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Bao H, Liu Y, Li H, Qi W, Sun K. Luminescence of carbon quantum dots and their application in biochemistry. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20317. [PMID: 37790961 PMCID: PMC10543222 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene, carbon dots (CDs) are causing a lot of research work in their own right. CDs are a type of surface-passivated quantum dot that contain carbon atoms. Their distinctive characteristics, such as luminescent emission that varies with size and wavelength, resistance to photobleaching, easy biological binding, lack of toxicity, and economical production without the need for intricate synthetic processes, have led to a noteworthy surge in attention within the research community. Different techniques can be utilized to create these CDs, spanning from basic candle burning to laser ablation. This review article delves into the principles of fluorescence technology, providing insights into how different synthesis methods of quantum dots impact their luminescent properties. Additionally, it highlights the latest applications of quantum dots in catalysis and biomedical fields, with special emphasis on the current status of luminescent properties in biology and chemistry. Towards the end, the article discusses the limitations of quantum dots in current practical applications, pointing out that CDs hold promising potential for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haili Bao
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yihao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - He Li
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxin Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Keyan Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
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2
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Anusuyadevi K, Bose AC, Velmathi S. Single Step Solid State Synthesis of Carbon Nanoparticles for Instantaneous Detection of Fe (III) in Water Samples. J Fluoresc 2023:10.1007/s10895-023-03437-3. [PMID: 37726503 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Though iron is one of the vital micronutrients in biological systems excess of which is associated with various illness. Consumption of contaminated water and crops because of its extensive industrial utility is one of the major sources for excess iron in living beings. Hence, we have designed a sensor based on carbon nanoparticles for the detection of Fe (III) and we have also attempted to estimate Fe (III) in spiked water samples. Carbon nanoparticles (CNP) with quantum yield of 40.2 % was synthesized by solid state synthesis from aromatic molecular precursors unlike conventional synthesis methodology. The particle size, stability and optical properties of CNP were investigated by microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. CNP manifested a naked color change from colorless to yellow in presence of Fe (III) and 72 % of CNP's emission was quenched at 487 nm on excitation at 377 nm by Fe (III). The detection time was less than a second and limit of detection was calculated as 0.248 µM. The mechanistic aspect of detection was investigated and applicability of CNP was examined in spiked water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathiresan Anusuyadevi
- Organic and Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, 620 015, India
| | - Arumugam Chandra Bose
- Nanomaterials Laboratory, Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, 620 015, India
| | - Sivan Velmathi
- Organic and Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, 620 015, India.
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Zhu J, Shen M, Shen J, Wang C, Wei Y. Nitrogen and bromine co-doped carbon dots with red fluorescence for sensing of Ag + and visual monitoring of glutathione in cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 296:122642. [PMID: 36989694 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) with red fluorescence emission have excellent advantages in cell imaging. Herein, novel nitrogen and bromine doped CDs (N,Br-CDs) were prepared with 4-bromo-1,2-phenylenediamine as precursor. The N, Br-CDs present the optimal emission wavelength at 582 nm (λex = 510 nm) at pH 7.0 and 648 nm (λex = 580 nm) at pH 3.0 ∼ 5.0, respectively. The fluorescence intensity of N,Br-CDs at 648 nm versus Ag+ concentration shows a good relationship from 0 to 60 μM with the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.14 μM. Furthermore, the fluorescence of N,Br-CDs/Ag+ is efficiently restored via the combination of glutathione (GSH) and Ag+ and linearly changes with GSH concentration from 0 ∼ 6.0 μM with LOD of 49 nM. This method has been successfully employed to monitor intracellular Ag+ and GSH with fluorescence imaging. The results suggest that the N,Br-CDs has application potential in the sensing of Ag+ and visual monitoring of GSH in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China; Lanzhou Petrochemical Research Center, Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina, Lanzhou 730060, Gansu, PR China
| | - Mengxin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Jiwei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Chaozhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Yinmao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China.
