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Dolai A, Bhunia S, Manna K, Bera S, Box SM, Bhattacharya K, Saha R, Sarkar S, Samanta S. Visible-Light-Sensitive Photoliquefiable Arylazoisoxazoles for the Solar Energy Conversion, Storage and Controlled-Release of Heat at Room Temperature or Lower Temperatures. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301700. [PMID: 38329884 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The photoswitchable MOlecular Solar Thermal (MOST) energy storage systems that are capable of exhibiting high energy storage densities are found to suffer from the poor cyclability, the use of less abundant UV light of the solar spectrum, or reduced charging/discharging rates and poor photoconversions in solid states. Herein, we have designed and readily synthesized a novel set of para-thioalkyl substituted arylazoisoxazoles, that undergo high trans-cis and cis-trans photoconversions under visible light, and show fast charging/discharging and impressive cyclability. Remarkably, the presence of C6-or C10-thioalkyl chainin photochromes permitted reversible solid-liquid phase transition with the formation of cis-enriched charged states by 400 nm light irradiation and trans-enriched discharged states by 530 nm light at various temperatures (10-35 °C). The solid-to-liquid phase transition enabled storage of the latent heat in addition to the isomerization energy, resulting in a high net energy storage density of 189-196 J/g, which are substantially higher than that of many recently reported azobenzene-based MOST compounds (100-161 J/g). Using a high-resolution infrared camera, we further demonstrated that a brief irradiation of green light can be employed to readily release the trapped photon energy as heat. Our results suggest that the arylazoisoxazole with C6-thioalkyl chain at para-position can serve as an effective and eco-friendly photoliquefiable MOST material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Dolai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Supriya Bhunia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Kalipada Manna
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, India
| | - Satyajit Bera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Sk Majid Box
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Kallol Bhattacharya
- Department of Applied Optics & Photonics, University of Calcutta, Sector-III, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700 106, India
| | - Ritabrata Saha
- College of Medicine & Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kamarhati, Kolkata, 700058
| | - Subhasish Sarkar
- College of Medicine & Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kamarhati, Kolkata, 700058
| | - Subhas Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
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2
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Sangolkar AA, Kadiyam RK, Pawar R. Novel route to enhance the thermo-optical performance of bicyclic diene photoswitches for solar thermal batteries. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1053-1068. [PMID: 38774273 PMCID: PMC11106670 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Harnessing solar energy by employing chemical photoswitches in molecular solar thermal (MOST) energy storage systems is a topic of appealing research interest. However, incorporating all the features desired for an ideal MOST system in a single photoswitching couple is challenging. Inspired by experimental synthesis, herein we report our attempt to enhance both the thermochemical and photophysical properties in a single-bridged bicyclic diene (BBD)-based photoswitch by elongating the unsaturated bridge with different heteroatomic units. To elucidate the best elongation unit, the energy storage capacity and the TBR barriers were accounted using the DLPNO-CCSD(T) and (8,8)-CASPT2 methods, respectively. The photophysical properties including the absorption onset, excitation wavelengths, and the absorption intensities were extensively investigated with the time-dependent calculations. The result provides information on the most versatile solvent to exhibit the best photoswitching behaviour which is beneficial for real-life energy storage applications. Additionally, the stability and reversibility of the photoswitching system with elongated unsaturated bridges have also been assessed. By means of the studied modification, the storage energy of 158.57 kJ/mol, energy storage density of 1.48 MJ/kg, TBR barrier of 136.36 kJ/mol, and the absorption onset of 305.00 nm is achieved in acetonitrile. These values are substantially higher when compared with the storage energy (96.06 kJ/mol), energy storage density (1.04 MJ/kg), and TBR barrier (121.76 kJ/mol) of prototype NBD/QC in the gas phase. The outcomes render useful insights into the stability and properties of bicyclic diene-based photoswitches having elongated unsaturated bridges and indeed paves the way for the rational design of practical MOST systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Ashok Sangolkar
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana-506004, India
| | - Rama Krishna Kadiyam
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana-506004, India
| | - Ravinder Pawar
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana-506004, India
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3
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Chen H, Yang C, Ren H, Zhang W, Cui X, Tang Q. Water-Soluble Azobenzene-Based Solar Thermal Fuels with Improved Long-Term Energy Storage and Energy Density. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37944917 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Azobenzene (azo)-based solar thermal fuels (STFs) have been developed to harvest and store solar energy. However, due to the lipophilicity and low energy density of azo-based STFs, the derived devices demand a large amount of toxic organic solvents for continuous and scalable energy storage. Herein, we report an ionic strategy to prepare water-soluble azo-based STFs (WASTFs) with improved energy storage performance, which can be realized through a facile quaternization reaction using commercial reagents. A family of WASTFs were synthesized, and all of them showed good water solubility, long-term thermal half-life (>30 days), and high energy storage density (a highest energy density of ∼143.6 J g-1 corresponding to an energy storage enthalpy of ∼111.8 kJ mol-1). Compared to the electrically neutral azo-based STFs with similar chemical structures, ΔH and thermal half-life (τ1/2) of the WASTFs are 2.5 times higher and 7.3 times longer, respectively. Cation-π interactions between the quaternized moieties [N+(CHx)4] and benzene moieties of azo were confirmed, which could account for their improvement of the energy storage performance. Macroscale heat release with an average temperature difference of ∼2 °C was achieved for the WASTFs prepared in this work. Generally, a novel family of WASTFs are synthesized and show great applicable prospects in fabricating advanced solar energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory for New Textile Materials and Applications, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Chang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory for New Textile Materials and Applications, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Hao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory for New Textile Materials and Applications, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Weiyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xin Cui
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Technology Research Center, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Qingquan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory for New Textile Materials and Applications, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
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Griffiths K, Greenfield JL, Halcovitch NR, Fuchter MJ, Griffin JM. Systematic Investigation into the Photoswitching and Thermal Properties of Arylazopyrazole-based MOF Host-Guest Complexes. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2023; 23:7044-7052. [PMID: 37808902 PMCID: PMC10557064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
A series of arylazopyrazole-loaded metal-organic frameworks were synthesized with the general formula Zn2(BDC)2(DABCO)(AAP)x (BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate; DABCO = 1,4-diazabicyclo-[2.2.2]octane; AAP = arylazopyrazole guest). The empty framework adopts a large pore tetragonal structure. Upon occlusion of the E-AAP guests, the frameworks contract to form narrow pore tetragonal structures. The extent of framework contraction is dependent on guest shapes and pendant groups and ranges between 1.5 and 5.8%. When irradiated with 365 nm light, the framework expands due to the photoisomerization of E-AAP to Z-AAP. The proportion of Z-isomer at the photostationary state varies between 19 and 57% for the AAP guests studied and appears to be limited by the framework which inhibits further isomerization once fully expanded. Interestingly, confinement within the framework significantly extends the thermal half-life of the Z-AAP isomers to a maximum of approximately 56 years. This finding provides scope for the design of photoresponsive host-guest complexes with high stability of the metastable isomer for long-duration information or energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Griffiths
- Department
of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K.
| | - Jake L. Greenfield
- Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
- Center
for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität, Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | | | - Matthew J. Fuchter
- Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - John M. Griffin
- Department
of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K.
