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Wang X, Liu Z, Wang B, Cai Y, Song Q. An overview on state-of-art of micromixer designs, characteristics and applications. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1279:341685. [PMID: 37827660 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Micromixers are characterized based on characteristics such as excellent mixing efficiency, low reagent cost and flexible controllability compared with conventional reactors in terms of macro size. A variety of designs and applications of micromixers have been proposed. The focus of current reviews is restricted to micromixer structures. Each type of micromixer has characteristics corresponding to its structure, which determines the suitable application areas. This paper provides an overview connecting micromixer designs and their applications. First, the typical designs and mixing mechanisms of both passive and active micromixers are summarized. Then, application cases of micromixers, including chemical, biological and medical applications, are presented. The characteristics, including the advantages and restrictions of different micromixers, are discussed. Finally, the future perspective of micromixer design is proposed. It is predictable that micromixers will have widespread applications by integrating two or more different mixing methods together. This review would be beneficial to guide the design of micromixers applied for specific purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of MOE/Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China
| | - Zhanqiang Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of MOE/Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China.
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of MOE/Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China
| | - Yukui Cai
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of MOE/Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China
| | - Qinghua Song
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of MOE/Key National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China
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2
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Altuntaş E, Özkan B, Güngör S, Özsoy Y. Biopolymer-Based Nanogel Approach in Drug Delivery: Basic Concept and Current Developments. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1644. [PMID: 37376092 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their increased surface area, extent of swelling and active substance-loading capacity and flexibility, nanogels made from natural and synthetic polymers have gained significant interest in scientific and industrial areas. In particular, the customized design and implementation of nontoxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable micro/nano carriers makes their usage very feasible for a range of biomedical applications, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, and bioimaging. The design and application methodologies of nanogels are outlined in this review. Additionally, the most recent advancements in nanogel biomedical applications are discussed, with particular emphasis on applications for the delivery of drugs and biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Altuntaş
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Istanbul University, 34116 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Burcu Özkan
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Yildiz Technical University, 34220 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sevgi Güngör
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Istanbul University, 34116 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Yıldız Özsoy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Istanbul University, 34116 Istanbul, Türkiye
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3
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Yu C, Wang S, Lai WF, Zhang D. The Progress of Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles for Intravesical Bladder Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010211. [PMID: 36678840 PMCID: PMC9861699 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the most frequently occurring cancer of the urinary system, with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) accounting for 75-85% of all the bladder cancers. Patients with NMIBC have a good survival rate but are at high risk for tumor recurrence and disease progression. Intravesical instillation of antitumor agents is the standard treatment for NMIBC following transurethral resection of bladder tumors. Chemotherapeutic drugs are broadly employed for bladder cancer treatment, but have limited efficacy due to chemo-resistance and systemic toxicity. Additionally, the periodic voiding of bladder and low permeability of the bladder urothelium impair the retention of drugs, resulting in a weak antitumoral response. Chitosan is a non-toxic and biocompatible polymer which enables better penetration of specific drugs to the deeper cell layers of the bladder as a consequence of temporarily abolishing the barrier function of urothelium, thus offering multifaceted biomedical applications in urinary bladder epithelial. Nowadays, the rapid development of nanoparticles significantly improves the tumor therapy with enhanced drug transport. This review presents an overview on the state of chitosan-based nanoparticles in the field of intravesical bladder cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Yu
- Urology & Nephrology Center, Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Urology & Nephrology Center, Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Wing-Fu Lai
- Urology & Nephrology Center, Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (W.-F.L.); (D.Z.)
| | - Dahong Zhang
- Urology & Nephrology Center, Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Correspondence: (W.-F.L.); (D.Z.)
