antifouling, and antifogging hydrogel coatings for the protection of medical goggles, and also for biomedical and marine antifouling fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Chemicals Technology, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Zhejiang Jinhua New Material Co., LTD., Quzhou, 324004, China
| | - Ziyi Guo
- Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Lina Song
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Chemicals Technology, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Fandong Meng
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Chemicals Technology, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Zheming Tong
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhan
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Chemicals Technology, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Quan Liu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Chemicals Technology, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Yongyuan Ren
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Chemicals Technology, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Chemicals Technology, Quzhou, 324000, China
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9
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Wei J, Xiao P, Chen T. Water-Resistant Conductive Gels toward Underwater Wearable Sensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211758. [PMID: 36857417 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Conductive gels are developing vigorously as superior wearable sensing materials due to their intrinsic conductivity, softness, stretchability, and biocompatibility, showing a great potential in many aspects of lives. However, compared to their wide application on land, it is significant yet rather challenging for traditional conductive gels to realize sensing application under water. The swelling of gels and the loss of conductive components in the aqueous environment, resulted from the diffusion across the interface, lead to structural instability and sensing performance decline. Fortunately, great efforts are devoted to improving the water resistance of conductive gels and employing them in the field of underwater wearable sensing in recent years, and some exciting achievements are obtained, which are of great significance for promoting the safety and efficiency of underwater activities. However, there is no review to thoroughly summarize the underwater sensing application of conductive gels. This review presents a brief overview of the representative design strategies for developing water-resistant conductive gels and their diversified applications in the underwater sensing field as wearable sensors. Finally, the ongoing challenges for further developing water-resistant conductive gels for underwater wearable sensing are also discussed along with recommendations for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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10
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Feng W, Wang Z. Tailoring the Swelling-Shrinkable Behavior of Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303326. [PMID: 37544909 PMCID: PMC10558674 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels with tailor-made swelling-shrinkable properties have aroused considerable interest in numerous biomedical domains. For example, as swelling is a key issue for blood and wound extrudates absorption, the transference of nutrients and metabolites, as well as drug diffusion and release, hydrogels with high swelling capacity have been widely applicated in full-thickness skin wound healing and tissue regeneration, and drug delivery. Nevertheless, in the fields of tissue adhesives and internal soft-tissue wound healing, and bioelectronics, non-swelling hydrogels play very important functions owing to their stable macroscopic dimension and physical performance in physiological environment. Moreover, the negative swelling behavior (i.e., shrinkage) of hydrogels can be exploited to drive noninvasive wound closure, and achieve resolution enhancement of hydrogel scaffolds. In addition, it can help push out the entrapped drugs, thus promote drug release. However, there still has not been a general review of the constructions and biomedical applications of hydrogels from the viewpoint of swelling-shrinkable properties. Therefore, this review summarizes the tactics employed so far in tailoring the swelling-shrinkable properties of hydrogels and their biomedical applications. And a relatively comprehensive understanding of the current progress and future challenge of the hydrogels with different swelling-shrinkable features is provided for potential clinical translations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and FunctionalizationDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Zhengke Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and FunctionalizationDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
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11
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Zhu J, Tao J, Yan W, Song W. Pathways toward wearable and high-performance sensors based on hydrogels: toughening networks and conductive networks. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad180. [PMID: 37565203 PMCID: PMC10411675 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Wearable hydrogel sensors provide a user-friendly option for wearable electronics and align well with the existing manufacturing strategy for connecting and communicating with large numbers of Internet of Things devices. This is attributed to their components and structures, which exhibit exceptional adaptability, scalability, bio-compatibility, and self-healing properties, reminiscent of human skin. This review focuses on the recent research on principal structural elements of wearable hydrogels: toughening networks and conductive networks, highlighting the strategies for enhancing mechanical and electrical properties. Wearable hydrogel sensors are categorized for an extensive exploration of their composition, mechanism, and design approach. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of wearable hydrogels and offers guidance for the design of components and structures in order to develop high-performance wearable hydrogel sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jingchen Tao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Weixing Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
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12
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Chai C, Ma L, Chu Y, Li W, Qian Y, Hao J. Extreme-environment-adapted eutectogel mediated by heterostructure for epidermic sensor and underwater communication. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 638:439-448. [PMID: 36758256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.01.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, gel-based ion conductor has been widely considered in wearable electronics because of the favorable flexibility and conductivity. However, it is of vital importance, yet rather challenging to adapt the gel for underwater and dry conditions. Herein, an anti-swelling and anti-drying, intrinsic conductor eutectogel is designed via a one-step radical polymerization of acrylic acid and 2, 2, 2‑trifluoroethyl methacrylate in binary deep eutectic solvents (DESs) medium. On the one hand, the synergistic effects of hydrophilic/hydrophobic heteronetworks can elicit the integrity stability of eutectogel in liquid environment. It is proved that both the mechanical property and conductivity are maintained after immersing in different salt, alkaline and acid solution and organic solvent for one month. On the other hand, the eutectogel inherits well conductivity (93 mS/m), anti-drying and antibacterial properties from DESs. Based on the above features, the resulting eutectogel can be assembled as smart sensor for stable information transmission in air and underwater with fast response time (1 s), high sensitivity (Gauge factor = 1.991) and long-time reproducibility (500 cycles, 70 % strain). Considering the simple preparation and integration of multiple functions, the binary cooperative complementary principle can provide insights into the development of next-generation conductive soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Chai
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yiran Chu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wenwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yuzhen Qian
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jingcheng Hao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, China; Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing, Yantai 264000, China.