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5
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Guo X, Cheng X, Zhang H. Light-responsive organic polaritons from first principles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:23092-23099. [PMID: 37602397 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02515b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the optical properties of light-responsive organic molecules is essential for their application in photonics. We demonstrate how light-responsive organic polaritons formed inside an optical cavity can be used to modify these properties based on first principles. Specifically, we study the excited state properties of the trans-azobenzene molecule and the free base tetraphenyl porphyrin (H2TPP) molecule under weak to strong light-matter coupling. Our results show that the cavity can modulate the dispersion and absorption properties of organic molecules. Compared to the case outside the cavity, the anomalous dispersion of the trans-azobenzene molecule inside the cavity is suppressed and this suppression decreases with increasing coupling strength, showing the potential of strong light-matter coupling in manipulating the optical dipole trap of organic molecules. Moreover, by adjusting the cavity parameters to tune the strength of the light-matter coupling, we achieve free switching between symmetric Lorentz and asymmetric Fano line shapes for H2TPP polaritonic excitations. During the switching between these spectral features, we also find that the cavity can be used to control the spontaneous radiation of organic molecules via the Purcell effect. These findings provide a new pathway to manipulate the optical properties of light-responsive organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongwei Guo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Xinlu Cheng
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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6
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Jedrych A, Pawlak M, Gorecka E, Lewandowski W, Wojcik MM. Light-Responsive Supramolecular Nanotubes-Based Chiral Plasmonic Assemblies. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5548-5560. [PMID: 36897199 PMCID: PMC10062029 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We describe the fabrication of dual-responsive (thermo/light) chiral plasmonic films. The idea is based on using photoswitchable achiral liquid crystal (LCs) forming chiral nanotubes for templating helical assemblies of Au NPs. Circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) confirms chiroptical properties coming from the arrangement of organic and inorganic components, with up to 0.2 dissymmetry factor (g-factor). Upon exposure to UV light, organic molecules isomerize, resulting in controlled melting of organic nanotubes and/or inorganic nanohelices. The process can be reversed using visible light and further modified by varying the temperature, offering a control of chiroptical response of the composite material. These properties can play a key role in the future development of chiral plasmonics, metamaterials, and optoelectronic devices.
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7
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Baby A, John AM, Balakrishnan SP. Photoresponsive Carbon-Azobenzene Hybrids: A Promising Material for Energy Devices. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200676. [PMID: 36445807 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in renewable energy technology have been a hot topic in the field of photoresponsive materials for a sustainable community. Organic compounds that function as photoswitches is being researched and developed for use in a variety of energy storage systems. Azobenzene photoswitches can be used to store and release solar energy in solar thermal fuels. This review draws out the significance of azobenzene as photoswitches and its recent advances in solar thermal fuels. The recent developments of nano carbon templated azobenzene, their interactions and the effect of substituents are highlighted. The review also introduces their applications in solar thermal fuels and concludes with the challenges and future scope of the material. The advancements of solar thermal fuels with cost effective and desired optimal properties can be explored by scientists and engineers from different technological backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Baby
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, 560029
| | - Athira Maria John
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, 560029
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8
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Kuntze K, Viljakka J, Virkki M, Huang CYD, Hecht S, Priimagi A. Red-light photoswitching of indigos in polymer thin films. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2482-2488. [PMID: 36908950 PMCID: PMC9993840 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06790k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Through simple synthetic derivatisation, the parent indigo dye becomes a red-light E-Z photoswitch exhibiting negative photochromism and tuneable thermal isomerisation kinetics. These attributes make indigo derivatives extremely attractive for applications related to materials and living systems. However, there is a lack of knowledge in translating indigo photoswitching dynamics from solution to solid state - the environment crucial for most applications. Herein, we study the photoswitching performance of six structurally distinct indigo derivatives in five polymers of varying rigidity. Three key strategies are identified to enable efficient photoswitching under red (660 nm) light: (i) choosing a soft polymer matrix to minimise its resistance toward the isomerisation, (ii) creating free volume around the indigo molecules through synthetic modifications, and (iii) applying low dye loading (<1% w/w) to inhibit aggregation. These strategies are shown to improve both photostationary state distributions and the thermal stability of the Z isomer. When all three strategies are implemented, the isomerisation performance (>80% Z form in the photostationary state) is nearly identical to that in solution. These findings thus pave the way for designing new red-light photochromic materials based on indigos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Kuntze
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Fi-33101 Tampere Finland
| | - Jani Viljakka
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Fi-33101 Tampere Finland
| | - Matti Virkki
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Fi-33101 Tampere Finland
| | - Chung-Yang Dennis Huang
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0021 Japan
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany .,DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Fi-33101 Tampere Finland
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9
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Yari MR, Zakerhamidi MS, Ghomi H. Plasma immobilization of azobenzene dye on polyamide 6 polymer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:983. [PMID: 36653399 PMCID: PMC9849228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma treatment of polymeric materials is a cost-effective and efficient technique to modify the surface and change the constituent unit configuration. This research investigates the effects of argon DC glow discharge plasma on pure and DR1 dye-loaded polyamide 6 polymer films and stabilization of dye on the surface. Plasma breaks some bonds and activates the surface through creating reactive structures such as free radical sites on the surface and increases tertiary amides on the surface of polymer. Besides, this process alters surface topographical characteristics and conformation of azobenzene dye which are effective on the durability of the dye on the surface. Plasma causes interactions of the dye with the polymer and immobilizes the dye on the polymer. On the other hand, these interactions lead to changes in the dye's optical and geometric isomeric activity and stability. This work studies the chemical and morphological changes of polyamide 6 by plasma with AFM and spectroscopic methods. Furthermore, the aging of nylon 6 films loaded with DR1 dye is measured, and the conformational changes of the dye are investigated. Plasma stabilizes the dye on the polymer surface through making changes of chemical and physical properties on the surface components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Yari
- grid.412502.00000 0001 0686 4748Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Zakerhamidi
- grid.412831.d0000 0001 1172 3536Faculty of Physics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran ,grid.412831.d0000 0001 1172 3536Research Institute for Applied Physics and Astronomy, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran ,grid.412831.d0000 0001 1172 3536Photonics Center of Excellence, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Ghomi
- grid.412502.00000 0001 0686 4748Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Imato K, Sasaki A, Ishii A, Hino T, Kaneda N, Ohira K, Imae I, Ooyama Y. Sterically Hindered Stiff-Stilbene Photoswitch Offers Large Motions, 90% Two-Way Photoisomerization, and High Thermal Stability. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15762-15770. [PMID: 36378160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches have been widely used as molecular machines in various fields due to the small structures and simple motions generated in reversible isomerization. However, common photoswitches, as represented by azobenzene (AB), cannot combine both large motions and high thermal stability, which are critically important for some practical applications in addition to high photoisomerization yields. Here, we focus on a promising photoswitch, stiff stilbene (SS), and its derivative, sterically hindered SS (HSS). The detailed investigation of their performance with a comparison to AB demonstrated that HSS is an outstanding photoswitch offering larger motions than AB and SS, ca. 90% photoisomerization in both E-to-Z and Z-to-E directions, and significantly high thermal stability with a half-life of ca. 1000 years at room temperature. The superior performance of HSS promises its use in various applications, even where previous photoswitches have troubles and are unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Imato
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Ayane Sasaki
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Akira Ishii
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Taichi Hino
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Naoki Kaneda
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ohira
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Ichiro Imae
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Yousuke Ooyama
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
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11
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Glow discharge plasma stabilization of azo dye on PMMA polymer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18358. [PMID: 36319721 PMCID: PMC9626643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21855-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of argon gas glow discharge plasma on the surface of DR1 dye-loaded PMMA polymer films are examined in this work. Plasma immobilizes the dye on the surface of polymer without using stabilizers. Argon plasma activates the surface through breaking some bonds and generation of radical sites. It affects the acrylate groups of PMMA leading to covalent bonds between dye and surface of polymer. In addition, plasma treatment and contact with ambient air may result in the creation of new polar components, such as carbonyl and carboxyl compounds and links that enhance the dye attachment to the polymer matrix. Besides, the dye adsorption on the polymer film is impacted by changes in surface topography. Furthermore, plasma modifies the dye conformation, which affects the adherence of the dye to the polymer surface through bringing the dye to the higher energy state. The chemical and topographical modification of dye-loaded PMMA films by plasma are investigated by spectroscopic and AFM methods. Furthermore, aging process was used to confirm dye retention on the polymer film after plasma modification as opposed to dye-loaded polymer film that was left untreated as a reference sample. Finally, investigated method suggests a novel and very affordable technique for fabrication of poly(MMA-co-DR1) copolymer in the form of a homogeneous surface layer.