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Liu Y, Yang G, Hui Y, Ranaweera S, Zhao CX. Microfluidic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106580. [PMID: 35396770 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted tremendous interest in drug delivery in the past decades. Microfluidics offers a promising strategy for making NPs for drug delivery due to its capability in precisely controlling NP properties. The recent success of mRNA vaccines using microfluidics represents a big milestone for microfluidic NPs for pharmaceutical applications, and its rapid scaling up demonstrates the feasibility of using microfluidics for industrial-scale manufacturing. This article provides a critical review of recent progress in microfluidic NPs for drug delivery. First, the synthesis of organic NPs using microfluidics focusing on typical microfluidic methods and their applications in making popular and clinically relevant NPs, such as liposomes, lipid NPs, and polymer NPs, as well as their synthesis mechanisms are summarized. Then, the microfluidic synthesis of several representative inorganic NPs (e.g., silica, metal, metal oxide, and quantum dots), and hybrid NPs is discussed. Lastly, the applications of microfluidic NPs for various drug delivery applications are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Guangze Yang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Yue Hui
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Supun Ranaweera
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Chun-Xia Zhao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
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Chitosan IR806 dye-based polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles with mitoxantrone combination for effective chemo-photothermal therapy of metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 216:558-570. [PMID: 35809672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemo-photothermal therapy is one of the emerging therapies for treating triple-negative breast cancer. In this study, we have used ionotropic gelation method to fabricate chitosan and IR806 dye-based polyelectrolyte complex (CIR-PEx) nanoparticles. These nano-complexes were in size range of 125 ± 20 nm. The complexation of IR 806 dye with chitosan improved photostability, photothermal transduction, and showed excellent biocompatibility. Cancer cells treated with CIR-PEx NPs enhanced intracellular uptake within 5 h of incubation and also displayed mitochondrial localization. With the combination of CIR-PEx NPs and a chemotherapeutic agent (i.e., mitoxantrone, MTX), a significant decline in cancer cell viability was observed in both 2D and 3D cell culture models. The chemo-photothermal effect of CIR-PEx NPs + MTX augmented apoptosis in cancer cells when irradiated with NIR light. Furthermore, when tested in the 4 T1-tumor model, the chemo-photothermal therapy showed a drastic decline in tumor volume and inhibited metastatic lung nodules. The localized hyperthermia caused by photothermal therapy reduced the primary tumor burden, and the chemotherapeutic activity of mitoxantrone further complemented by inhibiting the spread of cancer cells. The proposed chemo-photothermal therapy combination could be a promising strategy for treating triple-negative metastatic breast cancer.
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Synthesis of Multifunctional Organic Nanoparticles Combining Photodynamic Therapy and Chemotherapeutic Drug Release. Macromol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-022-0021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Study on Fabrication of Antibacterial Low Molecular Weight Nanochitosan Using Sodium Tripolyphosphate and Hydrogen Peroxide. JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8368431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the study, chitosan was decomposed into low molecular weight chitosan by using different H2O2 concentrations for chain termination, and then chitosan was prepared with different concentrations of tripolyphosphate cations (TPP). We have obtained the following result: the formation of chitosan depends on the concentration of TPP; TPP at low or high concentrations does not react with chitosan to form small chitosan molecules. Properly structured chitosan is only obtained when the mass ratio of chitosan/TPP is 6 : 3. At this rate, when the mass ratio of chitosan/TPP is approximately 6 : 3, there the formed nanochitosan particles have good antibacterial ability against strains of E. coli, M. catarrhalis, and S. aureus. In this work, initially, a successful preparation of a suspension between nasal spray and small chitosan suspension was found at manufacturing ratios: 5 ml nasal spray and 5 ml manufactured chitosan suspension at concentrations of 1 mg/ml, 3 mg/ml, and 5 mg/ml. It proves that the chain termination process by using H2O2 and the creation cross-linking when adding TPP are successful to a certain extent.