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Yan M, Gu M, Yan Z, Wu X, Dong Y, Wang G. 2,3-Dihydroxynaphthalene invoked surface oxygen vacancy effect on Fe2O3 nanorods for photoanodic signal transduction tactic. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 232:115286. [PMID: 37079991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The state-of-art signal transduction mechanism of anodic photoelectrochemistry is constrained to the hole oxidation reaction, which greatly hinders its application for prospective biosensing applications. Herein, we present an innovative strategy for signal transduction by exploiting the in situ formation of surface oxygen vacancies (VOs) on Fe2O3 nanorods (NRs) through the self-coordination of 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene (2,3-DHN) on their surfaces. The 2,3-DHN was connected with Fe(Ⅲ) on the surface of Fe2O3 NRs vis the formation of the five-membered ring structures accompanied by the generation of VOs. And the generated VOs introduced a new defect energy level for trapping the photogenerated holes, which enhanced the charge separation and realized the enhancement of photocurrent signal. The developed signal transduction strategy was validated by the first photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing platform for β-glucoside (β-Glu) and lipase (LPS), which can catalyze the hydrolysis of 3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenyl-β-D-glucoside and naphthalene-2,3-diol diacetate, respectively, to produce 2,3-DHN for signal stimuli. The β-Glu and LPS were detected with linear ranges of 0.01-10.0 U/mL and 0.001-5.0 mg/mL, respectively. Detection limits of 3.3 × 10-3 U/mL and 0.32 μg/mL (S/N = 3) were achieved, for β-Glu and LPS, respectively. The present study not only provides a new strategy for spontaneous induction of VOs in situ for n-type semiconductors, but also innovates the anodic PEC signal transduction strategy with broadened biosensing applications.
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Alwan AM, Rokaya D, Kathayat G, Afshari JT. Onco-immunity and therapeutic application of amygdalin: A review. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2023; 13:155-163. [PMID: 36618007 PMCID: PMC9816781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amygdalin is known as a chemical compound derived from various fruits. The glycosides existing in this plant have been historically utilized as an anticancer agent. This review presented an overview of amygdalin and its onco-immunity and other therapeutic medical applications. Method A literature search for studies relating to amygdalin and cancer treatment was carried out using PubMed and Google Scholar. Combinations of the following terms were used in the search strategies: "amygdalin," "rhodanese," "cyanide," "cyanogenic," "hypothiocyanite," "mandelonitrile," "glucosides," "cancer," "apoptosis," and "cytotoxicity," combined with a cancer term such as "seed," "almond," or "apricot," "cancer + cell line, antiproliferation or inhibition," "BAX From the March 3, 1981 until the April 15, 2021, all of the English-language papers were evaluated based on the inclusion criteria. Publications included reviews, chapters from books, and original research papers. Results The FDA prohibits Amygdalin from medical usage as an anticancer treatment due to a lack of proof of cure in cancer cases. When this natural-based compound is used with conditional chemotherapeutic medicines causes synergistic effects. Besides, amygdalin is used to manage asthma, improve the immune system, induce apoptosis in human renal fibroblasts, and inhibit hyperglycemia. Conclusion Various medical uses of amygdalin have been found such as managing asthma, improving the immune system, inducing apoptosis in human renal fibroblasts, and inhibiting hyperglycemia. More effective in vitro and review studies are required to elucidate the exact role of this herb in medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mohammed Alwan
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Dinesh Rokaya
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Walailak University International College of Dentistry, Walailak University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Goma Kathayat
- Department of Biochemistry, Manipal College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Jalil Tavakol Afshari
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Fluorescent Carbon Quantum Dots for Effective Tumor Diagnosis: A Comprehensive Review. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING ADVANCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bea.2023.100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Anusuyadevi K, Velmathi S. Design strategies of carbon nanomaterials in fluorescent sensing of biomolecules and metal ions -A review. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2023.100918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
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Li HY, Zhang SQ, Chen ML, Wang JH. Lumi-HOF@Tb as Probes for Multiple Ratiometric Fluorescence and Chemiluminescence Sensing of α-Glucosidase. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15448-15455. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang110819, China
| | - Shang-Qing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang110819, China
| | - Ming-Li Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang110819, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang110819, China
