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Zhou C, Chen L, Zhou W, Wang L, Zhang R, Yang C. Antimicrobial polyacrylic acid/tannic acid hydrogel wound dressing facilitating full-thickness skin healing. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2024; 35:501-518. [PMID: 38198288 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2023.2300493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Polyphenolic compound-modified hydrogel wound dressings with excellent wet tissue adhesion, antimicrobial properties, stretchability, and full-thickness skin healing properties are still extremely rare so far. Polyphenolic compounds such as tannic acid or dopamine can improve the antibacterial and bioadhesive properties of hydrogels, and are also polymerization inhibitors for free radical polymerization. In this study, polyacrylic acid (PAA) aqueous solution was first synthesized, and then antibacterial PAA-TA hydrogel was prepared by mixing it with tannic acid (TA) and the crosslinker 1,6-hexanediol bis(2-methyl-1-propionic acid azide) (HBMAP). This method avoids the hindrance of the phenolic hydroxyl groups in TA on acrylic acid polymerization, and we were able to obtain a series of TA hydrogels (in the range of 0-15 wt.%. We applied these PAA-TA hydrogels to wound dressings and found that they had excellent adhesion to biological tissues, and the tensile strength and elongation at break of PAA-TA hydrogels with 15 wt.%TA content were as high as 1.72 MPa and 1446.3% in tensile strength evaluation. In addition, microbiological analysis showed that wound dressings had significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In vitro wound healing experiments confirmed that the wound dressing was biocompatible and could significantly promote the healing of full-thickness skin defects in the guinea pig model. Our work describes an injectable, self-healing, antimicrobial hydrogel that may have promising clinical applications as a wound dressing material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlin Zhou
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Department of Research and Development, Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang, China
| | - Lingmin Chen
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Wenyan Zhou
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Ruitao Zhang
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Chen Yang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
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2
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Yin H, Liu F, Abdiryim T, Chen J, Liu X. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and MXene reinforced multifunctional conductive hydrogels for multimodal sensors and flexible supercapacitors. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 327:121677. [PMID: 38171688 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
With the growing demand for eco-friendly materials in wearable smart electronic devices, renewable, biocompatible, and low-cost hydrogels based on natural polymers have attracted much attention. Cellulose, as one of the renewable and degradable natural polymers, shows great potential in wearable smart electronic devices. Multifunctional conductive cellulose-based hydrogels are designed for flexible electronic devices by adding sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and MXene into polyacrylic acid networks. The multifunctional hydrogels possess excellent mechanical property (stress: 310 kPa; strain: 1127 %), toughness (206.67 KJ m-3), conductivity (1.09 ± 0.12 S m-1) and adhesion (82.19 ± 3.65 kPa). The multifunctional conductive hydrogels serve as strain sensors (Gauge Factor (GF) = 5.79, 0-700 % strain; GF = 14.0, 700-900 % strain; GF = 40.36, 900-1000 % strain; response time: 300 ms; recovery time: 200 ms) and temperature sensors (Temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) = 2.5755 °C-1 at 35 °C- 60 °C). The sensor detects human activities with clear and steady signals. A distributed array of flexible sensors is created to measure the magnitude and distribution of pressure and a hydrogel-based flexible touch keyboard is also fabricated to recognize writing trajectories, pressures and speeds. Furthermore, a flexible hydrogel-based supercapacitor powers the LED and exhibits good cyclic stability over 15,000 charge-discharge cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Fangfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, PR China.
| | - Tursun Abdiryim
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Jiaying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Xiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, PR China.
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3
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Xin Y, Gao W, Zeng G, Chen S, Shi J, Wang W, Ma K, Qu B, Fu J, He X. Multifunctional organohydrogel via the synergy of dialdehyde starch and glycerol for motion monitoring and sign language recognition. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:129068. [PMID: 38158069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogel which belongs to a type of soft materials has recently become promising candidate for flexible electronics application. However, it remains difficult for conductive hydrogel-based strain sensors to achieve the organic unity of large stretchability, high conductivity, self-healing, anti-freezing, anti-drying and transparency. Herein, a multifunctional conductive organohydrogel with all of the above superiorities is prepared by crosslinking polyacrylamide (PAM) with dialdehyde starch (DAS) in glycerol-water binary solvent. Attributing to the synergy of abundant hydrogen bonding and Schiff base interactions caused by introducing glycerol and dialdehyde starch, respectively, the organohydrogel achieved balanced mechanical and electrical properties. Besides, the addition of glycerol promoted the water-locking effects, making the organohydrogel retain the superior mechanical properties and conductivity even at extreme conditions. The resultant organohydrogel strain sensor exhibits desirable sensing performance with high sensitivity (GF = 6.07) over a wide strain range (0-697 %), enabling the accurate monitoring of subtle body motions even at -30 °C. On the basis, a hand gesture monitor system based on the organohydrogel sensors arrays is constructed using machine learning method, achieving a considerable sign language recognition rate of 100 %, and thus providing convenience for communications between the hearing or speaking-impaired and general person.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xin
- School of Applied Physics and Materials, Wuyi University, 22 Dongcheng Village, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wenshuo Gao
- School of Applied Physics and Materials, Wuyi University, 22 Dongcheng Village, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Guang Zeng
- School of Information Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, 2199 Lishui Road, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Shousen Chen
- School of Applied Physics and Materials, Wuyi University, 22 Dongcheng Village, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jijin Shi
- School of Applied Physics and Materials, Wuyi University, 22 Dongcheng Village, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wenquan Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Lingyuanxi Road, Guangzhou 510055, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Ke Ma
- School of Applied Physics and Materials, Wuyi University, 22 Dongcheng Village, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Baoliu Qu
- School of Textile Materials and Engineering, Wuyi University, 22 Dongcheng Village, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jun Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Xin He
- School of Applied Physics and Materials, Wuyi University, 22 Dongcheng Village, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, PR China.
