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Wang YF, Yoshida A, Takeda Y, Sekine T, Kumaki D, Tokito S. Printed Directional Bending Sensor with High Sensitivity and Low Hysteresis for Human Motion Detection and Soft Robotic Perception. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23115041. [PMID: 37299768 DOI: 10.3390/s23115041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a high-performance flexible bending strain sensor for directional motion detection of human hands and soft robotic grippers. The sensor was fabricated using a printable porous conductive composite composed of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and carbon black (CB). The utilization of a deep eutectic solvent (DES) in the ink formulation induced a phase segregation between the CB and PDMS and led to a porous structure inside the printed films after being vapored. This simple and spontaneously formed conductive architecture provided superior directional bend-sensing characteristics compared to conventional random composites. The resulting flexible bending sensors displayed high bidirectional sensitivity (gauge factor of 45.6 under compressive bending and 35.2 under tensile bending), negligible hysteresis, good linearity (>0.99), and excellent bending durability (over 10,000 cycles). The multifunctional applications of these sensors, including human motion detection, object-shape monitoring, and robotic perceptions, are demonstrated as a proof-of-concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fei Wang
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Ayako Yoshida
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yasunori Takeda
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Tomohito Sekine
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kumaki
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Shizuo Tokito
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan
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2
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Barbosa R, Gonçalves R, Blanco GEDO, Saccardo MC, Tozzi KA, Zuquello AG, Scuracchio CH. Multi-sensing properties of hybrid filled natural rubber nanocomposites using impedance spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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3
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Ding C, Wang J, Yuan W, Zhou X, Lin Y, Zhu G, Li J, Zhong T, Su W, Cui Z. Durability Study of Thermal Transfer Printed Textile Electrodes for Wearable Electronic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:29144-29155. [PMID: 35723443 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Textile-based electronics hold great promise because they can endow wearable devices with soft and comfortable characteristics. However, the inherent porosity and fluffiness of fabrics result in high surface roughness, which presents great challenges in the manufacture of high-performance fabric electrodes. In this work, we propose a thermal transfer printing method to address the above challenges, in which electrodes or circuits of silver flake/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites are prefabricated on a release film by coating and laser engraving and then laminated by hot-pressing to a variety of fabrics and textiles. This universal and scalable production technique enables fabric electrodes to be made without compromising the original wearability, washability, and stretchability of textiles. The prepared fabric electrodes exhibit high conductivity (5.48 × 104 S/cm), high adhesion (≥1750 N/m), good abrasion/washing resistance, high patterning resolution (∼40 μm), and good electromechanical performance up to 50% strain. To demonstrate the potential applications, we developed textile-based radio frequency identification (RFID) tags for remote identification and a large-sized heater for wearable thermotherapy. More importantly, the solvent-free thermal transfer printing technology developed in this paper enables people to DIY interesting flexible electronics on clothes with daily tools, which can promote the commercial application of smart textile-based electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ding
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojin Zhou
- Suzhou Institute of Fiber Inspection, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Lin
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Zhu
- Suzhou Institute of Fiber Inspection, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Jiangsu Textiles Quality Services Inspection Testing Institute, Nanjing 210007, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhong
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenming Su
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Cui
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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4
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Lin JC, Liatsis P, Alexandridis P. Flexible and Stretchable Electrically Conductive Polymer Materials for Physical Sensing Applications. POLYM REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2059673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Chi Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Panos Liatsis
