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Li M, Sun G, Wang Z, Zhang X, Peng J, Jiang F, Li J, Tao S, Liu Y, Pan Y. Structural Design of Single-Atom Catalysts for Enhancing Petrochemical Catalytic Reaction Process. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2313661. [PMID: 38499342 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Petroleum, as the "lifeblood" of industrial development, is the important energy source and raw material. The selective transformation of petroleum into high-end chemicals is of great significance, but still exists enormous challenges. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) with 100% atom utilization and homogeneous active sites, promise a broad application in petrochemical processes. Herein, the research systematically summarizes the recent research progress of SACs in petrochemical catalytic reaction, proposes the role of structural design of SACs in enhancing catalytic performance, elucidates the catalytic reaction mechanisms of SACs in the conversion of petrochemical processes, and reveals the high activity origins of SACs at the atomic scale. Finally, the key challenges are summarized and an outlook on the design, identification of active sites, and the appropriate application of artificial intelligence technology is provided for achieving scale-up application of SACs in petrochemical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Guangxun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Zhidong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Jiatian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Junxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Shu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Yuan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
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2
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Carl S, Will J, Madubuko N, Götz A, Przybilla T, Wu M, Raman N, Wirth J, Taccardi N, Zubiri BA, Haumann M, Wasserscheid P, Spiecker E. Structural Evolution of GaO x-Shell and Intermetallic Phases in Ga-Pt Supported Catalytically Active Liquid Metal Solutions. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4711-4720. [PMID: 38657124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive scale-bridging characterization approach for supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions (SCALMS) which combines lab-based X-ray microscopy, nano X-ray computed tomography (nano-CT), and correlative analytical transmission electron microscopy. SCALMS catalysts consist of low-melting alloy particles and have demonstrated high catalytic activity, selectivity, and long-term stability in propane dehydrogenation (PDH). We established an identical-location nano-CT workflow which allows us to reveal site-specific changes of Ga-Pt SCALMS before and after PDH. These observations are complemented by analytical transmission electron microscopy investigations providing information on the structure, chemical composition, and phase distribution of individual SCALMS particles. Key findings of this combined microscopic approach include (i) structural evolution of the SCALMS particles' GaOx shell, (ii) Pt segregation toward the oxide shell leading to the formation of Ga-Pt intermetallic phases, and (iii) cracking of the oxide shell accompanied by the release of liquid Ga-Pt toward the porous support.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Carl
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Will
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - N Madubuko
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Götz
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Przybilla
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Wu
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - N Raman
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Wirth
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - N Taccardi
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - B Apeleo Zubiri
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Haumann
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, 2006 Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - P Wasserscheid
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK 11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - E Spiecker
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Sebastian O, Al-Shaibani A, Taccardi N, Haumann M, Wasserscheid P. Kinetics of dehydrogenation of n-heptane over GaPt supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions (SCALMS). REACT CHEM ENG 2024; 9:1154-1163. [PMID: 38694426 PMCID: PMC11060413 DOI: 10.1039/d3re00490b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The concept of Supported Catalytically Active Liquid Metal Solutions (SCALMS) was explored for the catalytic dehydrogenation of n-heptane. For this purpose, a GaPt on alumina (Ga84Pt/Al2O3) was compared with a Pt on alumina catalyst at different reaction temperatures and feed compositions. While the observed activation energies with both catalysts for the overall n-heptane depletion rate were similar with both catalysts, the SCALMS systems provides a lower activation energy for the desired dehydrogenation path and significantly higher activation energies for the undesired aromatization and cracking reaction. Thus, the SCALMS catalyst under investigation shows technically interesting features, in particular at high temperature operation. The partial pressure variation revealed an effective reaction order of around 0.7 for n-heptane for both catalysts, while the effective order for hydrogen was 0.35 for Pt/Al2O3 and almost zero for SCALMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshin Sebastian
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Asem Al-Shaibani
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Nicola Taccardi
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Marco Haumann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg P.O. Box 524 Auckland Park 2006 South Africa
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK 11) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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Hsieh TE, Frisch J, Wilks RG, Papp C, Bär M. Impact of Catalysis-Relevant Oxidation and Annealing Treatments on Nanostructured GaRh Alloys. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:19858-19865. [PMID: 38591845 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we examine the surface-derived electronic and chemical structures of nanostructured GaRh alloys as a model system for supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions (SCALMS), a novel catalyst candidate for dehydrogenation reactions that are important for the petrochemical and hydrogen energy industry. It is reported that under ambient conditions, SCALMS tends to form a gallium oxide shell, which can be removed by an activation treatment at elevated temperatures and hydrogen flow to enhance the catalytic reactivity. We prepared a 7 at. % Rh containing the GaRh sample and interrogated the evolution of the surface chemical and electronic structure by photoelectron spectroscopy (complemented by scanning electron microscopy) upon performing surface oxidation and (activation treatment mimicking) annealing treatments in ultrahigh vacuum conditions. The initially pronounced Rh 4d and Fermi level-derived states in the valence band spectra disappear upon oxidation (due to formation of a GaOx shell) but reemerge upon annealing, especially for temperatures of 600 °C and above, i.e., when the GaOx shell is efficiently being removed and the Ga matrix is expected to be liquid. At the same temperature, new spectroscopic features at both the high and low binding energy sides of the Rh 3d5/2 spectra are observed, which we attribute to new GaRh species with depleted and enriched Rh contents, respectively. A liquefied and GaOx-free surface is also expected for GaRh SCALMS at reaction conditions, and thus the revealed high-temperature properties of the GaRh alloy provide insights about respective catalysts at work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzung-En Hsieh
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Frisch
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Freie Universität Berlin, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Energy Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department X-ray Spectroscopy at Interfaces of Thin Films, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), 12489 Berlin, Germany
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He C, Gong Y, Li S, Wu J, Lu Z, Li Q, Wang L, Wu S, Zhang J. Single-Atom Alloys Materials for CO 2 and CH 4 Catalytic Conversion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311628. [PMID: 38181452 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
The catalytic conversion of greenhouse gases CH4 and CO2 constitutes an effective approach for alleviating the greenhouse effect and generating valuable chemical products. However, the intricate molecular characteristics characterized by high symmetry and bond energies, coupled with the complexity of associated reactions, pose challenges for conventional catalysts to attain high activity, product selectivity, and enduring stability. Single-atom alloys (SAAs) materials, distinguished by their tunable composition and unique electronic structures, confer versatile physicochemical properties and modulable functionalities. In recent years, SAAs materials demonstrate pronounced advantages and expansive prospects in catalytic conversion of CH4 and CO2. This review begins by introducing the challenges entailed in catalytic conversion of CH4 and CO2 and the advantages offered by SAAs. Subsequently, the intricacies of synthesis strategies employed for SAAs are presented and characterization techniques and methodologies are introduced. The subsequent section furnishes a meticulous and inclusive overview of research endeavors concerning SAAs in CO2 catalytic conversion, CH4 conversion, and synergy CH4 and CO2 conversion. The particular emphasis is directed toward scrutinizing the intricate mechanisms underlying the influence of SAAs on reaction activity and product selectivity. Finally, insights are presented on the development and future challenges of SAAs in CH4 and CO2 conversion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxuan He
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yalin Gong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Songting Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhaojun Lu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qixin Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Shiqun Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Multimedia Environmental Catalysis and Resource Utilization, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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Zhou Y, Santos S, Shamzhy M, Marinova M, Blanchenet AM, Kolyagin YG, Simon P, Trentesaux M, Sharna S, Ersen O, Zholobenko VL, Saeys M, Khodakov AY, Ordomsky VV. Liquid metals for boosting stability of zeolite catalysts in the conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2228. [PMID: 38472188 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Methanol-to-hydrocarbons (MTH) process has been considered one of the most practical approaches for producing value-added products from methanol. However, the commonly used zeolite catalysts suffer from rapid deactivation due to coke deposition and require regular regeneration treatments. We demonstrate that low-melting-point metals, such as Ga, can effectively promote more stable methanol conversion in the MTH process by slowing coke deposition and facilitating the desorption of carbonaceous species from the zeolite. The ZSM-5 zeolite physically mixed with liquid gallium exhibited an enhanced lifetime in the MTH reaction, which increased by a factor of up to ~14 as compared to the parent ZSM-5. These results suggest an alternative route to the design and preparation of deactivation-resistant zeolite catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
- Research Institute of Interdisciplinary Sciences (RISE) and School of Materials Science & Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Sara Santos
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mariya Shamzhy
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 12843, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maya Marinova
- Institut Michel-Eugène Chevreul, 59655, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - Anne-Marie Blanchenet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8207-UMET-Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Yury G Kolyagin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Pardis Simon
- Institut Michel-Eugène Chevreul, 59655, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - Martine Trentesaux
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Sharmin Sharna
- IPCMS, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ovidiu Ersen
- IPCMS, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Mark Saeys
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrei Y Khodakov
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Vitaly V Ordomsky
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France.
