1
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Hsieh TE, Frisch J, Wilks RG, Papp C, Bär M. Impact of Catalysis-Relevant Oxidation and Annealing Treatments on Nanostructured GaRh Alloys. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:19858-19865. [PMID: 38591845 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we examine the surface-derived electronic and chemical structures of nanostructured GaRh alloys as a model system for supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions (SCALMS), a novel catalyst candidate for dehydrogenation reactions that are important for the petrochemical and hydrogen energy industry. It is reported that under ambient conditions, SCALMS tends to form a gallium oxide shell, which can be removed by an activation treatment at elevated temperatures and hydrogen flow to enhance the catalytic reactivity. We prepared a 7 at. % Rh containing the GaRh sample and interrogated the evolution of the surface chemical and electronic structure by photoelectron spectroscopy (complemented by scanning electron microscopy) upon performing surface oxidation and (activation treatment mimicking) annealing treatments in ultrahigh vacuum conditions. The initially pronounced Rh 4d and Fermi level-derived states in the valence band spectra disappear upon oxidation (due to formation of a GaOx shell) but reemerge upon annealing, especially for temperatures of 600 °C and above, i.e., when the GaOx shell is efficiently being removed and the Ga matrix is expected to be liquid. At the same temperature, new spectroscopic features at both the high and low binding energy sides of the Rh 3d5/2 spectra are observed, which we attribute to new GaRh species with depleted and enriched Rh contents, respectively. A liquefied and GaOx-free surface is also expected for GaRh SCALMS at reaction conditions, and thus the revealed high-temperature properties of the GaRh alloy provide insights about respective catalysts at work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzung-En Hsieh
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Frisch
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Freie Universität Berlin, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Energy Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department X-ray Spectroscopy at Interfaces of Thin Films, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), 12489 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Wibowo RE, Garcia-Diez R, Bystron T, van der Merwe M, Prokop M, Arce MD, Efimenko A, Steigert A, Bernauer M, Wilks RG, Bouzek K, Bär M. Elucidating the Complex Oxidation Behavior of Aqueous H 3PO 3 on Pt Electrodes via In Situ Tender X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure Spectroscopy at the P K-Edge. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7386-7399. [PMID: 38459944 PMCID: PMC10958492 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
In situ tender X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the P K-edge was utilized to investigate the oxidation mechanism of aqueous H3PO3 on Pt electrodes under various conditions relevant to high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) applications. XANES and electrochemical analysis were conducted under different tender X-ray irradiation doses, revealing that intense radiation induces the oxidation of aqueous H3PO3 via H2O yielding H3PO4 and H2. A broadly applicable experimental procedure was successfully developed to suppress these undesirable radiation-induced effects, enabling a more accurate determination of the aqueous H3PO3 oxidation mechanism. In situ XANES studies of aqueous 5 mol dm-3 H3PO3 on electrodes with varying Pt availability and surface roughness reveal that Pt catalyzes the oxidation of aqueous H3PO3 to H3PO4. This oxidation is enhanced upon applying a positive potential to the Pt electrode or raising the electrolyte temperature, the latter being corroborated by complementary ion-exchange chromatography measurements. Notably, all of these oxidation processes involve reactions with H2O, as further supported by XANES measurements of aqueous H3PO3 of different concentrations, showing a more pronounced oxidation in electrolytes with a higher H2O content. The significant role of water in the oxidation of H3PO3 to H3PO4 supports the reaction mechanisms proposed for various chemical processes observed in this work and provides valuable insights into potential strategies to mitigate Pt catalyst poisoning by H3PO3 during HT-PEMFC operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romualdus Enggar Wibowo
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Raul Garcia-Diez
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomas Bystron
- Department
of Inorganic Technology, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Marianne van der Merwe
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Prokop
- Department
of Inorganic Technology, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Mauricio D. Arce
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Departamento
Caracterización de Materiales, INN-CNEA-CONICET, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Avenida Bustillo 9500, S. C. de Bariloche, Rio Negro 8400, Argentina
| | - Anna Efimenko
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy
Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH
(HZB), Albert-Einstein
Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Steigert
- Institute
of Nanospectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Milan Bernauer
- Department