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Paschalis Alexandridis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
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5
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Wei Y, Zhou H, Deng H, Ji W, Tian K, Ma Z, Zhang K, Fu Q. "Toolbox" for the Processing of Functional Polymer Composites. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 14:35. [PMID: 34918192 PMCID: PMC8677876 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The processing methods of functional polymer composites (FPCs) are systematically summarized in “Toolbox”. The relationship of processing method-structure-property is discussed and the selection and combination of tools in processing among different FPCs are analyzed. A promising prospect is provided regarding the design principle for high performance FPCs for further investigation. ABSTRACT Functional polymer composites (FPCs) have attracted increasing attention in recent decades due to their great potential in delivering a wide range of functionalities. These functionalities are largely determined by functional fillers and their network morphology in polymer matrix. In recent years, a large number of studies on morphology control and interfacial modification have been reported, where numerous preparation methods and exciting performance of FPCs have been reported. Despite the fact that these FPCs have many similarities because they are all consisting of functional inorganic fillers and polymer matrices, review on the overall progress of FPCs is still missing, and especially the overall processing strategy for these composites is urgently needed. Herein, a “Toolbox” for the processing of FPCs is proposed to summarize and analyze the overall processing strategies and corresponding morphology evolution for FPCs. From this perspective, the morphological control methods already utilized for various FPCs are systematically reviewed, so that guidelines or even predictions on the processing strategies of various FPCs as well as multi-functional polymer composites could be given. This review should be able to provide interesting insights for the field of FPCs and boost future intelligent design of various FPCs. [Image: see text] SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40820-021-00774-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongju Zhou
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Deng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenjing Ji
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Tian
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuyu Ma
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiyi Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
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6
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Li Y, Chen Y, Yang Y, Gu JD, Ke K, Yin B, Yang MB. Aligned wave-like elastomer fibers with robust conductive layers via electroless deposition for stretchable electrode applications. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:8801-8808. [PMID: 34633022 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01441b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Flexible wearable electronics play an important role in the healthcare industry due to their unique skin affinity, portability and breathability. Despite great progress, it still remains a big challenge to facilely fabricate stretchable electrodes with low resistance, excellent stability and a wide tensile range. Here, we propose a handy and time-saving strategy for the fabrication of elastomeric films consisting of wave-like fibers with a robust conductive layer of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) immobilized using polydopamine (PDA) and silicone rubber (SR). To realize better stretchability, electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) mats with oriented nanofibers were treated via ethanol to achieve a wavy structure, which also allowed for the decoration of AgNP precursors on the TPU surface via PDA assisted electroless deposition (ELD). Therefore, the electrodes achieved a stretchability of 120% with high electrical conductivity (486 S cm-1). The films with a reduction time of 30 min showed superior electrical conductivity indicated by a resistance increase of only 100% within 50% strain. The TPU/PDA/AgNP/SR composites with a shorter reduction time of silver precursors could monitor human motions as wearable strain sensors with a wide work strain range (0-98%) and a high sensitivity (with a gauge factor (GF) of up to 81.76) for a strain of 80-98%. Therefore, they are an excellent candidate for potential application in prospective stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun-Di Gu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Yin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Chen J, Wang F, Zhu G, Wang C, Cui X, Xi M, Chang X, Zhu Y. Breathable Strain/Temperature Sensor Based on Fibrous Networks of Ionogels Capable of Monitoring Human Motion, Respiration, and Proximity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:51567-51577. [PMID: 