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12
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Li X, Cho S, Han GGD. Light-Responsive Solid-Solid Phase Change Materials for Photon and Thermal Energy Storage. ACS MATERIALS AU 2022; 3:37-42. [PMID: 36647455 PMCID: PMC9838185 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.2c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We report a series of adamantane-functionalized azobenzenes that store photon and thermal energy via reversible photoisomerization in the solid state for molecular solar thermal (MOST) energy storage. The adamantane unit serves as a 3D molecular separator that enables the spatial separation of azobenzene groups and results in their facile switching even in the crystalline phase. Upon isomerization, the phase transition from crystalline to amorphous solid occurs and contributes to additional energy storage. The exclusively solid-state MOST compounds with solid-solid phase transition overcome a major challenge of solid-liquid phase transition materials that require encapsulation for practical applications.
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13
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Semionova VV, Glebov EM. SUPRAMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS FORMED BY METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS AND ORGANIC PHOTOCHROMES. REVIEW. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476622090086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Zhang B, Feng Y, Feng W. Azobenzene-Based Solar Thermal Fuels: A Review. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:138. [PMID: 35767090 PMCID: PMC9243213 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00876-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The energy storage mechanism of azobenzene is based on the transformation of molecular cis and trans isomerization, while NBD/QC, DHA/VHF, and fulvalene dimetal complexes realize the energy storage function by changing the molecular structure. Acting as "molecular batteries," they can exhibit excellent charging and discharging behavior by converting between trans and cis isomers or changing molecular structure upon absorption of ultraviolet light. Key properties determining the performance of STFs are stored energy, energy density, half-life, and solar energy conversion efficiency. This review is aiming to provide a comprehensive and authoritative overview on the recent advancements of azobenzene molecular photoswitch system in STFs fields, including derivatives and carbon nano-templates, which is emphasized for its attractive performance. Although the energy storage performance of Azo-STFs has already reached the level of commercial lithium batteries, the cycling capability and controllable release of energy still need to be further explored. For this, some potential solutions to the cycle performance are proposed, and the methods of azobenzene controllable energy release are summarized. Moreover, energy stored by STFs can be released in the form of mechanical energy, which in turn can also promote the release of thermal energy from STFs, implying that there could be a relationship between mechanical and thermal energy in Azo-STFs, providing a potential direction for further research on Azo-STFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyu Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Xu X, Wang G. Molecular Solar Thermal Systems towards Phase Change and Visible Light Photon Energy Storage. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107473. [PMID: 35132792 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems have attracted tremendous attention for solar energy conversion and storage, which can generate high-energy metastable isomers upon capturing photon energy, and release the stored energy as heat on demand during back conversion. However, the pristine molecular photoswitches are limited by low storage energy density and UV light photon energy storage. Recently, numerous pioneering works have been focused on the development of MOST systems towards phase change (PC) and visible light photon energy storage to increase their properties. On the one hand, the strategy of simultaneously capturing isomerization enthalpy and PC energy between solid and liquid can not only offer high latent heat, but also promote the development of sustainable energy systems. On the other hand, the efficient photon energy storage in the visible light range opens a tremendously fascinating avenue to fabricate MOST systems powered under natural sunlight. Here, the recent advances of MOST systems towards PC and visible light photon energy storage are systematically summarized, the most promising advantages and current challenges are analyzed, and emerging strategies and future research directions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingtang Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guojie Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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16
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Chuasaard T, Thammakan S, Semakul N, Konno T, Rujiwatra A. Structure and photoluminescence of two-dimensional lanthanide coordination polymers of mixed phthalate and azobenzene dicarboxylate. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Song T, Lei H, Cai F, Kang Y, Yu H, Zhang L. Supramolecular Cation-π Interaction Enhances Molecular Solar Thermal Fuel. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:1940-1949. [PMID: 34928571 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal fuels (MOSTs), especially azobenzene-based MOSTs (Azo-MOSTs), have been considered as ideal energy-storage and conversion systems in outer or confined space because of their "closed loop" properties. However, there are two main obstacles existing in practical applications of Azo-MOSTs: the solvent-assistant charging process and the high molar extinction coefficient of chromophores, which are both closely related to the π-π stacking. Here, we report one efficient strategy to improve the energy density by introducing a supramolecular "cation-π" interaction into one phase-changeable Azo-MOST system. The energy density is increased by 24.7% (from 164.3 to 204.9 J/g) in Azo-MOST with a small loading amount of cation (2.0 mol %). Upon light triggering, the cation-π-enhanced Azo-MOST demonstrates one gravimetric energy density of about 56.9 W h/kg and a temperature increase of 8 °C in ambient conditions. Then the enhanced mechanism is revealed in both molecular and crystalline scales. This work demonstrates the huge potential of supramolecular interaction in the development of Azo-MOST systems, which could not only provide a universal method for enhancing the energy density of solar energy storage but also balance the conflicts between molecular design and the condensed state for phase-changeable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfu Song
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huanyu Lei
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Feng Cai
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Kang
- Analysis and Test Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haifeng Yu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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18
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Griffiths K, Halcovitch NR, Griffin JM. Efficient solid-state photoswitching of methoxyazobenzene in a metal–organic framework for thermal energy storage. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3014-3019. [PMID: 35382460 PMCID: PMC8905824 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00632d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient photoswitching in the solid-state remains rare, yet is highly desirable for the design of functional solid materials. In particular, for molecular solar thermal energy storage materials high conversion to the metastable isomer is crucial to achieve high energy density. Herein, we report that 4-methoxyazobenzene (MOAB) can be occluded into the pores of a metal–organic framework Zn2(BDC)2(DABCO), where BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate and DABCO = 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. The occluded MOAB guest molecules show near-quantitative E → Z photoisomerization under irradiation with 365 nm light. The energy stored within the metastable Z-MOAB molecules can be retrieved as heat during thermally-driven relaxation to the ground-state E-isomer. The energy density of the composite is 101 J g−1 and the half-life of the Z-isomer is 6 days when stored in the dark at ambient temperature. 4-Methoxyazobenzene can be occluded into the pores of a MOF and show near-quantitative E → Z photoisomerization under irradiation with 365 nm light. The energy density of the composite is 101 J g−1 and the half-life of the Z-isomer is 6 days.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Griffiths
