1
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Hashmi SZ, Bareth D, Dwivedi J, Kishore D, Alvi PA. Green advancements towards the electrochemical synthesis of heterocycles. RSC Adv 2024; 14:18192-18246. [PMID: 38854834 PMCID: PMC11157331 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02812k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic chemistry is a large field with diverse applications in the areas of biological research and pharmaceutical advancement. Numerous initiatives have been proposed to further enhance the reaction conditions to reach these compounds without using harmful compounds. This paper focuses on the recent advances in the eco-friendly and green synthetic procedures to synthesize N-, S-, and O-heterocycles. This approach demonstrates considerable potential in accessing such compounds while circumventing the need for stoichiometric quantities of oxidizing/reducing agents or catalysts containing precious metals. Merely employing catalytic quantities of these substances proves sufficient, thereby offering an optimal means of contributing to resource efficiency. Renewable electricity plays a crucial role in generating environmentally friendly electrons (oxidant/reductant) that serve as catalysts for a series of reactions. These reactions involve the production of reactive intermediates, which in turn allow the synthesis of new chemical bonds, enabling beneficial transformations to occur. Furthermore, the utilization of metals as active catalysts in electrochemical activation has been recognized as an effective approach for achieving selective functionalization. The aim of this review was to summarize the electrochemical synthetic procedures so that the undesirable side reactions can be considerably reduced and the practical potential range of the chemical reactions can be expanded significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Zeba Hashmi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - Diksha Bareth
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - Jaya Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - Dharma Kishore
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - P A Alvi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
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2
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Huang L, Sun J, Sun B, Song S, Li J. Regioselective synthesis of isoquinolinonediones through remote unactivated C(sp 3)-H bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4818-4821. [PMID: 38616709 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00916a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a general strategy for the remote-site-selective cascade addition/cyclization of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds in free alcohols and sulfonamides to build isoquinolinonedione skeletons is developed. The site selectivity occurs predominantly via a 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process, triggered by heteroatom-centred radicals generated directly under silver catalysis. A broad substrate scope and excellent regio-/chemo-selective control are demonstrated in this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Sun
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Boxuan Sun
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Shengjie Song
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Jianjun Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- Taizhou Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Taizhou Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Taizhou 318014, P. R. China
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3
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Ding CL, Xu Q, Wu S, Zhong Y, He X, Lin Y, Li Y, Ye KY. Current-Controlled Electrochemical Approach Toward Mono- and Trifluorinated Isoindolin-1-one Derivatives. Org Lett 2024; 26:1645-1651. [PMID: 38363882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical intramolecular 5-exo-dig aza-cyclization of 2-alkynylbenzamides and subsequent nucleophilic fluorination have been developed to afford the highly selective synthesis of mono- and trifluorinated isoindolin-1-one derivatives. This work demonstrates the unique capability of synthetic electrochemistry in controlling reaction selectivity through the applied electrolytic parameters. In addition, the obtained monofluorinated 3-methyleneisoindolin-1-one (19) displays interesting photophysical properties that are not observed in its nonfluorinated analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Lin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Qiaohong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Shuai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xinglei He
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yuqi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yuanming Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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4
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Ye W, Xiong H, Wang M, Chang J, Yu W. Iodine-Mediated δ-Amination of sp 3 C-H Bonds. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3481-3490. [PMID: 38381857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
We present a direct δ-amination reaction of sp3 C-H bonds, employing molecular iodine (I2) as the sole oxidant under transition-metal-free conditions. This remote C-H functionalization approach is operationally simple and provides facile, efficient access to pyrrolidines and related heterocyclic derivatives from readily accessible substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Ye
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hanyu Xiong
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Manman Wang
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wenquan Yu
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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5
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Shi Z, Dong S, Liu T, Wang WZ, Li N, Yuan Y, Zhu J, Ye KY. Electrochemical cascade migratory versus ortho-cyclization of 2-alkynylbenzenesulfonamides. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2827-2832. [PMID: 38404399 PMCID: PMC10882495 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05229j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient control over several possible reaction pathways of free radicals is the chemical basis of their highly selective transformations. Among various competing reaction pathways, sulfonimidyl radicals generated from the electrolysis of 2-alkynylbenzenesulfonamides undergo cascade migratory or ortho-cyclization cyclization selectively. It is found that the incorporation of an extra 2-methyl substituent biases the selective migration of the acyl- over vinyl-linker of the key spirocyclic cation intermediate and thus serves as an enabling handle to achieve the synthetically interesting yet under-investigated cascade migratory cyclization of spirocyclic cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Shicheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Wei-Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Jun Zhu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Guangdong 518172 China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
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6
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Okamoto K, Shida N, Atobe M. Additive-controlled chemoselective inter-/intramolecular hydroamination via electrochemical PCET process. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:264-271. [PMID: 38379733 PMCID: PMC10877074 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrochemically generated amidyl radical species produced distinct inter- or intramolecular hydroamination reaction products via a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) mechanism. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis indicated that the chemoselectivity was derived from the size of the hydrogen bond complex, which consisted of the carbamate substrate and phosphate base, and could be controlled using 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) as an additive. These results provide fundamental insights for the design of PCET-based redox reaction systems under electrochemical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Naoki Shida
- Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Mahito Atobe
- Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
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7
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Chen Y, Zhang S, Li T, Ma Q, Yuan Y, Jia X. Oxidants Controlled C-H Bond Functionalization of N-Aryltetrahydroisoquinolines: The Construction of the Quaternary Carbon Center and Cleavage of the C-N Bond. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303151. [PMID: 37875461 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Initiated by triarylamine radical cation salt (TBPA), the direct C-H bond functionalization of α-N-aryltetrahydroisoquinoline esters was smoothly realized, giving a series of α-hydroxylated derivatives with a quaternary carbon center in good yields. Differently, in the presence of tert-butyl nitrite (TBN), the C-N single bond was cleaved to keto esters. The mechanistic study revealed that these reactions were mediated by a similar mechanism, in which the N-nitrosation might provide a driving force to the C-N bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China
| | - Tong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China
| | - Qiyuan Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China
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8
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Wang Y, Dana S, Long H, Xu Y, Li Y, Kaplaneris N, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Late-Stage Functionalization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11269-11335. [PMID: 37751573 PMCID: PMC10571048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) constitutes a powerful strategy for the assembly or diversification of novel molecular entities with improved physicochemical or biological activities. LSF can thus greatly accelerate the development of medicinally relevant compounds, crop protecting agents, and functional materials. Electrochemical molecular synthesis has emerged as an environmentally friendly platform for the transformation of organic compounds. Over the past decade, electrochemical late-stage functionalization (eLSF) has gained major momentum, which is summarized herein up to February 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yang Xu
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Yanjun Li
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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9
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Li A, Li X, Ma F, Gao H, Li H. Cyclization of Azobenzenes Via Electrochemical Oxidation Induced Benzylic Radical Generation. Org Lett 2023; 25:5978-5983. [PMID: 37548915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical oxidation-induced cyclization of ortho-alkyl-substituted azobenzenes has been developed. The direct electrochemical benzylic C-H functionalization with respect to azobenzenes could proceed in the absence of any catalyst or external chemical oxidant to afford a number of 2H-indazole derivatives in moderate to good yields. This protocol enables the reuse of the byproduct to the same 2H-indazoles, thus significantly reducing pollution discharge in synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Li
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Fang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Hui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, Anhui, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Hongji Li
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, Anhui, P. R. China
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10
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Jia X, Tian X, Zhuang D, Wan Z, Gu J, Li Z. Copper-Catalyzed Intermolecular Cross-dehydrogenative C-N Coupling at Room Temperature via Remote Activating Group Enabled Radical Relay Strategy. Org Lett 2023; 25:2012-2017. [PMID: 36944029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Employing N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) as a nitrogen-centered radical (NCR) precursor, an intermolecular C(sp2)-N coupling on heteroarenes or substituted benzenes with remote activated aniline derivatives via copper catalyzed N-N radical relay strategy at room temperature is developed. Good to excellent yields are acquired, and no ligand or additive is required. Reaction scope investigation and preliminary mechanistic studies demonstrate that the remote activating strategy and delicate control on the reactivities of active NCR species are essential to guarantee satisfactory chemo- and site-selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiangmin Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Dailin Zhuang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhenyang Wan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiahao Gu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ziyuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
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11
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Aslam S, Sbei N, Rani S, Saad M, Fatima A, Ahmed N. Heterocyclic Electrochemistry: Renewable Electricity in the Construction of Heterocycles. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:6175-6217. [PMID: 36844606 PMCID: PMC9948259 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Numerous applications in the realm of biological exploration and drug synthesis can be found in heterocyclic chemistry, which is a vast subject. Many efforts have been developed to further improve the reaction conditions to access this interesting family to prevent employing hazardous ingredients. In this instance, it has been stated that green and environmentally friendly manufacturing methodologies have been introduced to create N-, S-, and O-heterocycles. It appears to be one of the most promising methods to access these types of compounds avoiding use of stoichiometric amounts of oxidizing/reducing species or precious metal catalysts, in which only catalytic amounts are sufficient, and it represent an ideal way of contributing toward the resource economy. Thus, renewable electricity provides clean electrons (oxidant/reductant) that initiate a reaction cascade via producing reactive intermediates that facilitate in building new bonds for valuable chemical transformations. Moreover, electrochemical activation using metals as catalytic mediators has been identified as a more efficient strategy toward selective functionalization. Thus, indirect electrolysis makes the potential range more practical, and less side reactions can occur. The latest developments in using an electrolytic strategy to create N-, S-, and O-heterocycles are the main topic of this mini review, which was documented over the last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Aslam
- Department
of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan60000, Pakistan
- The Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Najoua Sbei
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, EggensteinLeopoldshafen, 76344KarlsruheGermany
| | - Sadia Rani
- Department
of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan60000, Pakistan
| | - Manal Saad
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Aroog Fatima
- Department
of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan60000, Pakistan
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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12
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Li A, Li C, Yang T, Yang Z, Liu Y, Li L, Tang K, Zhou C. Electrochemical Synthesis of Benzo[ d]imidazole via Intramolecular C(sp 3)-H Amination. J Org Chem 2023; 88:1928-1935. [PMID: 34918925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical dehydrogenative amination for the synthesis of benzimidazoles was developed. This electrosynthesis method could address the limitations of the C(sp3)-H intramolecular amination synthesis reaction and provide novel access to obtain 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles without transition metals and oxidants. Under undivided electrolytic conditions, various benzimidazole derivatives could be synthesized, exhibiting functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Li