of Inorganic Technology, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Regan G. Wilks
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy
Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH
(HZB), Albert-Einstein
Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karel Bouzek
- Department
of Inorganic Technology, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Marcus Bär
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy
Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH
(HZB), Albert-Einstein
Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of X-ray Spectroscopy at Interfaces of Thin Films, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy
(HI ERN), Albert-Einstein-Straße
15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Iqbal Z, Félix R, Musiienko A, Thiesbrummel J, Köbler H, Gutierrez-Partida E, Gries TW, Hüsam E, Saleh A, Wilks RG, Zhang J, Stolterfoht M, Neher D, Albrecht S, Bär M, Abate A, Wang Q. Unveiling the Potential of Ambient Air Annealing for Highly Efficient Inorganic CsPbI 3 Perovskite Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4642-4651. [PMID: 38335142 PMCID: PMC10885157 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Here, we report a detailed surface analysis of dry- and ambient air-annealed CsPbI3 films and their subsequent modified interfaces in perovskite solar cells. We revealed that annealing in ambient air does not adversely affect the optoelectronic properties of the semiconducting film; instead, ambient air-annealed samples undergo a surface modification, causing an enhancement of band bending, as determined by hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. We observe interface charge carrier dynamics changes, improving the charge carrier extraction in CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells. Optical spectroscopic measurements show that trap state density is decreased due to ambient air annealing. As a result, air-annealed CsPbI3-based n-i-p structure devices achieved a 19.8% power conversion efficiency with a 1.23 V open circuit voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Iqbal
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roberto Félix
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Artem Musiienko
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jarla Thiesbrummel
- Institute for Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Hans Köbler
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Emilio Gutierrez-Partida
- Institute for Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Thomas W Gries
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elif Hüsam
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ahmed Saleh
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jiahuan Zhang
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Stolterfoht
- Institute for Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Electronic Engineering Department, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, SAR China
| | - Dieter Neher
- Institute for Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Steve Albrecht
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerland Street 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), Albert-Einstein-Street 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonio Abate
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Qiong Wang
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
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4
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Ralaiarisoa M, Frisch J, Frégnaux M, Cacovich S, Yaïche A, Rousset J, Gorgoi M, Ceratti DR, Kodalle T, Roncoroni F, Guillemoles JF, Etcheberry A, Bouttemy M, Wilks RG, Bär M, Schulz P. Influence of X-Ray Irradiation During Photoemission Studies on Halide Perovskite-Based Devices. Small Methods 2023; 7:e2300458. [PMID: 37712197 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) are semiconductors with promising application in optoelectronic devices, particularly, in solar cell technologies. The chemical and electronic properties of MHPs at the surface and interfaces with adjacent layers dictate charge transfer within stacked devices and ultimately the efficiency of the latter. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is a powerful tool to characterize these material properties. However, the X-ray radiation itself can potentially affect the MHP and therefore jeopardize the reliability of the obtained information. In this work, the effect of X-ray irradiation is assessed on Cs0.05 MA0.15 FA0.8 Pb(I0.85 Br0.15 )3 (MA for CH3 NH3 , and FA for CH2 (NH2 )2 ) MHP thin-film samples in a half-cell device. There is a comparison of measurements acquired with synchrotron radiation and a conventional laboratory source for different times. Changes in composition and core levels binding energies are observed in both cases, indicating a modification of the chemical and electronic properties. The results suggest that changes observed over minutes with highly brilliant synchrotron radiation are likely occurring over hours when working with a lab-based source providing a lower photon flux. The possible degradation pathways are discussed, supported by steady-state photoluminescence analysis. The work stresses the importance of beam effect assessment at the beginning of XPS experiments of MHP samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryline Ralaiarisoa
- Institut Photovoltaïque d'Île-de-France (IPVF), UMR 9006, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Chimie Paristech, PSL, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - Johannes Frisch