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Illath K, Kar S, Gupta P, Shinde A, Wankhar S, Tseng FG, Lim KT, Nagai M, Santra TS. Microfluidic nanomaterials: From synthesis to biomedical applications. Biomaterials 2021; 280:121247. [PMID: 34801251 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic platforms gain popularity in biomedical research due to their attractive inherent features, especially in nanomaterials synthesis. This review critically evaluates the current state of the controlled synthesis of nanomaterials using microfluidic devices. We describe nanomaterials' screening in microfluidics, which is very relevant for automating the synthesis process for biomedical applications. We discuss the latest microfluidics trends to achieve noble metal, silica, biopolymer, quantum dots, iron oxide, carbon-based, rare-earth-based, and other nanomaterials with a specific size, composition, surface modification, and morphology required for particular biomedical application. Screening nanomaterials has become an essential tool to synthesize desired nanomaterials using more automated processes with high speed and repeatability, which can't be neglected in today's microfluidic technology. Moreover, we emphasize biomedical applications of nanomaterials, including imaging, targeting, therapy, and sensing. Before clinical use, nanomaterials have to be evaluated under physiological conditions, which is possible in the microfluidic system as it stimulates chemical gradients, fluid flows, and the ability to control microenvironment and partitioning multi-organs. In this review, we emphasize the clinical evaluation of nanomaterials using microfluidics which was not covered by any other reviews. In the future, the growth of new materials or modification in existing materials using microfluidics platforms and applications in a diversity of biomedical fields by utilizing all the features of microfluidic technology is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Illath
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
| | - Srabani Kar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Pallavi Gupta
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
| | - Ashwini Shinde
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
| | - Syrpailyne Wankhar
- Department of Bioengineering, Christian Medical College Vellore, Vellore, India
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, South Korea
| | - Moeto Nagai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India.
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Pandey S, Mukherjee D, Kshirsagar P, Patra C, Bodas D. Multiplexed bio-imaging using cadmium telluride quantum dots synthesized by mathematically derived process parameters in a continuous flow active microreactor. Mater Today Bio 2021; 11:100123. [PMID: 34458715 PMCID: PMC8379697 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanocrystals with unique size-tunable emissions. To obtain a precise emission spectrum, monodispersity in size is imperative, which is achieved by controlling the reaction kinetics in a continuous flow of active microreactors. Further, a multivariate approach (dimensional analysis) is employed to impose stringent control on the reaction process resulting in monodispersed preparation of cadmium telluride (CdTe) quantum dots. Dimensional analysis knits multiple variables into a dimensionless mathematical form which not only predicts parameters precisely to obtain narrow size tunability but also guarantees reproducibility in synthesis. Analytical, structural, and optical characterization of the microreactor synthesized polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated CdTe QDs reveal quantum efficient (61.5%), photostable (44%), and biocompatible nanocrystals of 5-15 nm. Further, PDMS-coated QDs (P-QDs) are conjugated with organelle-specific antibodies/biomarkers for in-vitro imaging in NIH 3T3 cells. Likewise, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and anti-myosin (MF20), cardiomyocytes antibodies are conjugated with P-QDs (red and green, respectively) to image the zebrafish's cardiac tissue. Antibodies tagged with quantum dots are imaged simultaneously using confocal microscopy. Thus, multiplexed bio-imaging of in-vitro and zebrafish tissue is demonstrated successfully. The results indicate the suitability of continuous flow active microreactor in conjunction with the mathematical prediction of process parameters to synthesize reproducibly monodispersed and quantum efficient QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Pandey
- Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute, GG Agarkar Road, Pune, 411 004, India
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, 411 007, India
| | - D. Mukherjee
- Developmental Biology Group, Agharkar Research Institute, GG Agarkar Road, Pune, 411 004, India
| | - P. Kshirsagar
- Bioenergy Group, Agharkar Research Institute, GG Agarkar Road, Pune, 411 004, India
| | - C. Patra
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, 411 007, India
- Developmental Biology Group, Agharkar Research Institute, GG Agarkar Road, Pune, 411 004, India
| | - D. Bodas
- Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute, GG Agarkar Road, Pune, 411 004, India
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, 411 007, India
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Zmejkoski DZ, Marković ZM, Budimir MD, Zdravković NM, Trišić DD, Bugárová N, Danko M, Kozyrovska NO, Špitalský Z, Kleinová A, Kuzman SB, Pavlović VB, Todorović Marković BM. Photoactive and antioxidant nanochitosan dots/biocellulose hydrogels for wound healing treatment. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 122:111925. [PMID: 33641918 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.111925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infection and their resistance to known antibiotics delays wound healing. In this study, nanochitosan dots (nChiD) produced by gamma irradiation have been encapsulated in bacterial cellulose (BC) polymer matrix to study the antibacterial potentials of these nanocomposites and their possible usage in wound healing treatment (scratch assay). Detailed analyses show that nChiDs have disc-like shape and average diameter in the range of 40 to 60 nm depending of the applied dose. All nChiDs as well as BC-nChiD nanocomposites emit green photoluminescence independently on the excitation wavelengths. The new designed nanocomposites do not have a cytotoxic effect; antioxidant analysis shows their moderate radical scavenging activity whereas antibacterial properties show significant growth inhibition of strains mostly found in difficult-to-heal wounds. The obtained results confirm that new designed BC-nChiD nanocomposites might be potential agent in wound healing treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Z Zmejkoski
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O.B. 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Zoran M Marković
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O.B. 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Milica D Budimir
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O.B. 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nemanja M Zdravković
- Scientific Veterinary Institute of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, 11107, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dijana D Trišić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotića 8, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Nikol Bugárová
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravska cestá 9, 84541, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Martin Danko
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravska cestá 9, 84541, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Natalia O Kozyrovska
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150, Zabolotnogo Str., Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine
| | - Zdeno Špitalský
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravska cestá 9, 84541, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Angela Kleinová
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravska cestá 9, 84541, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Sanja B Kuzman
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O.B. 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir B Pavlović
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080, Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia.