- Province Key Laboratory for Fine Petrochemical Catalysis and Separation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, P. R. China
| | - Caohui Li
- Province Key Laboratory for Fine Petrochemical Catalysis and Separation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yang
- Province Key Laboratory for Fine Petrochemical Catalysis and Separation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, P. R. China
| | - Zan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Province Key Laboratory for Fine Petrochemical Catalysis and Separation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, P. R. China
| | - LiJun Li
- Province Key Laboratory for Fine Petrochemical Catalysis and Separation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, P. R. China
| | - KeWen Tang
- Province Key Laboratory for Fine Petrochemical Catalysis and Separation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, P. R. China
| | - Congshan Zhou
- Province Key Laboratory for Fine Petrochemical Catalysis and Separation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, P. R. China
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13
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Hong JE, Yoon J, Baek W, Kim K, Kwak JH, Park Y. Electrochemical C(sp 3)-H Lactonization of 2-Alkylbenzoic Acids toward Phthalides. Org Lett 2023; 25:298-303. [PMID: 36583568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report direct electrochemical C(sp3)-H lactonization of 2-alkylbenzoic acids toward phthalides. The reaction provides a wide substrate scope of 2-alkylbenzoic acids bearing primary to tertiary C(sp3)-H bonds by utilizing a graphite anode, dichloromethane (DCM) solvent, hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) cosolvent, and n-Bu4NClO4 electrolyte. Our synthetic approach offers a simple, intuitive, and atom-economical protocol to synthesize various phthalides (25 examples, up to 92% yield) and obtain other 5- and 6-membered lactones (10 examples, up to 83% yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Eun Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisong Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Woohyun Baek
- College of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyumin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Kwak
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-21 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Yohan Park
- College of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Republic of Korea
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14
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Lodh J, Paul S, Sun H, Song L, Schöfberger W, Roy S. Electrochemical organic reactions: A tutorial review. Front Chem 2023; 10:956502. [PMID: 36704620 PMCID: PMC9871948 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.956502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the core of electrochemistry involves simple oxidation and reduction reactions, it can be complicated in real electrochemical organic reactions. The principles used in electrochemical reactions have been derived using physical organic chemistry, which drives other organic/inorganic reactions. This review mainly comprises two themes: the first discusses the factors that help optimize an electrochemical reaction, including electrodes, supporting electrolytes, and electrochemical cell design, and the second outlines studies conducted in the field over a period of 10 years. Electrochemical reactions can be used as a versatile tool for synthetically important reactions by modifying the constant electrolysis current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyeeta Lodh
- Eco-Friendly Applied Materials Laboratory (EFAML), Materials Science Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Mohanpur Campus, Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Shounik Paul
- Eco-Friendly Applied Materials Laboratory (EFAML), Materials Science Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Mohanpur Campus, Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - He Sun
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry and Catalysis (LSusCat), Johannes Kepler University (JKU), Linz, Austria
| | - Luyang Song
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry and Catalysis (LSusCat), Johannes Kepler University (JKU), Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schöfberger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry and Catalysis (LSusCat), Johannes Kepler University (JKU), Linz, Austria,*Correspondence: Wolfgang Schöfberger, ; Soumyajit Roy,
| | - Soumyajit Roy
- Eco-Friendly Applied Materials Laboratory (EFAML), Materials Science Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Mohanpur Campus, Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India,*Correspondence: Wolfgang Schöfberger, ; Soumyajit Roy,
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15
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Choi I, Trenerry MJ, Lee KS, King N, Berry JF, Schomaker JM. Divergent C-H Amidations and Imidations by Tuning Electrochemical Reaction Potentials. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201662. [PMID: 36166327 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical C-H functionalizations are attractive transformations, as they are capable of avoiding the use of transition metals, pre-oxidized precursors, or suprastoichiometric amounts of terminal oxidants. Herein an electrochemically tunable method was developed that enabled the divergent formation of cyclic amines or imines by applying different reaction potentials. Detailed cyclic voltammetry analyses, coupled with chronopotentiometry experiments, were carried out to provide insight into the mechanism, while atom economy was assessed through a paired electrolysis. Selective C-H amidations and imidations were achieved to afford five- to seven-membered sulfonamide motifs that could be employed for late-stage modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
- Present address, Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael J Trenerry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Ken S Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Nicholas King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - John F Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Jennifer M Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
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16
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Ding H, Zhang S, Sun Z, Ma Q, Li Y, Yuan Y, Jia X. Tris(4-bromophenyl)aminium Hexachloroantimonate as a "Waste-Utilized"-Type Initiator-Promoted C-H Chlorination via C-H Activation Relay: Synthesis of Chlorinated Pyrroles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15139-15151. [PMID: 36398528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Using tris(4-bromophenyl)aminium hexachloroantimonate as a "waste-utilized"-type initiator, the aerobic oxidation of the sp3 C-H bond of proline esters was realized via C-H activation relay, giving a series of halogenated pyrroles in high yields. The mechanistic study revealed that the counterion, SbCl6-, was involved in the radical chlorination process, which provides a new way to understand the role of the counterions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Ding
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Zheng Sun
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Qiyuan Ma
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Yuemei Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
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17
