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Chen Y, Shokouhi AR, Voelcker NH, Elnathan R. Nanoinjection: A Platform for Innovation in Ex Vivo Cell Engineering. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1722-1735. [PMID: 38819691 PMCID: PMC11191407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusIn human cells, intracellular access and therapeutic cargo transport, including gene-editing tools (e.g., CRISPR-Cas9 and transposons), nucleic acids (e.g., DNA, mRNA, and siRNA), peptides, and proteins (e.g., enzymes and antibodies), are tightly constrained to ensure healthy cell function and behavior. This principle is exemplified in the delivery mechanisms of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells for ex-vivo immunotherapy. In particular, the clinical success of CAR-T cells has established a new standard of care by curing previously incurable blood cancers. The approach involves the delivery, typically via the use of electroporation (EP) and lentivirus, of therapeutic CAR genes into a patient's own T cells, which are then engineered to express CARs that target and combat their blood cancer. But the key difficulty lies in genetically manipulating these cells without causing irreversible damage or loss of function─all the while minimizing complexities of manufacturing, safety concerns, and costs, and ensuring the efficacy of the final CAR-T cell product.Nanoinjection─the process of intracellular delivery using nanoneedles (NNs)─is an emerging physical delivery route that efficiently negotiates the plasma membrane of many cell types, including primary human T cells. It occurs with minimal perturbation, invasiveness, and toxicity, with high efficiency and throughput at high spatial and temporal resolutions. Nanoinjection promises greatly improved delivery of a broad range of therapeutic cargos with little or no damage to those cargos. A nanoinjection platform allows these cargos to function in the intracellular space as desired. The adaptability of nanoinjection platforms is now bringing major advantages in immunomodulation, mechanotransduction, sampling of cell states (nanobiopsy), controlled intracellular interrogation, and the primary focus of this account─intracellular delivery and its applications in ex vivo cell engineering.Mechanical nanoinjection typically exerts direct mechanical force on the cell membrane, offering a straightforward route to improve membrane perturbation by the NNs and subsequent transport of genetic cargo into targeted cell type (adherent or suspension cells). By contrast, electroactive nanoinjection is controlled by coupling NNs with an electric field─a new route for activating electroporation (EP) at the nanoscale─allowing a dramatic reduction of the applied voltage to a cell and so minimizing post-EP damage to cells and cargo, and overcoming many of the limitations of conventional bulk EP. Nanoinjection transcends mere technique; it is an approach to cell engineering ex vivo, offering the potential to endow cells with new, powerful features such as generating chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells for future CAR-T cell technologies.We first discuss the manufacturing of NN devices (Section 2), then delve into nanoinjection-mediated cell engineering (Section 3), nanoinjection mechanisms and interfacing methodologies (Section 4), and emerging applications in using nanoinjection to create functional CAR-T cells (Section 5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Chen
- Oujiang
Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain
Health), Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer’s
Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research
Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
- Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash
University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ali-Reza Shokouhi
- Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash
University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash
University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Melbourne
Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National
Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash
University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Roey Elnathan
- Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash
University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Melbourne
Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National
Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- School
of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
- Institute
for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds campus, VIC 3216, Australia
- The
Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation,
School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Melbourne, VIC 3216, Australia
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2
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Zhu X, Shi Z, Mao Y, Lächelt U, Huang R. Cell Membrane Perforation: Patterns, Mechanisms and Functions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310605. [PMID: 38344881 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Cell membrane is crucial for the cellular activities, and any disruption to it may affect the cells. It is demonstrated that cell membrane perforation is associated with some biological processes like programmed cell death (PCD) and infection of pathogens. Specific developments make it a promising technique to perforate the cell membrane controllably and precisely. The pores on the cell membrane provide direct pathways for the entry and exit of substances, and can also cause cell death, which means reasonable utilization of cell membrane perforation is able to assist intracellular delivery, eliminate diseased or cancerous cells, and bring about other benefits. This review classifies the patterns of cell membrane perforation based on the mechanisms into 1) physical patterns, 2) biological patterns, and 3) chemical patterns, introduces the characterization methods and then summarizes the functions according to the characteristics of reversible and irreversible pores, with the aim of providing a comprehensive summary of the knowledge related to cell membrane perforation and enlightening broad applications in biomedical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education), Huashan Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhifeng Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ulrich Lächelt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Rongqin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education), Huashan Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Quek YJ, Tay A. Nanoscale Methods for Longitudinal Extraction of Intracellular Contents. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2314184. [PMID: 38459829 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202314184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Longitudinal analysis of intracellular contents including gene and protein expression is crucial for deciphering the fundamentally dynamic nature of cells. This offers invaluable insights into complex tissue composition and behavior, and drives progress in disease diagnosis, biomarker discovery, and drug development. Traditional longitudinal analysis workflows, involving the destruction of cells at various timepoints, limit insights to singular moments and fail to account for cellular heterogeneity. Current non-destructive approaches, like temporal modeling with single-cell ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-seq) and live-cell fluorescence imaging, either rely on biological assumptions or possess the risk of cellular perturbation. Recent advances in nanoscale technologies for non-destructive intracellular content extraction offer a promising solution to these challenges. These novel methods work at the nanoscale to non-destructively access cellular membranes and can be broadly classified into three mechanisms: tip-facilitated aspiration, membrane-based, and probe-based methods. This perspective focuses on these emerging nanotechnologies for repeated intracellular content extraction. Their potential in longitudinal analysis is discussed, the critical requirements for effective repeated sampling are addressed, and the suitability of each technique for various applications is explored. Furthermore, unresolved challenges in repeated sampling are highlighted to encourage further research in this growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jie Quek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Andy Tay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Tissue Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117510, Singapore
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Zhang B, Liu B, Wu Z, Oyama K, Ikari M, Yagi H, Tochio N, Kigawa T, Mikawa T, Miyake T. A Hybrid Nanotube Stamp System in Intracellular Protein Delivery for Cancer Treatment and NMR Analytical Techniques. Anal Chem 2024; 96:8349-8355. [PMID: 38745349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
In contrast to intracellular gene transfer, the direct delivery of expressed proteins is a significantly challenging yet essential technique for elucidating cellular functions, including protein complex structure, liquid-liquid phase separation, therapeutic applications, and reprogramming. In this study, we developed a hybrid nanotube (HyNT) stamp system that physically inserts the HyNTs into adhesive cells, enabling the injection of target molecules through HyNT ducts. This system demonstrates the capability to deliver multiple proteins, such as lactate oxidase (LOx) and ubiquitin (UQ), to approximately 1.8 × 107 adhesive cells with a delivery efficiency of 89.9% and a viability of 97.1%. The delivery of LOx enzyme into HeLa cancer cells induced cell death, while enzyme-delivered healthy cells remained viable. Furthermore, our stamp system can deliver an isotope-labeled UQ into adhesive cells for detection by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhang
- Graduate School of Information, Production and Systems, Waseda University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Bingfu Liu
- Graduate School of Information, Production and Systems, Waseda University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Zhouji Wu
- Graduate School of Information, Production and Systems, Waseda University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Oyama
- Graduate School of Information, Production and Systems, Waseda University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masaomi Ikari
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Yagi
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Naoya Tochio
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takanori Kigawa
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Mikawa
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takeo Miyake
- Graduate School of Information, Production and Systems, Waseda University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
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5
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Jiang J, Liu J, Liu X, Xu X, Liu Z, Huang S, Huang X, Yao C, Wang X, Chen Y, Chen HJ, Wang J, Xie X. Coupling of nanostraws with diverse physicochemical perforation strategies for intracellular DNA delivery. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:131. [PMID: 38532389 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02392-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective intracellular DNA transfection is imperative for cell-based therapy and gene therapy. Conventional gene transfection methods, including biochemical carriers, physical electroporation and microinjection, face challenges such as cell type dependency, low efficiency, safety concerns, and technical complexity. Nanoneedle arrays have emerged as a promising avenue for improving cellular nucleic acid delivery through direct penetration of the cell membrane, bypassing endocytosis and endosome escape processes. Nanostraws (NS), characterized by their hollow tubular structure, offer the advantage of flexible solution delivery compared to solid nanoneedles. However, NS struggle to stably self-penetrate the cell membrane, resulting in limited delivery efficiency. Coupling with extra physiochemical perforation strategies is a viable approach to improve their performance. This study systematically compared the efficiency of NS coupled with polyethylenimine (PEI) chemical modification, mechanical force, photothermal effect, and electric field on cell membrane perforation and DNA transfection. The results indicate that coupling NS with PEI modification, mechanical force, photothermal effects provide limited enhancement effects. In contrast, NS-electric field coupling significantly improves intracellular DNA transfection efficiency. This work demonstrates that NS serve as a versatile platform capable of integrating various physicochemical strategies, while electric field coupling stands out as a form worthy of primary consideration for efficient DNA transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jiang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Republic of China
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Republic of China
| | - Xingyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Republic of China
| | - Zhengjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Republic of China
| | - Shuang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Republic of China
| | - Xinshuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Republic of China
| | - Chuanjie Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Republic of China
| | - Xiafeng Wang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Republic of China
| | - Yixin Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangzhou, 510080, Republic of China
| | - Hui-Jiuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Republic of China.
| | - Ji Wang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Republic of China.
| | - Xi Xie
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Republic of China.