| | - Biljana M Todorović Marković
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O.B. 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Akbari M, Rahimi Z, Rahimi M. Chitosan/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles in active and passive microchannels. Res Pharm Sci 2021; 16:79-93. [PMID: 33953777 PMCID: PMC8074806 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.305191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In recent years, the interest in chitosan nanoparticles has increased due to their application, especially in drug delivery. The main aim of this work was to find a suitable method for simulating pharmaceutical nanoparticles with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling and use it for understanding the process of nanoparticle formation in different types of microchannels. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Active and passive microchannels were compared to find the advantages and disadvantages of each system. Twenty-eight experiments were done on microchannels to quantify the effect of 4 parameters and their interactions on the size and polydispersity index (PDI) of nanoparticles. CFD was implemented by coupling reactive kinetics and the population balance method to simulate the synthesis of chitosan/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles in the microchannel. FINDINGS/RESULTS The passive microchannel had the best performance for nanoparticle production. The most uniform microspheres and the narrowest standard deviation (124.3 nm, PDI = 0.112) were achieved using passive microchannel. Compared to the active microchannel, the size and PDI of the nanoparticles were 28.7% and 70.5% higher for active microchannels, and 55.43% and 105.3% higher for simple microchannels, respectively. Experimental results confirmed the validity of CFD modeling. The growth and nucleation rates were determined using the reaction equation of chitosan and tripolyphosphate. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS CFD modeling by the proposed method can play an important role in the prediction of the size and PDI of chitosan/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles in the same condition and provide a new perspective for studying the production of nanoparticles by numerical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Akbari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, I.R. Iran
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
| | - Zohreh Rahimi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
| | - Masoud Rahimi
- CFD Research Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Razi University, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
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Soheili S, Mandegar E, Moradikhah F, Doosti-Telgerd M, Javar HA. Experimental and numerical studies on microfluidic preparation and engineering of chitosan nanoparticles. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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13
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Dual cancer targeting using estrogen functionalized chitosan nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin-estrone conjugate: A quality by design approach. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:2881-2894. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Moradikhah F, Doosti-Telgerd M, Shabani I, Soheili S, Dolatyar B, Seyedjafari E. Microfluidic fabrication of alendronate-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for enhanced osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. Life Sci 2020; 254:117768. [PMID: 32407840 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In this study, we used a cross-junction microfluidic device for preparation of alendronate-loaded chitosan nanoparticles with desired characteristics to introduce a suitable element for bone tissue engineering scaffolds. MAIN METHODS By controlling the reaction condition in microfluidic device, six types of alendronate-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were fabricated which had different physical properties. Hydrodynamic diameter of synthetized particles was evaluated by dynamic light scattering (102 to 215 nm). Nanoparticle morphology was determined by SEM and AFM images. The osteogenic effects of prepared selected nanoparticles on human adipose stem cells (hA-MSCs) were evaluated by assessment of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium deposition, ALP and osteopontin gene expression. KEY FINDINGS The highest loading efficiency percentage (%LE) was %32.42 ± 2.02. Based on MTT assessment, two samples which had no significant cytotoxicity were chosen for further studies (particle sizes and %LE were 142 ± 6.1 nm, 198 ± 16.56 nm, %16.76 ± 3.91 and %32.42 ± 2.02, respectively). In vitro release behavior of nanoparticles displayed pH responsive characteristics. Significant faster release was seen in acidic pH = 5.8 than neutral pH = 7.4. The selected nanoparticles demonstrated higher ALP activity at 14 days in comparison to selected blank sample and osteogenic differentiation media (ODM) and a downregulation at 21 days in comparison to 14 days. Calcium content assay at 21 days displayed significant differences between alendronate-loaded nanoparticles and ODM. ALP and osteopontin mRNA expression was significantly higher than the cells cultured in ODM at 14 and 21 days. SIGNIFICANCE We concluded that our prepared nanoparticles significantly enhanced osteogenic differentiation of hA-MSCs and can be a suitable compartment of bone tissue engineering scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Moradikhah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Doosti-Telgerd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Comprehensive Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iman Shabani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shima Soheili