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Zhang WY, Tian T, Peng LJ, Zhou HY, Zhang H, Chen H, Yang FQ. A Paper-Based Analytical Device Integrated with Smartphone: Fluorescent and Colorimetric Dual-Mode Detection of β-Glucosidase Activity. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:893. [PMID: 36291030 PMCID: PMC9599113 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, indoxyl-glucoside was used as the substrate to develop a cost-effective, paper-based analytical device for the fluorescent and colorimetric dual-mode detection of β-glucosidase activity through a smartphone. The β-glucosidase can hydrolyze the colorless substrate indoxyl-glucoside to release indoxyl, which will be self-oxidized to generate green products in the presence of oxygen. Meanwhile, the green products emit bright blue-green fluorescence under ultraviolet-visible light irradiation at 365 nm. Fluorescent or colorimetric images were obtained by a smartphone, and the red-green-blue channels were analyzed by the Adobe Photoshop to quantify the β-glucosidase activity. Under the optimum conditions, the relative fluorescent and colorimetric signals have a good linear relationship with the activity of β-glucosidase, in the range of 0.01-1.00 U/mL and 0.25-5.00 U/mL, and the limits of detection are 0.005 U/mL and 0.0668 U/mL, respectively. The activities of β-glucosidase in a crude almond sample measured by the fluorescent and colorimetric methods were 23.62 ± 0.53 U/mL and 23.86 ± 0.25 U/mL, respectively. In addition, the spiked recoveries of normal human serum and crude almond samples were between 87.5% and 118.0%. In short, the paper-based device, combined with a smartphone, can provide a simple, environmentally friendly, and low-cost method for the fluorescent and colorimetric dual-mode detection of β-glucosidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yi Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 401331, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Tao Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Li-Jing Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Hang-Yu Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Hua Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Feng-Qing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
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Singh S, Raina D, Rishipathak D, Babu KR, Khurana R, Gupta Y, Garg K, Rehan F, Gupta SM. Quantum dots in the biomedical world: A smart advanced nanocarrier for multiple venues application. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200299. [PMID: 36058643 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconducting nanoparticles having different optical and electrical properties when compared to larger particles. They exhibit photoluminescence when irradiated with ultraviolet light, which is due to the transition of an excited electron from the valence band to the conductance band followed by the return of the exciting electron back into the valence band. The size and material of QDs can affect their optical and other properties too. The QDs possess special attributes like high brightness, protection from photobleaching, photostability, color tunability, low toxicity, low production cost, a multiplexing limit, and a high surface-to-volume proportion, which make them a promising tool for biomedical applications. Here, in this study, we summarize the utilization of QDs in different applications including bioimaging, diagnostics, immunostaining, single-cell analysis, drug delivery, and protein detection. Moreover, we discuss the advantages and challenges of using QDs in biomedical applications when compared with other conventional tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Deepika Raina
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic era hill University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Dinesh Rishipathak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, MET's Institute of Pharmacy, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kamesh R Babu
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Riya Khurana
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yogesh Gupta
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, PDM University, Bahadurgarh, Haryana, India
| | - Kartik Garg
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, PDM University, Bahadurgarh, Haryana, India
| | - Farah Rehan
- Department of Pharmacy, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shraddha M Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
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Zhang Q, Du S, Tian F, Long X, Xie S, Tang S, Bao L. Silver Nanoparticle-Functionalised Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots for the Highly Efficient Determination of Uric Acid. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144586. [PMID: 35889460 PMCID: PMC9323390 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The fabrication of efficient fluorescent probes that possess an excellent sensitivity and selectivity for uric acid is highly desirable and challenging. In this study, composites of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) wrapped with nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) were synthesised utilising N-CQDs as the reducing and stabilising agents in a single reaction with AgNO3. The morphology and structure, absorption properties, functional groups, and fluorescence properties were characterised by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. In addition, we developed a novel method based on AgNPs/N-CQDs for the detection of uric acid using the enzymatic reaction of uric acid oxidase. The fluorescence enhancement of the AgNPs/N-CQDs composite was linear (R2 = 0.9971) in the range of 2.0–60 μmol/L, and gave a detection limit of 0.53 μmol/L. Trace uric acid was successfully determined in real serum samples from the serum of 10 healthy candidates and 10 gout patients, and the results were consistent with those recorded by Qianxinan Prefecture People’s Hospital. These results indicate that the developed AgNP/N-CQD system can provide a universal platform for detecting the multispecies ratio fluorescence of H2O2 generation in other biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianchun Zhang
- Correspondence: (Q.Z.); (S.X.); Tel.: +86-589-3296359 (Q.Z.)