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6
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Hang X, Huang Z, He S, Wang Z, Dong Z, Chang L. A Nano-Electroporation-DNA Tensioner Platform Enhances Intracellular Delivery and Mechanical Analysis Toward Rapid Drug Assessment. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2300915. [PMID: 37994267 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
In vitro, drug assessment holds tremendous potential to success in novel drug development and precision medicine. Traditional techniques for drug assessment, however, face remarkable challenges to achieve high speed, as limited by incubation-based drug delivery (>several hours) and cell viability measurements (>1 d), which significantly compromise the efficacy in clinical trials. In this work, a nano-electroporation-DNA tensioner platform is reported that shortens the time of drug delivery to less than 3 s, and that of cellular mechanical force analysis to 30 min. The platform adopts a nanochannel structure to localize a safe electric field for cell perforation, while enhancing delivery speed by 103 times for intracellular delivery, as compared to molecular diffusion in coculture methods. The platform is further equipped with a DNA tensioner to detect cellular mechanical force for quantifying cell viability after drug treatment. Systematic head-to-head comparison, by analyzing FDA (food and drug administration)-approved drugs (paclitaxel, doxorubicin), demonstrated the platform with high speed, efficiency, and safety, showing a simple yet powerful tool for clinical drug screening and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Hang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhaocun Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shiqi He
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhiying Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zaizai Dong
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lingqian Chang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
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7
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Pylaev TE, Avdeeva ES, Khlebtsov BN, Lomova MV, Khlebtsov NG. High-throughput cell optoporation system based on Au nanoparticle layers mediated by resonant irradiation for precise and controllable gene delivery. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3044. [PMID: 38321124 PMCID: PMC10847436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of approaches based on genetically modified cells is accompanied by a constant intensive search for new effective and safe delivery systems and the study of existing ones. Recently, we developed a new plasmonic nanoparticle layers-mediated optoporation system that can be proposed for precisely controlled, high-performance laser transfection compatible with broad types of cells and delivered objects of interest. The main goal of the present study is to demonstrate the broad possibilities and advantages of our system for optoporation of several mammalian cells, classified as "easy-to-transfect" cells, namely HeLa and CHO lines, and "hard-to-transfect" cells, namely A431 and RAW 264.7 cells. We show the efficient delivery of various sized cargo molecules: from small molecular dyes propidium iodide (PI) with molecular mass 700 Da, control plasmids (3-10 kb) to fluorophore-labeled dextranes with masses ranging from 10 kDa up to 100 kDa. The performance of optoporation was investigated for two types of laser sources, 800-nm continuous-wave laser, and 1064-nm ns pulsed laser. We provided a comparative study between our system and commercial agent Lipofectamine for transient transfection and stable transfection of HeLa cells with plasmids encoding fluorescent proteins. The quantitative data analysis using flow cytometry, Alamar blue viability assay, and direct fluorescence microscopy revealed higher optoporation efficacy for hard-to-transfect A431 cells and Raw 264.7 cells than lipofection efficacy. Finally, we demonstrated the optoporation performance at the single-cell level by successful delivering PI to the individual CHO cells with revealed high viability for at least 72 h post-irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Pylaev
- Saratov Medical State University N.a. V.I. Razumovsky, 112 Ulitsa Bolshaya Kazachya, Saratov, Russia, 410012.
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms - Subdivision of the Federal State Budgetary Research Institution Saratov Federal Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 13 Prospect Entuziastov, Saratov, Russia, 410049.
- Saratov National Research State University, 83 Ulitsa Astrakhanskaya, Saratov, Russia, 410012.
| | - E S Avdeeva
- Saratov Medical State University N.a. V.I. Razumovsky, 112 Ulitsa Bolshaya Kazachya, Saratov, Russia, 410012
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms - Subdivision of the Federal State Budgetary Research Institution Saratov Federal Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 13 Prospect Entuziastov, Saratov, Russia, 410049
| | - B N Khlebtsov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms - Subdivision of the Federal State Budgetary Research Institution Saratov Federal Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 13 Prospect Entuziastov, Saratov, Russia, 410049
| | - M V Lomova
- Saratov National Research State University, 83 Ulitsa Astrakhanskaya, Saratov, Russia, 410012
| | - N G Khlebtsov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms - Subdivision of the Federal State Budgetary Research Institution Saratov Federal Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 13 Prospect Entuziastov, Saratov, Russia, 410049
- Saratov National Research State University, 83 Ulitsa Astrakhanskaya, Saratov, Russia, 410012
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Park W, Kim EM, Jeon Y, Lee J, Yi J, Jeong J, Kim B, Jeong BG, Kim DR, Kong H, Lee CH. Transparent Intracellular Sensing Platform with Si Needles for Simultaneous Live Imaging. ACS NANO 2023; 17:25014-25026. [PMID: 38059775 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Vertically ordered Si needles are of particular interest for long-term intracellular recording owing to their capacity to infiltrate living cells with negligible damage and minimal toxicity. Such intracellular recordings could greatly benefit from simultaneous live cell imaging without disrupting their culture, contributing to an in-depth understanding of cellular function and activity. However, the use of standard live imaging techniques, such as inverted and confocal microscopy, is currently impeded by the opacity of Si wafers, typically employed for fabricating vertical Si needles. Here, we introduce a transparent intracellular sensing platform that combines vertical Si needles with a percolated network of Au-Ag nanowires on a transparent elastomeric substrate. This sensing platform meets all prerequisites for simultaneous intracellular recording and imaging, including electrochemical impedance, optical transparency, mechanical compliance, and cell viability. Proof-of-concept demonstrations of this sensing platform include monitoring electrical potentials in cardiomyocyte cells and in three-dimensionally engineered cardiovascular tissue, all while conducting live imaging with inverted and confocal microscopes. This sensing platform holds wide-ranging potential applications for intracellular research across various disciplines such as neuroscience, cardiology, muscle physiology, and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woohyun Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Eun Mi Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yale Jeon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsang Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jonghun Yi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinheon Jeong
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bongjoong Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Mechanical and System Design Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Guk Jeong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Dong Rip Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoon Kong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chi Hwan Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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9
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Hu T, Kumar AR, Luo Y, Tay A. Automating CAR-T Transfection with Micro and Nano-Technologies. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2301300. [PMID: 38054597 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer poses a significant health challenge, with traditional treatments like surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy often lacking in cell specificity and long-term curative potential. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy,utilizing genetically engineered T cells to target cancer cells, is a promising alternative. However, its high cost limits widespread application. CAR-T manufacturing process encompasses three stages: cell isolation and activation, transfection, and expansion.While the first and last stages have straightforward, commercially available automation technologies, the transfection stage lags behind. Current automated transfection relies on viral vectors or bulk electroporation, which have drawbacks such as limited cargo capacity and significant cell disturbance. Conversely, micro and nano-tool methods offer higher throughput and cargo flexibility, yet their automation remains underexplored.In this perspective, the progress in micro and nano-engineering tools for CAR-T transfection followed by a discussion to automate them is described. It is anticipated that this work can inspire the community working on micro and nano transfection techniques to examine how their protocols can be automated to align with the growing interest in automating CAR-T manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianmu Hu
- Engineering Science Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Arun Rk Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Yikai Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Andy Tay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Tissue Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117510, Singapore
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10
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Shokouhi AR, Chen Y, Yoh HZ, Brenker J, Alan T, Murayama T, Suu K, Morikawa Y, Voelcker NH, Elnathan R. Engineering Efficient CAR-T Cells via Electroactive Nanoinjection. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304122. [PMID: 37434421 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has emerged as a promising cell-based immunotherapy approach for treating blood disorders and cancers, but genetically engineering CAR-T cells is challenging due to primary T cells' sensitivity to conventional gene delivery approaches. The current viral-based method can typically involve significant operating costs and biosafety hurdles, while bulk electroporation (BEP) can lead to poor cell viability and functionality. Here, a non-viral electroactive nanoinjection (ENI) platform is developed to efficiently negotiate the plasma membrane of primary human T cells via vertically configured electroactive nanotubes, enabling efficient delivery (68.7%) and expression (43.3%) of CAR genes in the T cells, with minimal cellular perturbation (>90% cell viability). Compared to conventional BEP, the ENI platform achieves an almost threefold higher CAR transfection efficiency, indicated by the significantly higher reporter GFP expression (43.3% compared to 16.3%). By co-culturing with target lymphoma Raji cells, the ENI-transfected CAR-T cells' ability to effectively suppress lymphoma cell growth (86.9% cytotoxicity) is proved. Taken together, the results demonstrate the platform's remarkable capacity to generate functional and effective anti-lymphoma CAR-T cells. Given the growing potential of cell-based immunotherapies, such a platform holds great promise for ex vivo cell engineering, especially in CAR-T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali-Reza Shokouhi
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Yaping Chen
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Hao Zhe Yoh
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Jason Brenker