- Department of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathieu Frégnaux
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles (ILV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR 8180, 45 Avenue des États Unis, Versailles, 78000, France
| | - Stefania Cacovich
- Institut Photovoltaïque d'Île-de-France (IPVF), UMR 9006, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Chimie Paristech, PSL, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - Armelle Yaïche
- Électricité de France, Institut Photovoltaïque d'Île-de-France, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - Jean Rousset
- Électricité de France, Institut Photovoltaïque d'Île-de-France, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - Mihaela Gorgoi
- Energy Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Davide R Ceratti
- Institut Photovoltaïque d'Île-de-France (IPVF), UMR 9006, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Chimie Paristech, PSL, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, Palaiseau, 91120, France
- CNRS, Collège de France, UMR 7574, Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Tim Kodalle
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Fabrice Roncoroni
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jean-François Guillemoles
- Institut Photovoltaïque d'Île-de-France (IPVF), UMR 9006, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Chimie Paristech, PSL, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - Arnaud Etcheberry
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles (ILV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR 8180, 45 Avenue des États Unis, Versailles, 78000, France
| | - Muriel Bouttemy
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles (ILV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR 8180, 45 Avenue des États Unis, Versailles, 78000, France
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Department of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- Department of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HIERN), Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philip Schulz
- Institut Photovoltaïque d'Île-de-France (IPVF), UMR 9006, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Chimie Paristech, PSL, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, Palaiseau, 91120, France
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5
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Wibowo RE, Garcia-Diez R, Bystron T, Prokop M, van der Merwe M, Arce MD, Jiménez CE, Hsieh TE, Frisch J, Steigert A, Favaro M, Starr DE, Wilks RG, Bouzek K, Bär M. Oxidation of Aqueous Phosphorous Acid Electrolyte in Contact with Pt Studied by X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:51989-51999. [PMID: 37890003 PMCID: PMC10636727 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of the aqueous H3PO3 in contact with Pt was investigated for a fundamental understanding of the Pt/aqueous H3PO3 interaction with the goal of providing a comprehensive basis for the further optimization of high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs). Ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) experiments suggested that in ambient conditions, Pt catalyzes H3PO3 oxidation to H3PO4 with H2O. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) on different substrates, including Au and Pt, previously treated in H3PO3 solutions was conducted to determine the catalytic abilities of selected metals toward H3PO3 oxidation. In situ ambient pressure hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-HAXPES) combined with the "dip-and-pull" method was performed to investigate the state of H3PO3 at the Pt|H3PO3 interface and in the bulk solution. It was shown that whereas H3PO3 remains stable in the bulk solution, the catalyzed oxidation of H3PO3 by H2O to H3PO4 accompanied by H2 generation occurs in contact with the Pt surface. This catalytic process likely involves H3PO3 adsorption at the Pt surface in a highly reactive pyramidal tautomeric configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romualdus Enggar Wibowo
- Dept.
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
(HZB) für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Raul Garcia-Diez
- Dept.
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
(HZB) für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomas Bystron
- Department
of Inorganic Technology, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Prokop
- Department
of Inorganic Technology, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Marianne van der Merwe
- Dept.
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
(HZB) für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mauricio D. Arce
- Dept.
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
(HZB) für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Departamento
Caracterización de Materiales, INN-CNEA-CONICET,
Centro Atómico Bariloche, Av. Bustillo 9500, S. C. de Bariloche, Rio
Negro 8400, Argentina
| | - Catalina E. Jiménez
- Dept.
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
(HZB) für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tzung-En Hsieh
- Dept.
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
(HZB) für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Frisch
- Dept.
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
(HZB) für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy
Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, Albert-Einstein-Str.