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Shi Z, Wang WZ, Li N, Yuan Y, Ye KY. Electrochemical Dearomative Spirocyclization of N-Acyl Thiophene-2-sulfonamides. Org Lett 2022; 24:6321-6325. [PMID: 35993566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Friedel-Crafts type alkylation of C2-tethered thiophenes has been reported to be nonregioselective. Taking advantage of the highly regioselective 5-exo-trig spirocyclization of an electrochemically generated amidyl radical, we have unraveled an electrochemical dearomative spirocyclization of N-acyl thiophene-2-sulfonamides. Various nucleophilic agents, including carboxylates, alcohols, and fluoride, are readily incorporated to afford the remotely functionalized spirocyclic dihydrothiophenes, and their novel spirocyclic scaffolds have been shown to exhibit promising antitumor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Shi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Wei-Zhen Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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18
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Liu XH, Yu HY, Huang JY, Su JH, Xue C, Zhou XT, He YR, He Q, Xu DJ, Xiong C, Ji HB. Biomimetic catalytic aerobic oxidation of C-sp(3)-H bonds under mild conditions using galactose oxidase model compound Cu IIL. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9560-9568. [PMID: 36091900 PMCID: PMC9400635 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02606f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing highly efficient catalytic protocols for C-sp(3)-H bond aerobic oxidation under mild conditions is a long-desired goal of chemists. Inspired by nature, a biomimetic approach for the aerobic oxidation of C-sp(3)-H by galactose oxidase model compound CuIIL and NHPI (N-hydroxyphthalimide) was developed. The CuIIL-NHPI system exhibited excellent performance in the oxidation of C-sp(3)-H bonds to ketones, especially for light alkanes. The biomimetic catalytic protocol had a broad substrate scope. Mechanistic studies revealed that the CuI-radical intermediate species generated from the intramolecular redox process of CuIILH2 was critical for O2 activation. Kinetic experiments showed that the activation of NHPI was the rate-determining step. Furthermore, activation of NHPI in the CuIIL-NHPI system was demonstrated by time-resolved EPR results. The persistent PINO (phthalimide-N-oxyl) radical mechanism for the aerobic oxidation of C-sp(3)-H bond was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Liu
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai 519082 China
| | - Hai-Yang Yu
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai 519082 China
| | - Jia-Ying Huang
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai 519082 China
| | - Ji-Hu Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Can Xue
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai 519082 China
| | - Xian-Tai Zhou
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai 519082 China
| | - Yao-Rong He
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Qian He
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - De-Jing Xu
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai 519082 China
| | - Chao Xiong
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Hong-Bing Ji
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
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19
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1,2-Amino oxygenation of alkenes with hydrogen evolution reaction. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4430. [PMID: 35908027 PMCID: PMC9338937 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
1,2-Amino oxygenation of alkenes has emerged as one of the most straightforward synthetic methods to produce β-amino alcohols, which are important organic building blocks. Thus, a practical synthetic strategy for 1,2-amino oxygenation is highly desirable. Here, we reported an electro-oxidative intermolecular 1,2-amino oxygenation of alkenes with hydrogen evolution, removing the requirement of extra-oxidant. Using commercial oxygen and nitrogen sources as starting materials, this method provides a cheap, scalable, and efficient route to a set of valuable β-amino alcohol derivatives. Moreover, the merit of this protocol has been exhibited by its broad substrate scope and good application in continuous-flow reactors. Furthermore, this method can be extended to other amino-functionalization of alkenes, thereby showing the potential to inspire advances in applications of electro-induced N-centered radicals (NCRs). 1,2-Aminoxygenation of alkenes without extra oxidant is a practical yet challenging way to prepare β-amino alcohols. Here, the authors report an electro-oxidative route achieving such a goal with H2 evolution, exhibiting broad scope and application potential.
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20
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Shi Z, Li Y, Li N, Wang WZ, Lu HK, Yan H, Yuan Y, Zhu J, Ye KY. Electrochemical Migratory Cyclization of N-Acylsulfonamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206058. [PMID: 35606293 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Benzoxathiazine dioxide, as a bioisostere of the clinically widely used diazoxide, exhibits interesting biological activity. However, limited success has been achieved in terms of its concise and direct synthesis. We report herein a facile electrochemical migratory cyclization of N-acylsulfonamides to access a diverse array of benzoxathiazine dioxides. The inclusion of electrochemistry is crucial for realizing such a novel transformation, which is substantiated both by the experiments and density-functional-theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Shi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Wei-Zhen Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Hao-Kuan Lu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
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21
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Ravindar L, Hasbullah SA, Hassan NI, Qin HL. Cross‐Coupling of C‐H and N‐H Bonds: a Hydrogen Evolution Strategy for the Construction of C‐N Bonds. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lekkala Ravindar
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Fakulti Teknologi dan Sains Maklumat Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science & Technology 43600 Bandar Baru Bangi MALAYSIA
| | - Siti Aishah Hasbullah
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science & Technology 43600 Bandar Baru Bangi MALAYSIA
| | - Nurul Izzaty Hassan
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science & Technology 43600 Bandar Baru Bangi MALAYSIA
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- Wuhan University of Technology School of Chemistry 430070 Hubei CHINA
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22
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Ritter-type amination of C(sp 3)-H bonds enabled by electrochemistry with SO 42. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4138. [PMID: 35842447 PMCID: PMC9288499 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31813-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
By merging electricity with sulfate, the Ritter-type amination of C(sp3)-H bonds is developed in an undivided cell under room temperature. This method features broad substrate generality (71 examples, up to 93% yields), high functional-group compatibility, facile scalability, excellent site-selectivity and mild conditions. Common alkanes and electron-deficient alkylbenzenes are viable substrates. It also provides a straightforward protocol for incorporating C-deuterated acetylamino group into C(sp3)-H sites. Application in the synthesis or modification of pharmaceuticals or their derivatives and gram-scale synthesis demonstrate the practicability of this method. Mechanistic experiments show that sulfate radical anion, formed by electrolysis of sulfate, served as hydrogen atom transfer agent to provide alkyl radical intermediate. This method paves a convenient and flexible pathway for realizing various synthetically useful transformations of C(sp3)-H bonds mediated by sulfate radical anion generated via electrochemistry. The amination of C(sp3)–H bonds is an appealing and challenging task in organic synthesis. Here, by using an electrogenerated sulfate radical an HAT agent, the authors report a practical Ritter-type amination of C(sp3)–H bonds.