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13
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Lan Z, Wang Y, Hu K, Shi S, Meng Q, Sun Q, Shen X. Anti-swellable cellulose hydrogel for underwater sensing. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 306:120541. [PMID: 36746563 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Underwater sensing is of great significance in ocean exploration by divers to monitor their movements and keep in touch with the shore. However, unique sensors are required to apply in the marine environment that is quite different from the land circumstance. Herein, we reported a cellulose-skeleton-based composite hydrogel that is constraint to expand underwater under the effect of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) and features advantages of high swelling resistance, structural durability, mechanical robustness, medium flexibility, high gauge factor (2.33) and long-term stability in water as a highly efficient wearable underwater sensor. This cellulose-based anti-swellable underwater hydrogel sensor showed tremendous potentials in underwater sensing applications for posture monitoring, communication, and marine biological research, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuyue Lan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Ke Hu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Shitao Shi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Qingyu Meng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Qingfeng Sun
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Xiaoping Shen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, China.
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14
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Huang H, Shen J, Wan S, Han L, Dou G, Sun L. Wet-Adhesive Multifunctional Hydrogel with Anti-swelling and a Skin-Seamless Interface for Underwater Electrophysiological Monitoring and Communication. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11549-11562. [PMID: 36847327 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A stable and seamless adhesion between the human skin and the hydrogel-based electronic skin is necessary for accurate sensing and human health monitoring in aquatic environments. Despite achieving significant progress in this field, it remains a great challenge to design skin-interfaced conductive hydrogels with high electrical conductivity, stablility, and seamless underwater adhesion to skin. Herein, a skin-inspired conductive multifunctional hydrogel is proposed, which has a wet-adhesive/hydrophilic and a non-adhesive/hydrophobic bilayer structure. The hydrogel shows high stretchability (∼2400%) and an ultra-low modulus (4.5 kPa), which facilitate the conformal and seamless attachment of the hydrogel to the skin with reduced motion artifacts. Owing to synergistic physical and chemical interactions, this hydrogel can achieve reliable underwater adhesion and display remarkable underwater adhesion strength (388.1 kPa) to porcine skin. In addition, MXene has been employed to obtain high electrical conductivity, create a route for stable electron transport, and reinforce mechanical properties. The hydrogel also possesses self-healing ability, a low swelling ratio (∼3.8%), biocompatibility, and specific adhesion to biological tissues in water. Facilitated with these advantages, the hydrogel-based electrodes achieve reliable electrophysiological signal detection in both air and wet conditions and demonstrate a higher signal-to-noise ratio (28.3 dB) than that of commercial Ag/AgCl gel electrodes (18.5 dB). Also, the hydrogel can be utilized as a strain sensor with high sensitivity for underwater communication. This multifunctional hydrogel improves the stability of the skin-hydrogel interface in aquatic environments and is expected to be promising for the next-generation bio-integrated electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhou Huang
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Shen
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Shu Wan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Key Disciplines Laboratory of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, School of Optoelectronics Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Longxiang Han
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Guangbin Dou
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
- Center for Advanced Materials and Manufacture, Joint Research Institute of Southeast University and Monash University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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15
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Wang N, Yu K, Li K, Yu X. A novel triple-network hydrogel based on borate ester groups: from structural modulation to rapid wound hemostasis. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:1232-1239. [PMID: 36647703 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02537j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular hydrogels have received widespread attention due to their soft texture, strong hygroscopicity, and good biocompatibility. These materials have become particularly attractive for sensing, tissue engineering, fluorescence encoding, wound healing, etc. Inspired by the assembly of G-quadruplexes, we choose the boric acid/polyvinyl alcohol/guanosine system to construct a novel triple-network supramolecular hydrogel "tri-BA@PVA/G" via non-covalent cross-linking, and the effect of the concentration of each component on the hydrogel stability was systematically revealed at the same time. Then, the biocompatibility, shape adaption and optical information storage capacity, the rapid hemostatic ability and the ability of the hydrogel to promote wound healing were confirmed both in vitro and in vivo. These results that predict the properties and reveal prospective applications in the field of wound hemostasis have a certain guiding significance for the subsequent preparation of borate-based triple network hydrogels which can be used as wound hemostatic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Kangkang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Xiaoqi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China. .,Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiral Technology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Chemistry, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