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Vorlaufer N, Josten J, Carl S, Göbel E, Søgaard A, Taccardi N, Spiecker E, Felfer P. Preparation of atom probe tips from (nano)particles in dispersion using (di)electrophoresis and electroplating. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:476-483. [PMID: 37921114 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of catalytic particles depends on their chemical structure and morphology. To reveal this information, the characterization with atom probe tomography has huge potential. Despite progresses and papers proposing various approaches towards the incorporation of particles inside atom probe tips, no single approach has been broadly applicable to date. In this paper, we introduce a workflow that allowed us to prepare atom probe specimens from Ga particles in suspension in the size range of 50 nm up to 2 μm. By combining dielectrophoresis and electrodeposition in a suitable way, we achieve a near-tip shape geometry, without a time-consuming FIB lift-out. This workflow is a simple and quick method to prepare atom probe tips and allows for a high preparation throughput. Also, not using a lift-out allowed us to use a cryo-stage, avoiding melting of the Ga particles, while ensuring a mechanical stable atom probe tip. The specimen prepared by this workflow enable a stable measurement and low fracture rates. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Enabling cryo-preparation of (nano)particles for the atom probe. Characterization of surface and bulk elemental distribution of GaPt model SCALMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Vorlaufer
- Institute I, Materials Science & Engineering Department, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Josten
- Institute I, Materials Science & Engineering Department, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Carl
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) and Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Materials Science & Engineering Department, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erik Göbel
- Institute I, Materials Science & Engineering Department, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Søgaard
- Institute of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Department Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- CHEC Research Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nicola Taccardi
- Institute of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Department Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) and Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Materials Science & Engineering Department, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Felfer
- Institute I, Materials Science & Engineering Department, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Zeng L, Cheng K, Sun F, Fan Q, Li L, Zhang Q, Wei Y, Zhou W, Kang J, Zhang Q, Chen M, Liu Q, Zhang L, Huang J, Cheng J, Jiang Z, Fu G, Wang Y. Stable anchoring of single rhodium atoms by indium in zeolite alkane dehydrogenation catalysts. Science 2024; 383:998-1004. [PMID: 38422151 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk5195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining the stability of single-atom catalysts in high-temperature reactions remains extremely challenging because of the migration of metal atoms under these conditions. We present a strategy for designing stable single-atom catalysts by harnessing a second metal to anchor the noble metal atom inside zeolite channels. A single-atom rhodium-indium cluster catalyst is formed inside zeolite silicalite-1 through in situ migration of indium during alkane dehydrogenation. This catalyst demonstrates exceptional stability against coke formation for 5500 hours in continuous pure propane dehydrogenation with 99% propylene selectivity and propane conversions close to the thermodynamic equilibrium value at 550°C. Our catalyst also operated stably at 600°C, offering propane conversions of >60% and propylene selectivity of >95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Kang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Fanfei Sun
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qiyuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Laiyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qinghong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yao Wei
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jincan Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qiuyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mingshu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qiunan Liu
- Clean Nano Energy Center, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Clean Nano Energy Center, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Jianyu Huang
- Clean Nano Energy Center, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Gang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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9
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Townrow OPE, Weller AS, Goicoechea JM. Controlled cluster expansion at a Zintl cluster surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316120. [PMID: 38010628 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Reaction of the tris-hypersilyl nonagermanide Zintl cluster salt, K[Ge9 (Hyp)3 ] (Hyp=Si(SiMe3 )3 ) with [Rh(η2 ,η2 -L)Cl]2 (L=1,5-cyclooctadiene, COD; norbornadiene, NBD) afforded eleven- and twelve-vertex homo-multimetallic clusters by cluster core expansion. Using a stepwise procedure, starting from the Zintl cluster [Rh(COD){Ge9 (Hyp)3 }] and [Ir(COD)Cl]2 , this methodology was expanded for the synthesis of eleven-vertex hetero-multimetallic clusters. A mechanism for the formation of these first examples of closo eleven-vertex Zintl clusters is proposed, informed by density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver P E Townrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Andrew S Weller
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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10
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Ruffman C, Steenbergen KG, Garden AL, Gaston N. Dynamic sampling of liquid metal structures for theoretical studies on catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 15:185-194. [PMID: 38131068 PMCID: PMC10732005 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04416e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid metals have recently emerged as promising catalysts that can outcompete their solid counterparts for many reactions. Although theoretical modelling is extensively used to improve solid-state catalysts, there is currently no way to capture the interactions of adsorbates with a dynamic liquid metal. We propose a new approach based on ab initio molecular dynamics sampling of an adsorbate on a liquid catalyst. Using this approach, we describe time-resolved structures for formate adsorbed on liquid Ga-In, and for all intermediates in the methanol oxidation pathway on Ga-Pt. This yields a range of accessible adsorption energies that take into account the at-temperature motion of the liquid metal. We find that a previously proposed pathway for methanol oxidation on Ga-Pt results in unstable intermediates on a dynamic liquid surface, and propose that H desorption must occur during the path. The results showcase a more accurate way to treat liquid metal catalysts in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Ruffman
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland New Zealand
| | - Krista G Steenbergen
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington PO Box 600 Wellington 6140 New Zealand
| | - Anna L Garden
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago P.O. Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Nicola Gaston
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland New Zealand
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11
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Okatenko V, Boulanger C, Chen AN, Kumar K, Schouwink P, Loiudice A, Buonsanti R. Voltage-Driven Chemical Reactions Enable the Synthesis of Tunable Liquid Ga-Metal Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25401-25410. [PMID: 37948677 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanosized particles of liquid metals are emerging materials that hold promise for applications spanning from microelectronics to catalysis. Yet, knowledge of their chemical reactivity is largely unknown. Here, we study the reactivity of liquid Ga and Cu nanoparticles under the application of a cathodic voltage. We discover that the applied voltage and the spatial proximity of these two particle precursors dictate the reaction outcome. In particular, we find that a gradual voltage ramp is crucial to reduce the native oxide skin of gallium and enable reactive wetting between the Ga and Cu nanoparticles; instead, a voltage step causes dewetting between the two. We determine that the use of liquid Ga/Cu nanodimer precursors, which consist of an oxide-covered Ga domain interfaced with a metallic Cu domain, provides a more uniform mixing and results in more homogeneous reaction products compared to a physical mixture of Ga and Cu NPs. Having learned this, we obtain CuGa2 alloys or solid@liquid CuGa2@Ga core@shell nanoparticles by tuning the stoichiometry of Ga and Cu in the nanodimer precursors. These products reveal an interesting complementarity of thermal and voltage-driven syntheses to expand the compositional range of bimetallic NPs. Finally, we extend the voltage-driven synthesis to the combination of Ga with other elements (Ag, Sn, Co, and W). By rationalizing the impact of the native skin reduction rate, the wetting properties, and the chemical reactivity between Ga and other metals on the results of such voltage-driven chemical manipulation, we define the criteria to predict the outcome of this reaction and set the ground for future studies targeting various applications for multielement nanomaterials based on liquid Ga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Okatenko
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Coline Boulanger
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Alexander N Chen
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Krishna Kumar
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Schouwink
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Anna Loiudice
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Buonsanti
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
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12
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Abstract