- Dynamic Micro Devices (DMD) Lab, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, 17 College Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Tuncay Alan
- Dynamic Micro Devices (DMD) Lab, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, 17 College Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Takahide Murayama
- Institute of Semiconductor and Electronics Technologies ULVAC Inc., 1220-1 Suyama, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1231, Japan
| | - Koukou Suu
- Institute of Semiconductor and Electronics Technologies ULVAC Inc., 1220-1 Suyama, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1231, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Morikawa
- Institute of Semiconductor and Electronics Technologies ULVAC Inc., 1220-1 Suyama, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1231, Japan
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Roey Elnathan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds campus, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3216, Australia
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Rahamathulla M, Murugesan S, Gowda DV, Alamri AH, Ahmed MM, Osmani RAM, Ramamoorthy S, Veeranna B. The Use of Nanoneedles in Drug Delivery: an Overview of Recent Trends and Applications. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:216. [PMID: 37857918 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02661-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoneedles (NN) are growing rapidly as a means of navigating biological membranes and delivering therapeutics intracellularly. Nanoneedle arrays (NNA) are among the most potential resources to achieve therapeutic effects by administration of drugs through the skin. Although this is based on well-established approaches, its implementations are rapidly developing as an important pharmaceutical and biological research phenomenon. This study intends to provide a broad overview of current NNA research, with an emphasis on existing approaches, applications, and types of compounds released by these systems. A nanoneedle-based delivery device with great spatial and temporal accuracy, minimal interference, and low toxicity could transfer biomolecules into living organisms. Due to its vast potential, NN has been widely used as a capable transportation system of many therapeutic active substances, from cancer therapy, vaccine delivery, cosmetics, and bio-sensing nanocarrier drugs to genes. The use of nanoneedles for drug delivery offers new opportunities for the rapid, targeted, and exact administration of biomolecules into cell membranes for high-resolution research of biological systems, and it can treat a wide range of biological challenges. As a result, the literature has analyzed existing patents to emphasize the status of NNA in biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Rahamathulla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Santhosh Murugesan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - D V Gowda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Ali H Alamri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Muqtader Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyaz Ali M Osmani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India.
| | - Sathish Ramamoorthy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Balamuralidhara Veeranna
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India.
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12
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Shokouhi AR, Chen Y, Yoh HZ, Murayama T, Suu K, Morikawa Y, Brenker J, Alan T, Voelcker NH, Elnathan R. Electroactive nanoinjection platform for intracellular delivery and gene silencing. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:273. [PMID: 37592297 PMCID: PMC10433684 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanoinjection-the process of intracellular delivery using vertically configured nanostructures-is a physical route that efficiently negotiates the plasma membrane, with minimal perturbation and toxicity to the cells. Nanoinjection, as a physical membrane-disruption-mediated approach, overcomes challenges associated with conventional carrier-mediated approaches such as safety issues (with viral carriers), genotoxicity, limited packaging capacity, low levels of endosomal escape, and poor versatility for cell and cargo types. Yet, despite the implementation of nanoinjection tools and their assisted analogues in diverse cellular manipulations, there are still substantial challenges in harnessing these platforms to gain access into cell interiors with much greater precision without damaging the cell's intricate structure. Here, we propose a non-viral, low-voltage, and reusable electroactive nanoinjection (ENI) platform based on vertically configured conductive nanotubes (NTs) that allows for rapid influx of targeted biomolecular cargos into the intracellular environment, and for successful gene silencing. The localization of electric fields at the tight interface between conductive NTs and the cell membrane drastically lowers the voltage required for cargo delivery into the cells, from kilovolts (for bulk electroporation) to only ≤ 10 V; this enhances the fine control over membrane disruption and mitigates the problem of high cell mortality experienced by conventional electroporation. RESULTS Through both theoretical simulations and experiments, we demonstrate the capability of the ENI platform to locally perforate GPE-86 mouse fibroblast cells and efficiently inject a diverse range of membrane-impermeable biomolecules with efficacy of 62.5% (antibody), 55.5% (mRNA), and 51.8% (plasmid DNA), with minimal impact on cells' viability post nanoscale-EP (> 90%). We also show gene silencing through the delivery of siRNA that targets TRIOBP, yielding gene knockdown efficiency of 41.3%. CONCLUSIONS We anticipate that our non-viral and low-voltage ENI platform is set to offer a new safe path to intracellular delivery with broader selection of cargo and cell types, and will open opportunities for advanced ex vivo cell engineering and gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali-Reza Shokouhi
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Yaping Chen
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Hao Zhe Yoh
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Takahide Murayama
- Institute of Semiconductor and Electronics Technologies, ULVAC Inc, 1220-1 Suyama, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1231, Japan
| | - Koukou Suu
- Institute of Semiconductor and Electronics Technologies, ULVAC Inc, 1220-1 Suyama, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1231, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Morikawa
- Institute of Semiconductor and Electronics Technologies, ULVAC Inc, 1220-1 Suyama, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1231, Japan
| | - Jason Brenker
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Tuncay Alan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
| | - Roey Elnathan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Melbourne, VIC, 3216, Australia.
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3216, Australia.
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3216, Australia.
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13
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Lee GW, Kim B, Lee TW, Yim S, Chandrasekharan A, Kim H, Choi S, Yang SY. Nanoporous electroporation needle for localized intracellular delivery in deep tissues. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10418. [PMID: 37476054 PMCID: PMC10354752 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The exogenous control of intracellular drug delivery has been shown to improve the overall efficacy of therapies by reducing nonspecific off-target toxicity. However, achieving a precise on-demand dosage of a drug in deep tissues with minimal damage is still a challenge. In this study, we report an electric-pulse-driven nanopore-electroporation (nEP) system for the localized intracellular delivery of a model agent in deep tissues. Compared with conventional bulk electroporation, in vitro nEP achieved better transfection efficiency (>60%) with a high cell recovery rate (>95%) under a nontoxic low electroporation condition (40 V). Furthermore, in vivo nEP using a nanopore needle electrode with a side drug-releasing compartment offered better control over the dosage release, time, and location of propidium iodide, which was used as a model agent for intracellular delivery. In a pilot study using experimental animals, the nEP system exhibited two times higher transfection efficiency of propidium iodide in the thigh muscle tissue, while minimizing tissue damage (<20%) compared to that of bulk electroporation. This tissue-penetrating nEP platform can provide localized, safe, and effective intracellular delivery of diverse therapeutics into deep tissues in a controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong Won Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 Four Program)Pusan National UniversityMiryangSouth Korea
| | - Byeongyeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyHanyang UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Tae Wook Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 Four Program)Pusan National UniversityMiryangSouth Korea
| | - Sang‐Gu Yim
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 Four Program)Pusan National UniversityMiryangSouth Korea
| | - Ajeesh Chandrasekharan
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 Four Program)Pusan National UniversityMiryangSouth Korea
| | - Hyewon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyHanyang UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Sungyoung Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyHanyang UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Seung Yun Yang
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 Four Program)Pusan National UniversityMiryangSouth Korea
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14
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Yoh HZ, Chen Y, Shokouhi AR, Thissen H, Voelcker NH, Elnathan R. The influence of dysfunctional actin on polystyrene-nanotube-mediated mRNA nanoinjection into mammalian cells. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:7737-7744. [PMID: 37066984 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01111a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of nanofabrication technologies has transformed the landscape of engineered nano-bio interfaces, especially with vertically aligned nanoneedles (NNs). This enables scientists to venture into new territories, widening NN applications into increasingly more complex cellular manipulation and interrogation. Specifically, for intracellular delivery application, NNs have been shown to mediate the delivery of various bioactive cargos into a wide range of cells-a physical method termed "nanoinjection". Silicon (Si) nanostructures demonstrated great potential in nanoinjection, whereas the use of polymeric NNs for nanoinjection has rarely been explored. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism of interaction at the cell-NN interface is subtle and multifaceted, and not fully understood-underpinned by the design versatility of the NN biointerface. Recent studies have suggested that actin dynamic plays a pivotal role influencing the delivery efficacy. In this study, we fabricated a new class of NNs-a programmable polymeric nanotubes (NTs)-from polystyrene (PS) cell cultureware, designed to facilitate mRNA delivery into mouse embryonic fibroblast GPE86 cells. The PSNT delivery platform was able to mediate mRNA delivery with high delivery efficiency (∼83%). We also investigated the role of actin cytoskeleton in PSNTs mediated intracellular delivery by introducing two actin inhibitors-cytochalasin D (Cyto D) and jasplakinolide (Jas)-to cause dysfunctional cytoskeleton, via inhibiting actin polymerization and depolymerization, respectively (before and after the establishment of cell-PSNT interface). By inhibiting actin dynamics 12 h before cell-PSNT interfacing (pre-interface treatment), the mRNA delivery efficiencies were significantly reduced to ∼3% for Cyto D-treated samples and ∼1% for Jas-treated sample, as compared to their post-interface (2 h after cell-PSNT interfacing) counterpart (∼46% and ∼68%, respectively). The added flexibility of PSNTs have shown to help withstand mechanical breakage stemming from cytoskeletal forces in contrast to the SiNTs. Such findings will step-change our capacity to use programmable polymeric NTs in fundamental cellular processes related to intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhe Yoh
