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Tian B, Shang Y, Tu Y, Hu J, Han D, Xu Q, Yang S, Ye Y, Ding H, Li Y, Zhu J. Correlation between Interfacial Structures and Device Performance: The Double-Edged Sword Effect of Lead Iodide in Perovskite Solar Cells. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300400. [PMID: 37488069 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The interfacial electronic structure of perovskite layers and transport layers is critical for the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The device performance of PSCs can generally be improved by adding a slight excess of lead iodide (PbI2 ) to the precursor solution. However, its underlying working mechanism is controversial. Here, we performed a comprehensive study of the electronic structures at the interface between CH3 NH3 PbI3 and C60 with and without the modification of PbI2 using in situ photoemission spectroscopy measurements. The correlation between the interfacial structures and the device performance was explored based on performance and stability tests. We found that there is an interfacial dipole reversal, and the downward band bending is larger at the CH3 NH3 PbI3 /C60 interface with the modification of PbI2 as compared to that without PbI2 . Therefore, PSCs with PbI2 modification exhibit faster charge carrier transport and slower carrier recombination. Nevertheless, the modification of PbI2 undermines the device stability due to aggravated iodide migration. Our findings provide a fundamental understanding of the CH3 NH3 PbI3 /C60 interfacial structure from the perspective of the atomic layer and insight into the double-edged sword effect of PbI2 as an additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingchu Tian
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230029, Hefei, China
| | - Yanbo Shang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Yi Tu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230029, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Hu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230029, Hefei, China
| | - Dong Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230029, Hefei, China
| | - Qian Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230029, Hefei, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Yifan Ye
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230029, Hefei, China
| | - Honghe Ding
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230029, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230029, Hefei, China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230029, Hefei, China
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Huang J, Pan Y, Wang T, Cui S, Feng L, Han D, Zhang W, Zeng Z, Li X, Du P, Wu X, Zhu J. Topology Selectivity in On-Surface Dehydrogenative Coupling Reaction: Dendritic Structure versus Porous Graphene Nanoribbon. ACS NANO 2021; 15:4617-4626. [PMID: 33591725 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Selective control on the topology of low-dimensional covalent organic nanostructures in on-surface synthesis has been challenging. Herein, with combined scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), we report a successful topology-selective coupling reaction on the Cu(111) surface by tuning the thermal annealing procedure. The precursor employed is 1,3,5-tris(2-bromophenyl)benzene (TBPB), for which Ullmann coupling is impeded due to the intermolecular steric hindrance. Instead, its chemisorption on the Cu(111) substrate has triggered the ortho C-H bond activation and the following dehydrogenative coupling at room temperature (RT). In the slow annealing experimental procedure, the monomers have been preorganized by their self-assembly at RT, which enhances the formation of dendritic structures upon further annealing. However, the chaotic chirality of dimeric products (obtained at RT) and hindrance from dense molecular island make the fabrication of high-quality porous two-dimensional nanostructures difficult. In sharp contrast, direct deposition of TBPB molecules on a hot surface led to the formation of ordered porous graphene nanoribbons and nanoflakes, which is confirmed to be the energetically favorable reaction pathway through density functional theory-based thermodynamic calculations and control experiments. This work demonstrates that different thermal treatments could have a significant influence on the topology of covalent products in on-surface synthesis and presents an example of the negative effect of molecular self-assembly to the ordered covalent nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Yu Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Shengsheng Cui
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Lin Feng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Dong Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Wenzhao Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwen Zeng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Xingyu Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