| | | | | | | | - Siqi Xie
- Correspondence: (Q.Z.); (S.X.); Tel.: +86-589-3296359 (Q.Z.)
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Wang G, Yan F, Wang Y, Liu Y, Cui J, Yu Z, Feng L, James TD, Wang C, Kong Y. Visual Sensing of β-Glucosidase From Intestinal Fungus in the Generation of Cytotoxic Icarisid II. Front Chem 2022; 10:919624. [PMID: 35692694 PMCID: PMC9184716 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.919624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Glucosidase (β-Glc) is an enzyme capable of the selective hydrolysis of the β-glycosidic bond of glycosides and glycans containing glucose. β-Glc expressed by intestinal microbiota has attracted increasing levels of interest, due to their important roles for the metabolism of exogenous substances in the gut. Using the 2-((6-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-xanthen-4-yl)methylene)malononitrile fluorophore (DXM-OH, λem 636 nm) and the recognition group β-Glucose, an enzymatic activatable turn-on fluorescent probe (DXM-Glc) was developed for the selective and sensitive sensing of β-Glc. In addition, DXM-Glc could be used to sense endogenous β-Glc in living fungal cells. Using DXM-Glc, Pichia terricola M2 was identified as a functional intestinal fungus with β-Glc expression. P. terricola M2 could transform the flavone glycoside Icariin to Icariside Ⅱ efficiently, which confirmed the metabolism of glycosides in the gut mediated by fungi. Furthermore, Icariside Ⅱ could inhibit the proliferation of human endometrial cancer cells (RL 95-2 and ishikawa) significantly, suggesting the metabolic activation of Icariin by intestinal fungi in vivo. Therefore, DXM-Glc as a probe for β-Glc provided a novel technique for the investigation of the metabolism of bioactive substances by intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Fei Yan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yingping Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jingnan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Zhenlong Yu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tony D. James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Tony D. James, ; Chao Wang, ; Ying Kong,
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Tony D. James, ; Chao Wang, ; Ying Kong,
| | - Ying Kong
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Tony D. James, ; Chao Wang, ; Ying Kong,
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Alwan AM, Afshari JT. In Vivo Growth Inhibition of Human Caucasian Prostate Adenocarcinoma in Nude Mice Induced by Amygdalin with Metabolic Enzyme Combinations. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4767621. [PMID: 35637752 PMCID: PMC9148220 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4767621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer of the prostate is an indicated type that is often recorded as a kind of cancer in men and the second critical cause of mortality through cancer cases. Many pharmacological investigations have shown that numerous herbal substances possess anticancer action. Amygdalin (AMD) has antitumour capabilities and works as an antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and immune-regulating characteristics. The anticancer effects of amygdalin and its metabolizing enzymes, rhodanese (RHD) and betaglucosidase (BGD), were examined in vivo, as well as their antitumour processes. Novel, effective combination agents are necessary to increase existing cancer treatment rates. This research was aimed at determining the anticarcinogenic impact of amygdalin (AMD) in vivo. This research was aimed at determining the RHD and BGD on the anticarcinogenic impact of AMD in vivo. Subcutaneously, PC3 prostate cancer cell lines were implanted into nude mice. Mice were treated every day with 0.5 ml of 50 mg/ml (AMD), AMD+ (RHD 0.1 mg/ml), AMD+(BGD 0.1 mg/ml), and doxorubicin (DOX 50 mg/ml). Mice were normalized for negative control with untreated mice. In in vivo, morphopathological alterations in the tumour tissue were analyzed by histopathological staining methods. After 35 days of therapy, tumour growth and size inhibition were evident, indicating a function for the metabolic enzymes BGD and RHD in regulating AMD's anticancer effect in vivo. We concluded the critical role of metabolic enzymes BGD and RHD in elevating the antigrowth of PC3 cancer cell lines in Balb/c nude mice treated with AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mohammed Alwan
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Section of Immunogenetic, Cell Culture Unit, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Jalil Tavakol Afshari
