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Xiao L, Luo L, Liu J, Liu L, Han H, Xiao R, Guo L, Xie J, Tang L. A Glycoprotein-Based Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy-Lateral Flow Assay Method for Abrin and Ricin Detection. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:312. [PMID: 39057952 PMCID: PMC11280971 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16070312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Abrin and ricin, both type II ribosome-inactivating proteins, are toxins of significant concern and are under international restriction by the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention. The development of a rapid and sensitive detection method for these toxins is of the utmost importance for the first emergency response. Emerging rapid detection techniques, such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and lateral flow assay (LFA), have garnered attention due to their high sensitivity, good selectivity, ease of operation, low cost, and disposability. In this work, we generated stable and high-affinity nanotags, via an efficient freezing method, to serve as the capture module for SERS-LFA. We then constructed a sandwich-style lateral flow test strip using a pair of glycoproteins, asialofetuin and concanavalin A, as the core affinity recognition molecules, capable of trace measurement for both abrin and ricin. The limit of detection for abrin and ricin was 0.1 and 0.3 ng/mL, respectively. This method was applied to analyze eight spiked white powder samples, one juice sample, and three actual botanic samples, aligning well with cytotoxicity assay outcomes. It demonstrated good inter-batch and intra-batch reproducibility among the test strips, and the detection could be completed within 15 min, indicating the suitability of this SERS-LFA method for the on-site rapid detection of abrin and ricin toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; (L.X.)
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Li Luo
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
- Guangdong Lifotronic Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
- College of Pharmacy, Hebei Science and Technology University, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Luyao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; (L.X.)
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Han Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Rui Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jianwei Xie
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Li Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; (L.X.)
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2
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Liang L, Xia J, Liu C, Liu S. [Highly toxic type Ⅱ ribosome-inactivating proteins ricin and abrin and their detection methods: a review]. Se Pu 2021; 39:260-270. [PMID: 34227307 PMCID: PMC9403808 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2020.10001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ⅱ型核糖体失活蛋白(RIPs)是一类重要的蛋白毒素,该类毒素大都具有一对二硫键连接的A-B链结构特征,B链具有半乳糖结合特性,能够与真核细胞膜表面受体特异性结合,将具有N-糖苷酶活性的A链导入细胞,与核糖体特定位点发生脱嘌呤作用使核糖体失活,最终通过抑制蛋白质合成而展现出细胞毒性。Ⅱ型RIPs毒素毒性极强,来源于植物的蓖麻毒素(ricin)和相思子毒素(abrin)的毒性分别是神经性毒剂维埃克斯(Vx)的385倍和2885倍。同时,该类毒素来源广泛、易于制备、稳定性好,成为一类潜在化生恐怖战剂,受到国内外广泛关注,其中蓖麻毒素作为唯一的蛋白毒素被收录于禁止化学武器公约禁控清单。近年来发生的多次蓖麻毒素邮件恐怖事件,进一步促进了有关Ⅱ型RIPs毒素的准确、灵敏、快速的检测鉴定技术的发展。剧毒性Ⅱ型RIPs毒素的检测鉴定方法主要涉及免疫分析法为代表的特异性识别和生物质谱分析为主的定性定量检测方法,以及基于脱嘌呤反应活性和细胞毒性的毒素活性检测方法。基于抗原-抗体作用的免疫检测法及基于寡核苷酸适配体的特异性识别检测法具有速度快、灵敏度高的优势,但对于复杂样品中高度同源蛋白的检测,易产生假阳性结果。随着生物质谱技术的快速发展,电喷雾离化(ESI)或基质辅助激光解吸离化(MALDI)等技术广泛应用于蛋白质的准确鉴定,不仅能够提供蛋白毒素的准确分子量和结构序列信息,而且能够实现准确定量。酶解质谱法是应用最为广泛的检测鉴定方法,通过酶解肽指纹谱分析,实现蛋白毒素的准确鉴定;对于复杂样品中蛋白毒素的分析,通过多种蛋白酶酶解策略获得丰富的特异性肽段标志物,然后进行肽段标志物的靶向质谱分析从而获得准确的定性及定量信息,方法有效提升了Ⅱ型RIPs毒素鉴定的准确度和灵敏度。免疫分析法和生物质谱法能够准确鉴定Ⅱ型RIPs毒素,但无法识别毒素是否还保持毒性。对于Ⅱ型RIPs毒素的活性分析,主要包括基于N-糖苷酶活性的脱嘌呤反应测定法和细胞毒性测定法,两种方法均可实现毒素毒性的简便、快速、灵敏的分析检测,是Ⅱ型RIPs毒素检测方法的有效补充。由于该类毒素的高度敏感性,国际禁止化学武器组织(OPCW)对相关样品中Ⅱ型RIPs毒素的分析提出了唯一性鉴定的技术要求。该文引用了Ⅱ型RIPs毒素及其检测方法相关的70篇文献,综述了以上Ⅱ型RIPs毒素的结构性质、中毒机理及典型剧毒性Ⅱ型RIPs毒素检测方法的研究进展,对不同检测方法的特点和应用潜力进行了总结,并结合OPCW对Ⅱ型RIPs毒素唯一性鉴定的技术需求,展望了未来Ⅱ型RIPs毒素检测技术研究的发展趋势。
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.,The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Junmei Xia