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Yaping Chen
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Ali-Reza Shokouhi
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Helmut Thissen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Roey Elnathan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
- Institute for Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
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15
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Zhang G, Kang D, Zhang Z, Li Y, Jiang J, Tu Q, Du J, Wang J. Verification and Analysis of Filter Paper-Based Intracellular Delivery of Exogenous Substances. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4353-4361. [PMID: 36623324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular delivery of exogenous substances is an essential technical means in the field of biomedical research, including cell therapy and gene editing. Although many delivery technologies and strategies are present, each technique has its own limitations. The delivery cost is usually a major limiting factor for general laboratories. In addition, simplifying the operation process and shortening the delivery time are key challenges. Here, we develop a filter paper-syringe (FPS) delivery method, a new type of cell permeation approach based on filter paper. The cells in a syringe are forced to pass through the filter paper quickly. During this process, external pressure forces the cells to collide and squeeze with the fiber matrix of the filter paper, causing the cells to deform rapidly, thereby enhancing the permeability of the cell membrane and realizing the delivery of exogenous substances. Moreover, the large gap between the fiber networks of filter paper can prevent the cells from bearing high pressure, thus maintaining high cell vitality. Results showed that the slow-speed filter paper used can realize efficient intracellular delivery of various exogenous substances, especially small molecular substances (e.g., 3-5 kDa dextran and siRNA). Meanwhile, we found that the FPS method not only does not require a lengthy operating step compared with the widely used liposomal delivery of siRNA but also that the delivery efficiency is similar. In conclusion, the FPS approach is a simple, easy-to-operate, and fast (about 2 s) delivery method and may be an attractive alternative to membrane destruction-based transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Di Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P. R. China
| | - Yuanchang Li
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Qin Tu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Junzheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P. R. China
| | - Jinyi Wang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
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16
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Chakrabarty P, Illath K, Kar S, Nagai M, Santra TS. Combinatorial physical methods for cellular therapy: Towards the future of cellular analysis? J Control Release 2023; 353:1084-1095. [PMID: 36538949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The physical energy activated techniques for cellular delivery and analysis is one of the most rapidly expanding research areas for a variety of biological and biomedical discoveries. These methods, such as electroporation, optoporation, sonoporation, mechanoporation, magnetoporation, etc., have been widely used in delivering different biomolecules into a range of primary and patient-derived cell types. However, the techniques when used individually have had limitations in delivery and co-delivery of diverse biomolecules in various cell types. In recent years, a number of studies have been performed by combining the different membrane disruption techniques, either sequentially or simultaneously, in a single study. The studies, referred to as combinatorial, or hybrid techniques, have demonstrated enhanced transfection, such as efficient macromolecular and gene delivery and co-delivery, at lower delivery parameters and with high cell viability. Such studies can open up new and exciting avenues for understanding the subcellular structure and consequently facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies. This review consequently aims at summarising the different developments in hybrid therapeutic techniques. The different methods discussed include mechano-electroporation, electro-sonoporation, magneto-mechanoporation, magnetic nanoparticles enhanced electroporation, and magnetic hyperthermia studies. We discuss the clinical status of the different methods and conclude with a discussion on the future prospects of the combinatorial techniques for cellular therapy and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulasta Chakrabarty
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Kavitha Illath
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Srabani Kar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati, India
| | - Moeto Nagai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.
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17
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Zhang X, Waffo AT, Yarman A, Kovács N, Bognár Z, Wollenberger U, El-Sherbiny IM, Hassan RYA, Bier FF, Gyurcsányi RE, Zebger I, Scheller FW. How an ACE2 mimicking epitope-MIP nanofilm recognizes template-related peptides and the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:18106-18114. [PMID: 36448745 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03898f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Here we aim to gain a mechanistic understanding of the formation of epitope-imprinted polymer nanofilms using a non-terminal peptide sequence, i.e. the peptide GFNCYFP (G485 to P491) of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD). This epitope is chemisorbed on the gold surface through the central cysteine 488 followed by the electrosynthesis of a ∼5 nm thick polyscopoletin film around the surface confined templates. The interaction of peptides and the parent RBD and spike protein with the imprinted polyscopoletin nanofilm was followed by electrochemical redox marker gating, surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy and conductive AFM. Because the use of non-terminal epitopes is especially intricate, here we characterize the binding pockets through their interaction with 5 peptides rationally derived from the template sequence, i.e. implementing central single amino acid mismatch as well as elongations and truncations at its C- and N- termini. Already a single amino acid mismatch, i.e. the central Cys488 substituted by a serine, results in ca. 15-fold lower affinity. Further truncation of the peptides to tetrapeptide (EGFN) and hexapeptide (YFPLQS) results also in a significantly lower affinity. We concluded that the affinity towards the different peptides is mainly determined by the four amino acid motif CYFP present in the sequence of the template peptide. A higher affinity than that for the peptides is found for the parent proteins RBD and spike protein, which seems to be due to out of cavity effects caused by their larger footprint on the nanofilm surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Armel T Waffo
- Institut für Chemie, PC 14 Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aysu Yarman
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
- Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Turkish-German University, Sahinkaya Cad, 86, Beykoz, Istanbul 34820, Turkey
| | - Norbert Kovács
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zsófia Bognár
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
- ELKH-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ulla Wollenberger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Ibrahim M El-Sherbiny
- Nanoscience Program, University of Science and Technology (UST) & Center for Materials Science (CMS), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - Rabeay Y A Hassan
- Nanoscience Program, University of Science and Technology (UST) & Center for Materials Science (CMS), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - Frank F Bier
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Róbert E Gyurcsányi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
- ELKH-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ingo Zebger
- Institut für Chemie, PC 14 Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frieder W Scheller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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18
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Electrical stimulation enhances the neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells in three-dimensional conductive scaffolds through the voltage-gated calcium ion channel. Brain Res 2022; 1798:148163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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19
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Chen Y, Yoh HZ, Shokouhi AR, Murayama T, Suu K, Morikawa Y, Voelcker NH, Elnathan R. Role of actin cytoskeleton in cargo delivery mediated by vertically aligned silicon nanotubes. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:406. [PMID: 36076230 PMCID: PMC9461134 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanofabrication technologies have been recently applied to the development of engineered nano–bio interfaces for manipulating complex cellular processes. In particular, vertically configurated nanostructures such as nanoneedles (NNs) have been adopted for a variety of biological applications such as mechanotransduction, biosensing, and intracellular delivery. Despite their success in delivering a diverse range of biomolecules into cells, the mechanisms for NN-mediated cargo transport remain to be elucidated. Recent studies have suggested that cytoskeletal elements are involved in generating a tight and functional cell–NN interface that can influence cargo delivery. In this study, by inhibiting actin dynamics using two drugs—cytochalasin D (Cyto D) and jasplakinolide (Jas), we demonstrate that the actin cytoskeleton plays an important role in mRNA delivery mediated by silicon nanotubes (SiNTs). Specifically, actin inhibition 12 h before SiNT-cellular interfacing (pre-interface treatment) significantly dampens mRNA delivery (with efficiencies dropping to 17.2% for Cyto D and 33.1% for Jas) into mouse fibroblast GPE86 cells, compared to that of untreated controls (86.9%). However, actin inhibition initiated 2 h after the establishment of GPE86 cell–SiNT interface (post-interface treatment), has negligible impact on mRNA transfection, maintaining > 80% efficiency for both Cyto D and Jas treatment groups. The results contribute to understanding potential mechanisms involved in NN-mediated intracellular delivery, providing insights into strategic design of cell–nano interfacing under temporal control for improved effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Chen
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
| | - Hao Zhe Yoh
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Ali-Reza Shokouhi
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Takahide Murayama
- Institute of Semiconductor and Electronics Technologies, ULVAC Inc, 1220-1 Suyama, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1231, Japan
| | - Koukou Suu
- Institute of Semiconductor and Electronics Technologies, ULVAC Inc, 1220-1 Suyama, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1231, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Morikawa
- Institute of Semiconductor and Electronics Technologies, ULVAC Inc, 1220-1 Suyama, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1231, Japan
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia. .,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia. .,INM-Leibnitz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Roey Elnathan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia. .,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia. .,Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds campus, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia.