15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Steigert
- Institute
for Nanospectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489Berlin,Germany
| | - Marco Favaro
- Institute
for Solar Fuels, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109Berlin, Germany
| | - David E. Starr
- Institute
for Solar Fuels, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109Berlin, Germany
| | - Regan G. Wilks
- Dept.
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
(HZB) für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy
Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, Albert-Einstein-Str.
15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karel Bouzek
- Department
of Inorganic Technology, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Marcus Bär
- Dept.
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
(HZB) für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy
Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, Albert-Einstein-Str.
15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of X-ray Spectroscopy at Interfaces of Thin Films, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy
(HI ERN), Albert-Einstein-Str.
15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Hsieh TE, Frisch J, Wilks RG, Bär M. Unravelling the Surface Oxidation-Induced Evolution of the Electronic Structure of Gallium. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:47725-47732. [PMID: 37774118 PMCID: PMC10571040 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Gallium is widely used in liquid metal catalyst fabrication, and its oxidized species is a well-known dielectric material. In the past decades, these two species have been well studied separately. However, the surface oxide layer-induced impact on the chemical and electronic structure of (liquid) gallium is still mostly unclear because of the extreme fast formation of thermodynamically stable surface Ga2O3. In this study, we used a combination of direct and inverse photoemission complemented by scanning electron microscopy to examine the surface properties of Ga and Ga oxide (on a SiOx/Si support) and the evolution of the surface structure upon stepwise oxidation and subsequent reduction at an elevated temperature. We find oxidation time-dependent self-limited formation of a substoichiometric Ga2O3-δ surface layer on the Ga nanoparticles. The valence band maximum (conduction band minimum) for this Ga2O3-δ is located at -3.8 (±0.1) eV [1.4 (±0.2) eV] with respect to the Fermi level, resulting in an electronic surface band gap of 5.2 (±0.2) eV. Upon annealing in ultrahigh vacuum conditions, the Ga2O3-δ surface layer can efficiently be removed when using temperatures of 600 °C and higher. This study reveals how the surface properties of Ga nanoparticles are influenced by stepwise oxidation-reduction, providing detailed insights that will benefit the optimization of this material class for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzung-En Hsieh
- Department
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Frisch
- Department
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy
Materials In situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Regan G. Wilks
- Department
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy
Materials In situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- Department
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Energy
Materials In situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department
X-ray Spectroscopy at Interfaces of Thin Films, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy
(HI ERN), 12489 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Wittkämper H, Hock R, Weißer M, Dallmann J, Vogel C, Raman N, Taccardi N, Haumann M, Wasserscheid P, Hsieh TE, Maisel S, Moritz M, Wichmann C, Frisch J, Gorgoi M, Wilks RG, Bär M, Wu M, Spiecker E, Görling A, Unruh T, Steinrück HP, Papp C. Author Correction: Isolated Rh atoms in dehydrogenation catalysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9588. [PMID: 37311974 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35778-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Haiko Wittkämper
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Hock
- Lehrstuhl für Kristallographie und Strukturphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Weißer
- Lehrstuhl für Kristallographie und Strukturphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Johannes Dallmann
- Lehrstuhl für Kristallographie und Strukturphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carola Vogel
- Lehrstuhl für Kristallographie und Strukturphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Narayanan Raman
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicola Taccardi
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Haumann
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tzung-En Hsieh
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Maisel
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Moritz
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wichmann
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Frisch
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mihaela Gorgoi
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Department X-Ray Spectroscopy at Interfaces of Thin Films, Helmholtz Institute for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mingjian Wu
- Lehrstuhl für Werkstoffwissenschaften (Mikro- und Nanostrukturforschung), Cauerstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Lehrstuhl für Werkstoffwissenschaften (Mikro- und Nanostrukturforschung), Cauerstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Unruh