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4
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Nikam AN, Roy A, Raychaudhuri R, Navti PD, Soman S, Kulkarni S, Shirur KS, Pandey A, Mutalik S. Organogels: "GelVolution" in Topical Drug Delivery - Present and Beyond. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:489-518. [PMID: 38757691 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128279479231231092905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Topical drug delivery holds immense significance in dermatological treatments due to its non-invasive nature and direct application to the target site. Organogels, a promising class of topical drug delivery systems, have acquired substantial attention for enhancing drug delivery efficiency. This review article aims to explore the advantages of organogels, including enhanced drug solubility, controlled release, improved skin penetration, non-greasy formulations, and ease of application. The mechanism of organogel permeation into the skin is discussed, along with formulation strategies, which encompass the selection of gelling agents, cogelling agents, and additives while considering the influence of temperature and pH on gel formation. Various types of organogelators and organogels and their properties, such as viscoelasticity, non-birefringence, thermal stability, and optical clarity, are presented. Moreover, the biomedical applications of organogels in targeting skin cancer, anti-inflammatory drug delivery, and antifungal drug delivery are discussed. Characterization parameters, biocompatibility, safety considerations, and future directions in optimizing skin permeation, ensuring long-term stability, addressing regulatory challenges, and exploring potential combination therapies are thoroughly examined. Overall, this review highlights the immense potential of organogels in redefining topical drug delivery and their significant impact on the field of dermatological treatments, thus paving the way for exciting prospects in the domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajinkya Nitin Nikam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Amrita Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Ruchira Raychaudhuri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Prerana D Navti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Soji Soman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Sanjay Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Krishnaraj Somayaji Shirur
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Abhijeet Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
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5
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Zhang H, Zhang D, Luan H, Wang Z, Zhang P, Xi G, Ji X. Multifunctional, Self-Adhesive MXene-Based Hydrogel Flexible Strain Sensors for Hand-Written Digit Recognition with Assistance of Deep Learning. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:16199-16207. [PMID: 37906584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The conductive hydrogel as a flexible sensor not only has certain mechanical flexibility but also can be used in the field of human health detection and human-computer interaction. Herein, by introduction of tannic acid (TA) with MXene into the polyacrylamide (PAM)/carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) double-network hydrogel, a hydrogel with high stretchability, self-adhesion, and high sensitivity was prepared. CMC and PAM form a semi-interpenetrating double-network of high toughness and durability through electrostatic interactions and multiple hydrogen bonding networks. The abundant hydrophilic functional groups on TA and MXene form multiple hydrogen bonds simultaneously with the polymer network, ensuring high stretchability and sensitivity of the hydrogel. The hydrogel can display an accurate response to a variety of stimulus signals and can monitor both human joint movements and small physiological signal changes. It can also be combined with deep learning algorithms to classify handwritten digits with an accuracy rate of 98%. This work can promote the application of hydrogel sensors with durability and high sensitivity. The combination of algorithms and flexible sensors provides important ideas for the further development of flexible devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Dongzhi Zhang
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Huixin Luan
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Zihu Wang
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Guangshuai Xi
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Xinyi Ji
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
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6
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Han X, Lu T, Zhang Z, Wang H, Lu S. Tremella polysaccharide-based conductive hydrogel with anti-freezing and self-healing ability for motion monitoring and intelligent interaction. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 248:125987. [PMID: 37516220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
The application of conductive hydrogels in flexible wearable devices has garnered significant attention. In this study, a self-healing, anti-freezing, and fire-resistant hydrogel strain sensor is successfully synthesized by incorporating sustainable natural biological materials, viz. Tremella polysaccharide and silk fiber, into a polyvinyl alcohol matrix with borax cross-linking. The resulting hydrogel exhibits excellent transparency, thermoplasticity, and remarkable mechanical properties, including a notable elongation (1107.3 %) and high self-healing rate (91.11 %) within 5 min, attributed to the dynamic cross-linking effect of hydrogen bonds and borax. A strain sensor based on the prepared hydrogel sensor can be used to accurately monitor diverse human movements, while maintaining exceptional sensing stability and durability under repeated strain cycles. Additionally, a hydrogel touch component is designed that can successfully interact with intelligent electronic devices, encompassing functions like clicking, writing, and drawing. These inherent advantages make the prepared hydrogel a promising candidate for applications in human health monitoring and intelligent electronic device interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Han
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber, Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Tianyun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber, Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, PR China
| | - Zuocai Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - He Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber, Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, PR China
| | - Shaorong Lu
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China.
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7
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Wu Y, Yang L, Wang J, Li S, Zhang X, Chen D, Ma Y, Yang W. Degradable Supramolecular Eutectogel-Based Ionic Skin with Antibacterial, Adhesive, and Self-Healable Capabilities. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:36759-36770. [PMID: 37477654 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The development of degradable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly ionic conductive gels is highly required to reduce electronic waste originating from flexible electronic devices. However, biocompatible, degradable, tough, and durable conductive gels are challenging to achieve. Herein, we develop a facile strategy for the design and synthesis of degradable tough eutectogels by integrating an electrostatically driven supramolecular network composed of branched polyacrylic acid (PAA) and monoethanolamine (MEA) into a green deep eutectic solvent with chitosan quaternary ammonium salt (CQS). The specially designed PAA/MEA/CQS eutectogels present multiple desired properties, including high transparency, widely adjustable mechanical properties, high resilience, reliable adhesiveness, excellent self-healing ability, good conductivity, remarkable anti-freezing performance, and antibacterial properties. The dynamic and reversible supramolecular interactions not only significantly enhance the mechanical properties of the PAA/MEA/CQS eutectogels but also enable fast degradation, addressing the dilemma between mechanical strength and degradability. More importantly, a biocompatible and degradable multifunctional ionic skin is successfully fabricated based on the PAA/MEA/CQS eutectogel, exhibiting high sensitivity, a wide sensing range, and a rapid response speed toward strain, pressure, and temperature. Thus, this study offers a promising strategy for fabricating degradable tough eutectogels, which show great potential as high-performance ionic skins for next-generation flexible wearable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiadong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Sirui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xianhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for the Syntheses and Applications of Waterborne Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuhong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for the Syntheses and Applications of Waterborne Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wantai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing 100029, China