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23
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Shi Z, Li Y, Li N, Wang W, Lu H, Yan H, Yuan Y, Zhu J, Ye K. Electrochemical Migratory Cyclization of
N
‐Acylsulfonamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Shi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Wei‐Zhen Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Hao‐Kuan Lu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Hong Yan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ke‐Yin Ye
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
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24
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Shi Z, Li N, Wang WZ, Lu HK, Yuan Y, Li Z, Ye KY. Electrochemical 5- exo-dig aza-cyclization of 2-alkynylbenzamides toward 3-hydroxyisoindolinone derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:4320-4323. [PMID: 35593414 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00637e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Preparation of biologically relevant 3-hydroxyisoindolinones from readily available 2-alkynylbenzamides is an appealing synthetic approach. However, such kinds of compounds preferably undergo O-attacked 5-exo-dig/6-endo-dig cyclizations. Herein, we report an electrochemically generated amidyl radical proceeding via a highly selective N-attacked 5-exo-dig radical cyclization to form 3-hydroxyisoindolinone derivatives. This reaction features simple operation, good selectivity, and broad substrate scope. Moreover, gram-scale preparation and synthetic elaborations imply the potential applicability of this protocol for the synthesis of diverse isoindolinone derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Shi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Wei-Zhen Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Hao-Kuan Lu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Zhen Li
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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25
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Shukla G, Yadav D, Singh S, Shankar Singh M. Access to Nitrones from Amines via Electrocatalysis at Room Temperature. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Shukla
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Saurabh Singh
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Maya Shankar Singh
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
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26
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Go SY, Chung H, Shin SJ, An S, Youn JH, Im TY, Kim JY, Chung TD, Lee HG. A Unified Synthetic Strategy to Introduce Heteroatoms via Electrochemical Functionalization of Alkyl Organoboron Reagents. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9149-9160. [PMID: 35575552 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Based on systematic electrochemical analysis, an integrated synthetic platform of C(sp3)-based organoboron compounds was established for the introduction of heteroatoms. The electrochemically mediated bond-forming strategy was shown to be highly effective for the functionalization of sp3-hybridized carbon atoms with significant steric hindrance. Moreover, virtually all the nonmetallic heteroatoms could be utilized as reaction partners using one unified protocol. The observed reactivity stems from the two consecutive single-electron oxidations of the substrate, which eventually generates an extremely reactive carbocation as the key intermediate. The detailed reaction profile could be elucidated through multifaceted electrochemical studies. Ultimately, a new dimension in the activation strategies for organoboron compounds was accomplished through the electrochemically driven reaction development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yong Go
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunho Chung
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Samuel Jaeho Shin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee An
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Youn
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yeong Im
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Dong Chung
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16229 Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Geun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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27
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Electrocatalytic Isomerization of Allylic Alcohols: Straightforward Preparation of β-Aryl-Ketones. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12030333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical synthesis has been rapidly developing over the past few years. Here, we report a practical and eco-friendly electrocatalytic isomerization of allylic alcohols to their corresponding carbonyl compounds. This reaction can be carried out in undivided cells without the addition of external chemical oxidants and metal catalysts. Moreover, this reaction features a broad substrate scope including challenging allylic alcohols bearing tri- and tetra-substituted olefins and affords straightforward access to diverse β-aryl-ketones. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the reactions proceed through a radical process. This study represents a unique example in which electrochemistry enables hydrogen atom transfer in organic allylic alcohol substrates using a simple organocatalyst.
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28
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Nozawa-Kumada K, Ono K, Kurosu S, Shigeno M, Kondo Y. Copper-catalyzed aerobic benzylic C(sp 3)-H lactonization of 2-alkylbenzamides via N-centered radicals. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5948-5952. [PMID: 35262165 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00281g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the copper-catalyzed aerobic C(sp3)-H functionalization of 2-alkylbenzamides for the synthesis of benzolactones. This reaction proceeds via 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer of N-centered radicals directly generated by N-H bond cleavage and does not require the synthesis of pre-functionalized N-centered radical precursors or the use of strong stoichiometric oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Nozawa-Kumada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Kanako Ono
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Kurosu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Masanori Shigeno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Kondo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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29
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Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E. S. Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, United States
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31
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Murray PD, Cox JH, Chiappini ND, Roos CB, McLoughlin EA, Hejna BG, Nguyen ST, Ripberger HH, Ganley JM, Tsui E, Shin NY, Koronkiewicz B, Qiu G, Knowles RR. Photochemical and Electrochemical Applications of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2017-2291. [PMID: 34813277 PMCID: PMC8796287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present here a review of the photochemical and electrochemical applications of multi-site proton-coupled electron transfer (MS-PCET) in organic synthesis. MS-PCETs are redox mechanisms in which both an electron and a proton are exchanged together, often in a concerted elementary step. As such, MS-PCET can function as a non-classical mechanism for homolytic bond activation, providing opportunities to generate synthetically useful free radical intermediates directly from a wide variety of common organic functional groups. We present an introduction to MS-PCET and a practitioner's guide to reaction design, with an emphasis on the unique energetic and selectivity features that are characteristic of this reaction class. We then present chapters on oxidative N-H, O-H, S-H, and C-H bond homolysis methods, for the generation of the corresponding neutral radical species. Then, chapters for reductive PCET activations involving carbonyl, imine, other X═Y π-systems, and heteroarenes, where neutral ketyl, α-amino, and heteroarene-derived radicals can be generated. Finally, we present chapters on the applications of MS-PCET in asymmetric catalysis and in materials and device applications. Within each chapter, we subdivide by the functional group undergoing homolysis, and thereafter by the type of transformation being promoted. Methods published prior to the end of December 2020 are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip
R. D. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James H. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Chiappini
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Casey B. Roos
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | | | - Benjamin G. Hejna
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Suong T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Hunter H. Ripberger
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jacob M. Ganley
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Elaine Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nick Y. Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Brian Koronkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Guanqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Robert R. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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32
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Zhang M, Shi Y, zhang J. A Convergent Paired Electrolysis Strategy Enables Cross-Coupling of Methylarenes with Imines. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00085g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we have developed a metal-free convergent paired electrolysis strategy for α-benzyl amine synthesis from readily available imines and methylarenes, taking advantage of both anodic oxidation and cathodic...