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Ding H, Li B, Zareen S, Li G, Tu Y, Zhang D, Cao X, Xu Q, Yang S, Tait SL, Zhu J. In Situ Investigations of Al/Perovskite Interfacial Structures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:28861-28868. [PMID: 32478504 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial properties of perovskite layers and metal electrodes play a crucial role in device performance and long-term stability of perovskite solar cells. In this work, we performed a comprehensive study of the interfacial structures and ion migration at the interface of a CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite layer and an Al electrode using in situ synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy measurements. It was found that the Al electrode can react with the perovskite layers, leading to the formation of aluminum iodide species and the bonding between Al and N, as well as the reduction of Pb2+ ions to metallic Pb species at the interface. Moreover, during the Al deposition, iodide ions can migrate from the CH3NH3PbI3 subsurface to the Al electrode, while the reduced Pb remains at the subsurface. The depth profile photoemission measurements, made by varying the photon energies of incident synchrotron radiation X-rays, demonstrate that the reaction occurs at the Al/CH3NH3PbI3 interface at least with a thickness of ∼3.5 nm below the perovskite surface. This study provides an atomic-level fundamental understanding of the Al/CH3NH3PbI3 interfacial structures and insight into the degradation mechanisms of perovskite solar cells when using Al metal as the electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghe Ding
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Bairu Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shah Zareen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Guihang Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Yi Tu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Dongling Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Xu Cao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Qian Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Steven L Tait
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
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4
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Huang J, Jia H, Wang T, Feng L, Du P, Zhu J. Kinetic Control over Morphology of Nanoporous Graphene on Surface. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2327-2332. [PMID: 31264361 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis of high-quality nanoporous graphene (NPG) for application in nanotechnology and nanodevices remains challenging. Rational design of molecular precursors and proper kinetic control over the reaction process are the two key factors to tune the synthesis. Herein, we report a detailed study of the coupling reactions of a planar halogen-substituted nanographene molecular precursor, hexaiodo-peri-hexabenzocoronene (I6 -HBC), on the Au(111) surface in the synthesis of NPG. The influence of three basic kinetic processes - molecular adsorption, migration, and coupling - on the synthesis was investigated. The results show that the HBC molecules deposited at low temperature predominantly desorb from the Au(111) surface during the annealing process, whereas depositing the precursor molecules onto a hot surface (700 K) can lead to the formation of NPG. However, at such a high surface temperature, simultaneous intermolecular dehydrogenative coupling between HBC monomers can hinder the ordered growth of NPG through Ullmann coupling. Moreover, the deposition rate of the precursors greatly influences the growth morphology of the NPG nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029 and Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P.R. China
| | - Hongxing Jia
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029 and Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P.R. China
| | - Lin Feng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029 and Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P.R. China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029 and Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P.R. China
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5
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Reaction selectivity of homochiral versus heterochiral intermolecular reactions of prochiral terminal alkynes on surfaces. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4122. [PMID: 31511503 PMCID: PMC6739358 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling selectivity between homochiral and heterochiral reaction pathways on surfaces remains a great challenge. Here, competing reactions of a prochiral alkyne on Ag(111): two-dimensional (2D) homochiral Glaser coupling and heterochiral cross-coupling with a Bergman cyclization step have been examined. We demonstrate control strategies in steering the reactions between the homochiral and heterochiral pathways by tuning the precursor substituents and the kinetic parameters, as confirmed by high-resolution scanning probe microscopy (SPM). Control experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the template effect of organometallic chains obtained under specific kinetic conditions enhances Glaser coupling between homochiral molecules. In contrast, for the reaction of free monomers, the kinetically favorable reaction pathway is the cross-coupling between two heterochiral molecules (one of them involving cyclization). This work demonstrates the application of kinetic control to steer chiral organic coupling pathways at surfaces. Controlling selectivity between homochiral and heterochiral reaction pathways on surfaces is intriguing but challenging. Here, the authors demonstrate strategies in steering the reactions of prochiral terminal alkynes between the homochiral and heterochiral pathways by tuning the precursor substituents and the kinetic parameters.