- The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Changcai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.,The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Shilei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.,The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
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3
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Worbs S, Kampa B, Skiba M, Hansbauer EM, Stern D, Volland H, Becher F, Simon S, Dorner MB, Dorner BG. Differentiation, Quantification and Identification of Abrin and Abrus precatorius Agglutinin. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040284. [PMID: 33919561 PMCID: PMC8073929 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abrin, the toxic lectin from the rosary pea plant Abrus precatorius, has gained considerable interest in the recent past due to its potential malevolent use. However, reliable and easy-to-use assays for the detection and discrimination of abrin from related plant proteins such as Abrus precatorius agglutinin or the homologous toxin ricin from Ricinus communis are sparse. To address this gap, a panel of highly specific monoclonal antibodies was generated against abrin and the related Abrus precatorius agglutinin. These antibodies were used to establish two sandwich ELISAs to preferentially detect abrin or A. precatorius agglutinin (limit of detection 22 pg/mL for abrin; 35 pg/mL for A. precatorius agglutinin). Furthermore, an abrin-specific lateral flow assay was developed for rapid on-site detection (limit of detection ~1 ng/mL abrin). Assays were validated for complex food, environmental and clinical matrices illustrating broad applicability in different threat scenarios. Additionally, the antibodies turned out to be suitable for immuno-enrichment strategies in combination with mass spectrometry-based approaches for unambiguous identification. Finally, we were able to demonstrate for the first time how the developed assays can be applied to detect, identify and quantify abrin from a clinical sample derived from an attempted suicide case involving A. precatorius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Worbs
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
| | - Bettina Kampa
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
| | - Martin Skiba
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
| | - Eva-Maria Hansbauer
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (H.V.); (F.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Daniel Stern
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
| | - Hervé Volland
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (H.V.); (F.B.); (S.S.)
| | - François Becher
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (H.V.); (F.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (H.V.); (F.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Martin B. Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
| | - Brigitte G. Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-18754-2500
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4
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A Simple, Fast and Portable Method for Electrochemical Detection of Adenine Released by Ricin Enzymatic Activity. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040238. [PMID: 33810228 PMCID: PMC8066795 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
International authorities classify ricin toxin present in castor seed as a potential agent for use in bioterrorism. Therefore, the detection, identification, and characterization of ricin in various sample matrices are considered necessary actions for risk assessment during a suspected exposure. This study reports a portable electrochemical assay for detecting active ricin based on the adenine electro-oxidation released from herring sperm DNA substrate by its catalytic action. Also, kinetic parameters were calculated, and the values were Km of 3.14 µM and Kcat 2107 min−1. A linear response was found in optimized experimental conditions for ricin concentrations ranging from 8 to 120 ng/mL, and with a detection limit of 5.14 ng/mL. This proposed detection strategy emphasizes the possibility of field detection of active ricin in food matrices and can be applied to other endonucleolytic activities.