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8
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Wang J, Liu X, Li R, Fan Y. Biomimetic strategies and technologies for artificial tactile sensory systems. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:951-964. [PMID: 36658007 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The sense of touch events, achieved by artificial tactile sensory systems (ATSSs), is a milestone in the progress of human-machine interactions. However, it has been a challenge for ATSSs to serve functions comparable with the human tactile perception system (HTPS). The biomimetic strategies and technologies inspired by HTPS are considered an optimal solution to this challenge. Recent studies have reported bioinspired strategies for improving specific aspects of ATSS performance, such as feature collection, signal conversion, and information computation. Here, we present a systematic interpretation of biomechanisms for HTPSs, and correspondingly, address biomimetic strategies and technologies contributing to ATSSs as an integral system. This review will benefit the development and application of ATSSs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ruya Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China; School of Medical Science and Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
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9
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Peng W, Pan X, Liu X, Gao Y, Lu T, Li J, Xu M, Pan L. A moisture self-regenerative, ultra-low temperature anti-freezing and self-adhesive polyvinyl alcohol/polyacrylamide/CaCl 2/MXene ionotronics hydrogel for bionic skin strain sensor. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 634:782-792. [PMID: 36565620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ignited by the concept of bionics, hydrogel-based bionic skin sensors have received more and more attention and been widely used in health monitoring, robots, implantable prostheses and human-machine interfaces. However, there still remain some challenges to be urgently solved for hydrogel-based bionic skin sensors, such as the water evaporation and the defects of single conductive mechanism of electronic skin or ionic skin. Herein, we prepared a polyvinyl alcohol/polyacrylamide/CaCl2/MXene (PPCM) ionotronics hydrogel with moisture self-regenerative, highly sensitive, ultra-low temperature anti-freezing (-50 °C) and self-adhesive features and applied it as bionic skin strain sensor. The introduction of MXene and CaCl2 endows the PPCM hydrogel with both electron and ion conductive channels, which effectively compensates for the defects of single electronic skin or ionic skin. Importantly, the addition of CaCl2 into the PPCM hydrogel offers it the moisture self-regenerative ability, holding the long-term water retention. The water in the PPCM hydrogel can still be kept in a stable state after continuous use for 70 days at room temperature, thus ensuring the long-term stability of the hydrogel-based sensor. Such a moisture self-regenerative ability should be an important feature for intelligentizing the hydrogel-based bionic skin for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwu Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xinrong Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xinjuan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ting Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jiabao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Min Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Likun Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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10
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Wei X, Li J, Hu Z, Wang C, Gao Z, Cao Y, Han J, Li Y. Carbon Quantum Dot/Chitosan-Derived Hydrogels with Photo-stress-pH Multiresponsiveness for Wearable Sensors. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200928. [PMID: 36786588 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, hydrogels have attracted extensive attention in smart sensing owing to their biocompatibility and high elasticity. However, it is still a challenge to develop hydrogels with excellent multiple responsiveness for smart wearable sensors. In this paper, a facile synthesis of carbon quantum dots (CQDs)-doped cross-linked chitosan quaternary/carboxymethylcellulose hydrogels (CCCDs) is presented. Designing of dual network hydrogels decorated with CQDs provides abundant crosslinking and improves the mechanical properties of the hydrogels. The hydrogel-based strain sensor exhibits excellent sensitivity (gauge factor: 9.88), linearity (R2 : 0.97), stretchable ability (stress: 0.67 MPa; strain: 404%), good cyclicity, and durability. The luminescent properties are endowed by the CQDs further broaden the application of hydrogels for realizing flexible electronics. More interestingly, the strain sensor based on CCCDs hydrogel demonstrates photo responsiveness (ΔR/R0 ≈20%) and pH responsiveness (pH range ≈4-7) performance. CCCDs hydrogels can be used for gesture recognition and light sensing switch. As a proof-of-concept, a smart wearable sensor is designed for monitoring human activities and detecting pH variation in human sweat during exercise. This study reveals new possibilities for further applications in wearable health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, P. R. China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, P. R. China
| | - Zhirui Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, P. R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Gao
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, P. R. China
| | - Yang Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, P. R. China
| | - Jing Han
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, P. R. China
| | - Yingchun Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, P. R. China
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11
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Li L, Ji X, Chen K. Conductive, self-healing, and antibacterial Ag/MXene-PVA hydrogel as wearable skin-like sensors. J Biomater Appl 2023; 37:1169-1181. [PMID: 36189748 DOI: 10.1177/08853282221131137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of flexible electronic technology has led to the in-depth study of flexible wearable sensors to achieve accurate sensing under different external stimuli. However, it is still a huge challenge to develop hydrogel-based wearable skin-like sensors with super ductility, high sensitivity, and self-healing properties. Herein, the Ti3C2 type of MXene was synthesized, and the Ag/MXene nanocomplexes were incorporated into polyvinyl alcohol-borax matrix to construct a novel composite hydrogel as the multifunctional nanofillers, which could bring both improved properties and novel functionalities. The Ag/MXene-Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel displayed integrated merits of highly strain sensitive (GF = 3.26), self-healing (within 10 min, 91% healing efficiency), and excellent antibacterial activity. The hydrogel could be assembled into a wearable skin-like sensor to monitor human movement, including large deformations (finger, elbow, wrist, and knee bending) and tiny deformations (mouth's movement and throat vocalization) in real time. Therefore, this work shed a new light on the development of flexible wearable skin-like sensors for the personalized healthcare monitoring, human-machine interfaces, and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumin Li
- School of Resources and Chemical Engineering, 66283Sanming University, Sanming, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ji
- 117895Affiliated Sanming First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Sanming, Fujian, China
| | - Kai Chen
- School of Resources and Chemical Engineering, 66283Sanming University, Sanming, Fujian, China
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12
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Yu Y, Feng Y, Liu F, Wang H, Yu H, Dai K, Zheng G, Feng W. Carbon Dots-Based Ultrastretchable and Conductive Hydrogels for High-Performance Tactile Sensors and Self-Powered Electronic Skin. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022:e2204365. [PMID: 36135725 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Smart tactile sensing materials have excellent development prospects, including wearable health-monitoring equipment and energy collection. Hydrogels have received extensive attention in tactile sensing owing to their transparency and high elasticity. In this study, highly crosslinked hydrogels are fabricated by chemically crosslinking polyacrylamide with lithium magnesium silicate and decorated with carbon quantum dots. Magnesium lithium silicate provides abundant covalent bonds and improves the mechanical properties of the hydrogels. The luminescent properties endowed by the carbon dots further broaden the application of hydrogels for realizing flexible electronics. The hydrogel-based strain sensor exhibits excellent sensitivity (gauge factor 2.6), a broad strain response range (0-2000%), good cyclicity, and durability (1250). Strain sensors can be used to detect human motions. More importantly, the hydrogel can also be used as a flexible self-supporting triboelectric electrode for effectively detecting pressure in the range of 1-25 N and delivering a short-circuit current (ISC ) of 2.6 µA, open-circuit voltage (VOC ) of 115 V, and short-circuit transfer charge (QSC ) of 29 nC. The results reveal new possibilities for human-computer interactions and electronic robot skins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yiyu Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Huitao Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Kun Dai