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA14YB, UK
| | | | - John M. Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA14YB, UK
- Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA14YB, UK
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19
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Greenfield JL, Gerkman MA, Gibson RSL, Han GGD, Fuchter MJ. Efficient Electrocatalytic Switching of Azoheteroarenes in the Condensed Phases. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15250-15257. [PMID: 34519491 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Azo-based photoswitches have shown promise as molecular solar-thermal (MOST) materials due to their ability to store energy in their metastable Z isomeric form. The energy is then released, in the form of heat, upon photoisomerization to the thermodynamically stable E form. However, obtaining a high energy density and recovering the stored energy with high efficiency requires the materials to be employed in the condensed phase and display a high degree of Z to E switching, both of which are challenging to engineer. Here, we show that arylazopyrazole motifs undergo efficient redox-induced Z to E switching in both the solution and the condensed phase to a higher completeness of switching than achieved photochemically. This redox-initiated pathway lowers the barrier of Z to E isomerization by 27 kJ/mol, while in the condensed phase, the efficiency of electrochemical switching is improved by over an order of magnitude relative to that in the solution state. The influence of the photoswitch's phase, electrical conductivity, and viscosity on the electrochemical switching in the condensed phase is reported, culminating in a set of design rules to facilitate further investigations. We anticipate the use of an alternative stimulus to light will facilitate the application of MOST materials in situations where phototriggered heat release is unachievable or inefficient, e.g., indoor or at night. Furthermore, exploiting the electrocatalytic mechanism, whereby a catalytic amount of charge triggers Z to E switching via a redox process, bypasses the need for fine tuning of the photoswitching chromophore to achieve complete Z to E switching, thus providing an alternative approach to photoswitch molecular design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake L Greenfield
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mihael A Gerkman
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Rosina S L Gibson
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Grace G D Han
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Matthew J Fuchter
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
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20
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Griffiths K, Halcovitch NR, Griffin JM. Effect of Transition Metal Substitution on the Flexibility and Thermal Properties of MOF-Based Solid-Solid Phase Change Materials. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:12950-12960. [PMID: 34492769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of azobenzene-loaded metal-organic frameworks were synthesized with the general formula M2(BDC)2(DABCO)(AB)x (M = Zn, Co, Ni, and Cu; BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate; DABCO = 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; and AB = azobenzene), herein named M-1⊃ABx. Upon occlusion of AB, each framework undergoes guest-induced breathing, whereby the pores contract around the AB molecules forming a narrow-pore (np) framework. The loading level of the framework is found to be very sensitive to the synthetic protocol and although the stable loading level is close to M-1⊃AB1.0, higher loading levels can be achieved for the Zn, Co, and Ni frameworks prior to vacuum treatment, with a maximum composition for the Zn framework of Zn-1⊃AB1.3. The degree of pore contraction upon loading is modulated by the inherent flexibility of the metal-carboxylate paddlewheel unit in the framework, with the Zn-1⊃AB1.0 showing the biggest contraction of 6.2% and the more rigid Cu-1⊃AB1.0 contracting by only 1.7%. Upon heating, each composite shows a temperature-induced phase transition to an open-pore (op) framework, and the enthalpy and onset temperatures of the phase transition are affected by the framework flexibility. For all composites, UV irradiation causes trans → cis isomerization of the occluded AB molecules. The population of cis-AB at the photostationary state and the thermal stability of the occluded cis-AB molecules are also found to correlate with the flexibility of the framework. Over a full heating-cooling cycle between 0 and 200 °C, the energy stored within the metastable cis-AB molecules is released as heat, with a maximum energy density of 28.9 J g-1 for Zn-1⊃AB1.0. These findings suggest that controlled confinement of photoswitches within flexible frameworks is a potential strategy for the development of solid-solid phase change materials for energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Griffiths
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K
| | | | - John M Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K.,Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K
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21
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Bokare A, Arif J, Erogbogbo F. Strategies for Incorporating Graphene Oxides and Quantum Dots into Photoresponsive Azobenzenes for Photonics and Thermal Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2211. [PMID: 34578524 PMCID: PMC8467028 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Graphene represents a new generation of materials which exhibit unique physicochemical properties such as high electron mobility, tunable optics, a large surface to volume ratio, and robust mechanical strength. These properties make graphene an ideal candidate for various optoelectronic, photonics, and sensing applications. In recent years, numerous efforts have been focused on azobenzene polymers (AZO-polymers) as photochromic molecular switches and thermal sensors because of their light-induced conformations and surface-relief structures. However, these polymers often exhibit drawbacks such as low photon storage lifetime and energy density. Additionally, AZO-polymers tend to aggregate even at moderate doping levels, which is detrimental to their optical response. These issues can be alleviated by incorporating graphene derivatives (GDs) into AZO-polymers to form orderly arranged molecules. GDs such as graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (RGO), and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) can modulate the optical response, energy density, and photon storage capacity of these composites. Moreover, they have the potential to prevent aggregation and increase the mechanical strength of the azobenzene complexes. This review article summarizes and assesses literature on various strategies that may be used to incorporate GDs into azobenzene complexes. The review begins with a detailed analysis of structures and properties of GDs and azobenzene complexes. Then, important aspects of GD-azobenzene composites are discussed, including: (1) synthesis methods for GD-azobenzene composites, (2) structure and physicochemical properties of GD-azobenzene composites, (3) characterization techniques employed to analyze GD-azobenzene composites, and most importantly, (4) applications of these composites in various photonics and thermal devices. Finally, a conclusion and future scope are given to discuss remaining challenges facing GD-azobenzene composites in functional science engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Folarin Erogbogbo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, San José State University, 1 Washington Square, San José, CA 95112, USA; (A.B.); (J.A.)