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5
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Lister AP, Sellors WJ, Howle CR, Mahajan S. Raman Scattering Techniques for Defense and Security Applications. Anal Chem 2021; 93:417-429. [PMID: 33350812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Lister
- School of Chemistry and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Sumeet Mahajan
- School of Chemistry and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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6
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Liang LH, Cheng X, Yu HL, Yang Y, Mu XH, Chen B, Li XS, Wu JN, Yan L, Liu CC, Liu SL. Quantitative detection of ricin in beverages using trypsin/Glu-C tandem digestion coupled with ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:585-597. [PMID: 33184759 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The toxic protein of ricin has drawn wide attention in recent years as a potential bioterrorism agent due to its high toxicity and wide availability. For the verification of the potential anti-terrorism activities, it is urgent for the quantification of ricin in food-related matrices. Here, a novel strategy of trypsin/Glu-C tandem digestion was introduced for quantitative detection of ricin marker peptides in several beverage matrices using isotope-labeled internal standard (IS)-mass spectrometry. The ricin in beverages was captured and enriched by biotinylated anti-ricin polyclonal antibodies conjugated to streptavidin magnetic beads. The purified ricin was cleaved using the developed trypsin/Glu-C tandem digestion method and then quantitatively detected by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) with isotope-labeled T7A and TG11B selected as IS. The use of trypsin/Glu-C digestion allows shorter peptides, which are more suitable for MS detection, to be obtained than the use of single trypsin digestion. Under the optimized tandem digestion condition, except for T7A in the A-chain, two resulting specific peptides of TG13A, TG28A from the A-chain and two of TG11B, TG33B from the B-chain were chosen as novel marker peptides with high MS response. The uniqueness of the selected marker peptides allows for unambiguous identification of ricin among its homologous proteins in a single run. The MS response of the four novel marker peptides is increased by more than 10 times compared with that of individual corresponding tryptic peptides. Both the marker peptides of A-chain T7A and B-chain TG11B were selected as quantitative peptides based on the highest MS response among the marker peptides from their individual chains. The limit of detection (LOD) of ricin is 0.1 ng/mL in PBS and 0.5 ng/mL in either milk or orange juice. The linear range of calibration curves for ricin were 0.5-300 ng/mL in PBS, 1.0-400 ng/mL in milk, and 1.0-250 ng/mL in orange juice. The method accuracy ranged between 82.6 and 101.8% for PBS, 88.9-105.2% for milk, and 95.3-118.7% for orange juice. The intra-day and inter-day precision had relative standard deviations (%RSD) of 0.3-9.4%, 0.7-8.9%, and 0.2-6.9% in the three matrices respectively. Furthermore, whether T7A or TG11B is used as a quantitative peptide, the quantitative results of ricin are consistent. This study provides not only a practical method for the absolute quantification of ricin in beverage matrices but also a new strategy for the investigation of illegal use of ricin in chemical weapon verification tasks such as OPCW biotoxin sample analysis exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Hui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
- The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Hui-Lan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
- The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
- The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Xi-Hui Mu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Bo Chen
- The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Xiao-Sen Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
- The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Ji-Na Wu
- The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Long Yan
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
- The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Chang-Cai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China.
- The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, China.
| | - Shi-Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China.
- The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, China.