Catalysts serve pivotal roles in facilitating the development of sustainable energy systems on a global scale. Liquid metal usually refers to metal that is liquid below 330 °C, also known as low melting point metal. Liquid metal has emerged as an intriguing catalyst due to its commendable electrical conductivity, favorable fluidity, solubility in metals, phase transition capabilities, and modifiable oxide surface, thereby presenting a plethora of prospects for diverse catalytic reactions. In this Perspective, we elucidate the four primary merits of liquid metal catalysts: resistance to coking, the ability to tune elemental composition, the potential for structural transformation, and the capacity to inhibit coalescence. In light of this, a comprehensive summary is presented on the research advancements pertaining to liquid metal in methane pyrolysis, alkane dehydrogenation, carbon dioxide reduction, alcohol oxidation, and various other catalytic reactions. Finally, the challenges and prospects of liquid metal catalysts are elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tingli Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Mengqi Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lei Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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13
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Zimmermann T, Madubuko N, Groppe P, Raczka T, Dünninger N, Taccardi N, Carl S, Apeleo Zubiri B, Spiecker E, Wasserscheid P, Mandel K, Haumann M, Wintzheimer S. Supraparticles on beads for supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions - the SCALMS suprabead concept. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:4960-4967. [PMID: 37610262 PMCID: PMC10615327 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01020a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel GaPt-based supported catalytically active liquid metal solution (SCALMS) material is developed by exploiting the suprabead concept: Supraparticles, i.e. micrometer-sized particles composed of nanoparticles assembled by spray-drying, are bonded to millimeter-sized beads. The suprabeads combine macroscale size with catalytic properties of nanoscale GaPt particles entrapped in their silica framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Zimmermann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nnamdi Madubuko
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Philipp Groppe
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Theodor Raczka
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nils Dünninger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Nicola Taccardi
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Simon Carl
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Apeleo Zubiri
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
- Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center and Interdisciplinary Center for Interface-Controlled Processes, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, "Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energies" (IEK 11), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl Mandel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, D97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Haumann
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
- Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Susanne Wintzheimer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, D97082 Würzburg, Germany
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14
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Wolf M, de Oliveira AL, Taccardi N, Maisel S, Heller M, Khan Antara S, Søgaard A, Felfer P, Görling A, Haumann M, Wasserscheid P. Dry reforming of methane over gallium-based supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions. Commun Chem 2023; 6:224. [PMID: 37853170 PMCID: PMC10584823 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01018-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallium-rich supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions (SCALMS) were recently introduced as a new way towards heterogeneous single atom catalysis. SCALMS were demonstrated to exhibit a certain resistance against coking during the dehydrogenation of alkanes using Ga-rich alloys of noble metals. Here, the conceptual catalytic application of SCALMS in dry reforming of methane (DRM) is tested with non-noble metal (Co, Cu, Fe, Ni) atoms in the gallium-rich liquid alloy. This study introduces SCALMS to high-temperature applications and an oxidative reaction environment. Most catalysts were shown to undergo severe oxidation during DRM, while Ga-Ni SCALMS retained a certain level of activity. This observation is explained by a kinetically controlled redox process, namely oxidation to gallium oxide species and re-reduction via H2 activation over Ni. Consequentially, this redox process can be shifted to the metallic side when using increasing concentrations of Ni in Ga, which strongly suppresses coke formation. Density-functional theory (DFT) based ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations were performed to confirm the increased availability of Ni at the liquid alloy-gas interface. However, leaching of gallium via the formation of volatile oxidic species during the hypothesised redox cycles was identified indicating a critical instability of Ga-Ni SCALMS for prolonged test durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Wolf
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK 11), Cauerstr. 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ana Luiza de Oliveira
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK 11), Cauerstr. 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicola Taccardi
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sven Maisel
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martina Heller
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Werkstoffwissenschaften (Allgemeine Werkstoffeigenschaften), Martensstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sharmin Khan Antara
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Søgaard
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Felfer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Werkstoffwissenschaften (Allgemeine Werkstoffeigenschaften), Martensstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Haumann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK 11), Cauerstr. 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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15
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Manyuan N, Kawasaki H. Activated platinum in gallium-based room-temperature liquid metals for enhanced reduction reactions. RSC Adv 2023; 13:30273-30280. [PMID: 37849703 PMCID: PMC10577643 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06571e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Room-temperature gallium-based liquid metals (LMs) have recently attracted significant attention worldwide for application in catalysis because of their unique combination of fluidic and catalytic properties. Platinum loading in LMs is expected to enhance the catalytic performance of various reaction systems. However, Pt-loaded methods for Ga-based LMs have not yet been sufficiently developed to improve the catalytic performance and Pt utilization efficiency. In this study, a novel method for the fabrication of Pt-incorporated LMs using Pt sputter deposition (Pt(dep)-LMs) was developed. The Pt(dep)-LMs contained well-dispersed Pt flakes with diameters of 0.89 ± 0.6 μm. The catalytic activity of the Pt(dep)-LM with a Pt loading of ∼0.7 wt% was investigated using model reactions such as methylene blue (MB) reduction and hydrogen production in an acidic aqueous solution. The Pt(dep)-LMs showed a higher MB reduction rate (three times) and hydrogen production (three times) than the LM loaded with conventional Pt black (∼0.7 wt%). In contrast to the Pt(dep)-LMs, solid-based Ga with a Pt loading of ∼0.7 wt% did not catalyze the reactions. These results demonstrate that Pt activation occurred in the Pt(dep)-LMs fabricated by Pt sputtering, and that the fluidic properties of the LMs enhanced the catalytic reduction reactions. Thus, these findings highlight the superior performance of the Pt deposition method and the advantages of using Pt-LM-based catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichayanan Manyuan
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University 3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita Osaka 564-8680 Japan
| | - Hideya Kawasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University 3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita Osaka 564-8680 Japan
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16
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Hsieh TE, Frisch J, Wilks RG, Bär M. Unravelling the Surface Oxidation-Induced Evolution of the Electronic Structure of Gallium. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:47725-47732. [PMID: 37774118 PMCID: PMC10571040 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Gallium is widely used in liquid metal catalyst fabrication, and its oxidized species is a well-known dielectric material. In the past decades, these two species have been well studied separately. However, the surface oxide layer-induced impact on the chemical and electronic structure of (liquid) gallium is still mostly unclear because of the extreme fast formation of thermodynamically stable surface Ga2O3. In this study, we used a combination of direct and inverse photoemission complemented by scanning electron microscopy to examine the surface properties of Ga and Ga oxide (on a SiOx/Si support) and the evolution of the surface structure upon stepwise oxidation and subsequent reduction at an elevated temperature. We find oxidation time-dependent self-limited formation of a substoichiometric Ga2O3-δ surface layer on the Ga nanoparticles. The valence band maximum (conduction band minimum) for this Ga2O3-δ is located at -3.8 (±0.1) eV [1.4 (±0.2) eV] with respect to the Fermi level, resulting in an electronic surface band gap of 5.2 (±0.2) eV. Upon annealing in ultrahigh vacuum conditions, the Ga2O3-δ surface layer can efficiently be removed when using temperatures of 600 °C and higher. This study reveals how the surface properties of Ga nanoparticles are influenced by stepwise oxidation-reduction, providing detailed insights that will benefit the optimization of this material class for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzung-En Hsieh
- Department
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Frisch
- Department