- Lehrstuhl für Kristallographie und Strukturphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
- Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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8
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Wittkämper H, Hock R, Weißer M, Dallmann J, Vogel C, Raman N, Tacardi N, Haumann M, Wasserscheid P, Hsieh TE, Maisel S, Moritz M, Wichmann C, Frisch J, Gorgoi M, Wilks RG, Bär M, Wu M, Spiecker E, Görling A, Unruh T, Steinrück HP, Papp C. Isolated Rh atoms in dehydrogenation catalysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4458. [PMID: 36932106 PMCID: PMC10023779 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolated active sites have great potential to be highly efficient and stable in heterogeneous catalysis, while enabling low costs due to the low transition metal content. Herein, we present results on the synthesis, first catalytic trials, and characterization of the Ga9Rh2 phase and the hitherto not-studied Ga3Rh phase. We used XRD and TEM for structural characterization, and with XPS, EDX we accessed the chemical composition and electronic structure of the intermetallic compounds. In combination with catalytic tests of these phases in the challenging propane dehydrogenation and by DFT calculations, we obtain a comprehensive picture of these novel catalyst materials. Their specific crystallographic structure leads to isolated Rhodium sites, which is proposed to be the decisive factor for the catalytic properties of the systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiko Wittkämper
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Hock
- Lehrstuhl für Kristallographie und Strukturphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Weißer
- Lehrstuhl für Kristallographie und Strukturphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Johannes Dallmann
- Lehrstuhl für Kristallographie und Strukturphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carola Vogel
- Lehrstuhl für Kristallographie und Strukturphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Narayanan Raman
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicola Tacardi
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Haumann
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tzung-En Hsieh
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Maisel
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Moritz
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wichmann
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Frisch
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mihaela Gorgoi
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Department X-Ray Spectroscopy at Interfaces of Thin Films, Helmholtz Institute for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mingjian Wu
- Lehrstuhl für Werkstoffwissenschaften (Mikro- und Nanostrukturforschung), Cauerstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Lehrstuhl für Werkstoffwissenschaften (Mikro- und Nanostrukturforschung), Cauerstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Unruh
- Lehrstuhl für Kristallographie und Strukturphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany. .,Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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9
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Braig C, Sokolov A, Wilks RG, Kozina X, Kunze T, Bjeoumikhova S, Thiel M, Erko A, Bär M. Polycapillary-boosted instrument performance in the extreme ultraviolet regime for inverse photoemission spectroscopy: erratum. Opt Express 2022; 30:34935-34937. [PMID: 36242497 DOI: 10.1364/oe.473152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We correct values and figures for the resolution of the spectrometer, as proposed in [Opt. Express25, 31840 (2017)10.1364/OE.25.031840OPEXFF1094-4087]. The new results take into account previously unknown, incoherent phase fluctuations, caused by the polycapillary lens (PCL), and estimate the realistic performance of the instrument.
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10
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Sood M, Bombsch J, Lomuscio A, Shukla S, Hartmann C, Frisch J, Bremsteller W, Ueda S, Wilks RG, Bär M, Siebentritt S. Origin of Interface Limitation in Zn(O,S)/CuInS 2-Based Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:9676-9684. [PMID: 35134299 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Copper indium disulfide (CuInS2) grown under Cu-rich conditions exhibits high optical quality but suffers predominantly from charge carrier interface recombination, resulting in poor solar cell performance. An unfavorable "cliff"-like conduction band alignment at the buffer/CuInS2 interface could be a possible cause of enhanced interface recombination in the device. In this work, we exploit direct and inverse photoelectron spectroscopy together with electrical characterization to investigate the cause of interface recombination in chemical bath-deposited Zn(O,S)/co-evaporated CuInS2-based devices. Temperature-dependent current-voltage analyses indeed reveal an activation energy of the dominant charge carrier recombination path, considerably smaller than the absorber bulk band gap, confirming the dominant recombination channel to be present at the Zn(O,S)/CuInS2 interface. However, photoelectron spectroscopy measurements indicate a small (0.1 eV) "spike"-like conduction band offset at the Zn(O,S)/CuInS2 interface, excluding an unfavorable energy-level alignment to be the prominent cause for strong interface recombination. The observed band bending upon interface formation also suggests Fermi-level pinning not to be the main reason, leaving near-interface defects (as recently observed in Cu-rich CuInSe2) as the likely reason for the performance-limiting interface recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Sood