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7
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Liang LH, Liu CC, Chen B, Yan L, Yu HL, Yang Y, Wu JN, Li XS, Liu SL. LC-HRMS Screening and Identification of Novel Peptide Markers of Ricin Based on Multiple Protease Digestion Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11070393. [PMID: 31284465 PMCID: PMC6669667 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both ricin and R. communisagglutinin (RCA120), belonging to the type II ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs-Ⅱ), are derived from the seeds of the castor bean plant. They share very similar amino acid sequences, but ricin is much more toxic than RCA120. It is urgently necessary to distinguish ricin and RCA120 in response to public safety. Currently, mass spectrometric assays are well established for unambiguous identification of ricin by accurate analysis of differentiated amino acid residues after trypsin digestion. However, diagnostic peptides are relatively limited for unambiguous identification of trace ricin, especially in complex matrices. Here, we demonstrate a digestion strategy of multiple proteinases to produce novel peptide markers for unambiguous identification of ricin. Liquid chromatography-high resolution MS (LC-HRMS) was used to verify the resulting peptides, among which only the peptides with uniqueness and good MS response were selected as peptide markers. Seven novel peptide markers were obtained from tandem digestion of trypsin and endoproteinase Glu-C in PBS buffer. From the chymotrypsin digestion under reduction and non-reduction conditions, eight and seven novel peptides were selected respectively. Using pepsin under pH 1~2 and proteinase K digestion, six and five peptides were selected as novel peptide markers. In conclusion, the obtained novel peptides from the established digestion methods can be recommended for the unambiguous identification of ricin during the investigation of illegal use of the toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Hui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
- The laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Chang-Cai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
- The laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China.
| | - Bo Chen
- The laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Long Yan
- The laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Hui-Lan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
- The laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
- The laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Ji-Na Wu
- The laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Xiao-Sen Li
- The laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Shi-Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
- The laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing 102205, China.
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Sun J, Zhang X, Li T, Xie J, Shao B, Xue D, Tang X, Li H, Liu Y. Ultrasensitive On-Site Detection of Biological Active Ricin in Complex Food Matrices Based on Immunomagnetic Enrichment and Fluorescence Switch-On Nanoprobe. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6454-6461. [PMID: 30994324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ricin is a highly toxic protein largely existing in castor beans, which could be used as a warfare agent due to its unique properties. As a deadenylase, inactivation of ricin means a loss of its toxic threat. Therefore, developing simple, accurate, and sensitive on-site detection of biologically active ricin in wide types of complex matrices is most valuable. Here, antifouling polymer brush modified magnetic beads were prepared first and post modified with ricin monoclonal antibody (the MB@P(C-H)-mAbricin) to efficiently capture ricin from various foods and biological matrices. Active ricin obtained in this manner were sequentially determined by a new designed AuNP/QDs nanoassembly. In this double strand oligodeoxynucleotides (dsODN) linked core-satellite nanoprobe, the fluorescence of satellite QDs was extensively quenched by AuNPs due to the dipole-metal interaction. Active ricin can react with its specific depurination substrates which had been inserted in the dsODN linkers. This reaction would trigger the separation of QDs from Au cores by cutting multiple adenines, and then result in the restoration of QDs fluorescence. By coupling with the magnetic enrichment, this AuNP/QDs nanoprobe provided a qualitative result for active ricin in the range from 10.0 to 100.0 ng mL-1 with the limit of detection as low as 7.46 ng mL-1. Compared with previously proposed methods, this on-site detection strategy offered an easy to handle on-site test for trace amounts of active ricin in a wide range of complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning , Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing 100013 , P. R. China
| | - Xueyong Zhang
- School of Police Law Enforcement Abilities Training , People's Public Security University of China , Beijing 100038 , P. R. China
| | - Ting Li
- School of Public Health , Capital Medical University , Beijing 100069 , P. R. China
| | - Jijia Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University College London , Torrington Place , London WC1E7JE , United Kingdom
| | - Bing Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning , Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing 100013 , P. R. China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , P. R. China
| | - Dingshuai Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China
| | - Xu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning , Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing 100013 , P. R. China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China