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20
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Zhang A, Fang J, Wang J, Xie X, Chen HJ, He G. Interrogation on the Cellular Nano-Interface and Biosafety of Repeated Nano-Electroporation by Nanostraw System. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12070522. [PMID: 35884325 PMCID: PMC9313307 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell perforation is a critical step for intracellular drug delivery and real-time biosensing of intracellular signals. In recent years, the nanostraws system has been developed to achieve intracellular drug delivery with minimal invasiveness to the cells. Repeated cell perforation via nano-system could allow delivery of multiple drugs into cells for cell editing, but the biosafety is rarely explored. In this work, a nanostraw-mediated nano-electroporation system was developed, which allowed repeated perforation of the same set of cells in a minimally invasive manner, while the biosafety aspect of this system was investigated. Highly controllable fabrication of Al2O3 nanostraw arrays based on a porous polyethylene terephthalate (PET) membrane was integrated with a microfluidic device to construct the nanostraw-electroporation system. The pulse conditions and intervals of nano-electroporation were systematically optimized to achieve efficient cells perforation and maintain the viability of the cells. The cells proliferation, the early apoptosis activities after nanostraw-electroporation and the changes of gene functions and gene pathways of cells after repeated nano-electroporation were comprehensively analyzed. These results revealed that the repeated nanostraw-electroporation did not induce obvious negative effects on the cells. This work demonstrates the feasibility of repeated nano-electroporation on cells and provides a promising strategy for future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information, Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (A.Z.); (J.F.); (X.X.)
| | - Jiaru Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information, Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (A.Z.); (J.F.); (X.X.)
| | - Ji Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Xi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information, Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (A.Z.); (J.F.); (X.X.)
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Hui-Jiuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information, Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (A.Z.); (J.F.); (X.X.)
- Correspondence: (H.-J.C.); (G.H.)
| | - Gen He
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information, Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (A.Z.); (J.F.); (X.X.)
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
- Correspondence: (H.-J.C.); (G.H.)
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21
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Abstract
Electroporation (EP) is a commonly used strategy to increase cell permeability for intracellular cargo delivery or irreversible cell membrane disruption using electric fields. In recent years, EP performance has been improved by shrinking electrodes and device structures to the microscale. Integration with microfluidics has led to the design of devices performing static EP, where cells are fixed in a defined region, or continuous EP, where cells constantly pass through the device. Each device type performs superior to conventional, macroscale EP devices while providing additional advantages in precision manipulation (static EP) and increased throughput (continuous EP). Microscale EP is gentle on cells and has enabled more sensitive assaying of cells with novel applications. In this Review, we present the physical principles of microscale EP devices and examine design trends in recent years. In addition, we discuss the use of reversible and irreversible EP in the development of therapeutics and analysis of intracellular contents, among other noteworthy applications. This Review aims to inform and encourage scientists and engineers to expand the use of efficient and versatile microscale EP technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Eun Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Harrison Khoo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Soojung Claire Hur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, 401 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
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22
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Wang F, Lin S, Yu Z, Wang Y, Zhang D, Cao C, Wang Z, Cui D, Chen D. Recent advances in microfluidic-based electroporation techniques for cell membranes. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2624-2646. [PMID: 35775630 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00122e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electroporation is a fundamental technique for applications in biotechnology. To date, the ongoing research on cell membrane electroporation has explored its mechanism, principles and potential applications. Therefore, in this review, we first discuss the primary electroporation mechanism to help establish a clear framework. Within the context of its principles, several critical terms are highlighted to present a better understanding of the theory of aqueous pores. Different degrees of electroporation can be used in different applications. Thus, we discuss the electric factors (shock strength, shock duration, and shock frequency) responsible for the degree of electroporation. In addition, finding an effective electroporation detection method is of great significance to optimize electroporation experiments. Accordingly, we summarize several primary electroporation detection methods in the following sections. Finally, given the development of micro- and nano-technology has greatly promoted the innovation of microfluidic-based electroporation devices, we also present the recent advances in microfluidic-based electroporation devices. Also, the challenges and outlook of the electroporation technique for cell membrane electroporation are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Key Lab. for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Shujing Lin
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Key Lab. for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zixian Yu
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Key Lab. for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yanpu Wang
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Key Lab. for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Di Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Electronic Materials and Devices (AEMD), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Chengxi Cao
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Key Lab. for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Di Chen
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Key Lab. for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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23
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Fang J, Huang S, Liu F, He G, Li X, Huang X, Chen HJ, Xie X. Semi-Implantable Bioelectronics. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:125. [PMID: 35633391 PMCID: PMC9148344 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Developing techniques to effectively and real-time monitor and regulate the interior environment of biological objects is significantly important for many biomedical engineering and scientific applications, including drug delivery, electrophysiological recording and regulation of intracellular activities. Semi-implantable bioelectronics is currently a hot spot in biomedical engineering research area, because it not only meets the increasing technical demands for precise detection or regulation of biological activities, but also provides a desirable platform for externally incorporating complex functionalities and electronic integration. Although there is less definition and summary to distinguish it from the well-reviewed non-invasive bioelectronics and fully implantable bioelectronics, semi-implantable bioelectronics have emerged as highly unique technology to boost the development of biochips and smart wearable device. Here, we reviewed the recent progress in this field and raised the concept of "Semi-implantable bioelectronics", summarizing the principle and strategies of semi-implantable device for cell applications and in vivo applications, discussing the typical methodologies to access to intracellular environment or in vivo environment, biosafety aspects and typical applications. This review is meaningful for understanding in-depth the design principles, materials fabrication techniques, device integration processes, cell/tissue penetration methodologies, biosafety aspects, and applications strategies that are essential to the development of future minimally invasive bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaru Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanmao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Gen He
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinshuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Jiuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Zhang A, Fang J, Li X, Wang J, Chen M, Chen HJ, He G, Xie X. Cellular nanointerface of vertical nanostructure arrays and its applications. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:1844-1867. [PMID: 36133409 PMCID: PMC9419580 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00775k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Vertically standing nanostructures with various morphologies have been developed with the emergence of the micro-/nanofabrication technology. When cells are cultured on them, various bio-nano interfaces between cells and vertical nanostructures would impact the cellular activities, depending on the shape, density, and height of nanostructures. Many cellular pathway activation processes involving a series of intracellular molecules (proteins, RNA, DNA, enzymes, etc.) would be triggered by the cell morphological changes induced by nanostructures, affecting the cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, immune activation, cell adhesion, cell migration, and other behaviors. In addition, the highly localized cellular nanointerface enhances coupled stimulation on cells. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of the cellular nanointerface can not only provide innovative tools for regulating specific cell functions but also offers new aspects to understand the fundamental cellular activities that could facilitate the precise monitoring and treatment of diseases in the future. This review mainly describes the fabrication technology of vertical nanostructures, analyzing the formation of cellular nanointerfaces and the effects of cellular nanointerfaces on cells' fates and functions. At last, the applications of cellular nanointerfaces based on various nanostructures are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong Province China
| | - Jiaru Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong Province China
| | - Xiangling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong Province China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Ji Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510080 China
| | - Meiwan Chen
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Taipa Macau SAR China
| | - Hui-Jiuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong Province China
| | - Gen He