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33
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Li N, Shi Z, Yuan Y, Li Z, Ye KY. Rapid synthesis of spirodienones via electrochemical dearomative spirocyclization in flow. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01392d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical dearomative spirocyclization in flow has been developed, featuring the use of electrons as the clean oxidant in a minimum amount of electrolytes to afford diverse spirodienones in a short reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Zhaojiang Shi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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34
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Liu Y, Wang Z, Meng J, Li C, Sun K. Research Progress of Photoelectric Co-catalysis. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202106051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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35
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Wan H, Li D, Xia H, Yang L, Alhumade H, Yi H, Lei A. Synthesis of 1 H-indazoles by an electrochemical radical C sp2-H/N-H cyclization of arylhydrazones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:665-668. [PMID: 34918720 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04656j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of efficient and sustainable C-N bond-forming reactions to N-heterocyclic frameworks has been a long-standing interest in organic synthesis. In this work, we develop an electrochemical radical Csp2-H/N-H cyclization of arylhydrazones to 1H-indazoles. The electrochemical anodic oxidation approach was adopted to synthesize a variety of 1H-indazole derivatives in moderate to good yields. HFIP was not only employed as a solvent or the proton donor, but also can promote the formation of N free radicals. This synthetic methodology is operationally simple, and less expensive electrodes would be suitable for this chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wan
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China.
| | - Dongting Li
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China.
| | - Huadan Xia
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China.
| | - Liwen Yang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China.
| | - Hesham Alhumade
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power Systems, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hong Yi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China.
| | - Aiwen Lei
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China. .,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China. .,King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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36
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Liu Y, Shi B, Liu Z, Gao R, Huang C, Alhumade H, Wang S, Qi X, Lei A. Time-Resolved EPR Revealed the Formation, Structure, and Reactivity of N -Centered Radicals in an Electrochemical C(sp 3)-H Arylation Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20863-20872. [PMID: 34851107 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical synthesis has been rapidly developed over the past few years, while a vast majority of the reactions proceed through a radical pathway. Understanding the properties of radical intermediates is crucial in the mechanistic study of electrochemical transformations and will be beneficial for developing new reactions. Nevertheless, it is rather difficult to determine the "live" radical intermediates due to their high reactivity. In this work, the formation and structure of sulfonamide N-centered radicals have been researched directly by using the time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique under electrochemical conditions. Supported by the EPR results, the reactivity of N-centered radicals as a mediator in the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) approach has been discussed. Subsequently, these mechanistic study results have been successfully utilized in the discovery of an unactivated C(sp3)-H arylation reaction. The kinetic experiments have revealed the rate-determined step is the anodic oxidation of sulfonamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichang Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Biyin Shi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Renfei Gao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Cunlong Huang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hesham Alhumade
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power Ststems, King Abdulzaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shengchun Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.,Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Abdulzaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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37
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Rajamanickam S, Saraswat M, Venkataramani S, Patel BK. Intermolecular CDC amination of remote and proximal unactivated C sp3 -H bonds through intrinsic substrate reactivity - expanding towards a traceless directing group. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15318-15328. [PMID: 34976352 PMCID: PMC8635183 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04365j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An intermolecular radical based distal selectivity in appended alkyl chains has been developed. The selectivity is maximum when the distal carbon is γ to the appended group and decreases by moving from γ → δ → ε positions. In –COO– linked alkyl chains, the same distal γ-selectivity is observed irrespective of its origin, either from the alkyl carboxy acid or alkyl alcohol. The appended groups include esters, N–H protected amines, phthaloyl, sulfone, sulfinimide, nitrile, phosphite, phosphate and borate esters. In borate esters, boron serves as a traceless directing group, which is hitherto unprecedented for any remote Csp3–H functionalization. The selectivity order follows the trend: 3° benzylic > 2° benzylic > 3° tertiary > α to keto > distal methylene (γ > δ > ε). Computations predicted the radical stability (thermodynamic factors) and the kinetic barriers as the factors responsible for such trends. Remarkably, this strategy eludes any designer catalysts, and the selectivity is due to the intrinsic substrate reactivity. An intermolecular amination at the distal methylene carbon has been realized in an appended alkyl chain with electron withdrawing groups. Traceless remote Csp3–H functionalization has been accomplished using borate esters.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Rajamanickam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati North Guwahati Address Assam-781039 India
| | - Mayank Saraswat
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali Sector 81, Knowledge City, Manauli SAS Nagar 140306 India
| | - Sugumar Venkataramani
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali Sector 81, Knowledge City, Manauli SAS Nagar 140306 India
| | - Bhisma K Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati North Guwahati Address Assam-781039 India
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38
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Abstract