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16
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Jiang H, Hao Z, Zhang J, Tang J, Li H. Bioinspired Swelling Enhanced Hydrogels for Underwater Sensing. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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17
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Gao M, Zhao R, Kang B, Zhao Z, Song S. High-performance ionic conductive double-network hydrogel enabling a long-term flexible strain sensor. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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18
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Wang S, Wang L, Qu X, Lei B, Zhao Y, Wang Q, Wang W, Shao J, Dong X. Ultrasonic-Induced Synthesis of Underwater Adhesive and Antiswelling Hydrogel for Strain Sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:50256-50265. [PMID: 36317653 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To perceive the human body's multienvironmental mobility, intelligent flexible electronic equipment with an underwater motion monitoring function has potential research value in the field of intelligent detection. Hydrogels are widely used in the field of flexible electronics for their unique three-dimensional polymer networks. Due to the instinctive hydrophilicity of hydrogels, the swelling of hydrogels underwater and the formation of hydration coating on the surface become the primary obstacles to underwater applications. Herein, a hydrogel sensor that can achieve underwater utilization was prepared through copolymerization between hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymer monomers. The synergistic impact of electrostatic interaction, metal coordination, and hydrogen bonding ensured the hydrogel's remarkable underwater adhesive ability to a variety of substrates. The hydrophobic micelles and self-hydrophobization process induced from ultrasonic dispersion in the polymer matrix gave an outstanding hydrophobic performance (water contact angle of 130.4°) and antiswelling property (swelling ratio of 26% after 72 h of immersion), presenting unprecedented underwater adaptability. The above-mentioned hydrogel could be assembled into a flexible hydrogel sensor with satisfactory sensitivity (gauge factor of 0.44), ultrafast response rate (106 ms), and excellent cyclic stability, demonstrating accurate monitoring of complex human motions in water and air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Leichen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xinyu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Bing Lei
- School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Jinjun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiaochen Dong
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
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19
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Han X, Su Y, Che G, Wei Q, Zheng H, Zhou J, Li Y. Supramolecular Hydrogel Dressing: Effect of Lignin on the Self-Healing, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Biological Activity Improvement. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:50199-50214. [PMID: 36288120 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization and performance improvement of supramolecular hydrogels are very important for their application in the wound dressing field. Inspired by the role of lignin in plant cell walls, sulfonated lignin is introduced into the supramolecular hydrogel to improve functionality, mechanical strength, and biological activity. According to the chemical structure characteristics of the sulfonated lignin and the requirements for wound dressing, a novel polymer system is designed and successfully synthesized to cooperate with the sulfonated lignin to form the supramolecular hydrogel dressings. The introduction of the sulfonated lignin can effectively improve the mechanical strength, self-healing property, antioxidant activity, and biological activity of the obtained supramolecular hydrogel dressings. In the rat wound healing model experiment, the supramolecular hydrogel dressings can maintain the moist environment on the wound surface, clean up the excretion of wound tissue, promote wound healing, and reduce the occurrence of inflammation. This supramolecular hydrogel dressing shows obvious potential for wound management and treatment by a facile and effective approach and has great promise for long-term application of wound dressings. This strategy for designing polymers according to the chemical structure characteristics of the sulfonated lignin and the application requirements has reference value for further development of biomass-based compound materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning Province116034, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Su
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning Province116034, P. R. China
| | - Guanda Che
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning Province116034, P. R. China
| | - Qiulin Wei
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning Province116034, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning Province116034, P. R. China
| | - Jinghui Zhou
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning Province116034, P. R. China
| | - Yao Li
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning Province116034, P. R. China
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Chen L, Fei X, Zhou Y, Tian J, Xu L, Li Y. Supramolecular hydrogel based on polyionic liquids for underwater sensing. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 628:287-298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.07.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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