- Department of Polymer and Color Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Banafsheh Dolatyar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Seyedjafari
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Shrimal P, Jadeja G, Patel S. A review on novel methodologies for drug nanoparticle preparation: Microfluidic approach. Chem Eng Res Des 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Chitosan-gum Arabic complex nanocarriers for encapsulation of saffron bioactive components. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.123644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Scolicidal Effects of Chitosan-Curcumin Nanoparticles on the Hydatid Cyst Protoscolices. Acta Parasitol 2019; 64:367-375. [PMID: 31087261 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the current era, cystic echinococcosis (CE), as larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, is considered as a threat to human health. Scolicidal agents used in the surgery of cysts have different side effects. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effects of chitosan nanoparticles containing curcumin (Ch-Cu NPs) on the protoscolices of the hydatid cyst in vitro. METHODS Ch-Cu NPs were synthesized using a simple co-precipitation method and their structural and morphological properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta analyzer, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Then, the effects of different concentrations of Ch-Cu NPs (0.25, 0.05, 1, 2, and 4 mg/mL) on the fatality rate, and the length and width of protoscolices in different times (5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 min) were investigated. In addition, the SEM technique was used to evaluate the structure of the protoscolices after treatment. RESULTS Based on the results, the presence of curcumin on the chitosan nanoparticles was confirmed by FT-IR analysis. Further, XRD analysis approved the crystal structure of chitosan NPs. Furthermore, the highest fatality rate was 68% in 4 mg/mL concentration of Ch-Cu NPs. The length and width of protoscolices decreased based on the high concentrations of Ch-Cu NPs, compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Finally, Ch-Cu NPs expressed good scolicidal activities, which made them suitable to be considered as an anti-protoscolex agent.
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Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of mucosal delivery of recombinant hcp of Campylobacter jejuni Type VI secretion system (T6SS) in chickens. Mol Immunol 2019; 111:182-197. [PMID: 31078054 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) has recently emerged as a new pattern of protein secretions in Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni). Within the T6SS cluster, hemolysin co-regulated protein (hcp) is considered as a hallmark of functional T6SS and holds key role in bacterial virulence. As poultry is the primary reservoir of C. jejuni and the major sources for human infection, we evaluated the capacity of recombinant hcp (rhcp) immunization in blocking C. jejuni colonization in chickens with an aim to control bacterial transmission to humans via poultry food chain. Considering the mucosal route is the primary portal for C. jejuni entry and gut mucosa offers the apposite site for C. jejuni adherence, we investigated the immune-protective potential of intra-gastric administration of rhcp using chitosan-based nanoparticles. To achieve this goal, full length coding sequence of hcp gene from C. jejuni was cloned and expressed in E. coli. Purified rhcp was entrapped in chitosan-Sodium tripolyphosphate nanoparticles (CS-TPP NPs) and orally gavaged in chickens. Our results suggest that intra-gastric immunization of CS-TPP-rhcp induces consistent and steady increase in intestinal (sIgA) and systemic antibody (IgY) response against rhcp with significant reduction in cecal load of C. jejuni. The protection afforded by rhcp associated cellular responses with Th1 and Th17 profile in terms of increased expression of NFkB, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-17 A genes. Though systemic immunization of rhcp with IFA resulting in a robust systemic (IgY) and local (sIgA) antibody response, mucosal administration of rhcp loaded CS-TPP NPs was found to be superior in terms of bacterial clearance. Altogether, present study suggests that chitosan based intra-gastric delivery of rhcp have several advantages over the injectable composition and could be a promising vaccine approach to effectively control C. jejuni colonization in chickens.