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong Province China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou 511436 P. R. China
| | - Xi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong Province China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510080 China
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25
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Li Z, Xuan Y, Ghatak S, Guda PR, Roy S, Sen CK. Modeling the gene delivery process of the needle array-based tissue nanotransfection. NANO RESEARCH 2022; 15:3409-3421. [PMID: 36275042 PMCID: PMC9581438 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-021-3947-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Hollow needle array-based tissue nanotransfection (TNT) presents an in vivo transfection approach that directly translocate exogeneous genes to target tissues by using electric pulses. In this work, the gene delivery process of TNT was simulated and experimentally validated. We adopted the asymptotic method and cell-array-based model to investigate the electroporation behaviors of cells within the skin structure. The distribution of nonuniform electric field across the skin results in various electroporation behavior for each cell. Cells underneath the hollow microchannels of the needle exhibited the highest total pore numbers compared to others due to the stronger localized electric field. The percentage of electroporated cells within the skin structure, with pore radius over 10 nm, increases from 25% to 82% as the applied voltage increases from 100 to 150 V/mm. Furthermore, the gene delivery behavior across the skin tissue was investigated through the multilayer-stack-based model. The delivery distance increased nonlinearly as the applied voltage and pulse number increased, which mainly depends on the diffusion characteristics and electric conductivity of each layer. It was also found that the skin is required to be exfoliated prior to the TNT procedure to enhance the delivery depth. This work provides the foundation for transition from the study of murine skin to translation use in large animals and human settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Li
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center and Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yi Xuan
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center and Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Subhadip Ghatak
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Poornachander R. Guda
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sashwati Roy
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Chandan K. Sen
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center and Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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26
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Zhang KS, Nadkarni AV, Paul R, Martin AM, Tang SKY. Microfluidic Surgery in Single Cells and Multicellular Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7097-7141. [PMID: 35049287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microscale surgery on single cells and small organisms has enabled major advances in fundamental biology and in engineering biological systems. Examples of applications range from wound healing and regeneration studies to the generation of hybridoma to produce monoclonal antibodies. Even today, these surgical operations are often performed manually, but they are labor intensive and lack reproducibility. Microfluidics has emerged as a powerful technology to control and manipulate cells and multicellular systems at the micro- and nanoscale with high precision. Here, we review the physical and chemical mechanisms of microscale surgery and the corresponding design principles, applications, and implementations in microfluidic systems. We consider four types of surgical operations: (1) sectioning, which splits a biological entity into multiple parts, (2) ablation, which destroys part of an entity, (3) biopsy, which extracts materials from within a living cell, and (4) fusion, which joins multiple entities into one. For each type of surgery, we summarize the motivating applications and the microfluidic devices developed. Throughout this review, we highlight existing challenges and opportunities. We hope that this review will inspire scientists and engineers to continue to explore and improve microfluidic surgical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ambika V Nadkarni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Rajorshi Paul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Adrian M Martin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sindy K Y Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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27
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Loh DM, Nava M, Nocera DG. Polypyrrole-Silicon Nanowire Arrays for Controlled Intracellular Cargo Delivery. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:366-371. [PMID: 34965139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular cargo delivery is a critical and challenging step in controlling cell states. Silicon nanowire (NW) arrays have emerged as a powerful platform for accessing the intracellular space through a combination of their nanoscale dimensions and electrical properties. Here, we develop and characterize a conductive polypyrrole (PPy)-NW device for temporally controlled intracellular delivery. Fluorescent cargos, doped in electroresponsive PPy matrices at wire tips as well as entire NW arrays, are released with an applied reducing potential. Intracellular delivery into endothelial cells from PPy-Si substrates demonstrated comparable kinetics to solution-based delivery methods while requiring an order of magnitude less cargo loading. This hybrid polymer-semiconductor platform extends methods available for intracellular delivery and links electrical signaling from artificial systems with living molecular transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Loh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Matthew Nava
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Daniel G Nocera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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28
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Chakrabarty P, Gupta P, Illath K, Kar S, Nagai M, Tseng FG, Santra TS. Microfluidic mechanoporation for cellular delivery and analysis. Mater Today Bio 2022; 13:100193. [PMID: 35005598 PMCID: PMC8718663 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly efficient intracellular delivery strategies are essential for developing therapeutic, diagnostic, biological, and various biomedical applications. The recent advancement of micro/nanotechnology has focused numerous researches towards developing microfluidic device-based strategies due to the associated high throughput delivery, cost-effectiveness, robustness, and biocompatible nature. The delivery strategies can be carrier-mediated or membrane disruption-based, where membrane disruption methods find popularity due to reduced toxicity, enhanced delivery efficiency, and cell viability. Among all of the membrane disruption techniques, the mechanoporation strategies are advantageous because of no external energy source required for membrane deformation, thereby achieving high delivery efficiencies and increased cell viability into different cell types with negligible toxicity. The past two decades have consequently seen a tremendous boost in mechanoporation-based research for intracellular delivery and cellular analysis. This article provides a brief review of the most recent developments on microfluidic-based mechanoporation strategies such as microinjection, nanoneedle arrays, cell-squeezing, and hydroporation techniques with their working principle, device fabrication, cellular delivery, and analysis. Moreover, a brief discussion of the different mechanoporation strategies integrated with other delivery methods has also been provided. Finally, the advantages, limitations, and future prospects of this technique are discussed compared to other intracellular delivery techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulasta Chakrabarty
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Pallavi Gupta
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Kavitha Illath
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Srabani Kar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB30FA, UK
| | - Moeto Nagai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Aichi, Japan
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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29
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Tomita S, Ishihara S, Kurita R. A polymer-based chemical tongue for the non-invasive monitoring of osteogenic stem-cell differentiation by pattern recognition of serum-supplemented spent media. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:7581-7590. [DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00606e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of non-invasive techniques to characterize cultured cells is invaluable not only to ensure the reproducibility of cell research, but also for quality assurance of industrial cell products for...
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30
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Fang J, Xu J, Xiang Y, Li H, Xu D, Xie X, Hu N. Accurate and efficient intracellular delivery biosensing system by nanostrawed electroporation array. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 194:113583. [PMID: 34464876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Electroporation serves as a powerful technique to introduce the exogenous nucleotides, DNA, RNA, proteins, dyes, and virus particles into cells. Through the effect of high intensity of electric field, the permeability of the cell membrane is instantaneously improved to absorb the exogenous molecules in surrounding medium. To protect the cell viability, ultralow-voltage electroporation techniques are well developed by versatile devices, and delivery efficiency is commonly assessed by label-based analysis by microscope-ImageJ or flow cytometry. However, accuracy and complexity of these analytical strategies still hinder efficient and precise biomedical studies in situ. Here we developed an intracellular delivery biosensing system by nanostrawed electroporation array (NEA) that can efficiently assess the universal electroporation performance by cell viability, delivery efficiency, and cell mortality. The intracellular delivery biosensing system consists of NEA, fluorescent microscope, and automated analysis software. Intracellular delivery biosensing system of electroporation quality is based on the enhanced fluorescent watershed segmentation (enhanced FWS) algorithm, which possessed low deviation (~5%) and significantly shortened the operation time (~8 s/10 images) in contrast to high deviation (~13%) and long operation time (~10 min/10 images) of conventional inaccurate, labor-intensive and time-consuming methods. It is believed that the intracellular delivery biosensing system will be a promising universal platform to assess nanodevice electroporation in the fields of cell biology, biotechnology, and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaru Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Jiarong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuting Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dongxin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ning Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China.