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Walper SA, Lasarte Aragonés G, Sapsford KE, Brown CW, Rowland CE, Breger JC, Medintz IL. Detecting Biothreat Agents: From Current Diagnostics to Developing Sensor Technologies. ACS Sens 2018; 3:1894-2024. [PMID: 30080029 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although a fundamental understanding of the pathogenicity of most biothreat agents has been elucidated and available treatments have increased substantially over the past decades, they still represent a significant public health threat in this age of (bio)terrorism, indiscriminate warfare, pollution, climate change, unchecked population growth, and globalization. The key step to almost all prevention, protection, prophylaxis, post-exposure treatment, and mitigation of any bioagent is early detection. Here, we review available methods for detecting bioagents including pathogenic bacteria and viruses along with their toxins. An introduction placing this subject in the historical context of previous naturally occurring outbreaks and efforts to weaponize selected agents is first provided along with definitions and relevant considerations. An overview of the detection technologies that find use in this endeavor along with how they provide data or transduce signal within a sensing configuration follows. Current "gold" standards for biothreat detection/diagnostics along with a listing of relevant FDA approved in vitro diagnostic devices is then discussed to provide an overview of the current state of the art. Given the 2014 outbreak of Ebola virus in Western Africa and the recent 2016 spread of Zika virus in the Americas, discussion of what constitutes a public health emergency and how new in vitro diagnostic devices are authorized for emergency use in the U.S. are also included. The majority of the Review is then subdivided around the sensing of bacterial, viral, and toxin biothreats with each including an overview of the major agents in that class, a detailed cross-section of different sensing methods in development based on assay format or analytical technique, and some discussion of related microfluidic lab-on-a-chip/point-of-care devices. Finally, an outlook is given on how this field will develop from the perspective of the biosensing technology itself and the new emerging threats they may face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Walper
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Guillermo Lasarte Aragonés
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- College of Science, George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Kim E. Sapsford
- OMPT/CDRH/OIR/DMD Bacterial Respiratory and Medical Countermeasures Branch, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Carl W. Brown
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- College of Science, George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Clare E. Rowland
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- National Research Council, Washington, D.C. 20036, United States
| | - Joyce C. Breger
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Igor L. Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
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10
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Recent progress in nanomaterial-based assay for the detection of phytotoxins in foods. Food Chem 2018; 277:162-178. [PMID: 30502132 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phytotoxins refers to toxic chemicals derived from plants. They include both secondary metabolites that are dose-dependently toxic and allergens that can cause anaphylactic shock in sensitive individuals. Detecting phytotoxins in foods is increasingly important. Conventional methods for detecting phytotoxins lack sufficient sensitivity and operational convenience. Nanomaterial-based determination assays show great competence in fast and accurate sensing of trace substances. In the present review, representative phytotoxin categories of alkaloids, cyanides, and proteins are discussed. Application of notable nanomaterials, e.g. carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, magnetic nanoparticles, metal-based nanotools, and quantum dots, in specific sensing strategies to fit the physiochemical properties of the target toxins are summarized. Nanomaterials mainly play four roles in phytotoxin detection: 1) analyte enricher; 2) sensor structure mediator; 3) target recognizer or reactant; 4) signaling agent. Great achievements have been made in the detection of trace plant-derived toxins in food matrices, yet there are still challenges awaiting further investigation.
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11
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Yu S, Liu Z, Wang W, Jin L, Xu W, Wu Y. Disperse magnetic solid phase microextraction and surface enhanced Raman scattering (Dis-MSPME-SERS) for the rapid detection of trace illegally chemicals. Talanta 2018; 178:498-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Sun J, Wang C, Shao B, Wang Z, Xue D, Liu Y, Qi K, Yang Y, Niu Y. Fast on-Site Visual Detection of Active Ricin Using a Combination of Highly Efficient Dual-Recognition Affinity Magnetic Enrichment and a Specific Gold Nanoparticle Probe. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12209-12216. [PMID: 29058405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ricin, a highly toxic protein, is a controlled substance by both the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). Therefore, fast precaution of potential ricin toxin plays an important role in national security and public safety. Herein, a simple, sensitive, and accurate visual detection of active ricin in complex samples is presented by combining magnetic affinity enrichment with a specific gold nanoparticle (AuNP) probe. In the first step, a dual-recognition magnetic absorbent was fabricated by simultaneously incorporating two different affinity ligands (concanavalin A and galactosamine) on low-foul polymer brushes grafted magnetic beads, which showed remarkable multivalent synergy binding capacity for ricin even under complex interfering environments. Subsequently, a homoadenine-constituted oligodeoxynucleotide named poly(21dA) was conjugated to AuNPs (the poly(21dA)-AuNPs), which served as a specific depurination substrate of active ricin. Coralyne can trigger the intact poly(21dA)-AuNPs aggregate by forming a non-Watson-Crick homoadenine/coralyne complex, but the poly(21dA)-AuNPs after reacting with active ricin failed to form this complex due to the loss of adenines. Based on these facts, active ricin can be detected as low as 12.5 ng mL-1 with the naked eyes. This detection strategy could be well-applied in various ricin-spiked complex matrices. The features such as ready operation, facile readout, and easy accessibility make the assay a better choice for fast on-site active ricin detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefang Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing 100013, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bing Shao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing 100013, China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dingshuai Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kailun Qi