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Asiri SM, Khan FA, Bozkurt A. Synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles, chitosan-bulk, chitosan nanoparticles conjugated with glutaraldehyde with strong anti-cancer proliferative capabilities. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 46:S1152-S1161. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1533846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mousa Asiri
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firdos Alam Khan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayhan Bozkurt
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Krishnan RA, Pant T, Sankaranarayan S, Stenberg J, Jain R, Dandekar P. Protective nature of low molecular weight chitosan in a chitosan–Amphotericin B nanocomplex – A physicochemical study. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 93:472-482. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Deepa G, Sivakumar KC, Sajeevan TP. Molecular simulation and in vitro evaluation of chitosan nanoparticles as drug delivery systems for the controlled release of anticancer drug cytarabine against solid tumours. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:493. [PMID: 30498666 PMCID: PMC6246757 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1510-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work is an attempt to integrate the molecular simulation studies with in vitro cytotoxicity of cytarabine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles and exploring the potential of this formulation as therapeutics for treating solid tumours. The molecular simulation was performed using GROMACS v5.4 in which, chitosan polymer (CHT; six molecules) was used to study the encapsulation and release of a single molecule of cytarabine. Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of the Cα atom of cytarabine (CBR) molecule shows that CBR starts to diffuse out of the CHT polymer binding pocket around 10.2 ns, indicated by increased fluctuation of RMSD at pH 6.4, while the drug diffusion is delayed at pH 7.4 and starts diffusing around 17.5 ns. Cytarabine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CCNP), prepared by ionic gelation method were characterized for encapsulation efficiency, particle size and morphology, zeta potential, crystallinity and drug release profile at pH 6.4 and 7.4. CCNPs showed 64% encapsulation efficiency with an average diameter of 100 nm and zeta potential of + 53.9 mV. It was found that cytarabine existed in amorphous state in nanoformulation. In vitro release studies showed 70% cytarabine was released from the chitosan-based nanoformulation release at pH 6.4, which coincides with the pH of tumour microenvironment. Cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell line (MCF 7) was higher for nanoformulation compared to free cytarabine. Haemocompatibility studies showed that chitosan-based nanoformulation is safe, biocompatible and nonhaemolytic in nature; hence, can be used as a safe drug delivery system. Taken together, our study suggests that chitosan nanoformulation would be an effective strategy for the pH-dependent release of cytarabine against solid tumours and might impart better therapeutic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Deepa
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala 682016 India
| | - K. C. Sivakumar
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala 682016 India
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 014 India
| | - T. P. Sajeevan
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala 682016 India
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Alemrayat B, Elrayess MA, Alany RG, Elhissi A, Younes HM. Preparation and optimization of monodisperse polymeric microparticles using modified vibrating orifice aerosol generator for controlled delivery of letrozole in breast cancer therapy. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 44:1953-1965. [PMID: 30035646 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1503298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Letrozole (LTZ) is effective for the treatment of hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. In this work, and for the first time, using vibrating orifice aerosol generator (VOAG) technology, monodisperse poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL), and poly (D, L-Lactide) (PDLLA) LTZ-loaded microparticles were prepared and found to elicit selective high cytotoxicity against cancerous breast cells with no apparent toxicity on healthy cells in vitro. Plackett-Burman experimental design was utilized to identify the most significant factors affecting particle size distribution to optimize the prepared particles. The generated microparticles were characterized in terms of microscopic morphology, size, zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, and release profile over one-month period. Long-term cytotoxicity of the microparticles was also investigated using MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines in comparison with primary mammary epithelial cells (MEC). The prepared polymeric particles were monodispersed, spherical, and apparently smooth, regardless of the polymer used or the loaded LTZ concentration. Particle size varied from 15.6 to 91.6 µm and from 22.7 to 99.6 µm with size distribution (expressed as span values) ranging from 0.22 to 1.24 and from 0.29 to 1.48 for PCL and PDLLA based microparticles, respectively. Upon optimizing the manufacture parameters, span was reduced to 0.162-0.195. Drug entrapment reached as high as 96.8%, and drug release from PDLLA and PCL followed a biphasic zero-order release using 5 or 30% w/w drug loading in the formulations. Long-term in vitro cytotoxicity studies indicated that microparticles formulations significantly inhibited the growth of MCF-7 cell line over a prolonged period of time but did not have toxic effects on the normal breast epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayan Alemrayat