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Section of Immunogenetic, Cell Culture Unit, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Cai R, Xiao L, Liu M, Du F, Wang Z. Recent Advances in Functional Carbon Quantum Dots for Antitumour. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:7195-7229. [PMID: 34720582 PMCID: PMC8550800 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s334012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are an emerging class of quasi-zero-dimensional photoluminescent nanomaterials with particle sizes less than 10 nm. Owing to their favourable water dispersion, strong chemical inertia, stable optical performance, and good biocompatibility, CQDs have become prominent in biomedical fields. CQDs can be fabricated by “top-down” and “bottom-up” methods, both of which involve oxidation, carbonization, pyrolysis and polymerization. The functions of CQDs include biological imaging, biosensing, drug delivery, gene carrying, antimicrobial performance, photothermal ablation and so on, which enable them to be utilized in antitumour applications. The purpose of this review is to summarize the research progress of CQDs in antitumour applications from preparation and characterization to application prospects. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities of CQDs are discussed along with future perspectives for precise individual therapy of tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Cai
- Central Laboratory, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215600, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Xiao
- Central Laboratory, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215600, People's Republic of China
| | - Meixiu Liu
- Central Laboratory, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215600, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengyi Du
- School of Medicine, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhirong Wang
- Central Laboratory, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215600, People's Republic of China
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15
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Sensitive detection of tamsulosin hydrochloride based on dual-emission ratiometric fluorescence probe consisting of amine-carbon quantum dots and rhodamine B. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20805. [PMID: 34675291 PMCID: PMC8531343 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00363-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, amine-carbon quantum dots (CQDs)/rhodamine B (RhB) ratiometric fluorescent (RF) sensor was employed for effective and selective determination of tamsulosin hydrochloride (TMS) based on a dual-emission fluorescence system. Although the function of amine-CQDs is to transfer the specific interaction between TMS and sensor into detectable fluorescence (FL) signals, RhB as a reference unit has been employed to omit internal and external effects. The FL signal was quenched by adding the TMS at 442 nm; nevertheless, it did not change at 569 nm. The material characterization and investigation of the sensing mechanism were done. The optimization of pH, the volumetric ratio of CQDs to RhB, and interaction time parameters were carried out by the one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) method. The quantitative analysis of the concentration of TMS for this RF sensor in a linear range of 0.446-7.083 μg mL-1 (1.091-17.338 μM) was obtained (R2 = 0.9969, n = 3) under optimum conditions. The limit of detection and quantitation values were estimated to be 0.033 μg mL-1 (0.081 μM) and 0.109 μg mL-1 (0.267 μM), respectively. The repeatability of intra-day and inter-day were less than one percent. This inexpensive RF probe was well applied to determine TMS in biological fluids, and acceptable achievements were obtained.
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16
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Gour A, Ramteke S, Jain NK. Pharmaceutical Applications of Quantum Dots. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:233. [PMID: 34476619 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02103-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has been utilized in developing novel drug formulations with minimal adverse effects. Nanoparticles in a lower size range with great surface area, increased potency, and easy permeability could be an approach for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. Unlike other nanoparticles, quantum dots have specific functional groups, have charges over their surface, and are extremely small in size (2-10nm), which makes them more permeable through tight junctions. Quantum dots are interesting materials that offer diagnosis and treatment concurrently. Quantum dots are reported to have several applications in pharmaceuticals as well as drug delivery, diagnosis, immunolabeling, and cell labeling tools. However, the existence of heavy metals in quantum dots such as cadmium poses a potential challenge for future medical applications, where quantum dots may be deliberately injected into the body. In this review, we are focusing on various pharmaceutical applications of quantum dots. Graphical Abstract.