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22
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Investigating functional performance and substituent effect in modelling molecular structure, UV-visible spectra, and optical properties of D-π-A conjugated organic dye molecules: a DFT and TD-DFT study. J Mol Model 2021; 27:229. [PMID: 34302223 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04824-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The molecular structure, UV-visible spectra, and optical properties of D-π-A conjugated organic dye molecules (Disperse Red 1 (DR1) and Disperse Red 73 (DR73)) were analyzed using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) and compared with azobenzene molecule to study the effect of donor and acceptor substituents on the molecular properties. The performance of DFT functionals is investigated using B3LYP hybrid functional and three long-range corrected functionals (CAM-B3LYP, LC-ω PBE, and ω B97XD) in conjunction with 6-31G(d,p) basis set. Using TD-DFT, we calculate the vertical excitation energies and transition dipole moment values for 100 excited states. These values were further utilized to calculate frequency dependent polarizability under sum-over-states (SOS) formalism and refractive index of these molecular systems. We observe that for azobenzene and DR1 molecules, ω B97XD predicted wavelengths corresponding to peak absorbance closest to the experimental results, while for DR73 molecule, B3LYP gave better prediction. Large polarizability response is also observed for these molecules (DR1 and DR73) in comparison to parent azobenzene structure due to charge transfer between donor and acceptor groups. For DR1 and DR73 molecules, αxx component of polarizability dominates in contrast to azobenzene where αyy dominates. The HOMO → LUMO transition during excitation contributes to the peak molecular response in simulated UV-visible spectra. The high polarizability response of selected D-π-A conjugated molecules in comparison to parent molecule suggests that these molecules are promising candidates for tailor-made photonic and optoelectronic device development. Graphical Abstract Functional and substituent effect on the optical response of D-π-A conjugated molecules modelled using DFT and TDDFT.
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23
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Xu X, Wu B, Zhang P, Xing Y, Shi K, Fang W, Yu H, Wang G. Arylazopyrazole-Based Dendrimer Solar Thermal Fuels: Stable Visible Light Storage and Controllable Heat Release. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:22655-22663. [PMID: 33970599 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Solar thermal fuels offer a closed cycle and a renewable energy storage strategy by harvesting photon energy within the chemical conformations of molecules and retrieving energy by an induced release of heat. However, the majority of reports are limited to the ultraviolet light storage, which potentially interferes with the surrounding environment and reduces the material lifetime. Here, we present a novel arylazopyrazole (AAP)-containing dendrimer that not only addresses the hindrance of visible light storage for solar thermal fuels but also exhibits outstanding performances of abundant energy conversion and stable storage, which are attributed to the substantial absorbance in visible wavelengths of para-thiomethyl-substituted AAP groups and the stability of cis isomers, respectively. The energy density of the dendrimer fuel after efficiently harvesting blue light (405 nm) is as high as 0.14 MJ kg-1 (67 kJ mol-1), and the storage half-life of the fabricated dendrimer film can reach up to 12.9 days. Moreover, the heat release of the dendrimer film can be triggered by different stimuli (light and heat). The dendrimer film displays a 6.5 °C temperature difference between trans isomers and cis isomers during green light irradiation. Our work provides a fascinating avenue to fabricate visible light storage solar thermal fuels and unlocks the possibility of developing natural sunlight storage in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingtang Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bo Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Youmei Xing
- Hangzhou Greenda Electronic Materials Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Ke Shi
- Hangzhou Greenda Electronic Materials Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Weihua Fang
- Hangzhou Greenda Electronic Materials Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Haifeng Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guojie Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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24
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A Low-Temperature Heat Output Photoactive Material-Based High-Performance Thermal Energy Storage Closed System. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061434. [PMID: 33809446 PMCID: PMC8000957 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Designing and synthesizing photothermal conversion materials with better storage capacity, long-term stability as well as low temperature energy output capability is still a huge challenge in the area of photothermal storage. In this work, we report a brand new photothermal conversion material obtained by attaching trifluoromethylated azobenzene (AzoF) to reduced graphene oxide (rGO). AzoF-rGO exhibits outstanding heat storage density and power density up to 386.1 kJ·kg−1 and 890.6 W·kg−1, respectively, with a long half-life (87.7 h) because of the H-bonds based on high attachment density. AzoF-rGO also exhibits excellent cycling stability and is equipped with low-temperature energy output capability, which achieves the reversible cycle of photothermal conversion within a closed system. This novel AzoF-rGO complex, which on the one hand exhibits remarkable energy storage performance as well as excellent storage life span, and on the other hand is equipped with the ability to release heat at low temperatures, shows broad prospects in the practical application of actual photothermal storage.
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25
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Xu X, Zhang P, Wu B, Xing Y, Shi K, Fang W, Yu H, Wang G. Photochromic Dendrimers for Photoswitched Solid-To-Liquid Transitions and Solar Thermal Fuels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:50135-50142. [PMID: 33085470 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dendrimers are well-defined, highly branched macromolecules that have been widely applied in the fields of catalysis, sensing, and biomedicine. Here, we present a novel multifunctional photochromic dendrimer fabricated through grafting azobenzene units onto dendrimers, which not only enables controlled switching of adhesives and effective repair of coating scratches but also realizes high-performance solar energy storage and on-demand heat release. The switchable adhesives and healable coatings of azobenzene-containing dendrimers are attributed to the reversible solid-to-liquid transitions because trans-isomers and cis-isomers have different glass transition temperatures. The adhesion strengths increase significantly with the increase in dendrimer generations, wherein the adhesion strength of fifth-generation photochromic dendrimers (G5-Azo) can reach up to 1.62 MPa, five times higher than that of pristine azobenzenes. The solar energy storage and heat release of dendrimer solar thermal fuels, the isomers of which possess different chemical energies, can be also enhanced remarkably with the amplification of azobenzene groups on dendrimers. The storage energy density of G5-Azo can reach 59 W h kg-1, which is much higher than that of pristine azobenzenes (36 W h kg-1). The G5-Azo fuels exhibit a 5.2 °C temperature difference between cis-isomers and trans-isomers. These findings provide a new perspective and tremendously attractive avenue for the fabrication of photoswitchable adhesives and coatings and solar thermal fuels with dendrimer structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingtang Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bo Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Youmei Xing
- Hangzhou Greenda Electronic Materials Company Ltd., Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Ke Shi
- Hangzhou Greenda Electronic Materials Company Ltd., Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Weihua Fang
- Hangzhou Greenda Electronic Materials Company Ltd., Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Haifeng Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guojie Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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Heindl AH, Wegner HA. Rational Design of Azothiophenes-Substitution Effects on the Switching Properties. Chemistry 2020; 26:13730-13737. [PMID: 32330338 PMCID: PMC7702042 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of substituted azothiophenes was prepared and investigated toward their isomerization behavior. Compared to azobenzene (AB), the presented compounds showed red-shifted absorption and almost quantitative photoisomerization to their (Z) states. Furthermore, it was found that electron-withdrawing substitution on the phenyl moiety increases, while electron-donating substitution decreases the thermal half-lives of the (Z)-isomers due to higher or lower stabilization by a lone pair-π interaction. Additionally, computational analysis of the isomerization revealed that a pure singlet state transition state is unlikely in azothiophenes. A pathway via intersystem crossing to a triplet energy surface of lower energy than the singlet surface provided a better fit with experimental data of the (Z)→(E) isomerization. The insights gained in this study provide the necessary guidelines to design effective thiophenylazo-photoswitches for applications in photopharmacology, material sciences, or solar energy harvesting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas H. Heindl
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJustus Liebig UniversityHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
- Center for Material Research (LaMa)Justus Liebig UniversityHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1635392GiessenGermany
| | - Hermann A. Wegner
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJustus Liebig UniversityHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
- Center for Material Research (LaMa)Justus Liebig UniversityHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1635392GiessenGermany