- Laboratory for Photovoltaics, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux L-4422, Luxembourg
| | - Jakob Bombsch
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Alberto Lomuscio
- Laboratory for Photovoltaics, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux L-4422, Luxembourg
| | - Sudhanshu Shukla
- Laboratory for Photovoltaics, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux L-4422, Luxembourg
| | - Claudia Hartmann
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Johannes Frisch
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Berlin 12489, Germany
- Energy Materials In situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bremsteller
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Berlin 12489, Germany
- Energy Materials In situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Shigenori Ueda
- NIMS Synchrotron X-ray Station at SPring-8, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148 Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, NIMS, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
- Research Center for Functional Materials, NIMS, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Berlin 12489, Germany
- Energy Materials In situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Berlin 12489, Germany
- Energy Materials In situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin 12489, Germany
- Department X-ray Spectroscopy at Interfaces of Thin Films, Helmholtz Institute for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Siebentritt
- Laboratory for Photovoltaics, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux L-4422, Luxembourg
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11
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Bodenstein-Dresler LCW, Kama A, Frisch J, Hartmann C, Itzhak A, Wilks RG, Cahen D, Bär M. Prospect of making XPS a high-throughput analytical method illustrated for a Cu xNi 1−xO y combinatorial material library. RSC Adv 2022; 12:7996-8002. [PMID: 35424741 PMCID: PMC8982450 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09208a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinatorial material science crucially depends on robust, high-throughput characterization methods. While X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) may provide detailed information about chemical and electronic properties, it is a time-consuming technique and, therefore, is not viewed as a high-throughput method. Here we present preliminary XPS data of 169 measurement spots on a combinatorial 72 × 72 cm2 CuxNi1−xOy compositional library to explore how characterization and evaluation routines can be optimized to improve throughput in XPS for combinatorial studies. In particular, two quantification approaches are compared. We find that a simple integration (of XPS peak regions) approach is suited for fast evaluation of, in the example system, the [Cu]/([Cu] + [Ni]) ratio. Complementary to that, the time-consuming (XPS peak-) fit approach provides additional insights into chemical speciation and oxidation state changes, without a large deviation of the [Cu]/([Cu] + [Ni]) ratio. This insight suggests exploiting the fast integration approach for ‘real time’ analysis during XPS data collection, paving the way for an ‘on-the-fly’ selection of points of interest (i.e., areas on the sample where sudden composition changes have been identified) for detailed XPS characterization. Together with the envisioned improvements when going from laboratory to synchrotron-based excitation sources, this will shorten the analysis time sufficiently for XPS to become a realistic characterization option for combinatorial material science. Methods for fast quantification of XPS data of a CuxNi1−xOy combinatorial material library were evaluated in a step towards high-throughput analysis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adi Kama
- Bar-Ilan Inst. for Nanotechn. & Adv. Materials, BINA, Dept. of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel 5290002
| | - Johannes Frisch
- Dept. Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Hartmann
- Dept. Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anat Itzhak
- Bar-Ilan Inst. for Nanotechn. & Adv. Materials, BINA, Dept. of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel 5290002
| | - Regan G. Wilks
- Dept. Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Cahen
- Bar-Ilan Inst. for Nanotechn. & Adv. Materials, BINA, Dept. of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel 5290002
- Dept. of Mol. Chemistry and Materials Sci., Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 7610001
| | - Marcus Bär
- Dept. Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), Berlin, Germany
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12
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Pascual J, Flatken M, Félix R, Li G, Turren‐Cruz S, Aldamasy MH, Hartmann C, Li M, Di Girolamo D, Nasti G, Hüsam E, Wilks RG, Dallmann A, Bär M, Hoell A, Abate A. Inside Back Cover: Fluoride Chemistry in Tin Halide Perovskites (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 39/2021). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Pascual
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | - Marion Flatken
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | - Roberto Félix
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | - Guixiang Li
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | | | - Mahmoud H. Aldamasy
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute Cairo Egypt
| | - Claudia Hartmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | - Meng Li