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy
Materials In situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Regan G. Wilks
- Department
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy
Materials In situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- Department
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Energy
Materials In situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department
X-ray Spectroscopy at Interfaces of Thin Films, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy
(HI ERN), 12489 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Sebastian O, Al-Shaibani A, Taccardi N, Sultan U, Inayat A, Vogel N, Haumann M, Wasserscheid P. Ga-Pt supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions (SCALMS) prepared by ultrasonication - influence of synthesis conditions on n-heptane dehydrogenation performance. Catal Sci Technol 2023; 13:4435-4450. [PMID: 38014413 PMCID: PMC10388703 DOI: 10.1039/d3cy00356f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Supported catalytically active liquid metal solution (SCALMS) materials represent a recently developed class of heterogeneous catalysts, where the catalytic reaction takes place at the highly dynamic interface of supported liquid alloys. Ga nuggets were dispersed into nano-droplets in propan-2-ol using ultrasonication followed by the addition of Pt in a galvanic displacement reaction - either directly into the Ga/propan-2-ol dispersion (in situ) or consecutively onto the supported Ga droplets (ex situ). The in situ galvanic displacement reaction between Ga and Pt was studied in three different reaction media, namely propan-2-ol, water, and 20 vol% water containing propan-2-ol. TEM investigations reveal that the Ga-Pt reaction in propan-2-ol resulted in the formation of Pt aggregates on top of Ga nano-droplets. In the water/propan-2-ol mixture, the desired incorporation of Pt into the Ga matrix was achieved. The ex situ prepared Ga-Pt SCALMS were tested in n-heptane dehydrogenation. Ga-Pt SCALMS synthesized in pure alcoholic solution showed equal dehydrogenation and cracking activity. Ga-Pt SCALMS prepared in pure water, in contrast, showed mainly cracking activity due to oxidation of Ga droplets. The Ga-Pt SCALMS material prepared in water/propan-2-ol resulted in high activity, n-heptene selectivity of 63%, and only low cracking tendency. This can be attributed to the supported liquid Ga-Pt alloy where Pt atoms are present in the liquid Ga matrix at the highly dynamic catalytic interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshin Sebastian
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Asem Al-Shaibani
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Nicola Taccardi
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Umair Sultan
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Feststoff- und Grenzflächenverfahrenstechnik (LFG) Cauerstraße 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Alexandra Inayat
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Nicolas Vogel
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Feststoff- und Grenzflächenverfahrenstechnik (LFG) Cauerstraße 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Marco Haumann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg P.O. Box 524 Auckland Park 2006 South Africa
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK 11) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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18
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Yuan Y, Zhao Z, Lobo RF, Xu B. Site Diversity and Mechanism of Metal-Exchanged Zeolite Catalyzed Non-Oxidative Propane Dehydrogenation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207756. [PMID: 36897033 PMCID: PMC10161086 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Metal-exchanged zeolites are well-known propane dehydrogenation (PDH) catalysts; however, the structure of the active species remains unresolved. In this review, existing PDH catalysts are first surveyed, and then the current understanding of metal-exchanged zeolite catalysts is described in detail. The case of Ga/H-ZSM-5 is employed to showcase that advances in the understanding of structure-activity relations are often accompanied by technological or conceptional breakthroughs. The understanding of Ga speciation at PDH conditions has evolved owing to the advent of in situ/operando characterizations and to the realization that the local coordination environment of Ga species afforded by the zeolite support has a decisive impact on the active site structure. In situ/operando quantitative characterization of catalysts, rigorous determination of intrinsic reaction rates, and predictive computational modeling are all significant in identifying the most active structure in these complex systems. The reaction mechanism could be both intricately related to and nearly independent of the details of the assumed active structure, as in the two main proposed PDH mechanisms on Ga/H-ZSM-5, that is, the carbenium mechanism and the alkyl mechanism. Perspectives on potential approaches to further elucidate the active structure of metal-exchanged zeolite catalysts and reaction mechanisms are discussed in the final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yuan
- Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Zhaoqi Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Raul F Lobo
- Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Bingjun Xu
- Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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19
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Wittkämper H, Hock R, Weißer M, Dallmann J, Vogel C, Raman N, Tacardi N, Haumann M, Wasserscheid P, Hsieh TE, Maisel S, Moritz M, Wichmann C, Frisch J, Gorgoi M, Wilks RG, Bär M, Wu M, Spiecker E, Görling A, Unruh T, Steinrück HP, Papp C. Isolated Rh atoms in dehydrogenation catalysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4458. [PMID: 36932106 PMCID: PMC10023779 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolated active sites have great potential to be highly efficient and stable in heterogeneous catalysis, while enabling low costs due to the low transition metal content. Herein, we present results on the synthesis, first catalytic trials, and characterization of the Ga9Rh2 phase and the hitherto not-studied Ga3Rh phase. We used XRD and TEM for structural characterization, and with XPS, EDX we accessed the chemical composition and electronic structure of the intermetallic compounds. In combination with catalytic tests of these phases in the challenging propane dehydrogenation and by DFT calculations, we obtain a comprehensive picture of these novel catalyst materials. Their specific crystallographic structure leads to isolated Rhodium sites, which is proposed to be the decisive factor for the catalytic properties of the systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiko Wittkämper
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Hock
- Lehrstuhl für Kristallographie und Strukturphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Weißer
- Lehrstuhl für Kristallographie und Strukturphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Johannes Dallmann
- Lehrstuhl für Kristallographie und Strukturphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carola Vogel
- Lehrstuhl für Kristallographie und Strukturphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Narayanan Raman
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicola Tacardi
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Haumann
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tzung-En Hsieh
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Maisel
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Moritz
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wichmann
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Frisch
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mihaela Gorgoi
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Department X-Ray Spectroscopy at Interfaces of Thin Films, Helmholtz Institute for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mingjian Wu
- Lehrstuhl für Werkstoffwissenschaften (Mikro- und Nanostrukturforschung), Cauerstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Lehrstuhl für Werkstoffwissenschaften (Mikro- und Nanostrukturforschung), Cauerstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Unruh
- Lehrstuhl für Kristallographie und Strukturphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany. .,Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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20
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Computational study of propene selectivity and yield in the dehydrogenation of propane via process simulation approach. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2022-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Propene is a vital feedstock in the petrochemical industry with a vast range of applications. And there is a continuous rise in propene demand. To gain insight into how the on-purpose method could help meet the demand in the propene market, we investigated the impact of temperature (T) and pressure (P) on product distribution in terms of product yield and selectivity using the process simulation approach. Existing related studies were deployed to identify possible products that could be evaluated in the simulation. In the study, we used Gibbs minimization (with Gibb’s reactor) to predict the likely products obtained at different T and P. The impact of feed purity on product distribution was also evaluated. The study was aided by using the Aspen HYSYS process simulator, while Design Expert was used to search for the optimum conditions for higher conversion, yield, and selectivity. Results obtained for the modeling and simulation of the process show that operating the production process at a lower pressure would favor higher selectivity within the temperature range of 500–600 °C. In comparison, the one run at a higher pressure was predicted to be only promising, showing better selectivity within the range of 550–650 °C. The feed purity significantly impacts the propene amount, especially for one with sulfur impurity, leading to the formation of smaller olefins and sulfide compounds. Our study reveals the importance of reviewing feed purity before charging them into the dehydrogenation reactor to prevent poisoning, coking, and other activities, which do lead to undesired products like methane and ethylene. A catalyst can also be designed to efficiently dehydrogenate the propane to propene at a lower temperature to prevent side reactions.