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Patra R, Maity A, Rajak KK. Synthesis, crystal structure, DFT calculation and trans → cis isomerisation studies of bipyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes bearing 8-oxyquinolate azo ligands. J CHEM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-020-01846-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Orrego-Hernández J, Dreos A, Moth-Poulsen K. Engineering of Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane Photoswitches for Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage Applications. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1478-1487. [PMID: 32662627 PMCID: PMC7467572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusRenewable energy resources are mostly intermittent and not evenly distributed geographically; for this reason, the development of new technologies for energy storage is in high demand.Molecules that undergo photoinduced isomerization reactions that are capable of absorbing light, storing it as chemical energy, and releasing it as thermal energy on demand are referred to as molecular solar thermal energy storage (MOST) or solar thermal fuels (STF). Such molecules offer a promising solution for solar energy storage applications. Different molecular systems have been investigated for MOST applications, such as norbornadienes, azobenzenes, stilbenes, ruthenium derivatives, anthracenes, and dihydroazulenes. The polycyclic strained molecule norbornadiene (NBD), which photoconverts to quadricyclane (QC), is of great interest because it has a high energy storage density and the potential to store energy for a very long time. Unsubstituted norbornadiene has some limitations in this regard, such as poor solar spectrum match and low quantum yield. In the past decade, our group has developed and tested new NBD systems with improved characteristics. Moreover, we have demonstrated their function in laboratory-scale test devices for solar energy harnessing, storage, and release.This Account describes the most impactful recent findings on how to engineer key properties of the NBD/QC system (photochemistry, energy storage, heat release, stability, and synthesis) as well as examples of test devices for solar energy capture and heat release. While it was known that introducing donor-acceptor groups allows for a red-shifted absorption that better matches the solar spectrum, we managed to introduce donor and acceptor groups with very low molecular weight, which allowed for an unprecedented solar spectrum match combined with high energy density. Strategic steric hindrance in some of these systems dramatically increases the storage time of the photoisomer QC, and dimeric systems have independent energies barriers that lead to an improved solar spectrum match, prolonged storage times, and higher energy densities. These discoveries offer a toolbox of possible chemical modifications that can be used to tune the properties of NBD/QC systems and make them suitable for the desired applications, which can be useful for anyone wanting to take on the challenge of designing efficient MOST systems.Several test devices have been built, for example, a hybrid MOST device that stores sunlight energy and heat water at the same time. Moreover, we developed a device for monitoring catalyzed QC to NBD conversion resulting in the possibility to quantify a significant macroscopic heat generation. Finally, we tested different formulations of polymeric composites that can absorb light during the day and release the energy as heat during the night for possible use in future window coating applications. These lab-scale realizations are formative and contribute to pushing the field forward toward the real-life application of MOST systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Orrego-Hernández
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41286 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ambra Dreos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41286 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41286 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Jacovella U, Carrascosa E, Buntine JT, Ree N, Mikkelsen KV, Jevric M, Moth-Poulsen K, Bieske EJ. Photo- and Collision-Induced Isomerization of a Charge-Tagged Norbornadiene-Quadricyclane System. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6045-6050. [PMID: 32539402 PMCID: PMC7416310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches based on the norbornadiene-quadricylane (NBD-QC) couple have been proposed as key elements of molecular solar thermal energy storage schemes. To characterize the intrinsic properties of such systems, reversible isomerization of a charge-tagged NBD-QC carboxylate couple is investigated in a tandem ion mobility mass spectrometer, using light to induce intramolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition of NBD carboxylate to form the QC carboxylate and driving the back reaction with molecular collisions. The NBD carboxylate photoisomerization action spectrum recorded by monitoring the QC carboxylate photoisomer extends from 290 to 360 nm with a maximum at 315 nm, and in the longer wavelength region resembles the NBD carboxylate absorption spectrum recorded in solution. Key structural and photochemical properties of the NBD-QC carboxylate system, including the gas-phase absorption spectrum and the energy storage capacity, are determined through computational studies using density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Jacovella
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eduardo Carrascosa
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jack T. Buntine
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nicolai Ree
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Evan J. Bieske
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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30
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Zhang ZY, He Y, Wang Z, Xu J, Xie M, Tao P, Ji D, Moth-Poulsen K, Li T. Photochemical Phase Transitions Enable Coharvesting of Photon Energy and Ambient Heat for Energetic Molecular Solar Thermal Batteries That Upgrade Thermal Energy. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12256-12264. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yixin He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhihang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jiale Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mingchen Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Peng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Deyang Ji
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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31
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Noirbent G, Dumur F. Recent advances on naphthalic anhydrides and 1,8-naphthalimide-based photoinitiators of polymerization. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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32
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Dolgopolova EA, Berseneva AA, Faillace MS, Ejegbavwo OA, Leith GA, Choi SW, Gregory HN, Rice AM, Smith MD, Chruszcz M, Garashchuk S, Mythreye K, Shustova NB. Confinement-Driven Photophysics in Cages, Covalent−Organic Frameworks, Metal–Organic Frameworks, and DNA. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:4769-4783. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A. Dolgopolova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Anna A. Berseneva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Martín S. Faillace
- INFIQC-UNC, CONICET, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Otega A. Ejegbavwo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Gabrielle A. Leith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Seok W. Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Haley N. Gregory
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Allison M. Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Mark D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Maksymilian Chruszcz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Sophya Garashchuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Karthikeyan Mythreye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Natalia B. Shustova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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33
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Kunz A, Heindl AH, Dreos A, Wang Z, Moth-Poulsen K, Becker J, Wegner HA. Intermolecular London Dispersion Interactions of Azobenzene Switches for Tuning Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage Systems. Chempluschem 2020; 84:1145-1148. [PMID: 31943965 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The performance of molecular solar thermal energy storage systems (MOST) depends amongst others on the amount of energy stored. Azobenzenes have been investigated as high-potential materials for MOST applications. In the present study it could be shown that intermolecular attractive London dispersion interactions stabilize the (E)-isomer in bisazobenzene that is linked by different alkyl bridges. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements revealed, that this interaction leads to an increased storage energy per azo-unit of more than 3 kcal/mol compared to the parent azobenzene. The origin of this effect has been supported by computation as well as X-ray analysis. In the solid state structure attractive London dispersion interactions between the C-H of the alkyl bridge and the π-system of the azobenzene could be clearly assigned. This concept will be highly useful in designing more effective MOST systems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kunz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen.,Germany and Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas H Heindl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen.,Germany and Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ambra Dreos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zhihang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Becker
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hermann A Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen.,Germany and Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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34