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6
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Selective on-surface covalent coupling based on metal-organic coordination template. Nat Commun 2019; 10:70. [PMID: 30622253 PMCID: PMC6325127 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Control over on-surface reaction pathways is crucial but challenging for the precise construction of conjugated nanostructures at the atomic level. Herein we demonstrate a selective on-surface covalent coupling reaction that is templated by metal-organic coordinative bonding, and achieve a porous nitrogen-doped carbon nanoribbon structure. In contrast to the inhomogeneous polymorphic structures resulting from the debrominated aryl-aryl coupling reaction on Au(111), the incorporation of an Fe-terpyridine (tpy) coordination motif into the on-surface reaction controls the molecular conformation, guides the reaction pathway, and finally yields pure organic sexipyridine-p-phenylene nanoribbons. Emergent molecular conformers and reaction products in the reaction pathways are revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy, density functional theory calculations and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, demonstrating the template effect of Fe-tpy coordination on the on-surface covalent coupling. Our approach opens an avenue for the rational design and synthesis of functional conjugated nanomaterials with atomic precision. Synthesizing precise conjugated nanostructures on a surface requires fine control over the covalent reaction pathways. Here, the authors show that reversible coordinative bonds can be used to template on-surface C-C coupling reactions, guiding the formation of porous organic nanoribbons.
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7
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Kong H, Zhang C, Sun Q, Yu X, Xie L, Wang L, Li L, Hu S, Ju H, He Y, Zhu J, Xu W. Nickel Adatoms Induced Tautomeric Dehydrogenation of Thymine Molecules on Au(111). ACS NANO 2018; 12:9033-9039. [PMID: 30130397 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tautomerization of nucleobases may induce base mismatches resulting in the abnormal disturbance of gene replication and expression, which has therefore attracted widespread interests in many disciplines. Metal atoms participating in a variety of important biological processes are found to be able to affect the nucleobase tautomerization as evidenced by many theoretical and spectroscopic studies. To get the real-space evidence and to unravel the underlying mechanism for the metal-induced tautomerization, especially from the keto form to the enol one, the interplay of high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy imaging/manipulation and density functional theory (DFT) calculations has been employed. We present a process showing the Ni adatom-induced keto-enol tautomeric dehydrogenation of thymine molecules on Au(111). The key to making such a process feasible is the Ni atoms which greatly lower the energy barrier for the tautomerization from keto to enol form, which is rationalized by extensive DFT-based transition-state search calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Kong
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 201804 , P. R. China
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Xiaolingwei 200 , Nanjing 210094 , Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 201804 , P. R. China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 201804 , P. R. China
| | - Xin Yu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 201804 , P. R. China
| | - Lei Xie
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 201804 , P. R. China
| | - Likun Wang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 201804 , P. R. China
| | - Lei Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Application for Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan 430062 , P. R. China
| | - Shanwei Hu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230029 , P. R. China
| | - Huanxin Ju
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230029 , P. R. China
| | - Yunbin He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Application for Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan 430062 , P. R. China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230029 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 201804 , P. R. China
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Rahimi Chatri A, Torabi S, Le Corre VM, Koster LJA. Impact of Electrodes on Recombination in Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:12013-12020. [PMID: 29546982 PMCID: PMC5997384 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b19234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the efficiency of organic solar cells (OSCs) has increased to more than 13%, although different barriers are on the way for reaching higher efficiencies. One crucial barrier is the recombination of charge carriers, which can either occur as the bulk recombination of photogenerated charges or the recombination of photogenerated charges and electrodic induced charges (EICs). This work studies the impact of EICs on the recombination lifetime in OSCs. To this end, the net recombination lifetime of photogenerated charge carriers in the presence of EICs is measured by means of conventional and newly developed transient photovoltage techniques. Moreover, a new approach has been introduced to exclusively measure the bulk recombination lifetime, i.e., in the absence of EICs; this approach was conducted by depositing transparent insulating layers on both sides of the OSC active layer. An examination of these approaches on OSCs with different active layer materials, thicknesses, and varying light intensities determined that the EICs can only reduce the recombination lifetime of the photogenerated charges in OSCs with very weak recombination strength. This work supports that for OSCs with highly reduced recombination strength, eliminating the recombination of photogenerated charges and EICs is critical for achieving better performance. Therefore, the use of a proper blocking layer suppresses EIC recombination in systems with very weak recombination.