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
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13
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He Y, Deng Z, Wang YJ, Zhao Y, Chen L. Polysaccharide/Ti3C2Tx MXene adhesive hydrogels with self-healing ability for multifunctional and sensitive sensors. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 291:119572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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da Silva Souza Campanholi K, Sonchini Gonçalves R, Bassi da Silva J, Said dos Santos R, Carla de Oliveira M, Barbosa de Souza Ferreira S, Vizioli de Castro-Hoshino L, Bento Balbinot R, Lazarin-Bidóia D, Luciano Baesso M, Luciano Bruschi M, Vataru Nakamura C, Caetano W. Thermal stimuli-responsive topical platform based on copaiba oil-resin: Design and performance upon ex-vivo human skin. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Ma J, Wen S, Zhou Z. Bioinspired Thermoplastic Elastomer with Flexible, Self-Healing Capabilities. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:8862-8870. [PMID: 35819072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The self-healing property of biological tissues gives humans inspiration to endow artificial synthetic materials with self-healing functions. Herein, we report a thermoplastic elastomer that can be self-repaired in a short time, which uses dual dynamic bonds (hydrogen bonds and disulfide bonds) coupled to realize its self-healing function through the rapid conversion of dynamic hydrogen bonds between the hard and soft segments, as well as the dynamic bonding and dissociation of disulfide bonds. Furthermore, the maximum tensile strength and strain of the elastomer can reach 17.4 MPa and 3780%, respectively, and the maximum self-healing rate is close to 100% (temperature: 90 °C, time: 5 h). The arrays' arrangement and reversibility of hydrogen bonds endow the elastomer with high toughness and self-healing properties and thus solve the problem that ordinary polymers cannot self-heal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Ma
- School of Mechanics and Civil & Architecture, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, PR China
| | - Shifeng Wen
- School of Mechanics and Civil & Architecture, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Zhou
- Zhongkexin Engineering Consulting (Beijjing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100039, China
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16
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Li Y, Zhou X, Sarkar B, Gagnon-Lafrenais N, Cicoira F. Recent Progress on Self-Healable Conducting Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108932. [PMID: 35043469 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Materials able to regenerate after damage have been the object of investigation since the ancient times. For instance, self-healing concretes, able to resist earthquakes, aging, weather, and seawater have been known since the times of ancient Rome and are still the object of research. During the last decade, there has been an increasing interest in self-healing electronic materials, for applications in electronic skin (E-skin) for health monitoring, wearable and stretchable sensors, actuators, transistors, energy harvesting, and storage devices. Self-healing materials based on conducting polymers are particularly attractive due to their tunable high conductivity, good stability, intrinsic flexibility, excellent processability and biocompatibility. Here recent developments are reviewed in the field of self-healing electronic materials based on conducting polymers, such as poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT), polypyrrole (PPy), and polyaniline (PANI). The different types of healing, the strategies adopted to optimize electrical and mechanical properties, and the various possible healing mechanisms are introduced. Finally, the main challenges and perspectives in the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Biporjoy Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Noémy Gagnon-Lafrenais
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Fabio Cicoira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
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17
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Debnath S, Upadhyay C, Ojha U. Healable, Recyclable, and Programmable Shape Memory Organogels Based on Highly Malleable Catalyst-Free Carboxylate Linkages. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:9618-9631. [PMID: 35148046 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of healable and recyclable organogels possessing responsive abilities is mainly hindered by the unavailability of many dynamic covalent linkages that undergo exchange reaction below the boiling temperature of organic swelling medium. Furthermore, the exchange is desired to be effective under catalyst-free conditions to circumvent the issue of catalyst leaching during the swelling process. Especially, imparting swift reversibility to thermostable carboxylate linkages is challenging. In this approach, we have utilized the β-keto anchimeric assistance as the tool to induce swift reversibility into the conventional carboxylate linkage under mild temperature (∼70-90 °C) and catalyst-free conditions. Using this β-keto carboxylate linkage as an associative bond exchange mean, strong (tensile strength = 0.3 MPa) and stretchable (ultimate elongation ≈ 600%) covalent adaptable organogels (CAOs) with anisotropic swelling, remoldable, self-healing, and shape memory ability are derived from commercially available precursors. The shape memory ability of these samples shows dependency on the shape fixing time and can be programmed, targeting further applications. Soft actuators may be fabricated from the CAOs using temperature and solvent as the activating tools. This research demonstrates that the conventional carboxylate linkages can be made labile under mild conditions for further applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Debnath
- Department of Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Bahadurpur, Harbanshganj, Jais 229304, India
| | - Chandan Upadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Bahadurpur, Harbanshganj, Jais 229304, India
| | - Umaprasana Ojha
- Department of Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Bahadurpur, Harbanshganj, Jais 229304, India
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18
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Wang L, Wang Z, Li Y, Luo Y, Lu B, Gao Y, Yu W, Gao G, Ding S. An Ionically Conductive, Self-Powered and Stable Organogel for Pressure Sensing. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12040714. [PMID: 35215042 PMCID: PMC8878061 DOI: 10.3390/nano12040714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gel-based ionic conductors are promising candidates for flexible electronics, serving as stretchable sensors or electrodes. However, most of them suffer from a short operating life, low conductivity and rely on an external power supply, limiting their practical application. Herein, we report a stable organogel ionic conductor with high conductivity and self-powering ability. Briefly, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, as a conductive salt, provides high conductivity and the poly(1,1-difluoroethylene) layers, as a self-powering system, supply stable energy output under the influence of pressure. Moreover, the proposed conductors withstand long-term and multi-cycle durability tests. The prepared auxiliary training device can withstand the impact of a basketball and detect the impact force, showing potential in passive sensing during practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Micro and Nano Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Z.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (B.L.)
- National Innovation Institute of Additive Manufacturing, Xi’an 710000, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13991386876
| | - Zhengduo Wang
- Micro and Nano Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Z.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Yingtao Li
- Micro and Nano Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Z.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Yu Luo
- Micro and Nano Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Z.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Bingheng Lu
- Micro and Nano Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Z.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (B.L.)
- National Innovation Institute of Additive Manufacturing, Xi’an 710000, China
| | - Yiyang Gao
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Y.G.); (W.Y.); (G.G.); (S.D.)
| | - Wei Yu
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Y.G.); (W.Y.); (G.G.); (S.D.)
| | - Guoxin Gao
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Y.G.); (W.Y.); (G.G.); (S.D.)
| | - Shujiang Ding
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Y.G.); (W.Y.); (G.G.); (S.D.)