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31
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Dong Z, Chang L. Recent electroporation-based systems for intracellular molecule delivery. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0005649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaizai Dong
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lingqian Chang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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32
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Xuan Y, Ghatak S, Clark A, Li Z, Khanna S, Pak D, Agarwal M, Roy S, Duda P, Sen CK. Fabrication and use of silicon hollow-needle arrays to achieve tissue nanotransfection in mouse tissue in vivo. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:5707-5738. [PMID: 34837085 PMCID: PMC9104164 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00631-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tissue nanotransfection (TNT) is an electromotive gene transfer technology that was developed to achieve tissue reprogramming in vivo. This protocol describes how to fabricate the required hardware, commonly referred to as a TNT chip, and use it for in vivo TNT. Silicon hollow-needle arrays for TNT applications are fabricated in a standardized and reproducible way. In <1 s, these silicon hollow-needle arrays can be used to deliver plasmids to a predetermined specific depth in murine skin in response to pulsed nanoporation. Tissue nanotransfection eliminates the need to use viral vectors, minimizing the risk of genomic integration or cell transformation. The TNT chip fabrication process typically takes 5-6 d, and in vivo TNT takes 30 min. This protocol does not require specific expertise beyond a clean room equipped for basic nanofabrication processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xuan
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Subhadip Ghatak
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew Clark
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zhigang Li
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Savita Khanna
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Dongmin Pak
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Mangilal Agarwal
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sashwati Roy
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Peter Duda
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chandan K Sen
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Chiappini C, Chen Y, Aslanoglou S, Mariano A, Mollo V, Mu H, De Rosa E, He G, Tasciotti E, Xie X, Santoro F, Zhao W, Voelcker NH, Elnathan R. Tutorial: using nanoneedles for intracellular delivery. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:4539-4563. [PMID: 34426708 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00600-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery of advanced therapeutics, including biologicals and supramolecular agents, is complex because of the natural biological barriers that have evolved to protect the cell. Efficient delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids, proteins, peptides and nanoparticles is crucial for clinical adoption of emerging technologies that can benefit disease treatment through gene and cell therapy. Nanoneedles are arrays of vertical high-aspect-ratio nanostructures that can precisely manipulate complex processes at the cell interface, enabling effective intracellular delivery. This emerging technology has already enabled the development of efficient and non-destructive routes for direct access to intracellular environments and delivery of cell-impermeant payloads. However, successful implementation of this technology requires knowledge of several scientific fields, making it complex to access and adopt by researchers who are not directly involved in developing nanoneedle platforms. This presents an obstacle to the widespread adoption of nanoneedle technologies for drug delivery. This tutorial aims to equip researchers with the knowledge required to develop a nanoinjection workflow. It discusses the selection of nanoneedle devices, approaches for cargo loading and strategies for interfacing to biological systems and summarises an array of bioassays that can be used to evaluate the efficacy of intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Chiappini
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK. .,London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Yaping Chen
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stella Aslanoglou
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Mariano
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Mollo
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - Huanwen Mu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Enrica De Rosa
- Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Orthopedics & Sports Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gen He
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ennio Tasciotti
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana Hospital, Rome, Italy.,San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy.,Sclavo Pharma, Siena, Italy
| | - Xi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Francesca Santoro
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy.
| | - Wenting Zhao
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. .,Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. .,CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Roey Elnathan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. .,Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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34
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Lestrell E, O'Brien CM, Elnathan R, Voelcker NH. Vertically Aligned Nanostructured Topographies for Human Neural Stem Cell Differentiation and Neuronal Cell Interrogation. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Lestrell
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility 151 Wellington Road Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Carmel M. O'Brien
- CSIRO Manufacturing Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute Monash University Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Roey Elnathan
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility 151 Wellington Road Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility 151 Wellington Road Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
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35
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Hur J, Chung AJ. Microfluidic and Nanofluidic Intracellular Delivery. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2004595. [PMID: 34096197 PMCID: PMC8336510 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Innate cell function can be artificially engineered and reprogrammed by introducing biomolecules, such as DNAs, RNAs, plasmid DNAs, proteins, or nanomaterials, into the cytosol or nucleus. This process of delivering exogenous cargos into living cells is referred to as intracellular delivery. For instance, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 gene editing begins with internalizing Cas9 protein and guide RNA into cells, and chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cells are prepared by delivering CAR genes into T lymphocytes for cancer immunotherapies. To deliver external biomolecules into cells, tools, including viral vectors, and electroporation have been traditionally used; however, they are suboptimal for achieving high levels of intracellular delivery while preserving cell viability, phenotype, and function. Notably, as emerging solutions, microfluidic and nanofluidic approaches have shown remarkable potential for addressing this open challenge. This review provides an overview of recent advances in microfluidic and nanofluidic intracellular delivery strategies and discusses new opportunities and challenges for clinical applications. Furthermore, key considerations for future efforts to develop microfluidics- and nanofluidics-enabled next-generation intracellular delivery platforms are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsoo Hur
- School of Biomedical EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Aram J. Chung
- School of Biomedical EngineeringInterdisciplinary Program in Precision Public HealthKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
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36
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Chen Y, Alba M, Tieu T, Tong Z, Minhas RS, Rudd D, Voelcker NH, Cifuentes-Rius A, Elnathan R. Engineering Micro–Nanomaterials for Biomedical Translation. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Chen
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University 381 Royal Parade Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility 151 Wellington Road Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Maria Alba
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University 381 Royal Parade Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility 151 Wellington Road Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Terence Tieu
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University 381 Royal Parade Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Ziqiu Tong
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University 381 Royal Parade Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Rajpreet Singh Minhas
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University 381 Royal Parade Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility 151 Wellington Road Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
| | - David Rudd
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University 381 Royal Parade Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility 151 Wellington Road Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University 381 Royal Parade Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility 151 Wellington Road Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Monash University 22 Alliance Lane Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials Campus D2 2 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Anna Cifuentes-Rius
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University 381 Royal Parade Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Roey Elnathan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University 381 Royal Parade Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility 151 Wellington Road Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Monash University 22 Alliance Lane Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
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37
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Jiang F, Qi L, Song G, Yu HZ. Carbon tape-assisted electrodeposition and characterization of arrayed micro-/nanostructures. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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38
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Le Saux S, Aubert‐Pouëssel A, Ouchait L, Mohamed KE, Martineau P, Guglielmi L, Devoisselle J, Legrand P, Chopineau J, Morille M. Nanotechnologies for Intracellular Protein Delivery: Recent Progress in Inorganic and Organic Nanocarriers. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Le Saux
- ICGM Universite Montpellier ENSCM, CNRS Montpellier France
| | | | - Lyria Ouchait
- ICGM Universite Montpellier ENSCM, CNRS Montpellier France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joël Chopineau
- ICGM Universite Montpellier ENSCM, CNRS Montpellier France
| | - Marie Morille
- ICGM Universite Montpellier ENSCM, CNRS Montpellier France
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Morshedi Rad D, Alsadat Rad M, Razavi Bazaz S, Kashaninejad N, Jin D, Ebrahimi Warkiani M. A Comprehensive Review on Intracellular Delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005363. [PMID: 33594744 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery is considered an indispensable process for various studies, ranging from medical applications (cell-based therapy) to fundamental (genome-editing) and industrial (biomanufacture) approaches. Conventional macroscale delivery systems critically suffer from such issues as low cell viability, cytotoxicity, and inconsistent material delivery, which have opened up an interest in the development of more efficient intracellular delivery systems. In line with the advances in microfluidics and nanotechnology, intracellular delivery based on micro- and nanoengineered platforms has progressed rapidly and held great promises owing to their unique features. These approaches have been advanced to introduce a smorgasbord of diverse cargoes into various cell types with the maximum efficiency and the highest precision. This review differentiates macro-, micro-, and nanoengineered approaches for intracellular delivery. The macroengineered delivery platforms are first summarized and then each method is categorized based on whether it employs a carrier- or membrane-disruption-mediated mechanism to load cargoes inside the cells. Second, particular emphasis is placed on the micro- and nanoengineered advances in the delivery of biomolecules inside the cells. Furthermore, the applications and challenges of the established and emerging delivery approaches are summarized. The topic is concluded by evaluating the future perspective of intracellular delivery toward the micro- and nanoengineered approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Morshedi Rad
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Maryam Alsadat Rad
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Sajad Razavi Bazaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Navid Kashaninejad
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Dayong Jin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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40
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Elnathan R, Holle AW, Young J, George MA, Heifler O, Goychuk A, Frey E, Kemkemer R, Spatz JP, Kosloff A, Patolsky F, Voelcker NH. Optically transparent vertical silicon nanowire arrays for live-cell imaging. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:51. [PMID: 33596905 PMCID: PMC7890818 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmable nano-bio interfaces driven by tuneable vertically configured nanostructures have recently emerged as a powerful tool for cellular manipulations and interrogations. Such interfaces have strong potential for ground-breaking advances, particularly in cellular nanobiotechnology and mechanobiology. However, the opaque nature of many nanostructured surfaces makes non-destructive, live-cell characterization of cellular behavior on vertically aligned nanostructures challenging to observe. Here, a new nanofabrication route is proposed that enables harvesting of vertically aligned silicon (Si) nanowires and their subsequent transfer onto an optically transparent substrate, with high efficiency and without artefacts. We demonstrate the potential of this route for efficient live-cell phase contrast imaging and subsequent characterization of cells growing on vertically aligned Si nanowires. This approach provides the first opportunity to understand dynamic cellular responses to a cell-nanowire interface, and thus has the potential to inform the design of future nanoscale cellular manipulation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roey Elnathan
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic, 3052, Australia.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton, Vic, 3168, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Andrew W Holle
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jennifer Young
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Marina A George
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton, Vic, 3168, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Victoria, Australia
| | - Omri Heifler
- School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Andriy Goychuk
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333, Munich, Germany
| | - Erwin Frey
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf Kemkemer
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Reutlingen University, 72762, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alon Kosloff
- School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Fernando Patolsky
- School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic, 3052, Australia.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton, Vic, 3168, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Victoria, Australia.