Desaturation of inert aliphatic C-H bonds in alkanes to form the corresponding alkenes is challenging. In this communication, a new and practical strategy for remote site-selective desaturation of amides via radical chemistry is reported. The readily installed N-allylsulfonylamide moiety serves as an N radical precursor. Intramolecular 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer from an inert C-H bond to the N-radical generates a translocated C-radical which is subsequently oxidized and deprotonated to give the corresponding alkene. The commercially available methanesulfonyl chloride is used as reagent and a Cu/Ag-couple as oxidant. The remote desaturation is realized on different types of unactivated sp3 -C-H bonds. The potential synthetic utility of this method is further demonstrated by the dehydrogenation of natural product derivatives and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xia
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChongqing UniversityNo.55 University Town South Road, Shapingba DistrictChongqing400044P. R. China
| | - Kalipada Jana
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
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39
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Sinha SK, Guin S, Maiti S, Biswas JP, Porey S, Maiti D. Toolbox for Distal C-H Bond Functionalizations in Organic Molecules. Chem Rev 2021; 122:5682-5841. [PMID: 34662117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal catalyzed C-H activation has developed a contemporary approach to the omnipresent area of retrosynthetic disconnection. Scientific researchers have been tempted to take the help of this methodology to plan their synthetic discourses. This paradigm shift has helped in the development of industrial units as well, making the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceutical drugs step-economical. In the vast zone of C-H bond activation, the functionalization of proximal C-H bonds has gained utmost popularity. Unlike the activation of proximal C-H bonds, the distal C-H functionalization is more strenuous and requires distinctly specialized techniques. In this review, we have compiled various methods adopted to functionalize distal C-H bonds, mechanistic insights within each of these procedures, and the scope of the methodology. With this review, we give a complete overview of the expeditious progress the distal C-H activation has made in the field of synthetic organic chemistry while also highlighting its pitfalls, thus leaving the field open for further synthetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Kumar Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Srimanta Guin
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sudip Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Jyoti Prasad Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sandip Porey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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40
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Ghosh D, Ghosh S, Hajra A. Electrochemical Functionalization of Imidazopyridine and Indazole: An Overview. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry St. Joseph's College (Autonomous) Bangalore 560027 Karnataka India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry Visva-Bharati (A Central University) Santiniketan 731235 India
| | - Alakananda Hajra
- Department of Chemistry Visva-Bharati (A Central University) Santiniketan 731235 India
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41
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Yuan Y, Yang J, Lei A. Recent advances in electrochemical oxidative cross-coupling with hydrogen evolution involving radicals. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10058-10086. [PMID: 34369504 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00150g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative cross-coupling has developed into a robust method for carbon-carbon (C-C), carbon-heteroatom (C-X), and heteroatom-heteroatom (X-Y) bond formation. Despite considerable advances in this field, the traditional oxidative cross-coupling reactions usually employ stoichiometric amounts of chemical oxidants to clean up surplus electrons from substrates to form new chemical bonds. Organic electrosynthesis is recognized as an environmentally benign and particularly powerful synthetic platform. Recent advancements have revealed that radical-involved electrochemical oxidative cross-coupling reactions can be achieved under exogenous-oxidant-free conditions. This tutorial review provides an overview of the most recent developments in electrochemical oxidative cross-coupling with hydrogen evolution involving radicals. Emphasis is mainly placed on synthetic and mechanistic aspects. We hope that this tutorial review can promote the development of radical chemistry, electrochemistry, and oxidative cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yuan
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China.
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China.
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42
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Liu A, Guo T, Zhang S, Yang H, Zhang Q, Chai Y, Zhang S. Structurally Diverse Synthesis of Five-, Six-, and Seven-Membered Benzosultams through Electrochemical Cyclization. Org Lett 2021; 23:6326-6331. [PMID: 34342457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a metal- and oxidant-free approach to structurally diverse synthesis of benzosultams from aryl sulfonamides through an electrochemical cyclization. Upon variation of the ortho substituent on aryl sulfonamides, five-, six-, and seven-membered benzosultams were efficiently assembled in an atom- and resource-economic manner. The generality of the process is demonstrated by the formation of five- to seven-membered cyclic products from 42 substrates bearing substituents with different electronic effects and steric hindrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Han Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Yonghai Chai
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Shengyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
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43
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Wang L, Xia Y, Derdau V, Studer A. Remote Site-Selective Radical C(sp 3 )-H Monodeuteration of Amides using D 2 O. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18645-18650. [PMID: 34114304 PMCID: PMC8456965 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Site-selective incorporation of deuterium into biologically active compounds is of high interest in pharmaceutical industry. We present a mild and environmentally benign metal-free method for the remote selective radical C-H monodeuteration of aliphatic C-H bonds in various amides with inexpensive heavy water (D2 O) as the deuterium source. The method uses the easily installed N-allylsulfonyl moiety as an N-radical precursor that generates the remote C-radical via site-selective 1,5- or 1,6-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). Methyl thioglycolate, that readily exchanges its proton with D2 O, serves as the radical deuteration reagent and as a chain-carrier. The highly site-selective monodeuteration has been applied to different types of unactivated sp3 -C-H bonds and also to the deuteration of C-H bonds next to heteroatoms. The potential utility of this method is further demonstrated by the site-selective incorporation of deuterium into natural product derivatives and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Yong Xia
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Volker Derdau
- Sanofi (Germany)Integrated Drug Discovery, Isotope ChemistryIndustriepark Höchst, G87665926FrankfurtGermany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
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44
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Li Y, Yuan B, Sun Z, Zhang W. C–H bond functionalization reactions enabled by photobiocatalytic cascades. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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45