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19
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Peng W, Han L, Gao Y, Gong Z, Lu T, Xu X, Xu M, Yamauchi Y, Pan L. Flexible organohydrogel ionic skin with Ultra-Low temperature freezing resistance and Ultra-Durable moisture retention. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 608:396-404. [PMID: 34626985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS One prevailing method to construct excellent temperature tolerance/long-lasting moisture hydrogels is to couple the original hydrogel networks with freezing-tolerant/moisture retaining agents, including ionic liquids, inorganic salts, zwitterionic osmolytes, and polyhydric alcohols. Among them, organohydrogels have shed new light on the development of ionic skins with long-term usability and stable sensing performance at subzero temperatures due to their long-lasting water retention and anti-freezing capability. EXPERIMENTS We report a dual network organohydrogel by doping conductive ZnSO4 into the double network hydrogel of polyvinyl alcohol-polyacrylamide (PVA-PAM) with subsequent immersing in a mixed solvent of ethylene glycol (EG) and H2O. The anti-freezing and moisture retaining abilities of the PVA/PAM/Zn/EG (PPZE) organohydrogel were studied and the sensing performances of the PPZE organohydrogel-based ionic skin were investigated. FINDINGS The organohydrogel exhibits a high conductivity (0.44 S m-1), excellent fatigue resistance and exceptional moisture retaining ability with more than 99.3% of the initial weight retention after 31 days storage at ambient temperature. Importantly, the PPZE organohydrogel-based ionic skin shows an ultra-low temperature anti-freezing ability and remains flexibility and sensing capability with a high sensitivity (signal response time ∼ 0.23 s) even at -50 °C. The PPZE organohydrogel demonstrates a tremendous potential in artificial skin and health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwu Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lu Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhiwei Gong
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ting Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xingtao Xu
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
| | - Min Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan; School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Likun Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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20
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Stretchable, self-adhesive, conductive, anti-freezing sodium polyacrylate-based composite hydrogels for wearable flexible strain sensors. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Zhao Y, Shen T, Zhang M, Yin R, Zheng Y, Liu H, Sun H, Liu C, Shen C. Advancing the pressure sensing performance of conductive CNT/PDMS composite film by constructing a hierarchical-structured surface. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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George Thuruthel T, Bosman AW, Hughes J, Iida F. Soft Self-Healing Fluidic Tactile Sensors with Damage Detection and Localization Abilities. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21248284. [PMID: 34960380 PMCID: PMC8706411 DOI: 10.3390/s21248284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Self-healing sensors have the potential to increase the lifespan of existing sensing technologies, especially in soft robotic and wearable applications. Furthermore, they could bestow additional functionality to the sensing system because of their self-healing ability. This paper presents the design for a self-healing sensor that can be used for damage detection and localization in a continuous manner. The soft sensor can recover full functionality almost instantaneously at room temperature, making the healing process fully autonomous. The working principle of the sensor is based on the measurement of air pressure inside enclosed chambers, making the fabrication and the modeling of the sensors easy. We characterize the force sensing abilities of the proposed sensor and perform damage detection and localization over a one-dimensional and two-dimensional surface using multilateration techniques. The proposed solution is highly scalable, easy-to-build, cheap and even applicable for multi-damage detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas George Thuruthel
- Bio-Inspired Robotics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK; (J.H.); (F.I.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anton W. Bosman
- SupraPolix BV, Horsten 1, 5612 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Josie Hughes
- Bio-Inspired Robotics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK; (J.H.); (F.I.)
| | - Fumiya Iida
- Bio-Inspired Robotics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK; (J.H.); (F.I.)
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23
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Kim J, Lee Y, Kang M, Hu L, Zhao S, Ahn JH. 2D Materials for Skin-Mountable Electronic Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005858. [PMID: 33998064 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Skin-mountable devices that can directly measure various biosignals and external stimuli and communicate the information to the users have been actively studied owing to increasing demand for wearable electronics and newer healthcare systems. Research on skin-mountable devices is mainly focused on those materials and mechanical design aspects that satisfy the device fabrication requirements on unusual substrates like skin and also for achieving good sensing capabilities and stable device operation in high-strain conditions. 2D materials that are atomically thin and possess unique electrical and optical properties offer several important features that can address the challenging needs in wearable, skin-mountable electronic devices. Herein, recent research progress on skin-mountable devices based on 2D materials that exhibit a variety of device functions including information input and output and in vitro and in vivo healthcare and diagnosis is reviewed. The challenges, potential solutions, and perspectives on trends for future work are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jejung Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjun Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Minpyo Kang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Luhing Hu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Songfang Zhao
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, China
| | - Jong-Hyun Ahn
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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24
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Zhang F, Ma PC, Wang J, Zhang Q, Feng W, Zhu Y, Zheng Q. Anisotropic conductive networks for multidimensional sensing. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:2615-2653. [PMID: 34617540 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00615k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, flexible physical sensors have attracted great attention due to their wide applications in many emerging areas including health-monitoring, human-machine interfaces, smart robots, and entertainment. However, conventional sensors are typically designed to respond to a specific stimulus or a deformation along only one single axis, while directional tracking and accurate monitoring of complex multi-axis stimuli is more critical in practical applications. Multidimensional sensors with distinguishable signals for simultaneous detection of complex postures and movements in multiple directions are highly demanded for the development of wearable electronics. Recently, many efforts have been devoted to the design and fabrication of multidimensional sensors that are capable of distinguishing stimuli from different directions accurately. Benefiting from their unique decoupling mechanisms, anisotropic architectures have been proved to be promising structures for multidimensional sensing. This review summarizes the present state and advances of the design and preparation strategies for fabricating multidimensional sensors based on anisotropic conducting networks. The fabrication strategies of different anisotropic structures, the working mechanism of various types of multidimensional sensing and their corresponding unique applications are presented and discussed. The potential challenges faced by multidimensional sensors are revealed to provide an insightful outlook for the future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Peng-Cheng Ma
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology, The Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, P. R. China
| | - Jiangxin Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Yanwu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Qingbin Zheng
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
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25
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Li H, Gao G, Xu Z, Tang D, Chen T. Recent Progress in Bionic Skin Based on Conductive Polymer Gels. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100480. [PMID: 34505726 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bionic skin sensors based on conductive polymer gels have garnered interest for their potential applications in human-computer interaction, soft robotics, biomedical systems, sports, and healthcare, because of their intrinsic flexibility and stretchability embedded at the material level, and other such as self-healing, adhesion, high, and low temperature tolerance properties that can be tuned through macromolecular design. Here, important advances in polymer gel-based flexible sensors over recent years are summarized, from material design, sensor fabrication to system-level applications. This review focuses on the representative strategies of design and preparing of conductive polymer gels, and adjusting their conductivity, mechanics, and other properties such as self-healing and adhesiveness by controlling the macromolecular network structures. The state-of-art of present flexible pressure and strain sensors, temperature sensors, position sensors, and multifunctional sensors based on capacitance, voltage, and resistance sensing technologies, are also systematically reviewed. Finally, perspectives on issues regarding further advances and challenges are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijing Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.,School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 9A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guorong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.,School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 9A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhenyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.,School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 9A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Diane Tang