- INM-Leibnitz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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41
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Sero JE, Stevens MM. Nanoneedle-Based Materials for Intracellular Studies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1295:191-219. [PMID: 33543461 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-58174-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanoneedles, defined as high aspect ratio structures with tip diameters of 5 to approximately 500 nm, are uniquely able to interface with the interior of living cells. Their nanoscale dimensions mean that they are able to penetrate the plasma membrane with minimal disruption of normal cellular functions, allowing researchers to probe the intracellular space and deliver or extract material from individual cells. In the last decade, a variety of strategies have been developed using nanoneedles, either singly or as arrays, to investigate the biology of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. These include hollow nanoneedles for soluble probe delivery, nanocapillaries for single-cell biopsy, nano-AFM for direct physical measurements of cytosolic proteins, and a wide range of fluorescent and electrochemical nanosensors for analyte detection. Nanofabrication has improved to the point that nanobiosensors can detect individual vesicles inside the cytoplasm, delineate tumor margins based on intracellular enzyme activity, and measure changes in cell metabolism almost in real time. While most of these applications are currently in the proof-of-concept stage, nanoneedle technology is poised to offer cancer biologists a powerful new set of tools for probing cells with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Sero
- Biology and Biochemistry Department, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Chen Y, Wang J, Li X, Hu N, Voelcker NH, Xie X, Elnathan R. Emerging Roles of 1D Vertical Nanostructures in Orchestrating Immune Cell Functions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001668. [PMID: 32844502 PMCID: PMC7461044 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nano-bio cellular interfaces driven by 1D vertical nanostructures (1D-VNS) are set to prompt radical progress in modulating cellular processes at the nanoscale. Here, tuneable cell-VNS interfacial interactions are probed and assessed, highlighting the use of 1D-VNS in immunomodulation, and intracellular delivery into immune cells-both crucial in fundamental and translational biomedical research. With programmable topography and adaptable surface functionalization, 1D-VNS provide unique biophysical and biochemical cues to orchestrate innate and adaptive immunity, both ex vivo and in vivo. The intimate nanoscale cell-VNS interface leads to membrane penetration and cellular deformation, facilitating efficient intracellular delivery of diverse bioactive cargoes into hard-to-transfect immune cells. The unsettled interfacial mechanisms reported to be involved in VNS-mediated intracellular delivery are discussed. By identifying up-to-date progress and fundamental challenges of current 1D-VNS technology in immune-cell manipulation, it is hoped that this report gives timely insights for further advances in developing 1D-VNS as a safe, universal, and highly scalable platform for cell engineering and enrichment in advanced cancer immunotherapy such as chimeric antigen receptor-T therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Chen
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash University381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
- Melbourne Centre for NanofabricationVictorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility151 Wellington RoadClayton3168Australia
| | - Ji Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversitySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Xiangling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesSchool of Electronics and Information TechnologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Ning Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesSchool of Electronics and Information TechnologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash University381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
- Melbourne Centre for NanofabricationVictorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility151 Wellington RoadClayton3168Australia
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringMonash University22 Alliance LaneClaytonVIC3168Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)ClaytonVIC3168Australia
- INM‐Leibniz Institute for New MaterialsCampus D2 2Saarbrücken66123Germany
| | - Xi Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversitySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesSchool of Electronics and Information TechnologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Roey Elnathan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash University381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
- Melbourne Centre for NanofabricationVictorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility151 Wellington RoadClayton3168Australia
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringMonash University22 Alliance LaneClaytonVIC3168Australia
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Li X, Mo J, Fang J, Xu D, Yang C, Zhang M, Li H, Xie X, Hu N, Liu F. Vertical nanowire array-based biosensors: device design strategies and biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:7609-7632. [PMID: 32744274 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00990c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors have been extensively studied in the areas of biology, electronics, chemistry, biotechnology, medicine, and various engineering fields. The interdisciplinarity creates an ideal platform for scientists to analyze biological species and chemical materials in a direct, efficient, and sensitive manner; this is expected to revolutionize the life sciences, basic medicine, and the healthcare industry. To carry out high-performance biosensing, nanoprobes - with specific nanoscale properties - have been proposed for ultrasensitive and in situ monitoring/detection of tracer biomolecules, cellular behavior, cellular microenvironments, and electrophysiological activity. Here, we review the development of vertical nanowire (VNW) array-based devices for the effective collection of biomedical information at the molecular level, extracellular level, and intracellular level. In particular, we summarize VNW-based technologies in the aspects of detecting biochemical information, cellular information, and bioelectrical information, all of which facilitate the understanding of fundamental biology and development of therapeutic techniques. Finally, we present a conclusion and prospects for the development of VNW platforms in practical biomedical applications, and we identify the challenges and opportunities for VNW-based biosensor systems in future biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangling Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Tay A. The Benefits of Going Small: Nanostructures for Mammalian Cell Transfection. ACS NANO 2020; 14:7714-7721. [PMID: 32631053 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructures, with their localized interactions with mammalian cells, can offer better efficiency and lower cell perturbation than conventional viral, biochemical, and electroporation transfection techniques. In this Perspective, I describe the different stages of transfection and provide a comparison of transfection techniques based on their mechanisms. Focusing on specific aims of transfection, I also illustrate how recent developments in high-aspect-ratio nanostructures have endowed them with properties that are superior to existing viral, biochemical, and electroporation methods as a versatile technique to deliver a variety of cargoes and to interface with different mammalian cell types for biomedical applications. Finally, I describe the challenges associated with transfection that need to be overcome to enhance cargo delivery efficiency and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Tay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583
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Qu Y, Zhang Y, Yu Q, Chen H. Surface-Mediated Intracellular Delivery by Physical Membrane Disruption. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:31054-31078. [PMID: 32559060 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Effective and nondestructive intracellular delivery of exogenous molecules and other functional materials into living cells is of importance for diverse biological fundamental research and therapeutic applications, such as gene editing and cell-based therapies. However, for most exogenous molecules, the cell plasma membrane is effectively impermeable and thus remains the greatest barrier to intracellular delivery. In recent years, methods based on surface-mediated physical membrane disruption have attracted considerable attention. These methods exploit the physical properties of the surface to transiently increase the membrane permeability of cells come in contact thereto, thereby facilitating the efficient intracellular delivery of molecules regardless of molecule or target cell type. In this Review, we focus on recent progress, particularly over the past decade, on these surface-mediated membrane disruption-based delivery systems. According to the membrane disruption mechanism, three categories can be recognized: (i) mechanical penetration, (ii) electroporation, and (iii) photothermal poration. Each of these is discussed in turn and a brief perspective on future developments in this promising area is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangcui Qu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215007, P. R. China
| | - Qian Yu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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Feng J, Mo J, Zhang A, Liu D, Zhou L, Hang T, Yang C, Wu Q, Xia D, Wen R, Yang J, Feng Y, Huang Y, Hu N, He G, Xie X. Antibody-free isolation and regulation of adherent cancer cells via hybrid branched microtube-sandwiched hydrodynamic system. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:5103-5113. [PMID: 32068774 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00153h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has achieved promising progress for early diagnosis and disease analysis. Microfluidic chip techniques have recently promoted the technologies of CTC sorting and analysis, yet seldom can the microfluidic chips for CTC enrichment via antibody-free capture provide in situ regulation of both extracellular and intracellular activity, which would be advantageous for cell-based pharmaceutical therapeutics and screening. Herein, we have demonstrated a hybrid TiO2/ZnO branched microtube array (HBMTA)-sandwiched hydrodynamic device that integrates the multiple functions of selective enrichment of adherent tumor cells in an antibody-free manner and in situ delivery to the extracellular and intracellular spaces of the enriched tumor cells. More than 90% cancer cells were enriched on the device due to their preferential adhesion with the nano-branches of HBMTA, while more than 91% blood cells were eliminated from the device by constant hydrodynamic fluid shearing. For in situ regulation, temporally and spatially controlled extracellular delivery to the enriched tumor cells could be precisely achieved through the hollow structures of the HBMTA. In addition, reagents (e.g. propidium iodide) could be delivered into the intracellular spaces of enriched tumor cells by coupling an electric field to nondestructively perforate the cell membrane. Our study not only offers a promising and facile strategy for antibody-free isolation of tumor cells, but also provides unique opportunities to facilitate cancer research, including antitumor drug screening and personalized therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jingshan Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Aihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Di Liu
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Lingfei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Tian Hang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Cheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Qianni Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Dehua Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Rui Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yuping Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yan Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ning Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Gen He
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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