34689555 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wearable strain and temperature sensors are desired for human-machine interfaces, health monitoring, and human motion monitoring. Herein, the fibrous mat with aligned nanofibers of ionic liquid (IL)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) ionogels is fabricated via an electrospinning technique. The resultant fibrous mat is cut into a rectangle specimen and electrodes are loaded along the direction perpendicular to the nanofiber orientation to design a high-performance multimodal sensor based on an ionic conducting mechanism. As a strain sensor, the obtained sensor exhibits a wide strain working range (0-200%), a fast response and recovery (119 ms), a low detection limit (0.1%), and good reproducibility because of the reversible and deformable ionic conductive pathways of the sensor. Moreover, the sensor also exhibits excellent temperature-sensing behaviors, including a monotonic thermal response, high sensitivity (2.75% °C-1), high accuracy (0.1 °C), a fast response time (2.46 s), and remarkable repeatability, attributable to the negative temperature coefficient behavior of the IL/TPU fibrous mat. More interestingly, the IL/TPU fibrous sensor possesses good breathability, which is desired for wearable electronics. Because of these excellent sensing capabilities in strain and temperature, the sensor can not only monitor tiny and large human motions but also detect respiration and proximity, exhibiting enormous potential in wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Chen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxuan Zhu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengbao Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xihua Cui
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, College of Materials and Textile Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang 314001, China
| | - Man Xi
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, College of Materials and Textile Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang 314001, China
| | - Xiaohua Chang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutian Zhu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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8
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Mai D, Mo J, Shan S, Lin Y, Zhang A. Self-Healing, Self-Adhesive Strain Sensors Made with Carbon Nanotubes/Polysiloxanes Based on Unsaturated Carboxyl-Amine Ionic Interactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:49266-49278. [PMID: 34634200 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Strain sensors with high sensitivity, long-term durability, and stretchability are required for flexible and wearable electronic devices. This paper reports a bilayer strain sensor consisting of carboxyl-functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and ionically crosslinked polysiloxane substrates based on unsaturated acid-amine interactions. Vacuum filtration was adopted to prepare the CNT films (2.74-4.70 μm in thickness) onto the polysiloxane substrates to prepare stretchable conductive strain sensors. The strain sensor exhibited self-healing ability, self-adhesiveness, high sensitivity, linearity, low hysteresis, and long-term durability with a gauge factor of 33.99 at 55% strain. The sensitivity and linearity could be adjusted by the thickness of the CNT layer. A crack-related mechanism was proposed in which increasing the thickness of the CNT layer led to simultaneously enhanced sensitivity and linearity. Finally, we investigated the detection of human activities (bending/unbending of fingers or knees) and subtle motions (coughing and swallowing). The fabricated strain sensor succeeded in meeting various needs with satisfactory sensing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Mai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, Guangdong, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Jiaheng Mo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, Guangdong, China
| | - Shijie Shan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaling Lin
- College of Material and Energy, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Anqiang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, Guangdong, China
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Tang X, Pionteck J, Krause B, Pötschke P, Voit B. Highly Tunable Piezoresistive Behavior of Carbon Nanotube-Containing Conductive Polymer Blend Composites Prepared from Two Polymers Exhibiting Crystallization-Induced Phase Separation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:43333-43347. [PMID: 34459584 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conductive polymer composites (CPCs) are suitable as piezoresistive-sensing materials. When using CPCs for strain sensing, it is still a big challenge to simultaneously improve the piezoresistive sensitivity and linearity along with the electrical conductivity and mechanical properties. Here, highly tunable piezoresistive behavior is reported for multiwalled carbon nanotube (CNT)-filled CPCs based on blends of two semicrystalline polymers poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), which