- YK Pao School, No 1800, Lane 900 North Sanxin Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.,School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 9A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
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Shen Z, Zhu X, Majidi C, Gu G. Cutaneous Ionogel Mechanoreceptors for Soft Machines, Physiological Sensing, and Amputee Prostheses. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102069. [PMID: 34337793 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Touch sensing has a central role in robotic grasping and emerging human-machine interfaces for robot-assisted prosthetics. Although advancements in soft conductive polymers have promoted the creation of diverse pressure sensors, these sensors are difficult to be employed as touch skins for robotics and prostheses due to their limited sensitivity, narrow pressure range, and complex structure and fabrication process. Here, a highly sensitive and robust soft touch skin is presented with ultracapacitive sensing that combines ionic hydrogels with commercially available conductive fabrics. Prototypical designs of the capacitive sensors through facile manufacturing methods are introduced and a high sensitivity up to 1.5 kPa-1 (≈44 times higher than conventional parallel-plate capacitive counterparts), a broad pressure detection range of over four orders of magnitudes (≈35 Pa to 330 kPa), ultrahigh baseline of capacitance, fast response time (≈18 ms), and good repeatability are demonstrated. Ionogel skins composed of an array of cutaneous mechanoreceptors capable of monitoring various physiological signals and shape detection are further developed. The touch skin can be integrated within a soft bionic hand and provide an industrial robot and an amputee with robust tactile feedback when handling delicate objects, illustrating its potential applications in next-generation human-in-the-loop robotic systems with tactile sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zequn Shen
- Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiangyang Zhu
- Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Carmel Majidi
- Soft Machines Lab, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Guoying Gu
- Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Ganesh K, Jung J, Woo Park J, Kim BS, Seo S. Effect of Substituents in Mussel-inspired Surface Primers on their Oxidation and Priming Efficiency. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:852-859. [PMID: 34437767 PMCID: PMC8389193 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine mussels contain an abundant catechol moiety, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), in their interfacial foot proteins. DOPA contributes to both surface adhesion and bridging between the surface and overhead proteins (surface priming) by taking advantage of the unique redox properties of catechol. Inspired by the mussel surface priming mechanism, herein we synthesized a series of DOPA-mimetic analogs - a bifunctional group molecule, consisting of a catechol group and an acrylic group at the opposite ends. The surface primers with differently substituted (-COOH, -CH3 ) alkyl chains in the middle spacer were synthesized. Time-dependent oxidation and redox potentials of the surface primers were studied in an oxidizing environment to gain a better understanding of the mussel's redox chemistry. The thickness and degree of priming of the surface primers on silicon-based substrates were analyzed by ellipsometry and UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy. The post-reactivity of the acrylic groups of the primed layer was first visualized through a reaction with an acrylic group-reactive dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppasamy Ganesh
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Jung
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Woo Park
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Su Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungbaek Seo
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Many soft tissues of the human body such as cartilages, muscles, and ligaments are mainly composed of biological hydrogels possessing excellent mechanical properties and delicate structures. Nowadays, bio-inspired hydrogels have been intensively explored due to their promising potential applications in tissue engineering. However, the traditional manufacturing technology is challenging to produce the bio-inspired hydrogels, and the typical biological composite topologies of bio-inspired hydrogels are accessible completed using 3D bioprinting at micrometer resolution. In this chapter, the 3D bioprinting techniques used for the fabrication of bio-inspired hydrogels were summarized, and the materials used were outlined. This chapter also focuses on the applications of bio-inspired hydrogels fabricated using available 3D bioprinting technologies. The development of 3D bioprinting techniques in the future would bring us closer to the fabrication capabilities of living organisms, which would be widely used in biomedical applications.
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Photo-polymerized and thermal-polymerized silicon hydrogels with different surface microstructure and wettability. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Zhang B, Zhang X, Wan K, Zhu J, Xu J, Zhang C, Liu T. Dense Hydrogen-Bonding Network Boosts Ionic Conductive Hydrogels with Extremely High Toughness, Rapid Self-Recovery, and Autonomous Adhesion for Human-Motion Detection. RESEARCH 2021; 2021:9761625. [PMID: 33997787 PMCID: PMC8067885 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9761625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The construction of ionic conductive hydrogels with high transparency, excellent mechanical robustness, high toughness, and rapid self-recovery is highly desired yet challenging. Herein, a hydrogen-bonding network densification strategy is presented for preparing a highly stretchable and transparent poly(ionic liquid) hydrogel (PAM-r-MVIC) from the perspective of random copolymerization of 1-methyl-3-(4-vinylbenzyl) imidazolium chloride and acrylamide in water. Ascribing to the formation of a dense hydrogen-bonding network, the resultant PAM-r-MVIC exhibited an intrinsically high stretchability (>1000%) and compressibility (90%), fast self-recovery with high toughness (2950 kJ m−3), and excellent fatigue resistance with no deviation for 100 cycles. Dissipative particle dynamics simulations revealed that the orientation of hydrogen bonds along the stretching direction boosted mechanical strength and toughness, which were further proved by the restriction of molecular chain movements ascribing to the formation of a dense hydrogen-bonding network from mean square displacement calculations. Combining with high ionic conductivity over a wide temperature range and autonomous adhesion on various surfaces with tailored adhesive strength, the PAM-r-MVIC can readily work as a highly stretchable and healable ionic conductor for a capacitive/resistive bimodal sensor with self-adhesion, high sensitivity, excellent linearity, and great durability. This study might provide a new path of designing and fabricating ionic conductive hydrogels with high mechanical elasticity, high toughness, and excellent fatigue resilience for skin-inspired ionic sensors in detecting complex human motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Kening Wan
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Jixin Zhu
- Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Jingsan Xu
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Tianxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.,Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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32
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Zeng S, Zhang J, Zu G, Huang J. Transparent, flexible, and multifunctional starch-based double-network hydrogels as high-performance wearable electronics. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 267:118198. [PMID: 34119165 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To meet the increasing demands of sustainability and eco-friendliness, biopolymer-based hydrogels combining flexibility and ionic conductivity have drawn great attention for green and wearable sensors. However, the preparation of transparent, flexible, durable, and highly sensitive biopolymer hydrogel-based sensors for strain/pressure and humidity sensing remains a challenge. Herein, a facile one-step strategy is proposed to fabricate transparent, highly flexible, and multifunctional starch/polyacrylamide double-network hydrogels based on natural renewable starch. The resultant hydrogels exhibit fast self-adhesive ability and present high flexibility attributing to the double network consisting of cross-linked starch and polyacrylamide. Then the hydrogels can be assembled as transparent, self-adhesive, flexible, highly sensitive, and multifunctional strain/pressure and humidity sensors for accurate healthcare monitoring. The hydrogel-based sensor shows ultrahigh sensitivity to humidity (35-97% relative humidity). The multifunctionality and biological advantages of starch-based hydrogels offer potential applications in next-generation green and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zeng
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, PR China
| | - Junyao Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, PR China
| | - Guoqing Zu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, PR China.