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17
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Sagar P, Gupta GK, Srivastava M, Srivastava A, Srivastava SK. Tagetes erecta as an organic precursor: synthesis of highly fluorescent CQDs for the micromolar tracing of ferric ions in human blood serum. RSC Adv 2021; 11:19924-19934. [PMID: 35479259 PMCID: PMC9033680 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01571k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The present article illustrates the green synthesis of novel carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from biomass viz. Tagetes erecta (TE), and subsequently fabrication of a metal ion probe for the sensing of Fe3+ in real samples. TE-derived CQDs (TE-CQDs) have been synthesized by a facile, eco-friendly, bottom-up hydrothermal approach using TE as a carbon source. The successful synthesis and proper phase formation of the envisaged material has been confirmed by various characterization techniques (Raman, XRD, XPS, TEM, and EDS). Notably, the green synthesized TE-CQDs show biocompatibility, good solubility in aqueous media, and non-toxicity. The as-synthesized TE-CQDs show an intense photoluminescence peak at 425 nm and exhibit excitation dependent photoluminescence behavior. The proposed TE-CQD-based probe offers a remarkable fluorescence (FL) quenching for Fe3+ with high selectivity (Kq ∼ 10.022 × 1013 M−1 s−1) and a sensitive/rapid response in a linear concentration range 0–90 μM (regression coefficient R2 ∼ 0.99) for the detection of Fe3+. The limit of detection (LOD) of the probe for Fe3+ has been found as 0.37 μM in the standard solution. It has further been applied for the detection of Fe3+ in real samples (human blood serum) and displays good performance with LOD ∼ 0.36 μM. The proposed TE-CQD-based ion sensing probe has potential prospects to be used effectively in biological studies and clinical diagnosis. TE-CQDs synthesized via the hydrothermal method for the detection of Fe3+ in HBS.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinky Sagar
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi India 221005
| | - Gopal Krishna Gupta
- Department of Physics, TDPG College, VBS Purvanchal University Jaunpur India 222001
| | - Monika Srivastava
- School of Materials Science and Technology, IIT (BHU) Varanasi India 221005
| | - Amit Srivastava
- Department of Physics, TDPG College, VBS Purvanchal University Jaunpur India 222001
| | - S K Srivastava
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi India 221005
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18
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Singh G, Kaur H, Sharma A, Singh J, Alajangi HK, Kumar S, Singla N, Kaur IP, Barnwal RP. Carbon Based Nanodots in Early Diagnosis of Cancer. Front Chem 2021; 9:669169. [PMID: 34109155 PMCID: PMC8181141 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.669169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of cancer at an early stage is one of the principal factors associated with successful treatment outcome. However, current diagnostic methods are not capable of making sensitive and robust cancer diagnosis. Nanotechnology based products exhibit unique physical, optical and electrical properties that can be useful in diagnosis. These nanotech-enabled diagnostic representatives have proved to be generally more capable and consistent; as they selectively accumulated in the tumor site due to their miniscule size. This article rotates around the conventional imaging techniques, the use of carbon based nanodots viz Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs), Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs), Nanodiamonds, Fullerene, and Carbon Nanotubes that have been synthesized in recent years, along with the discovery of a wide range of biomarkers to identify cancer at early stage. Early detection of cancer using nanoconstructs is anticipated to be a distinct reality in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpal Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harinder Kaur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akanksha Sharma
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Joga Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neha Singla
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Indu Pal Kaur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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19
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Li Q, Bai Z, Xi X, Guo Z, Liu C, Liu X, Zhao X, Li Z, Cheng Y, Wei Y. Rapid microwave-assisted green synthesis of guanine-derived carbon dots for highly selective detection of Ag + in aqueous solution. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 248:119208. [PMID: 33257251 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a simple and green synthetic approach of novel guanine decorated carbon dots (G-CDs) using guanosine 5'-monophosphate and ethylenediamine through a domestic microwave oven was established for the first time. The as-prepared fluorescent G-CDs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The obtained fluorescent G-CDs with a uniform morphology had desirable functional groups and excellent optical performances. Furthermore, the fluorescence intensity of G-CDs was remarkably quenched by Ag+ than that of other nucleotides-derived CDs. The density functional theory calculations were performed to confirm that the strong interaction of guanine-Ag+ was responsible for the remarkable fluorescence response of G-CDs towards Ag+. In addition, as a label-free fluorescence probe, the G-CDs displayed a good linear detection for highly selective Ag+ sensing over the range of 0-80 μM with the low detection limit of 90 nM. Therefore, the proposed G-CDs had the capacity for Ag+ detection in the real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 3rd North East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhile Bai