are miscible in the melt. When cooling the homogeneous mixture of the blend components, successive crystallization of PVDF and PBS occurs, creating complex crystalline structures in a mixed amorphous phase. The morphology of the blend matrix, the crystallinity of the blend components, and the dispersion and location of the CNTs in the blend depend on the CNT content and the blend composition. Compared with PVDF/CNT composites, the substitution of 10 to 50 wt % PVDF by PBS in the composites shifts the electrical percolation concentration Φc from 0.79 wt % to filler contents as low as 0.50 wt % while improving the stretchability. The piezoresistive behavior is highly tunable by changing the PVDF/PBS ratio. The ternary composites with matrix compositions of PVDF (90 wt %)/PBS (10 wt %) and PVDF (50 wt %)/PBS (50 wt %) show either higher piezoresistive sensitivity or linearity, respectively, caused by the differences in the microstructure of the CPCs. For example, the crystallinity of PBS in the ternary composites increased from 19.8% to 52.0% as the PBS content increased from 10 wt % to 50 wt %, which is connected with altered CNT distribution and conductive network structure and substantial improvement of the linearity of the electrical response to strains up to >20%. Our findings highly contribute to the understanding of the piezoresistive properties of CPCs based on two semicrystalline polymers and are important for future studies to tune the piezoresistive behavior to achieve simultaneously improved sensitivity and linearity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Tang
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
- Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Jürgen Pionteck
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Beate Krause
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Petra Pötschke
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
- Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
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10
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Clemens F, Melnykowycz M, Bar F, Goldenstein D, Georgopoulou A. 2D Printing of Piezoresistive Auxetic Silicone Sensor Structures. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2021.3062000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Tan HL, Sanira Putri MK, Idris SS, Hartikainen N, Abu Bakar NF, Keirouz A, Radacsi N. High‐throughput
fabrication of carbonized electrospun polyacrylonitrile/poly(acrylic acid) nanofibers with additives for enhanced electrochemical sensing. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huey Ling Tan
- Faculty of Chemical EngineeringUniversiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia
| | - Maria Kana Sanira Putri
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings Edinburgh UK
| | - Siti Shawalliah Idris
- Faculty of Chemical EngineeringUniversiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia
| | - Niklas Hartikainen
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings Edinburgh UK
| | - Noor Fitrah Abu Bakar
- Faculty of Chemical EngineeringUniversiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia
| | - Antonios Keirouz
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings Edinburgh UK
| | - Norbert Radacsi
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings Edinburgh UK
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12
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Effect of the Elastomer Matrix on Thermoplastic Elastomer-Based Strain Sensor Fiber Composites. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20082399. [PMID: 32340201 PMCID: PMC7219333 DOI: 10.3390/s20082399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a thermoplastic elastomer sensor fiber was embedded in an elastomer matrix. The effect of the matrix material on the sensor properties and the piezoresistive behavior of the single fiber-matrix composite system was investigated. For all composites, cycling test (dynamic test) and the relaxation behavior at different strains (quasi-static test) were investigated. In all cases, dynamic properties and quasi-static significantly changed after embedding, compared to the pure fiber. The composite with the silicone elastomer PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) as matrix material exhibited deviation from linear response of the resistivity at low strains and proved an unsuitable choice compared to natural rubber. The addition of a spring construct in the embedded sensor fiber natural rubber composite improved the linearity at low strains but increased the mechanical and electrical hysteresis of the soft matter sensor composite. Using pre-vulcanized natural rubber improved linearity at low strains and reduced significantly the stress and relative resistance relaxation as well as the resistance hysteresis, especially if the resistance remained low. In both cases of the pre-vulcanized rubber and the spring structure, the piezoresistive behavior was improved, and at the same time, the stiffness of the system was increased indicating that using a stiffer matrix can be a strategy for improving the sensor properties.