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University , Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing 100013, China
| | - Yumin Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing 100013, China
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13
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Jeong C, Kim HM, Park SY, Cha MG, Park SJ, Kyeong S, Pham XH, Hahm E, Ha Y, Jeong DH, Jun BH, Lee YS. Highly Sensitive Magnetic-SERS Dual-Function Silica Nanoprobes for Effective On-Site Organic Chemical Detection. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 7:E146. [PMID: 28608835 PMCID: PMC5485793 DOI: 10.3390/nano7060146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We report magnetic silver nanoshells (M-AgNSs) that have both magnetic and SERS properties for SERS-based detection. The M-AgNSs are composed of hundreds of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles for rapid accumulation and bumpy silver shell for sensitive SERS detection by near-infrared laser excitation. The intensity of the SERS signal from the M-AgNSs was strong enough to provide single particle-level detection. We obtained much stronger SERS signal intensity from the aggregated M-AgNSs than from the non-aggregated AgNSs. 4-Fluorothiophenol was detected at concentrations as low as 1 nM, which corresponds to 0.16 ppb. The limit of detection for tetramethylthiuram disulfide was 10 μM, which corresponds to 3 ppm. The M-AgNSs can be used to detect trace amounts of organic molecules using a portable Raman system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheolhwan Jeong
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - Hyung-Mo Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea.
| | - So Yeon Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - Myeong Geun Cha
- Department of Chemistry Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - Sung-Jun Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - San Kyeong
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - Xuan-Hung Pham
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea.
| | - Eunil Hahm
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea.
| | - Yuna Ha
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea.
| | - Dae Hong Jeong
- Department of Chemistry Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - Bong-Hyun Jun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea.
| | - Yoon-Sik Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
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14
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Bekana D, Liu R, Amde M, Liu JF. Use of Polycrystalline Ice for Assembly of Large Area Au Nanoparticle Superstructures as SERS Substrates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:513-520. [PMID: 27984854 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
It is still a great challenge to develop simple and low-cost methods for preparation of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates with high sensitivity and reproducibility. Taking advantage of the microstructure of polycrystalline ice, we developed a new method to assemble large area gold nanoparticle (AuNP) superstructures as SERS substrates without external templating and aggregating agent. The assembly was conducted by freezing AuNP colloid at -20 °C, which concentrated AuNPs in the ice veins and produced an AuNP superstructure upon thawing the ice. The AuNP superstructures exhibited high SERS activity with enhancement factors on the order of 7.63 × 107 owing to the high-density hot spots throughout the superstructures. The SERS activity was found to increase with particle size and aggregate size of AuNP superstructures. Besides, the substrates showed good uniformity and reproducibility with relative standard deviations of 11.9% and 12.4%, respectively. The substrates showed long-term stability, maintaining SERS activity over a period of five months without noticeable change in morphology of the superstructures. The substrates was further used for label-free detection of trace Thiram on apple fruit with high sensitivity down to the concentration of 0.28 ng/cm2, offering great potential to monitor Thiram levels in foodstuffs and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deribachew Bekana
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Meseret Amde
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing-Fu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Szlag VM, Styles MJ, Madison LR, Campos AR, Wagh B, Sprouse D, Schatz GC, Reineke TM, Haynes CL. SERS Detection of Ricin B-Chain via N-Acetyl-Galactosamine Glycopolymers. ACS Sens 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M. Szlag
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Matthew J. Styles
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Lindsey R. Madison
- Department
of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States
| | - Antonio R. Campos
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Bharat Wagh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Dustin Sprouse
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - George C. Schatz
- Department
of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States
| | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christy L. Haynes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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