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21
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Lambie S, Steenbergen KG, Gaston N. Dynamic Activation of Ga Sites by Pt Dopant in Low-Temperature Liquid-Metal Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202219009. [PMID: 36807956 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202219009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Liquid GaPt catalysts with Pt concentrations as low as 1×10-4 atomic % have recently been identified as highly active for the oxidation of methanol and pyrogallol under mild reaction conditions. However, almost nothing is known about how liquid state catalysts support these significant improvements in activity. Here, ab initio molecular dynamics simulations are employed to examine GaPt catalysts in isolation and interacting with adsorbates. We find that persistent geometric features can exist in the liquid state, given the correct environment. We postulate that the Pt dopant may not be limited to direct involvement in catalysis of reactions, but rather that its presence can also enable Ga atoms to become catalytically active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Lambie
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Krista G Steenbergen
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Gaston
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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22
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Sarma BB, Maurer F, Doronkin DE, Grunwaldt JD. Design of Single-Atom Catalysts and Tracking Their Fate Using Operando and Advanced X-ray Spectroscopic Tools. Chem Rev 2022; 123:379-444. [PMID: 36418229 PMCID: PMC9837826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The potential of operando X-ray techniques for following the structure, fate, and active site of single-atom catalysts (SACs) is highlighted with emphasis on a synergetic approach of both topics. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and related X-ray techniques have become fascinating tools to characterize solids and they can be applied to almost all the transition metals deriving information about the symmetry, oxidation state, local coordination, and many more structural and electronic properties. SACs, a newly coined concept, recently gained much attention in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. In this way, one can achieve a minimum use of the metal, theoretically highest efficiency, and the design of only one active site-so-called single site catalysts. While single sites are not easy to characterize especially under operating conditions, XAS as local probe together with complementary methods (infrared spectroscopy, electron microscopy) is ideal in this research area to prove the structure of these sites and the dynamic changes during reaction. In this review, starting from their fundamentals, various techniques related to conventional XAS and X-ray photon in/out techniques applied to single sites are discussed with detailed mechanistic and in situ/operando studies. We systematically summarize the design strategies of SACs and outline their exploration with XAS supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and recent machine learning tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidyut Bikash Sarma
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany,Institute
of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany,
| | - Florian Maurer
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dmitry E. Doronkin
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany,Institute
of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany,Institute
of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany,
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23
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Feng F, Zhang H, Chu S, Zhang Q, Wang C, Wang G, Wang F, Bing L, Han D. Recent progress on the traditional and emerging catalysts for propane dehydrogenation. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Nakaya Y, Furukawa S. Catalysis of Alloys: Classification, Principles, and Design for a Variety of Materials and Reactions. Chem Rev 2022; 123:5859-5947. [PMID: 36170063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alloying has long been used as a promising methodology to improve the catalytic performance of metallic materials. In recent years, the field of alloy catalysis has made remarkable progress with the emergence of a variety of novel alloy materials and their functions. Therefore, a comprehensive disciplinary framework for catalytic chemistry of alloys that provides a cross-sectional understanding of the broad research field is in high demand. In this review, we provide a comprehensive classification of various alloy materials based on metallurgy, thermodynamics, and inorganic chemistry and summarize the roles of alloying in catalysis and its principles with a brief introduction of the historical background of this research field. Furthermore, we explain how each type of alloy can be used as a catalyst material and how to design a functional catalyst for the target reaction by introducing representative case studies. This review includes two approaches, namely, from materials and reactions, to provide a better understanding of the catalytic chemistry of alloys. Our review offers a perspective on this research field and can be used encyclopedically according to the readers' individual interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nakaya
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N-21, W-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Shinya Furukawa
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N-21, W-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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25
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Qi Y, Li N, Zhang K, Yang Y, Ren Z, You J, Hou Q, Shen C, Jin T, Peng Z, Xie K. Dynamic Liquid Metal Catalysts for Boosted Lithium Polysulfides Redox Reaction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2204810. [PMID: 35953449 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Designing efficient electrocatalysts with high electroconductivity, strong chemisorption, and superior catalytical efficiency to realize rapid kinetics of the lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) conversion process is crucial for practical lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery applications. Unfortunately, most current electrocatalysts cannot maintain long-term stability due to the possible failure of catalytic sites. Herein, a novel dynamic electrocatalytic strategy with the liquid metal (i.e., gallium-tin, EGaSn) to facilitate LiPSs redox reaction is reported. The combined theoretical simulations and microstructure experiment analysis reveal that Sn atoms dynamically distributed in the liquid Ga matrix act as the main active catalytic center. Meanwhile, Ga provides a uniquely dynamic environment to maintain the long-term integrity of the catalytic system. With the participation of EGaSn, a tailor-made 2 Ah Li-S pouch cell with a specific energy density of 307.7 Wh kg-1 is realized. This work opens up new opportunities for liquid-phase binary alloys as electrocatalysts for high-specific-energy Li-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zengying Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Jingyuan You
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Qian Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Chao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Ting Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zuling Peng
- CALB Technology Co., Ltd., No.1 Jiangdong Avenue, Jintan District, Changzhou, 213200, China
| | - Keyu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China
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26
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Yuan Y, Lee JS, Lobo RF. Ga +-Chabazite Zeolite: A Highly Selective Catalyst for Nonoxidative Propane Dehydrogenation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15079-15092. [PMID: 35793461 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ga-chabazite zeolites (Ga-CHA) have been found to efficiently catalyze propane dehydrogenation with high propylene selectivity (96%). In situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and pulse titrations are employed to determine that upon reduction, surface Ga2O3 is reduced and diffuses into the zeolite pores, displacing the Brønsted acid sites and forming extra-framework Ga+ sites. This isolated Ga+ site reacts reversibly with H2 to form GaHx (2034 cm-1) with an enthalpy of formation of ∼-51.2 kJ·mol-1, a result supported by density functional theory calculations. The initial C3H8 dehydrogenation rates decrease rapidly (40%) during the first 100 min and then decline slowly afterward, while the C3H6 selectivity is stable at ∼96%. The reduction in the reaction rate is correlated with the formation of polycyclic aromatics inside the zeolite (using UV-vis spectroscopy) indicating that the accumulation of polycyclic aromatics is the main cause of the deactivation. The carbon species formed can be easily oxidized at 600 °C with complete recovery of the PDH catalytic properties. The correlations between GaHx vs Ga/Al ratio and PDH rates vs Ga/Al ratio show that extra-framework Ga+ is the active center catalyzing propane dehydrogenation. The higher reaction rate on Ga+ than In+ in CHA zeolites, by a factor of 43, is the result of differences in the stabilization of the transition state due to the higher stability of Ga3+ vs In3+. The uniformity of the Ga+ sites in this material makes it an excellent model for the molecular understanding of metal cation-exchanged hydrocarbon interactions in zeolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yuan
- Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jason S Lee
- Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Raul F Lobo
- Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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27
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Abstract
Insights into metal-matrix interactions in atomically dispersed catalytic systems are necessary to exploit the true catalytic activity of isolated metal atoms. Distinct from catalytic atoms spatially separated but immobile in a solid matrix, here we demonstrate that a trace amount of platinum naturally dissolved in liquid gallium can drive a range of catalytic reactions with enhanced kinetics at low temperature (318 to 343 K). Molecular simulations provide evidence that the platinum atoms remain in a liquid state in the gallium matrix without atomic segregation and activate the surrounding gallium atoms for catalysis. When used for electrochemical methanol oxidation, the surface platinum atoms in the gallium-platinum system exhibit an activity of [Formula: see text] three orders of magnitude higher than existing solid platinum catalysts. Such a liquid catalyst system, with a dynamic interface, sets a foundation for future exploration of high-throughput catalysis.