- Centre on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xingjun Xi
- China National Institute of Standardization, Zhong guancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhiwei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 3rd North East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 3rd North East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xuerui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 3rd North East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 3rd North East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhiyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 3rd North East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Centre on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 3rd North East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
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20
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Mousavi A, Zare-Dorabei R, Mosavi SH. A novel hybrid fluorescence probe sensor based on metal-organic framework@carbon quantum dots for the highly selective detection of 6-mercaptopurine. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:5397-5406. [PMID: 33125019 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01592j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, MIL-101(Fe) and amine-carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were combined via a post-synthetic modification (PSM) method; thus, a novel MIL-101(Fe)@amine-CQD hybrid fluorescent probe sensor for the detection of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) was synthesized. Amine-CQDs as a fluorescent material can convert the bonding interaction between MIL-101(Fe) and 6-MP into recognizable fluorescence signals, and MIL-101 (Fe) as an adsorbent can pre-concentrate 6-MP. Hereupon, this new sensor demonstrates high selectivity and sensitivity towards the detection of 6-MP. The addition of 6-MP to this probe quenches the fluorescence signal at 599 nm. In this study, factors such as pH, response time, and concentration of MIL-101(Fe)@amine-CQDs were optimized by the one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method. Under optimal conditions, the relationship between the fluorescence enhancement factor and the concentration of 6-MP for this sensor in the range of 0.1667-1.0000 μg L-1 was linear (R2 = 0.9977, n = 3). The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 55.70 ng L-1 and 202.06 ng L-1, respectively, which are better than similar techniques. The repeatability of intra-day and inter-day was 2.4% and 4.7%, respectively. This fluorescent sensor was employed to determine 6-MP in real samples and exhibited acceptable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Mousavi
- Research Laboratory of Spectrometry & Micro and Nano Extraction, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
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21
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Chokkareddy R, Redhi GG. Ionic Liquid and f‐MWCNTs Fabricated Glassy Carbon Electrode for Determination of Amygdalin in Apple Seeds. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gan G Redhi
- Department of Chemistry Durban University of Technology Durban South Africa- 4001
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22
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23
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Kalaiyarasan G, Joseph J, Kumar P. Phosphorus-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots as Fluorometric Probes for Iron Detection. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:22278-22288. [PMID: 32923785 PMCID: PMC7482302 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs), a novel fluorescent nanomaterial, have been extensively employed/explored in various applications, that is, biosensors, bioimaging, nanomedicine, therapeutics, photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, energy storage system, and so forth. In this study, we report the synthesis, characterization, and the application of phosphorus-doped CQDs (PCQDs), synthesized using trisodium citrate and phosphoric acid by the hydrothermal method. The effect of phosphorus doping on optical features and the formation of PCQDs have been explored elaborately by controlling the concentrations of precursors, reaction time, and the temperature. The fluorescent quantum yield for PCQDs was determined to be 16.1% at an excitation/emission wavelength of 310/440 nm. Also, the optical and structural properties of PCQDs were determined by using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Static quenching of fluorescence was determined upon the addition of Fe3+ to PCQDs because of the formation of the fluorescent inactive complex (PCQDs-Fe3+). Hence, this chemistry leads to the development of a new fluorometric assay for the detection of Fe3+. The lower limit of Fe3+ detection is determined to be 9.5 nM (3σ/slope), with the linear fit from 20 nM to 3.0 μM (R 2 = 0.99). We have validated this new assay in the raw, ejected, and purified water samples of the RO plant by the standard addition method. These results suggest the possibility of developing a new commercial assay for Fe3+ detection in blood, urine, and various industrial waste and sewage water samples. Furthermore, recycling the pollutant water into the freshwater using filters that consist of PCQDs offers a great deal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopi Kalaiyarasan