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Li H, Ke F, Zhu J. MOF-Derived Ultrathin Cobalt Phosphide Nanosheets as Efficient Bifunctional Hydrogen Evolution Reaction and Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysts. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E89. [PMID: 29414838 PMCID: PMC5853721 DOI: 10.3390/nano8020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of a highly efficient and stable bifunctional electrocatalyst for water splitting is still a challenging issue in obtaining clean and sustainable chemical fuels. Herein, a novel bifunctional catalyst consisting of 2D transition-metal phosphide nanosheets with abundant reactive sites templated by Co-centered metal-organic framework nanosheets, denoted as CoP-NS/C, has been developed through a facile one-step low-temperature phosphidation process. The as-prepared CoP-NS/C has large specific surface area and ultrathin nanosheets morphology providing rich catalytic active sites. It shows excellent electrocatalytic performances for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic and alkaline media, with the Tafel slopes of 59 and 64 mV/dec and a current density of 10 mA/cm² at the overpotentials of 140 and 292 mV, respectively, which are remarkably superior to those of CoP/C, CoP particles, and comparable to those of commercial noble-metal catalysts. In addition, the CoP-NS/C also shows good durability after a long-term test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China.
| | - Fei Ke
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China.
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10
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Govaerts S, Kesters J, Defour M, Van Mele B, Penxten H, Neupane S, Renner FU, Lutsen L, Vanderzande D, Maes W. Conjugated ionic (co)polythiophene-based cathode interlayers for bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Tountas M, Topal Y, Polydorou E, Soultati A, Verykios A, Kaltzoglou A, Papadopoulos TA, Auras F, Seintis K, Fakis M, Palilis LC, Tsikritzis D, Kennou S, Koutsoureli M, Papaioannou G, Ersöz M, Kus M, Falaras P, Davazoglou D, Argitis P, Vasilopoulou M. Low Work Function Lacunary Polyoxometalates as Electron Transport Interlayers for Inverted Polymer Solar Cells of Improved Efficiency and Stability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:22773-22787. [PMID: 28585803 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b04600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Effective interface engineering has been shown to play a vital role in facilitating efficient charge-carrier transport, thus boosting the performance of organic photovoltaic devices. Herein, we employ water-soluble lacunary polyoxometalates (POMs) as multifunctional interlayers between the titanium dioxide (TiO2) electron extraction/transport layer and the organic photoactive film to simultaneously enhance the efficiency, lifetime, and photostability of polymer solar cells (PSCs). A significant reduction in the work function (WF) of TiO2 upon POM utilization was observed, with the magnitude being controlled by the negative charge of the anion and the selection of the addenda atom (W or Mo). By inserting a POM interlayer with ∼10 nm thickness into the device structure, a significant improvement in the power conversion efficiency was obtained; the optimized POM-modified poly[[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl][3-fluoro-2-[(2- 33 ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl]]:[6,6]-phenyl-C70 butyric acid methyl ester (PTB7:PC70BM)-based PSCs exhibited an efficiency of 8.07%, which represents a 21% efficiency enhancement compared to the reference TiO2 cell. Similar results were obtained in POM-modified devices based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) with electron acceptors of different energy levels, such as PC70BM or indene-C60 bisadduct (IC60BA), which enhanced their efficiency up to 4.34 and 6.21%, respectively, when using POM interlayers; this represents a 25-33% improvement as compared to the reference cells. Moreover, increased lifetime under ambient air and improved photostability under constant illumination were observed in POM-modified devices. Detailed analysis shows that the improvements in efficiency and stability synergistically stem from the reduced work function of TiO2 upon POM coverage, the improved nanomorphology of the photoactive blend, the reduced interfacial recombination losses, the superior electron transfer, and the more effective exciton dissociation at the photoactive layer/POM/TiO2 interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinos Tountas
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos , Agia Paraskevi, Attiki, 15310 Athens, Greece
- School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens , Zografou Campus, Athens 15780, Greece
| | - Yasemin Topal
- Advanced Technology Research and Application Center, Selcuk University , 42250 Selcuklu, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ermioni Polydorou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos , Agia Paraskevi, Attiki, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Soultati
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos , Agia Paraskevi, Attiki, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolis Verykios
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos , Agia Paraskevi, Attiki, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Kaltzoglou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos , Agia Paraskevi, Attiki, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros A Papadopoulos
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Chester , Thornton Science Park, CH2 4NU Chester, U.K
| | - Florian Auras
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Matroni Koutsoureli
- Solid State Physics Section, Physics Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimioupolis, 15784 Zografos, Athens, Greece
| | - George Papaioannou