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28
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Freiberger EM, Düll F, Wichmann C, Bauer U, Steinrück HP, Papp C. A high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study on the adsorption and reaction of ethylene on Rh(1 1 1). Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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29
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Unveiling the catalyst deactivation mechanism in the non-oxidative dehydrogenation of light alkanes on Rh(111): Density functional theory and kinetic Monte Carlo study. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Okatenko V, Castilla-Amorós L, Stoian DC, Vávra J, Loiudice A, Buonsanti R. The Native Oxide Skin of Liquid Metal Ga Nanoparticles Prevents Their Rapid Coalescence during Electrocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10053-10063. [PMID: 35616631 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Liquid metals (LMs) have been used in electrochemistry since the 19th century, but it is only recently that they have emerged as electrocatalysts with unique properties, such as inherent resistance to coke poisoning, which derives from the dynamic nature of their surface. The use of LM nanoparticles (NPs) as electrocatalysts is highly desirable to enhance any surface-related phenomena. However, LM NPs are expected to rapidly coalesce, similarly to liquid drops, which makes their implementation in electrocatalysis hard to envision. Herein, we demonstrate that liquid Ga NPs (18 nm, 26 nm, 39 nm) drive the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) while remaining well-separated from each other. CO is generated with a maximum faradaic efficiency of around 30% at -0.7 VRHE, which is similar to that of bulk Ga. The combination of electrochemical, microscopic, and spectroscopic techniques, including operando X-ray absorption, indicates that the native oxide skin of the Ga NPs is still present during CO2RR and provides a barrier to coalescence during operation. This discovery provides an avenue for future development of Ga-based LM NPs as a new class of electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Okatenko
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Politechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Laia Castilla-Amorós
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Politechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, CH-1950, Switzerland
| | | | - Jan Vávra
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Politechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Anna Loiudice
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Politechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Buonsanti
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Politechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, CH-1950, Switzerland
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31
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Yuan Y, Lobo RF. Propane dehydrogenation over extra-framework In(i) in chabazite zeolites. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2954-2964. [PMID: 35382476 PMCID: PMC8905846 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05866e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Indium on silica, alumina and zeolite chabazite (CHA), with a range of In/Al ratios and Si/Al ratios, have been investigated to understand the effect of the support on indium speciation and its corresponding influence on propane dehydrogenation (PDH). It is found that In2O3 is formed on the external surface of the zeolite crystal after the addition of In(NO3)3 to H-CHA by incipient wetness impregnation and calcination. Upon reduction in H2 gas (550 °C), indium displaces the proton in Brønsted acid sites (BASs), forming extra-framework In+ species (In-CHA). A stoichiometric ratio of 1.5 of formed H2O to consumed H2 during H2 pulsed reduction experiments confirms the indium oxidation state of +1. The reduced indium is different from the indium species observed on samples of 10In/SiO2, 10In/Al2O3 (i.e., 10 wt% indium) and bulk In2O3, in which In2O3 was reduced to In(0), as determined from the X-ray diffraction patterns of the product, H2 temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR) profiles, pulse reactor investigations and in situ transmission FTIR spectroscopy. The BASs in H-CHA facilitate the formation and stabilization of In+ cations in extra-framework positions, and prevent the deep reduction of In2O3 to In(0). In+ cations in the CHA zeolite can be oxidized with O2 to form indium oxide species and can be reduced again with H2 quantitatively. At comparable conversion, In-CHA shows better stability and C3H6 selectivity (∼85%) than In2O3, 10In/SiO2 and 10In/Al2O3, consistent with a low C3H8 dehydrogenation activation energy (94.3 kJ mol−1) and high C3H8 cracking activation energy (206 kJ mol−1) in the In-CHA catalyst. A high Si/Al ratio in CHA seems beneficial for PDH by decreasing the fraction of CHA cages containing multiple In+ cations. Other small-pore zeolite-stabilized metal cation sites could form highly stable and selective catalysts for this and facilitate other alkane dehydrogenation reactions. Indium-containing chabazite zeolites show better stability and C3H6 selectivity for propane dehydrogenation than In2O3, In/SiO2 and In/Al2O3. Extra-framework In+ is identified as the stable active site upon reduction of an impregnated sample.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yuan
- Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Raul F Lobo
- Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA
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32
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Zaera F. Designing Sites in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Are We Reaching Selectivities Competitive With Those of Homogeneous Catalysts? Chem Rev 2022; 122:8594-8757. [PMID: 35240777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A critical review of different prominent nanotechnologies adapted to catalysis is provided, with focus on how they contribute to the improvement of selectivity in heterogeneous catalysis. Ways to modify catalytic sites range from the use of the reversible or irreversible adsorption of molecular modifiers to the immobilization or tethering of homogeneous catalysts and the development of well-defined catalytic sites on solid surfaces. The latter covers methods for the dispersion of single-atom sites within solid supports as well as the use of complex nanostructures, and it includes the post-modification of materials via processes such as silylation and atomic layer deposition. All these methodologies exhibit both advantages and limitations, but all offer new avenues for the design of catalysts for specific applications. Because of the high cost of most nanotechnologies and the fact that the resulting materials may exhibit limited thermal or chemical stability, they may be best aimed at improving the selective synthesis of high value-added chemicals, to be incorporated in organic synthesis schemes, but other applications are being explored as well to address problems in energy production, for instance, and to design greener chemical processes. The details of each of these approaches are discussed, and representative examples are provided. We conclude with some general remarks on the future of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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33
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Kim H, Yoo TY, Bootharaju MS, Kim JH, Chung DY, Hyeon T. Noble Metal-Based Multimetallic Nanoparticles for Electrocatalytic Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104054. [PMID: 34791823 PMCID: PMC8728832 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Noble metal-based multimetallic nanoparticles (NMMNs) have attracted great attention for their multifunctional and synergistic effects, which offer numerous catalytic applications. Combined experimental and theoretical studies have enabled formulation of various design principles for tuning the electrocatalytic performance through controlling size, composition, morphology, and crystal structure of the nanoparticles. Despite significant advancements in the field, the chemical synthesis of NMMNs with ideal characteristics for catalysis, including high activity, stability, product-selectivity, and scalability is still challenging. This review provides an overview on structure-based classification and the general synthesis of NMMN electrocatalysts. Furthermore, postsynthetic treatments, such as the removal of surfactants to optimize the activity, and utilization of NMMNs onto suitable support for practical electrocatalytic applications are highlighted. In the end, future direction and challenges associated with the electrocatalysis of NMMNs are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjoong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle ResearchInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)Seoul08826Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineeringand Institute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yong Yoo
- Center for Nanoparticle ResearchInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)Seoul08826Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineeringand Institute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Megalamane S. Bootharaju
- Center for Nanoparticle ResearchInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)Seoul08826Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineeringand Institute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle ResearchInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)Seoul08826Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineeringand Institute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Chung
- Department of ChemistryGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)Gwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle ResearchInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)Seoul08826Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineeringand Institute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
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Liu Y, Zhang G, Wang J, Zhu J, Zhang X, Miller JT, Song C, Guo X. Promoting propane dehydrogenation with CO2 over Ga2O3/SiO2 by eliminating Ga-hydrides. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63900-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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35
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Søgaard A, de Oliveira AL, Taccardi N, Haumann M, Wasserscheid P. Ga-Ni supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions (SCALMS) for selective ethylene oligomerization. Catal Sci Technol 2021; 11:7535-7539. [PMID: 34912539 PMCID: PMC8630613 DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01146d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-precious metal supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions exhibit attractive performance in ethylene oligomerization. It is found for the Ga-Ni system on silica that the performance depends strongly on the applied Ga/Ni ratio. Ga-rich systems forming liquid alloys exhibit a far higher Ni-based catalytic activity than solid intermetallic compounds or Ni nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Søgaard
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Ana Luíza de Oliveira
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK 11) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Nicola Taccardi
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Marco Haumann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany .,Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK 11) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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36
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Raman N, Wolf M, Heller M, Heene-Würl N, Taccardi N, Haumann M, Felfer P, Wasserscheid P. GaPt Supported Catalytically Active Liquid Metal Solution Catalysis for Propane Dehydrogenation-Support Influence and Coking Studies. ACS Catal 2021; 11:13423-13433. [PMID: 34777909 PMCID: PMC8576810 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Supported catalytically
active liquid metal solutions (SCALMS)
of Pt in Ga (2 at.-% Pt) were studied in the temperature range of
500 to 600 °C for propane dehydrogenation. A facile synthesis
procedure using ultrasonication was implemented and compared to a
previously reported organo-chemical route for gallium deposition.