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | - Diego Di Girolamo
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering University of Naples Federico II 80125 Naples Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nasti
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering University of Naples Federico II 80125 Naples Italy
| | - Elif Hüsam
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | - Regan G. Wilks
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | - André Dallmann
- Institut für Chemie Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department for X-ray Spectroscopy at Interfaces of Thin Films Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HIERN) 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Armin Hoell
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | - Antonio Abate
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering University of Naples Federico II 80125 Naples Italy
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13
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Pascual J, Flatken M, Félix R, Li G, Turren‐Cruz S, Aldamasy MH, Hartmann C, Li M, Di Girolamo D, Nasti G, Hüsam E, Wilks RG, Dallmann A, Bär M, Hoell A, Abate A. Fluoridchemie in Zinn‐Halogenid‐Perowskiten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Pascual
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Marion Flatken
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Roberto Félix
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Guixiang Li
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
| | | | - Mahmoud H. Aldamasy
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute Cairo Ägypten
| | - Claudia Hartmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Meng Li
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Diego Di Girolamo
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering University of Naples Federico II 80125 Naples Italien
| | - Giuseppe Nasti
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering University of Naples Federico II 80125 Naples Italien
| | - Elif Hüsam
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Regan G. Wilks
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
| | - André Dallmann
- Institut für Chemie Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Marcus Bär
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
- Department for X-ray Spectroscopy at Interfaces of Thin Films Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HIERN) 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Armin Hoell
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Antonio Abate
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering University of Naples Federico II 80125 Naples Italien
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14
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Pascual J, Flatken M, Félix R, Li G, Turren‐Cruz S, Aldamasy MH, Hartmann C, Li M, Di Girolamo D, Nasti G, Hüsam E, Wilks RG, Dallmann A, Bär M, Hoell A, Abate A. Innenrücktitelbild: Fluoridchemie in Zinn‐Halogenid‐Perowskiten (Angew. Chem. 39/2021). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Pascual
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Marion Flatken
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Roberto Félix
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Guixiang Li
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
| | | | - Mahmoud H. Aldamasy
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute Cairo Ägypten
| | - Claudia Hartmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Meng Li
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Diego Di Girolamo
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering University of Naples Federico II 80125 Naples Italien
| | - Giuseppe Nasti
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering University of Naples Federico II 80125 Naples Italien
| | - Elif Hüsam
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Regan G. Wilks
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
| | - André Dallmann
- Institut für Chemie Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Marcus Bär
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
- Department for X-ray Spectroscopy at Interfaces of Thin Films Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HIERN) 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Armin Hoell
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Antonio Abate
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering University of Naples Federico II 80125 Naples Italien
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15
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Pascual J, Flatken M, Félix R, Li G, Turren-Cruz SH, Aldamasy MH, Hartmann C, Li M, Di Girolamo D, Nasti G, Hüsam E, Wilks RG, Dallmann A, Bär M, Hoell A, Abate A. Fluoride Chemistry in Tin Halide Perovskites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21583-21591. [PMID: 34228886 PMCID: PMC8518082 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tin is the frontrunner for substituting toxic lead in perovskite solar cells. However, tin suffers the detrimental oxidation of SnII to SnIV . Most of reported strategies employ SnF2 in the perovskite precursor solution to prevent SnIV formation. Nevertheless, the working mechanism of this additive remains debated. To further elucidate it, we investigate the fluoride chemistry in tin halide perovskites by complementary analytical tools. NMR analysis of the precursor solution discloses a strong preferential affinity of fluoride anions for SnIV over SnII , selectively complexing it as SnF4 . Hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on films shows the lower tendency of SnF4 than SnI4 to get included in the perovskite structure, hence preventing the inclusion of SnIV in the film. Finally, small-angle X-ray scattering reveals the strong influence of fluoride on the colloidal chemistry of precursor dispersions, directly affecting perovskite crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Pascual