| | - Jia Huang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, PR China.
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Skin-Inspired Pressure Sensor with MXene/P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) as Active Layer for Wearable Electronics. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030716. [PMID: 33809207 PMCID: PMC7999094 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multi-functional electronic skin is of paramount significance for wearable electronics in health monitoring, medical analysis, and human-machine interfacing systems. In order to achieve the function of natural skin, mechanical sensing with high sensitivity is an important feature of electronic skin. Inspired by the spinosum structure under the skin, herein, we fabricate a new capacitive pressure sensor with two-dimensional transition-metal carbides and nitrides (MXene) and ferroelectric polymer (P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)) as an active layer and micropatterned Cr-Au deposited on polydimethylsiloxane as flexible electrodes. Such a method is facile, effective, easily operated, and low-cost. The device design provides great capacitive change as a consequence of large deformation under pressure. Benefiting from the randomly distributed microstructure and high dielectric constant of the active layer, the device demonstrates high sensitivity with great linearity (16.0 kPa-1 for less than 10 kPa), that is, a low detection limit of 8.9 Pa, and quick response. A series of dynamic physiological signals, including typing, knuckle motion, and voice recognition can be facilely detected, making it a competitive candidate in the field of wearable electronics.
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34
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Khatib M, Zohar O, Haick H. Self-Healing Soft Sensors: From Material Design to Implementation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004190. [PMID: 33533124 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The demand for interfacing electronics in everyday life is rapidly accelerating, with an ever-growing number of applications in wearable electronics and electronic skins for robotics, prosthetics, and other purposes. Soft sensors that efficiently detect environmental or biological/physiological stimuli have been extensively studied due to their essential role in creating the necessary interfaces for these applications. Unfortunately, due to their natural softness, these sensors are highly sensitive to structural and mechanical damage. The integration of natural properties, such as self-healing, into these systems should improve their reliability, stability, and long-term performance. Recent studies on self-healing soft sensors for varying chemical and physical parameters are herein reviewed. In addition, contemporary studies on material design, device structure, and fabrication methods for sensing platforms are also discussed. Finally, the main challenges and future perspectives in this field are introduced, while focusing on the most promising examples and directions already reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khatib
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Orr Zohar
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Hossam Haick
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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35
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Chen Z, Chen Y, Hedenqvist MS, Chen C, Cai C, Li H, Liu H, Fu J. Multifunctional conductive hydrogels and their applications as smart wearable devices. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:2561-2583. [PMID: 33599653 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02929g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, hydrogel-based conductive materials and their applications as smart wearable devices have been paid tremendous attention due to their high stretchability, flexibility, and excellent biocompatibility. Compared with single functional conductive hydrogels, multifunctional conductive hydrogels are more advantageous to match various demands for practical applications. This review focuses on multifunctional conductive hydrogels applied for smart wearable devices. Representative strategies for conduction of hydrogels are discussed firstly: (1) electronic conduction based on the conductive fillers and (2) ionic conduction based on charged ions. Then, the common and intensive research on multiple functionalities of conductive hydrogels, such as mechanical properties, conductive and sensory properties, anti-freezing and moisturizing properties, and adhesion and self-healing properties is presented. The applications of multifunctional conductive hydrogels such as in human motion sensors, sensory skins, and personal healthcare diagnosis are provided in the third part. Finally, we offer our perspective on open challenges and future areas of interest for multifunctional conductive hydrogels used as smart wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
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36
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Jiao Q, Cao L, Zhao Z, Zhang H, Li J, Wei Y. Zwitterionic Hydrogel with High Transparency, Ultrastretchability, and Remarkable Freezing Resistance for Wearable Strain Sensors. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1220-1230. [PMID: 33586969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional hydrogel with outstanding conductivity and mechanical flexibility has received enormous attention as wearable electronic devices. However, fabricating transparent, ultrastretchable, and biocompatible hydrogel with low-temperature stability still remains a tremendous challenge. In this study, an ultrastretchable, highly transparent, and antifreezing zwitterionic-based electronic sensor is developed by introducing zwitterionic proline (ZP) into gellan gum/polyacrylamide (GG/PAAm) double network (DN) hydrogel. The existence of ZP endows the hydrogel with remarkable frost resistance. The toughness and transparency of zwitterionic Ca-GG/PAAm-ZP DN hydrogel can be maintained down to -40 °C. Also, the zwitterionic hydrogel shows good biocompatibility and protein adsorption resistance. The zwitterionic Ca-GG/PAAm-ZP DN hydrogel-based strain sensor can accurately monitor human motions (such as speaking and various joint bendings) under a broad temperature range from -40 to 25 °C. The zwitterionic Ca-GG/PAAm-ZP DN hydrogel-based strain sensor will be of immense value in the field of wearable electronic devices, especially for extreme environment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Lilong Cao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhijie Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Junjie Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.,Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yuping Wei
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.,Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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37
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38
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Xie T, Vogt BD. A Virtual Special Issue on Self-Healing Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:49277-49280. [PMID: 33143431 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
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39