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research (IISER), Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517507, India
| | - James Joseph
- Electrodics
and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central
Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research (IISER), Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517507, India
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24
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Impact of aminated carbon quantum dots as a novel co-reactant for Ru(bpy)32+: resolving specific electrochemiluminescence for butein detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:539-546. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Mehta A, Mishra A, Basu S, Shetti NP, Reddy KR, Saleh TA, Aminabhavi TM. Band gap tuning and surface modification of carbon dots for sustainable environmental remediation and photocatalytic hydrogen production - A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 250:109486. [PMID: 31518793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Energy and water are the two major issues facing the modern mankind. Providing freshwater requires energy and producing energy uses water. In the present-day scenario, both these routes face growing problems and limitations. Energy crisis has risen due to the depletion of fossil fuels that cause pollution to water bodies making the water unusable for human consumption. In this regard, semiconductor nanocrystals with luminescent properties or carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are the newly developed nanomaterials whose distinctive photo-physical characteristics are focusing to a new generation of robust materials and sensors for sustainable development. In this review, advances in surface and band gap modification of CQDs to improve the activity of nanomaterials will be discussed with special reference to some specific CQDs exhibiting special optical properties for water treatment/splitting applications. Recent advances on CQDs nanocomposites including their applications in photodegradation of organic pollutants, sensing of heavy metal ions in water and water splitting are discussed critically to narrate the future prospects in this field. Challenges and limitations for further improvement are covered to provide smart choices for creating sustainability of benign environment and economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akansha Mehta
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, 147004, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, 147004, India
| | - Soumen Basu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, 147004, India.
| | - Nagaraj P Shetti
- Electrochemistry and Materials Group, Department of Chemistry, K.L.E. Institute of Technology, Hubballi, 580 030, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Karnataka, India
| | - Kakarla Raghava Reddy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Tawfik A Saleh
- Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, B.O. Box: 346, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sonia College of Pharmacy, Dharwad, 580 002, Karnataka, India.
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26
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Functionalization of Carbon Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications. C — JOURNAL OF CARBON RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/c5040072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, carbon nanostructures (CNSs) have been widely used in a variety of biomedical applications. Examples are the use of CNSs for drug and protein delivery or in tools to locally dispense nucleic acids to fight tumor affections. CNSs were successfully utilized in diagnostics and in noninvasive and highly sensitive imaging devices thanks to their optical properties in the near infrared region. However, biomedical applications require a complete biocompatibility to avoid adverse reactions of the immune system and CNSs potentials for biodegradability. Water is one of the main constituents of the living matter. Unfortunately, one of the disadvantages of CNSs is their poor solubility. Surface functionalization of CNSs is commonly utilized as an efficient solution to both tune the surface wettability of CNSs and impart biocompatible properties. Grafting functional groups onto the CNSs surface consists in bonding the desired chemical species on the carbon nanoparticles via wet or dry processes leading to the formation of a stable interaction. This latter may be of different nature as the van Der Waals, the electrostatic or the covalent, the π-π interaction, the hydrogen bond etc. depending on the process and on the functional molecule at play. Grafting is utilized for multiple purposes including bonding mimetic agents such as polyethylene glycol, drug/protein adsorption, attaching nanostructures to increase the CNSs opacity to selected wavelengths or provide magnetic properties. This makes the CNSs a very versatile tool for a broad selection of applications as medicinal biochips, new high-performance platforms for magnetic resonance (MR), photothermal therapy, molecular imaging, tissue engineering, and neuroscience. The scope of this work is to highlight up-to-date using of the functionalized carbon materials such as graphene, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, fullerene and nanodiamonds in biomedical applications.
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