- a Pharmaceutics and Polymeric Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy , Qatar University , Doha , Qatar
| | | | - Raid G Alany
- c Drug Discovery, Delivery and Patient Care Theme, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry , Kingston University London , London , UK
| | - Abdelbary Elhissi
- a Pharmaceutics and Polymeric Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy , Qatar University , Doha , Qatar.,d Office of Vice President for Research and Graduate Studies , Qatar University , Doha , Qatar
| | - Husam M Younes
- a Pharmaceutics and Polymeric Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy , Qatar University , Doha , Qatar.,d Office of Vice President for Research and Graduate Studies , Qatar University , Doha , Qatar
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Panzarasa G, Osypova A, Sicher A, Bruinink A, Dufresne ER. Controlled formation of chitosan particles by a clock reaction. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:6415-6418. [PMID: 30062339 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01060a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Clock reactions allow precise control of chemical composition in the time domain. Such nonlinear chemical systems have recently been introduced to mimic the self-assembly pathways common in living organisms. Here, we demonstrate the use of a clock reaction to trigger the formation of polymeric nanoparticles. By adjusting the delay of a formaldehyde clock reaction, we controlled the precipitation of chitosan to form particles with sizes tunable in a wide range (from about 200 to 600 nm diameter). The chemical structure of chitosan was not significantly perturbed by the clock reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Panzarasa
- Laboratory for Soft and Living Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Alina Osypova
- Innovative Sensor Technology, IST AG, Stegrütistrasse 14, Ebnat-Kappel 9462, Switzerland
| | - Alba Sicher
- Laboratory for Soft and Living Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich 8093, Switzerland. and Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen CH-9014, Switzerland
| | - Arie Bruinink
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Joining Technologies and Corrosion, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Eric R Dufresne
- Laboratory for Soft and Living Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich 8093, Switzerland.
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Kamat V, Pandey S, Paknikar K, Bodas D. A facile one-step method for cell lysis and DNA extraction of waterborne pathogens using a microchip. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 99:62-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Pant A, Negi JS. Novel controlled ionic gelation strategy for chitosan nanoparticles preparation using TPP-β-CD inclusion complex. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 112:180-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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26
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Ran R, Sun Q, Baby T, Wibowo D, Middelberg AP, Zhao CX. Multiphase microfluidic synthesis of micro- and nanostructures for pharmaceutical applications. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Dobhal A, Kulkarni A, Dandekar P, Jain R. A microreactor-based continuous process for controlled synthesis of poly-methyl-methacrylate-methacrylic acid (PMMA) nanoparticles. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:3404-3417. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00560a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a microreactor-based continuous process for synthesizing PMMA nanoparticles (NPs), based on the principle of nanoprecipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Dobhal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Mumbai-400019
- India
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | - Amol Kulkarni
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411008
- India
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Mumbai-400019
- India
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Mumbai- 400019
- India
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Sathiyabama M, Parthasarathy R. Biological preparation of chitosan nanoparticles and its in vitro antifungal efficacy against some phytopathogenic fungi. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 151:321-325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Shravage B, Ramteke S, Kulkarni P, Bodas D. A concave microwell array fabricated using the ommatidium of the common fruit fly for efficient cell culture. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra09798g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Top left: SEM of compound eye ofDrosophila melanogasterreplica in PDMS. Bottom left: SEM of MCF-7 cell grown in the micro well. Bottom right: confocal of the MCF-7 cells grown for 72 h.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shefali Ramteke
- Bioprospecting Group
- Agharkar Research Institute
- Pune 411 004
- India
| | - Prasad Kulkarni
- Bioprospecting Group
- Agharkar Research Institute
- Pune 411 004
- India
| | - Dhananjay Bodas
- Nanobioscience Group
- Agharkar Research Institute
- Pune 411 004
- India
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