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Wang L, Xia Y, Derdau V, Studer A. Remote Site‐Selective Radical C(sp
3
)−H Monodeuteration of Amides using D
2
O. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Yong Xia
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- Sanofi (Germany) Integrated Drug Discovery, Isotope Chemistry Industriepark Höchst, G876 65926 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
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46
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Wang Y, Lin Z, Oliveira JCA, Ackermann L. Electro-oxidative Intermolecular Allylic C(sp 3)-H Aminations. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15935-15945. [PMID: 34077219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative intermolecular nitrogenation of C(sp3)-H bonds represents one of the most straightforward strategies to construct nitrogen-containing molecules. However, a sacrificial chemical oxidant is generally required. Herein, we describe electrochemical oxidative intermolecular allylic C(sp3)-H aminations in an undivided cell by electric current. The cross-dehydrogenative amination proceeded efficiently with ample scope under metal- and chemical oxidant-free reaction conditions, giving molecular H2 as the only byproduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Wang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zhipeng Lin
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - João C A Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Puthanveedu M, Khamraev V, Brieger L, Strohmann C, Antonchick AP. Electrochemical Dehydrogenative C(sp 2 )-H Amination. Chemistry 2021; 27:8008-8012. [PMID: 33931904 PMCID: PMC8251997 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A transition-metal-free direct electrolytic C-H amination involving an electrochemically generated nitrenium ion intermediate has been developed. The electrosynthesis takes place in the absence of any organoiodine catalysts and is enabled by an in situ generated electrolyte. A novel, efficient intramolecular and intermolecular C-H amination has been demonstrated using a simple reaction setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Puthanveedu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare PhysiologieAbteilung Chemische BiologieOtto-Hahn-Straße 1144227DortmundGermany
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieChemische BiologieOtto-Hahn-Straße 4a44221DortmundGermany
| | - Vladislav Khamraev
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieChemische BiologieOtto-Hahn-Straße 4a44221DortmundGermany
- North Caucasus Federal UniversityDepartment of Chemistry1a Pushkin St.355009StavropolRussian Federation
- Present address: D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia9 Miusskaya Square, 125047MoscowRussian Federation
| | - Lukas Brieger
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieAnorganische ChemieOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieAnorganische ChemieOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Andrey P. Antonchick
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare PhysiologieAbteilung Chemische BiologieOtto-Hahn-Straße 1144227DortmundGermany
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieChemische BiologieOtto-Hahn-Straße 4a44221DortmundGermany
- Nottingham Trent UniversityCollege of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Chemistry and ForensicsClifton LaneNG11 8NSNottinghamUK
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48
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Deng Z, Zhao Z, He G, Chen G. Photoredox-Mediated Mono- and Difluorination of Remote Unactivated Methylene C(sp 3)-H Bonds of N-Alkyl Sulfonamides. Org Lett 2021; 23:3631-3635. [PMID: 33881874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A photoredox-mediated δ-C(sp3)-H fluorination of sulfonyl-protected primary alkylamines with Selectfluor is developed. The reaction can proceed in excellent monofluorination selectivity for amine substrates without α substituent. For α-substituted substrates, a slightly modified reaction conditions with two rounds of operation gives the δ,δ-difluorination products in good yield. Mechanistic studies suggest SET oxidation of sulfonamide group directly generates the key sulfonamide N radical intermediate, which triggers a 1,5-HAT process to form the δ alkyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhenxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Gang He
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Gong Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Cembellín S, Batanero B. Organic Electrosynthesis Towards Sustainability: Fundamentals and Greener Methodologies. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2453-2471. [PMID: 33955158 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The adoption of new measures that preserve our environment, on which our survival depends, is a necessity. Electro-organic processes are sustainable per se, by producing the activation of a substrate by electron transfer at normal pressure and room temperature. In the recent years, a highly crescent number of works on organic electrosynthesis are available. Novel strategies at the electrode are being developed enabling the construction of a great variety of complex organic molecules. However, the possibility of being scaled-up is mandatory in terms of sustainability. Thus, some electrochemical methodologies have demonstrated to report the best results in reducing pollution and saving energy. In this personal account, these methods have been compiled, being organized as follows: • Direct discharge electrosynthesis • Paired electrochemical reactions. and • Organic transformations utilizing electrocatalysis (in absence of heavy metals). Selected protocols are herein presented and discussed with representative recent examples. Final perspectives and reflections are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cembellín
- University of Alcala, Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department (Organic area), Campus, km 33,6 A2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Batanero
- University of Alcala, Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department (Organic area), Campus, km 33,6 A2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Química, "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR) University of Alcala
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50
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Zhou L, Wei S, Lei Z, Zhu G, Zhang Z. Transition-Metal-Free α Csp 3 -H Cyanation of Sulfonamides. Chemistry 2021; 27:7103-7107. [PMID: 33769613 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the site-selective α-functionalization of sulfonylamide derivatives through the in-situ generation of imine intermediates. The N-F sulfonylamides, which could facilitate the elimination to generate imines, are coupled with TBACN to efficiently and mildly afford α-amino cyanides. Comparing with Strecker reaction, this transformation offers a complementary strategy to efficiently construct α-amino cyanides from direct α C-H functionalization of sulfonylamindes. The reaction is also characterized by broad substrate scope and flash chromatography column free workup. More importantly, the new two-electron pathway to generate imines through manipulation of the leaving group allows us to achieve excellent α site-selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liejin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Siqi Wei
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Ziran Lei
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Gangguo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Zuxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
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