The procedure was applied to synthesize GaPt-SCALMS catalyst on silica
(SiO2), alumina (Al2O3), and silicon
carbide (SiC) to investigate the effect of the support material on
the catalytic performance. The SiC-based SCALMS catalyst showed the
highest activity, while SiO2-based SCALMS showed the highest
stability and lowest cracking tendency at higher temperatures. The
selectivity toward propene for the SiO2-based catalyst
remained above 93% at 600 °C. The catalysts were analyzed for
coke content after use by temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) and
Raman spectroscopy. While the SiC- and SiO2-supported SCALMS
systems showed hardly any coke formation, the Al2O3-supported systems suffered from pronounced coking. SEM-EDX
analyses of the catalysts before and after reaction indicated that
no perceivable morphological changes occur during reaction. The SCALMS
catalysts under investigation are compared with supported Pt and supported
GaPt solid-phase catalyst, and possible deactivation pathways are
discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanan Raman
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Moritz Wolf
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martina Heller
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Werkstoffwissenschaften, Martenstrstr. 5-7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nina Heene-Würl
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicola Taccardi
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Haumann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Felfer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Werkstoffwissenschaften, Martenstrstr. 5-7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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37
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C3N Non-metallic Catalyst for Propane Dehydrogenation: A Density Functional Theory Study. Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03564-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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38
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Yuan Y, Brady C, Lobo RF, Xu B. Understanding the Correlation between Ga Speciation and Propane Dehydrogenation Activity on Ga/H-ZSM-5 Catalysts. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yuan
- Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Casper Brady
- Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Raul F. Lobo
- Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Bingjun Xu
- Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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39
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Unraveling Structural Details in Ga-Pd SCALMS Systems Using Correlative Nano-CT, 360° Electron Tomography and Analytical TEM. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11070810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a comprehensive structural and analytical characterization of the highly promising supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions (SCALMS) system. This novel catalyst shows excellent performance for alkane dehydrogenation, especially in terms of resistance to coking. SCALMS consists of a porous support containing catalytically active low-melting alloy particles (e.g., Ga-Pd) featuring a complex structure, which are liquid at reaction temperature. High-resolution 3D characterization at various length scales is required to reveal the complex pore morphology and catalytically active sites’ location. Nano X-ray computed tomography (nano-CT) in combination with electron tomography (ET) enables nondestructive and scale-bridging 3D materials research. We developed and applied a correlative approach using nano-CT, 360°-ET and analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to decipher the morphology, distribution and chemical composition of the Ga-Pd droplets of the SCALMS system over several length scales. Utilizing ET-based segmentations of nano-CT reconstructions, we are able to reliably reveal the homogenous porous support network with embedded Ga-Pd droplets featuring a nonhomogenous elemental distribution of Ga and Pd. In contrast, large Ga-Pd droplets with a high Ga/Pd ratio are located on the surface of SCALMS primary particles, whereas the droplet size and the Ga/Pd ratio decreases while advancing into the porous volume. Our studies reveal new findings about the complex structure of SCALMS which are required to understand its superior catalytic performance. Furthermore, advancements in lab-based nano-CT imaging are presented by extending the field of view (FOV) of a single experiment via a multiple region-of-interest (ROI) stitching approach.
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Hannagan RT, Giannakakis G, Réocreux R, Schumann J, Finzel J, Wang Y, Michaelides A, Deshlahra P, Christopher P, Flytzani-Stephanopoulos M, Stamatakis M, Sykes ECH. First-principles design of a single-atom–alloy propane dehydrogenation catalyst. Science 2021. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abg8389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Rhodium atoms for alkane dehydrogenation
Nanoparticles of rhodium dispersed on metal oxides are generally poor catalysts for alkane dehydrogenation because the reactants bind too strongly to the metal. Hannagan
et al.
performed first-principle calculations indicating that single rhodium atoms in a copper surface should be stable and selective for conversion of propane to propene and hydrogen. Model studies of single rhodium atoms embedded in a copper (111) surface revealed a very high selectivity to propene and high resistance to the formation of surface carbon that would deactivate the catalyst.
Science
, abg8389, this issue p.
1444
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T. Hannagan
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Georgios Giannakakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Romain Réocreux
- Thomas Young Centre and Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Julia Schumann
- Thomas Young Centre and Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jordan Finzel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Yicheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Angelos Michaelides
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Prashant Deshlahra
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Phillip Christopher
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | | | - Michail Stamatakis
- Thomas Young Centre and Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
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41
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Abstract
In the past several decades, light alkane dehydrogenation to mono-olefins, especially propane dehydrogenation to propylene has gained widespread attention and much development in the field of research and commercial application. Under suitable conditions, the supported Pt-Sn and CrOx catalysts widely used in industry exhibit satisfactory dehydrogenation activity and selectivity. However, the high cost of Pt and the potential environmental problems of CrOx have driven researchers to improve the coking and sintering resistance of Pt catalysts, and to find new non-noble metal and environment-friendly catalysts. As for the development of the reactor, it should be noted that low operation pressure is beneficial for improving the single-pass conversion, decreasing the amount of unconverted alkane recycled back to the reactor, and reducing the energy consumption of the whole process. Therefore, the research direction of reactor improvement is towards reducing the pressure drop. This review is aimed at introducing the characteristics of the dehydrogenation reaction, the progress made in the development of catalysts and reactors, and a new understanding of reaction mechanism as well as its guiding role in the development of catalyst and reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China.