- Solid State Physics Section, Physics Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimioupolis, 15784 Zografos, Athens, Greece
| | - Mustafa Ersöz
- Advanced Technology Research and Application Center, Selcuk University , 42250 Selcuklu, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Kus
- Advanced Technology Research and Application Center, Selcuk University , 42250 Selcuklu, Konya, Turkey
| | - Polycarpos Falaras
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos , Agia Paraskevi, Attiki, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Davazoglou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos , Agia Paraskevi, Attiki, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Argitis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos , Agia Paraskevi, Attiki, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Vasilopoulou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos , Agia Paraskevi, Attiki, 15310 Athens, Greece
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12
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Houston JE, Richeter S, Clément S, Evans RC. Molecular design of interfacial layers based on conjugated polythiophenes for polymer and hybrid solar cells. POLYM INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Houston
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; Garching Germany
| | - Sébastien Richeter
- Institut Charles Gerhardt; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Sébastien Clément
- Institut Charles Gerhardt; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Rachel C Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
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13
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Zhang W, Pan X, Feng X, Wang CH, Yang YW, Ju H, Zhu J. Interface properties between a low band gap conjugated polymer and a calcium metal electrode. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:9446-52. [PMID: 26979721 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp08066e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interfaces between metal electrodes and π-conjugated polymers play an important role in the organic optoelectronic devices. In this paper, the molecular orientation of the pristine poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-5,5-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole)] (APFO3) films, chemical reactions and the electronic structure during the interface formation of Ca/APFO3 have been investigated in detail using synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy (SRPES), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. It is shown that the APFO3 film has a high degree of orientational ordering with its aromatic ring tilted at an angle of 43° from the substrate, and the 9,9-dioctyl fluorene unit (F8) is almost in the same plane as the benzothiazole unit (BT). Upon vapor-deposition of Ca onto APFO3 at room temperature, Ca dopes electrons into APFO3 and induces the downward band bending of APFO3. Moreover, Ca can diffuse into the APFO3 subsurface and react with N, S and C atoms of APFO3. Finally, the barrier of electron injection at the Ca/APFO3 interface is derived by the energy level alignment diagram. These results enable us to gain comprehensive insights into APFO3 and will facilitate the reasonable design of high performance devices based on APFO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China. and Hefei Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Xiao Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China.
| | - Xuefei Feng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China.
| | - Chia-Hsin Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Yaw-Wen Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Huanxin Ju
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China. and Hefei Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China. and Hefei Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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14
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Chen M, Zhou H, Klein BP, Zugermeier M, Krug CK, Drescher HJ, Gorgoi M, Schmid M, Gottfried JM. Formation of an interphase layer during deposition of cobalt onto tetraphenylporphyrin: a hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:30643-30651. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05894a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemical depth profiling of a metal/porphyrin interface with Hard X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (HAXPES) reveals the formation of a 1.6 nm thick interphase layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Fachbereich Chemie
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | - Han Zhou
- Fachbereich Chemie
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | | | - Malte Zugermeier
- Fachbereich Chemie
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | - Claudio K. Krug
- Fachbereich Chemie
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | | | - Mihaela Gorgoi
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Martin Schmid
- Fachbereich Chemie
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
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15
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Li Z, Yang D, Zhao X, Li Z, Zhang T, Wu F, Yang X. New PDI-based small-molecule cathode interlayer material with strong electron extracting ability for polymer solar cells. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22479b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A solution-processed and thickness-insensitive small-molecule perylene diimide derivative, namely PDI-N3I, was synthesized and successfully applied to conventional PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Dalei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Zidong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Fan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoniu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
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