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Singh N, Arish M, Kumar P, Rub A, Riaz U. Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Novel Azo Benzene Functionalized Conjugated Polymers: In-vitro Antileishmanial Activity and Bioimaging. Sci Rep 2020; 10:57. [PMID: 31919477 PMCID: PMC6952527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56975-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the effect of insertion of azobenzene moiety on the spectral, morphological and fluorescence properties of conventional conducting polymers, the present work reports ultrasound-assisted polymerization of azobenzene with aniline, 1-naphthylamine, luminol and o-phenylenediamine. The chemical structure and polymerization was established via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy, while the electronic properties were explored via ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. Theoretical IR and UV spectra were computed using DFT/B3LYP method with 6-311G basis set while theoretical 1H-NMR spectra was obtained by gauge independent atomic orbital (GIAO) method. The theoretically computed spectra were found to be in close agreement with the experimental findings confirming the chemical as well as electronic structure of the synthesized polymers. Morphology was investigated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy studies. Fluorescence studies revealed emission ranging between 530-570 nm. The polymers also revealed high singlet oxygen (1O2) generation characteristics. In-vitro antileishmanial efficacy as well as live cell imaging investigations reflected the potential application of these polymers in the treatment of leishmaniasis and its diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetika Singh
- Materials Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Mohd Arish
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Prabhat Kumar
- Advance Instrumentation Research Facility, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Abdur Rub
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
| | - Ufana Riaz
- Materials Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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35
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Wu S, Butt HJ. Solar-Thermal Energy Conversion and Storage Using Photoresponsive Azobenzene-Containing Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 41:e1900413. [PMID: 31737964 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photoswitchable compounds are promising materials for solar-thermal energy conversion and storage. In particular, photoresponsive azobenzene-containing compounds are proposed as materials for solar-thermal fuels. In this feature article, solar-thermal fuels based on azobenzene-containing polymers (azopolymers) are reviewed. The mechanism of azopolymer-based solar-thermal fuels is introduced, and computer simulations and experimental results on azopolymer-based solar-thermal fuels are highlighted. Different types of azopolymers such as linear azopolymers, 2D azopolymers, and conjugated azopolymers are addressed. The advantages and limitations of these azopolymers for solar-thermal energy conversion and storage, along with the remaining challenges of azopolymer-based solar-thermal fuels, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China.,Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 , Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Butt
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 , Mainz, Germany
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36
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Kang N, Li P, Tan S, Wang C. Azobenzene based inorganic salts for light modulated ionic conductivity in aqueous solution. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:7992-7995. [PMID: 31502625 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01411j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Azobenzene based inorganic salts containing lithium, sodium or potassium cations were prepared and the behaviors of reversible light modulated ionic conductivity were observed based on photoisomerizations of azobenzene salts in aqueous solutions. The highest ionic conductivity was observed in the solution of potassium ionized azobenzene, assisted by the unique formation of a network-like aggregated morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Kang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Peiqi Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Shuai Tan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Caihong Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China.
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37
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Kilde MD, Mansø M, Ree N, Petersen AU, Moth-Poulsen K, Mikkelsen KV, Nielsen MB. Norbornadiene-dihydroazulene conjugates. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:7735-7746. [PMID: 31386755 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01545k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of various photochromic units into the same molecule is an attractive approach for the development of novel molecular solar thermal (MOST) energy storage systems. Here, we present the synthesis and characterisation of a series of covalently linked norbornadiene/dihydroazulene (NBD/DHA) conjugates, using the Sonogashira coupling as the key synthetic step. Generation of the fully photoisomerized quadricyclane/vinylheptafulvene (QC/VHF) isomer was found to depend strongly on how the two units are connected - by linear conjugation (a para-phenylene bridge) or cross-conjugation (a meta-phenylene bridge) or by linking to the five- or seven-membered ring of DHA - as well as on the electronic character of another substituent group on the NBD unit. When the QC-VHF system could be reached, the QC-to-NBD back-reaction occurred faster than the VHF-to-DHA back-reaction, while the latter could be promoted simply by the addition of Cu(i) ions. The absence or presence of Cu(i) can thus be used to control whether heat releases should occur on different or identical time scales. The experimental findings were rationalized in a computational study by comparing natural transition orbitals (NTOs). Moreover, the calculations revealed an energy storage capacity of 106-110 kJ mol-1 of the QC-VHF isomers, which is higher than the sum of the capacities of the individual, separate units. The major contribution to the energy storage relates to the energetic QC form, while the major contribution to the absorption of visible light originates from the DHA photochrome; some of the NBD-DHA conjugates had absorption onsets at 450 nm or beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Drøhse Kilde
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Mads Mansø
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nicolai Ree
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Anne Ugleholdt Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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38
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Petersen AU, Hofmann AI, Fillols M, Mansø M, Jevric M, Wang Z, Sumby CJ, Müller C, Moth‐Poulsen K. Solar Energy Storage by Molecular Norbornadiene-Quadricyclane Photoswitches: Polymer Film Devices. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900367. [PMID: 31380172 PMCID: PMC6662068 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Devices that can capture and convert sunlight into stored chemical energy are attractive candidates for future energy technologies. A general challenge is to combine efficient solar energy capture with high energy densities and energy storage time into a processable composite for device application. Here, norbornadiene (NBD)-quadricyclane (QC) molecular photoswitches are embedded into polymer matrices, with possible applications in energy storing coatings. The NBD-QC photoswitches that are capable of absorbing sunlight with estimated solar energy storage efficiencies of up to 3.8% combined with attractive energy storage densities of up to 0.48 MJ kg-1. The combination of donor and acceptor units leads to an improved solar spectrum match with an onset of absorption of up to 529 nm and a lifetime (t 1/2) of up to 10 months. The NBD-QC systems with properties matched to a daily energy storage cycle are further investigated in the solid state by embedding the molecules into a series of polymer matrices revealing that polystyrene is the preferred choice of matrix. These polymer devices, which can absorb sunlight and over a daily cycle release the energy as heat, are investigated for their cyclability, showing multicycle reusability with limited degradation that might allow them to be applied as window laminates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Ugleholdt Petersen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologySE‐412 96GothenburgSweden
| | - Anna I. Hofmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologySE‐412 96GothenburgSweden
| | - Méritxell Fillols
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologySE‐412 96GothenburgSweden
| | - Mads Mansø
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 52100Copenhagen ØDenmark
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologySE‐412 96GothenburgSweden
| | - Zhihang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologySE‐412 96GothenburgSweden
| | | | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologySE‐412 96GothenburgSweden
| | - Kasper Moth‐Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologySE‐412 96GothenburgSweden
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39
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Fu L, Yang J, Dong L, Yu H, Yan Q, Zhao F, Zhai F, Xu Y, Dang Y, Hu W, Feng Y, Feng W. Solar Thermal Storage and Room-Temperature Fast Release Using a Uniform Flexible Azobenzene-Grafted Polynorborene Film Enhanced by Stretching. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Feng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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40