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13
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Chen J, Zhu Y, Huang J, Zhang J, Pan D, Zhou J, Ryu JE, Umar A, Guo Z. Advances in Responsively Conductive Polymer Composites and Sensing Applications. POLYM REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2020.1734818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Chen
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yutian Zhu
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinrui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province; Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiaoxia Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Duo Pan
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Juying Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
- Integrated Composites Laboratory (ICL), Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Jong E. Ryu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ahmad Umar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhanhu Guo
- Integrated Composites Laboratory (ICL), Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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14
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Eom RI, Lee H, Lee Y. Evaluation of Thermal Properties of 3D Spacer Technical Materials in Cold Environments using 3D Printing Technology. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11091438. [PMID: 31480753 PMCID: PMC6780595 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel materials have been recently developed for coping with various environmental factors. Generally, to improve the thermal comfort to humans in cold environments, securing an air layer is important. Therefore, this study analyzed the thermal properties of 3D spacer technical materials, 3D printed using thermoplastic polyurethane, according to the structural changes. Four 3D spacer technical material structures were designed with varying pore size and thickness. These samples were moved into a cold climate chamber (temperature 5 ± 1 °C, relative humidity (60 ± 5)%, wind velocity ≤0.2 m/s) and placed on a heating plate set to 30 °C. The surface and internal temperatures were measured after 0, 10, 20, and 30 min and then 10 min after turning off the heating plate. When heat was continuously supplied, the 3D spacer technical material with large pores and a thick air layer showed superior insulation among the materials. However, when no heat was supplied, the air gap thickness dominantly affected thermal insulation, regardless of the pore size. Hence, increasing the air gap is more beneficial than increasing the pore size. Notably, we found that the air gap can increase insulation efficiency, which is of importance to the new concept of 3D printing an interlining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran-I Eom
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Chungnam National University, Yuseong, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Hyojeong Lee
- Dept. of Fashion Design & Merchandising, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungcheongnam-do 32588, Korea
| | - Yejin Lee
- Dept. of Clothing & Textiles, Chungnam National University, Yuseong, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
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15
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Piezoresistive Behaviour of Additively Manufactured Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Thermoplastic Polyurethane Nanocomposites. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12162613. [PMID: 31426317 PMCID: PMC6719982 DOI: 10.3390/ma12162613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To develop highly sensitive flexible pressure sensors, the mechanical and piezoresistive properties of conductive thermoplastic materials produced via additive manufacturing technology were investigated. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) dispersed in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), which is flexible and pliable, were used to form filaments. Specimens of the MWCNT/TPU composite with various MWCNT concentrations were printed using fused deposition modelling. Uniaxial tensile tests were conducted, while the mechanical and piezoresistive properties of the MWCNT/TPU composites were measured. To predict the piezoresistive behaviour of the composites, a microscale 3D resistance network model was developed. In addition, a continuum piezoresistive model was proposed for large-scale simulations.
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16
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Xia L, Gao H, Bi W, Fu W, Qiu G, Xin Z. Shape Memory Behavior of Carbon Black-reinforced Trans-1,4-polyisoprene and Low-density Polyethylene Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11050807. [PMID: 31064065 PMCID: PMC6572694 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shape memory composites of trans-1,4-polyisoprene (TPI) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) with easily achievable transition temperatures were prepared by a simple physical blending method. Carbon black (CB) was introduced to improve the mechanical properties of the TPI/LDPE composites. The mechanical, cure, thermal and shape memory properties of the TPI/LDPE/CB composites were investigated in this study. In these composites, the crosslinked network generated in both the TPI and LDPE portions acted as a fixed domain, while the crystalline regions of the TPI and LDPE portions acted as a reversible domain in shape memory behavior. We found the mechanical properties of composites were promoted significantly with an increase of CB content, accompanied with the deterioration of shape memory properties of composites. When CB dosage was 5 parts per hundred of rubber composites (phr), best shape memory property of composites was obtained with a shape fixity ratio of 95.1% and a shape recovery ratio of 95.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Han Gao
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Weina Bi
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Wenxin Fu
- Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California at Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Guixue Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Zhenxiang Xin