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He J, Liang S, Li F, Yang Q, Huang M, He Y, Fan X, Wu M. Recent Development in Liquid Metal Materials. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:360-372. [PMID: 33656291 PMCID: PMC7953469 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid metals (LM) have shown a very broad development prospect over the past decades. This review article focuses on the latest research dedicated to liquid metal materials and their applications in five significant areas: stretchable conductive composite, intelligent sensing electronic skin, catalysis, 3D printing material, and driving machines. The fabrication, specific properties and application of stretchable liquid metal-polymer composites that can be used as self-healing materials have been summarized. Liquid metal deposition printing technology, liquid phase 3D printing, suspension 3D printing technology, micro-contact printing technology, and in vivo 3D printing molding technology have also been reviewed. Furthermore, the application of liquid metal catalyst in aldehyde reaction, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis have been discussed. We have shown that electricity, magnetism, sound, light and heat could stimulate the movement of liquid metal. Through this comprehensive overview of the latest research, the main practical application, development, and mechanism of liquid metal were summarized and described. The future development of liquid metal technology was prospected, thus providing a strong basic research support for the further development of LM materials and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng He
- College of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringChongqing University of Arts and Sciences YongChuanChongqing402160China
| | - Shuting Liang
- College of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringChongqing University of Arts and Sciences YongChuanChongqing402160China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials & Remediation TechnologiesChongqing University of Arts and Sciences YongChuanChongqing402160China
| | - Fengjiao Li
- Shenzhen Automotive Research InstituteBeijing Institute of TechnologyShenzhen518118China
| | - Qiangbin Yang
- College of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringChongqing University of Arts and Sciences YongChuanChongqing402160China
| | - Mengjun Huang
- College of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringChongqing University of Arts and Sciences YongChuanChongqing402160China
| | - Yu He
- College of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringChongqing University of Arts and Sciences YongChuanChongqing402160China
| | - Xiaona Fan
- College of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringChongqing University of Arts and Sciences YongChuanChongqing402160China
| | - Meilin Wu
- College of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringChongqing University of Arts and Sciences YongChuanChongqing402160China
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43
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Liu S, Zhang B, Liu G. Metal-based catalysts for the non-oxidative dehydrogenation of light alkanes to light olefins. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00381f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of metal-based catalysts, including Pt-, Pd-, Rh- and Ni-based bimetallic catalysts for non-oxidative dehydrogenation of light alkanes to olefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Bofeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Guozhu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
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Farahani MD, Fadlalla MI, Ezekiel IP, Osman NSE, Moyo T, Claeys M, Friedrich HB. Nb 2O 5 as a radical modulator during oxidative dehydrogenation and as a Lewis acid promoter in CO 2 assisted dehydrogenation of octane over confined 2D engineered NiO–Nb 2O 5–Al 2O 3. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00550b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ordered mesoporous 2D NiO–Nb2O5–Al2O3 nano-composites were used for CO2 assisted dehydrogenation of n-octane; and the close proximity of Ni and Nb2O5 in the optimised catalyst promoted CO2 dissociation and substantially prolonged alkane activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid D. Farahani
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
| | - Mohamed I. Fadlalla
- Catalysis Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Cape Town
- South Africa
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis
- c*change
| | | | - Nadir S. E. Osman
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
| | - Thomas Moyo
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
| | - Michael Claeys
- Catalysis Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Cape Town
- South Africa
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis
- c*change
| | - Holger B. Friedrich
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
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45
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Dai Y, Gao X, Wang Q, Wan X, Zhou C, Yang Y. Recent progress in heterogeneous metal and metal oxide catalysts for direct dehydrogenation of ethane and propane. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5590-5630. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01260b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metal and metal oxide catalysts for non-oxidative ethane/propane dehydrogenation are outlined with respect to catalyst synthesis, structure–property relationship and catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihu Dai
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Xing Gao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Qiaojuan Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Xiaoyue Wan
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Chunmei Zhou
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Yanhui Yang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
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Wolf M, Raman N, Taccardi N, Horn R, Haumann M, Wasserscheid P. Capturing spatially resolved kinetic data and coking of Ga–Pt supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions during propane dehydrogenation in situ. Faraday Discuss 2021; 229:359-377. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00010h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Spatially resolved kinetic data of gallium–platinum SCALMS was captured while elucidating the effect of carrier material on coke formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Wolf
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Narayanan Raman
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Nicola Taccardi
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Raimund Horn
- Technische Universität Hamburg (TUHH)
- Institut für Chemische Reaktionstechnik, V-2
- 21073 Hamburg
- Germany
| | - Marco Haumann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich
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Wittkämper H, Maisel S, Moritz M, Grabau M, Görling A, Steinrück HP, Papp C. Surface oxidation-induced restructuring of liquid Pd-Ga SCALMS model catalysts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:16324-16333. [PMID: 34313278 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02458b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have examined model systems for the recently reported Pd-Ga Supported Catalytically Active Liquid Metal Solutions (SCALMS) catalysts using near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) under oxidizing conditions. Gallium is known to be highly prone to oxidation and in practical applications, handling of the catalyst material in air or the presence of traces of oxygen in the reactor are unavoidable. Therefore, we expect our results to be of high relevance for the application of Ga-based SCALMS catalysts. Pd-Ga alloy samples of 1.3 and 1.8 at% Pd content were exposed to molecular oxygen at different pressures between 3 × 10-7 and 1 mbar and a temperature of 550 K. We observe the formation of wetting Ga2O3 films upon exposure to molecular oxygen. The absolute thicknesses of the oxide films depend on oxygen pressure, with values ranging from ∼12 Å at 10-7 to 10-5 mbar to ∼50 Å at 1 mbar. The formed metal-oxide interface leads to a redistribution of Pd, which accumulates at the boundary between the wetting oxide film and the metal substrate as a response to the oxide film growth. A maximum Pd 3d intensity is observed at an oxide thickness of 5 Å. For thicker films, the Pd 3d signal and the Ga 3d signal ascribed to the metallic substrate decrease in parallel, which is attributed to the oxide layer growing on top of the liquid metal alloy. From this observation, we conclude that no significant amount of Pd is bound in the newly formed oxide film. Density-functional theory (DFT) calculations support the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiko Wittkämper
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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Natarajan P, Khan HA, Jaleel A, Park DS, Kang DC, Yoon S, Jung KD. The pronounced effect of Sn on RhSn catalysts for propane dehydrogenation. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ab Initio Multiscale Process Modeling of Ethane, Propane and Butane Dehydrogenation Reactions: A Review. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10121405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Olefins are among the most important structural building blocks for a plethora of chemical reaction products, including petrochemicals, biomaterials and pharmaceuticals. An ever-increasing economic demand has urged scientists, engineers and industry to develop novel technical methods for the dehydrogenation of parent alkane molecules. In particular, the catalysis over precious metal or metal oxide catalysts has been put forward as an alternative way route to thermal-, steam- and fluid catalytic cracking (FCC). Multiscale system modeling as a tool to theoretically understand processes has in the past decade period evolved from a rudimentary measurement-complementing approach to a useful engineering environment. Not only can it predict various experimentally obtained parameters, such as conversion, activity, and selectivity, but it can help us to simulate trends, when changing applicative operating conditions, such as surface gas temperature or pressure, or even support us in the search for the type of materials, their geometrical properties and phases for a better functional performance. An overview of the current set state of the art for saturated organic short chain hydrocarbons (ethane, propane and butane) is presented. Studies that combine at least two different dimensional scales, ranging from atomistic-, bridging across mechanistic mesoscale kinetics, towards reactor- or macroscale, are focused on. Insights considering reactivity are compared.
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