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Wang W, Lai H, Cheng Z, Fan Z, Zhang D, Wang J, Yu S, Xie Z, Liu Y. Superhydrophobic Shape Memory Polymer Microarrays with Switchable Directional/Antidirectional Droplet Sliding and Optical Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:49219-49226. [PMID: 33050697 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bioinspired smart surfaces with switchable wettability and optical performance have aroused much attention in the past few years. However, almost all reported surfaces focused on regulating single surface function. In this work, inspired by the butterfly wings, a novel superhydrophobic surface with shape memory polymer microarrays (SMPAs) was prepared through the integration of three-dimensional printing, replica-molding, and a simple surface treatment. In this superhydrophobic SMPA system, the permanent upright microarrays and temporary tilted microarrays can be reversibly switched owing to the excellent shape memory effect (SME). Accompanied by the structure variations, switchable directional/antidirectional droplet sliding and vivid color conversion as the butterfly wings can be achieved. Moreover, because of the SME, local structure regulation can also be achieved on the surface, and with the help of such an ability, the SMPA was further applied as a multifunctional platform to demonstrate controllable droplet transportation and information storage. This work reports the reversible control of directional/antidirectional droplet sliding and tunable color on a superhydrophobic SMPA, and it is believed that such a smart surface can be potentially applied in many fields, such as microfluidic devices and smart optical chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Wang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hua Lai
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhongjun Cheng
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhimin Fan
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Dongjie Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Songji Yu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhimin Xie
- The National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yuyan Liu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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Guo MY, Li P, Yang SL, Bu R, Piao XQ, Gao EQ. Distinct and Selective Amine- and Anion-Responsive Behaviors of an Electron-Deficient and Anion-Exchangeable Metal-Organic Framework. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:43958-43966. [PMID: 32880426 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Smart materials that respond to chemical stimuli with color or luminescence changes are highly desirable for daily-life and high-tech applications. Here, we report a novel porous metal-organic framework (MOF) that shows multiple, selective, and discriminative responsive properties owing to the combination of different functional ingredients [tripyridinium chromogen, Eu(III) luminophore, cationic framework, and special porous structure]. The MOF contains two interpenetrated three-dimensional cationic coordination networks built of a tetrahedral [Eu4(μ3-OH)4] cluster and a tripyridinium-tricarboxylate zwitterionic linker. It shows reversible and discriminative chromic response to aliphatic amines and aniline through different host-guest interactions between electron-deficient pyridinium and electron-rich amines. The size- and shape-selective response to aliphatic amines is ascribed to the radical formation through host-guest electron transfer, whereas the response to aniline is ascribed to the formation of sandwich-type acceptor-donor-acceptor complexes. The MOF is capable of reversible anion exchange with various anions and shows selective and discriminative ionochromic response to iodide, bromide, and thiocyanate, which is attributed to charge-transfer complexation. The above chromic behaviors are accompanied by efficient quenching of Eu(III) photoluminescence. The MOF represents a multi-stimuli dual-output responsive system. It can be used for discrimination and identification of anions and amines. The potential use in invisible printing, reusable sensory films, and optical switches was demonstrated by the ink and the membrane made of the MOF and organic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yue Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Peng Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Anhui 235000, China
| | - Shuai-Liang Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Ran Bu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xian-Qing Piao
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - En-Qing Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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Qiu X, Miao Y, Zhang L. Quantitative Insights into the Effects of Post-Cross-Linking on Physical Performance Improvement and Surface-Cracking Healing of a Hydrogel. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7159-7166. [PMID: 32787295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a post-cross-linking protocol that can improve the mechanical properties, freezing resistance, and fracture energies of a covalent cross-linking hydrogel and can also enable its surface-cracking healing. We design a covalent cross-linking reaction based on 3-(methacryloylamino) propyl-trimethylammonium chloride (MPTC) and sodium acrylate (SA) to give rise to a PMPTC@PSA model hydrogel. After post-cross-linking treatment, the mechanical stress is improved by 9.0-fold, accompanied by a 3.5-fold improvement in elongation; the freezing resistance is increased by 2.5-fold, which is reflected by the stretchability improvement at -35 °C. In addition, the fracture energy increased from 266 to 4686 J/m2, an ∼17-fold improvement. Importantly, a surface-cracking hydrogel can be healed through the post-cross-linking treatment that enables the healing efficiency to approach 100% in terms of mechanical modulus and >81% in terms of maximum mechanical stress. This protocol is expected to provide a new option for physical performance improvement and crack healing of hydrogels in soft actuator, sensing device, and robotic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxin Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Miao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Lidong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
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Xun X, Zhang Z, Zhao X, Zhao B, Gao F, Kang Z, Liao Q, Zhang Y. Highly Robust and Self-Powered Electronic Skin Based on Tough Conductive Self-Healing Elastomer. ACS NANO 2020; 14:9066-9072. [PMID: 32658455 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Self-powered electronic skin (E-skin) can be endowed with high robustness by employing self-healing materials. However, most self-powered E-skin employs two heterogeneous materials with high modulus mismatch at the interface and poor fully self-healing ability, which reduces the robustness of the whole device. Here, a conductive polyurethane elastomer (PUE) with excellent mechanical toughness and self-healing ability is prepared. Based on the self-healing insulated/conductive PUE homogeneous structure and triboelectric-electrostatic induction effect, a highly robust and self-powered E-skin (HRSE-skin) is developed. The HRSE-skin possesses stable mechanosensation capability during the 50% stretching deformation due to a low modulus mismatch in the homogeneous structure. In addition, the stretchability and mechanosensation capability of the HRSE-skin can be restored after the fracture owing to the fully self-healing ability of the homogeneous structure. Therefore, the HRSE-skin has high robustness of the whole device including stable service behaviors and excellent restorability. The developed HRSE-skin demonstrates high robustness in the detection of the force and bending angle of the prosthetic joint. This work solves the low robustness of self-powered E-skin by the preparation of conductive self-healing PUE and the construction of the homogeneous structure, which is important for the practical applications of self-powered E-skin in prosthetic limbs and advanced robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Xun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Gao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Kang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingliang Liao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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Yu H, Feng Y, Gao L, Chen C, Zhang Z, Feng W. Self-Healing High Strength and Thermal Conductivity of 3D Graphene/PDMS Composites by the Optimization of Multiple Molecular Interactions. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huitao Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yiyu Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Long Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Can Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Zhixing Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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