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
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17
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Montazerian H, Rashidi A, Dalili A, Najjaran H, Milani AS, Hoorfar M. Graphene-Coated Spandex Sensors Embedded into Silicone Sheath for Composites Health Monitoring and Wearable Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1804991. [PMID: 30919566 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201804991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a low-cost, tunable, and stretchable sensor fabricated based on spandex (SpX) yarns coated with graphene nanoplatelets (GnP) through a dip-coating process. The SpX/GnP is wrapped into a stretchable silicone rubber (SR) sheath to protect the conductive layer against harsh conditions, which allows for fabricating washable wearable sensors. Dip-coating parameters are optimized to obtain the maximum GnP coating rate. The covering sheath is tailored to achieve high stretchability beyond the sensing limit of 104% for SpX/GnP/SR sensors. Adjustable sensitivity is attained by manipulating SpX immersion times broadening its application for a wide range of strains: Gauge factors as high as two orders of magnitude are achieved at tensile strains greater than ≈40%. The fabricated sensors are tested for two applications: First, the SpX/GnP sensors are integrated into composite fabrics (with no negative impact on the structural integrity of the part) for screening the yarn displacements, resin flow, solidification during the hot press forming process, and structural health monitoring under mechanical loads with minimal cross-sensitivity to temperature/humidity. Second, the capability of SpX/GnP/SP sensors in detection of a wide range of bodily motions (from the joint motion to arterial blood pressure) is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Montazerian
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Armin Rashidi
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Arash Dalili
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Homayoun Najjaran
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Abbas S Milani
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
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18
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Wieme T, Duan L, Mys N, Cardon L, D'hooge DR. Effect of Matrix and Graphite Filler on Thermal Conductivity of Industrially Feasible Injection Molded Thermoplastic Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E87. [PMID: 30960070 PMCID: PMC6402235 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how the thermal conductivity (TC) of virgin commercial polymers and their composites with low graphite filler amounts can be improved, the effect of material choice, annealing and moisture content is investigated, all with feasible industrial applicability in mind focusing on injection molding. Comparison of commercial HDPE, PP, PLA, ABS, PS, and PA6 based composites under conditions minimizing the effect of the skin-core layer (measurement at half the sample thickness) allows to deduce that at 20 m% of filler, both the (overall) in- and through-plane TC can be significantly improved. The most promising results are for HDPE and PA6 (through/in-plane TC near 0.7/4.3 W·m-1K-1 for HDPE and 0.47/4.3 W·m-1K-1 for PA6 or an increase of 50/825% and 45/1200% respectively, compared to the virgin polymer). Testing with annealed and nucleated PA6 and PLA samples shows that further increasing the crystallinity has a limited effect. A variation of the average molar mass and moisture content is also almost without impact. Intriguingly, the variation of the measuring depth allows to control the relative importance of the TC of the core and skin layer. An increased measurement depth, hence, a higher core-to-skin ratio measurement specifically indicates a clear increase in the through-plane TC (e.g., factor 2). Therefore, for basic shapes, the removal of the skin layer is recommendable to increase the TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Wieme
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 915, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.
| | - Lingyan Duan
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 915, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.
| | - Nicolas Mys
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 915, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.
| | - Ludwig Cardon
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 915, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.
| | - Dagmar R D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 907, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.
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19
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Xie B, Mao P, Chen M, Li Z, Han J, Yang L, Wang X, Han M, Liu JM, Wang G. Pd Nanoparticle Film on a Polymer Substrate for Transparent and Flexible Hydrogen Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:44603-44613. [PMID: 30511566 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b15445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Alongside the rise in fully automated equipment and wearable devices, there is currently a high demand for optically transparent and flexible gas sensors operating at room temperature. Nanoparticle films are ideal H2-sensing materials that can be coupled with flexible substrates because of their discrete nanogranular structure and unique interparticle electrical responsiveness. In this work, we present an optically transparent and flexible H2 sensor based on a Pd nanoparticle film, prepared on a polyethylene terephthalate sheet using a straightforward nanocluster deposition technique. Hundreds of bending cycles demonstrated that the sensor has good electrical stability and mechanical robustness without significant degradation in H2-sensing performance. The H2-sensing behaviors under bent state were systematically evaluated. The loading of tensile and compressive strains under bent state produced a positive and negative influence, respectively, on the sensing performances. The possible influence mechanism of the tensile and compressive strains on the H2-sensing performance was attributed to the changes in the percolation network topology and the interparticle space induced by the strains. The ability to detect a H2 concentration as low as 15 ppm, dynamic response range as wide as 0-10%, and sub-10 s response time was achieved. In addition, the sensor can be operated in the relative humidity range of 0-90% at room temperature. These results demonstrate that the sensor exhibits significant potential for next-generation transparent and flexible H2 detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xie