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Akbar Ali M, Alam MA. Novel photoresponsive cyclicparaphenylenediazenes: structure, strain energy, cis-trans isomerization, and electronic properties. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1185-1196. [PMID: 30810558 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00502h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A series of cis-trans isomers of cyclicparaphenylenediazenes (CPPDs) have been designed to explore their potential applications in solar thermal fuels and photoswitchable devices. In this work, three isomers of cis-trans-[3]CPPD, seven isomers of cis-trans-[4]CPPD, eleven isomers of cis-trans-[5]CPPD, and sixteen isomers of cis-trans-[6]CPPD have been proposed using density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory. The stability of these CPPDs has been quantified by the homodesmotic reaction approach. Strain energies (SE) indicate that 3-cct, 4-ctct-anti, 5-cctct-anti, and 6-cttttc-anti are stable molecules in their respective CPPDs. The SE and heats of formation of cis-trans-CPPDs were also compared with those of all-cis-CPPDs and all-trans-CPPD isomers. The calculations suggest that cis-trans-CPPDs are more stable than all-cis and all-trans-CPPDs. The SE and also suggest that 3-cct, 4-ctct-anti, 5-cctct-anti, and 6-cttttc-anti are important candidates for laboratory test. The calculated highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy gaps of cis-trans-CPPDs indicate that these oligomers are potential materials for the construction of solar cells. Time-dependent (TD) DFT calculations of CPPDs show a characteristic peak in the range of 450 nm to 600 nm, which is consistent with previous studies. The predicted structures, and thermochemical and electronic properties can be a good starting point for the synthesis of CPPD-based photoswitchable and solar fuel cell devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Akbar Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai‐Li Sun
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD United Kingdom
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD United Kingdom
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD United Kingdom
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42
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Jevric M, Wang Z, Petersen AU, Mansø M, Sumby CJ, Nielsen MB, Moth-Poulsen K. Tuning Molecular Solar Thermal Properties by Modification of a Promising Norbornadiene Photoswitch. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martyn Jevric
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Zhihang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Anne U. Petersen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Mads Mansø
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Christopher J. Sumby
- Department of Chemistry; School of Physical Sciences; The University of Adelaide; 5005 SA Australia
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
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43
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Mogensen J, Christensen O, Kilde MD, Abildgaard M, Metz L, Kadziola A, Jevric M, Mikkelsen KV, Nielsen MB. Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage Systems with Long Discharge Times Based on the Dihydroazulene/Vinylheptafulvene Couple. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Mogensen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Oliver Christensen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Martin Drøhse Kilde
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Martin Abildgaard
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Lotte Metz
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Anders Kadziola
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
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44
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Gerkman MA, Sinha S, Warner JH, Han GGD. Direct Imaging of Photoswitching Molecular Conformations Using Individual Metal Atom Markers. ACS NANO 2019; 13:87-96. [PMID: 30521310 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photoswitching behavior of individual organic molecules was imaged by annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF-STEM) using a highly electron beam transparent graphene support. Photoswitching azobenzene derivatives with ligands at each end containing single transition-metal atoms (Pt) were designed (Pt-complex), and the distance between the strong ADF-STEM contrast from the two Pt atoms in each Pt-complex is used to track molecular length changes. UV irradiation was used to induce photoswitching of the Pt complex on graphene, and we show that the measured Pt-Pt distances within isolated molecules decrease from ∼2.1 nm to ∼1.4 nm, indicative of a trans-to- cis isomerization. Light illumination of the Pt-complex on the graphene support also caused their diffusion out from initial clusters to the surrounding area of graphene, indicating that the light-activated mobilization overcomes the intermolecular van der Waals interactions. This approach shows how individual isolated heavy metal atoms can be included as markers into complex molecules to track their structural changes using ADF-STEM on graphene supports, providing an effective method to study a diverse range of complex organic materials at the single molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihael A Gerkman
- Department of Chemistry , Brandeis University , 415 South Street , Waltham , Massachusetts 02453 , United States
| | - Sapna Sinha
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Jamie H Warner
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Grace G D Han
- Department of Chemistry , Brandeis University , 415 South Street , Waltham , Massachusetts 02453 , United States
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Dong L, Feng Y, Wang L, Feng W. Azobenzene-based solar thermal fuels: design, properties, and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7339-7368. [PMID: 30168543 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00470f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Development of renewable energy technologies has been a significant area of research amongst scientists with the aim of attaining a sustainable world society. Solar thermal fuels that can capture, convert, store, and release solar energy in the form of heat through reversible photoisomerization of molecular photoswitches such as azobenzene derivatives are currently in the limelight of research. Herein, we provide a state-of-the-art account on the recent advancements in solar thermal fuels based on azobenzene photoswitches. We begin with an overview on the importance of azobenzene-based solar thermal fuels and their fundamentals. Then, we highlight the recent advances in diverse azobenzene materials for solar thermal fuels such as pure azobenzene derivatives, nanocarbon-templated azobenzene, and polymer-templated azobenzene. The basic design concepts of these advanced solar energy storage materials are discussed, and their promising applications are highlighted. We then introduce the recent endeavors in the molecular design of azobenzene derivatives toward efficient solar thermal fuels, and conclude with new perspectives on the future scope, opportunities and challenges. It is expected that continuous pioneering research involving scientists and engineers from diverse technological backgrounds could trigger the rapid advancement of this important interdisciplinary field, which embraces chemistry, physics, engineering, nanoscience, nanotechnology, materials science, polymer science, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqi Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
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46
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Khan A, Wang L, Yu H, Haroon M, Ullah RS, Nazir A, Elshaarani T, Usman M, Fahad S, Haq F. Research advances in the synthesis and applications of ferrocene-based electro and photo responsive materials. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Haojie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Muhammad Haroon
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Raja Summe Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Ahsan Nazir
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Tarig Elshaarani
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Muhammad Usman
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Shah Fahad
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Fazal Haq
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
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Vasilyev IV, Fominykh OD, Balakina MY. Dynamic first hyperpolarizability of trans- and cis-isomers of azobenzene chromophore DO3 calculated at DFT and MP2 levels. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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48
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Petersen AU, Jevric M, Moth-Poulsen K. Triazole-Functionalized Norbornadiene-Quadricyclane Photoswitches for Solar Energy Storage. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne U. Petersen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemigården 4 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemigården 4 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemigården 4 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
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49
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Jevric M, Petersen AU, Mansø M, Kumar Singh S, Wang Z, Dreos A, Sumby C, Nielsen MB, Börjesson K, Erhart P, Moth-Poulsen K. Norbornadiene-Based Photoswitches with Exceptional Combination of Solar Spectrum Match and Long-Term Energy Storage. Chemistry 2018; 24:12767-12772. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martyn Jevric
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Anne U. Petersen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Mads Mansø
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Department of Physics; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Zhihang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ambra Dreos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Christopher Sumby
- Department of Chemistry; School of Physical Sciences; The University of Adelaide; SA 5005 Australia
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg; 41296 Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
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50
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Devi S, Saraswat M, Grewal S, Venkataramani S. Evaluation of Substituent Effect in Z-Isomer Stability of Arylazo-1H-3,5-dimethylpyrazoles: Interplay of Steric, Electronic Effects and Hydrogen Bonding. J Org Chem 2018; 83:4307-4322. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Devi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, Knowledge City, S.A.S.Nagar, Manauli, 140306 Punjab, India
| | - Mayank Saraswat
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, Knowledge City, S.A.S.Nagar, Manauli, 140306 Punjab, India
| | - Surbhi Grewal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, Knowledge City, S.A.S.Nagar, Manauli, 140306 Punjab, India
| | - Sugumar Venkataramani
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, Knowledge City, S.A.S.Nagar, Manauli, 140306 Punjab, India
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