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis & Reuse Technology , Hubei Normal University , Huangshi 435002 , P. R. China
| | - Peng Mao
- School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT , U.K
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Minrui Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , P. R. China
| | - Zhaoguo Li
- Research Center of Laser Fusion , China Academy of Engineering Physics , Mianyang 621900 , P. R. China
| | - Juanjuan Han
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis & Reuse Technology , Hubei Normal University , Huangshi 435002 , P. R. China
| | - Lun Yang
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis & Reuse Technology , Hubei Normal University , Huangshi 435002 , P. R. China
| | - Xiuzhang Wang
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis & Reuse Technology , Hubei Normal University , Huangshi 435002 , P. R. China
| | - Min Han
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , P. R. China
| | - Jun-Ming Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , P. R. China
| | - Guanghou Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , P. R. China
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20
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Bi H, Xu M, Ye G, Guo R, Cai L, Ren Z. Mechanical, Thermal, and Shape Memory Properties of Three-Dimensional Printing Biomass Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1234. [PMID: 30961159 PMCID: PMC6401767 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a series of heat-induced shape memory composites was prepared by the hot-melt extrusion and three-dimensional (3D) printing of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) using wood flour (WF) with different contents of EPDM-g-MAH. The mechanical properties, microtopography, thermal property analysis, and heat-induced shape memory properties of the composites were examined. The results showed that, when the EPDM-g-MAH content was 4%, the tensile elongation and tensile strength of the composites reached the maximum value. The scanning electron microscopy and dynamic mechanical analysis results revealed a good interface bonding between TPU and WF when the EPDM-g-MAH content was 4%. The thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the thermal stability of TPU/WF composites was enhanced by the addition of 4% EPDM-g-MAH. Heat-induced shape memory test results showed that the shape memory performance of composites with 4% EPDM-g-MAH was better than that of unmodified-composites. The composites' shape recovery performance at a temperature of 60 °C was higher than that of the composites at ambient temperature. It was also found that, when the filling angle of the specimen was 45°, the recovery angle of the composites was larger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Bi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Gaoyuan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Liping Cai
- Mechanical and Energy Engineering Department, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Zechun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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21
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Gao J, Wang X, Zhai W, Liu H, Zheng G, Dai K, Mi L, Liu C, Shen C. Ultrastretchable Multilayered Fiber with a Hollow-Monolith Structure for High-Performance Strain Sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:34592-34603. [PMID: 30226365 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
As a crucial component of data terminal acquisition devices, flexible strain sensor has shown promising applications in numerous fields, such as healthcare, bodynet, the intelligent traffic system, and the robotic system. For stretchable strain sensor, it remains a huge challenge to realize a fine balance of wide detection range and high sensitivity. Here, an electrically conductive carbon nanotube/thermoplastic polyurethane fiber with a multilayered, hollow, and monolith structure, accompanying high stretchability (up to 476% strain) and low density (about 0.46 g/cm3) is fabricated through a facile coaxial wet-spun assembly strategy. The as-prepared fibers with a designed independent sensitive zone and flexible supporting zone possess an ultralow percolation threshold (0.17 wt %) and a tunable size and structure. This structure endows the fiber with a good integration of adequate flexibility, suitable strength, and high elongation at break for wearable electronics. The fiber, which is then assembled as a strain sensor, realizes the perfect combination of the wide sensing range (>350% strain), high sensitivity (gauge factor (GF) = 166.7 at 350% strain), and excellent working durability (>10 000 cycles). Our sensor could also detect small compressing deformations (0.35% N-1 at 0.025-50 N) by capturing the resistance change of the fiber with superior stability. The highly stretchable, light weight, and multilayered fiber with the designed hollow-monolith structure provides a new route for the preparation of high-performance wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaozheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Hu Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Kun Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Liwei Mi
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering , Zhongyuan University of Technology , Zhengzhou 450007 , P. R. China
| | - Chuntai Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Changyu Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
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