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marion Flatken
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roberto Félix
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guixiang Li
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Mahmoud H Aldamasy
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany.,Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Claudia Hartmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Meng Li
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Diego Di Girolamo
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nasti
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Elif Hüsam
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Dallmann
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department for X-ray Spectroscopy at Interfaces of Thin Films, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HIERN), 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Armin Hoell
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonio Abate
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy
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16
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Wilks RG, Erbing A, Sadoughi G, Starr DE, Handick E, Meyer F, Benkert A, Iannuzzi M, Hauschild D, Yang W, Blum M, Weinhardt L, Heske C, Snaith HJ, Odelius M, Bär M. Dynamic Effects and Hydrogen Bonding in Mixed-Halide Perovskite Solar Cell Absorbers. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3885-3890. [PMID: 33856793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The organic component (methylammonium) of CH3NH3PbI3-xClx-based perovskites shows electronic hybridization with the inorganic framework via H-bonding between N and I sites. Femtosecond dynamics induced by core excitation are shown to strongly influence the measured X-ray emission spectra and the resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering of the organic components. The N K core excitation leads to a greatly increased N-H bond length that modifies and strengthens the interaction with the inorganic framework compared to that in the ground state. The study indicates that excited-state dynamics must be accounted for in spectroscopic studies of this perovskite solar cell material, and the organic-inorganic hybridization interaction suggests new avenues for probing the electronic structure of this class of materials. It is incidentally shown that beam damage to the methylamine component can be avoided by moving the sample under the soft X-ray beam to minimize exposure and that this procedure is necessary to prevent the creation of experimental artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regan G Wilks
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Erbing
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Golnaz Sadoughi
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K
| | - David E Starr
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Evelyn Handick
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Meyer
- Experimental Physics 7, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Benkert
- Experimental Physics 7, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marcella Iannuzzi
- Physical Chemistry Institute, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Hauschild
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8229, United States
| | - Monika Blum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8229, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8176, United States
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Clemens Heske
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Henry J Snaith
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Bär
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), 90429 Nürnberg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Liao X, Habisreutinger SN, Wiesner S, Sadoughi G, Abou-Ras D, Gluba MA, Wilks RG, Félix R, Rusu M, Nicholas RJ, Snaith HJ, Bär M. Chemical Interaction at the MoO 3/CH 3NH 3PbI 3-xCl x Interface. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:17085-17092. [PMID: 33787195 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The limited long-term stability of metal halide perovskite-based solar cells is a bottleneck in their drive toward widespread commercial adaptation. The organic hole-transport materials (HTMs) have been implicated in the degradation, and metal oxide layers are proposed as alternatives. One of the most prominent metal oxide HTM in organic photovoltaics is MoO3. However, the use of MoO3 as HTM in metal halide perovskite-based devices causes a severe solar cell deterioration. Thus, the formation of the MoO3/CH3NH3PbI3-xClx (MAPbI3-xClx) heterojunction is systematically studied by synchrotron-based hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Upon MoO3 deposition, significant chemical interaction is induced at the MoO3/MAPbI3-xClx interface: substoichiometric molybdenum oxide is present, and the perovskite decomposes in the proximity of the interface, leading to accumulation of PbI2 on the MoO3 cover layer. Furthermore, we find evidence for the formation of new compounds such as PbMoO4, PbN2O2, and PbO as a result of the MAPbI3-xClx decomposition and suggest chemical reaction pathways to describe the underlying mechanism. These findings suggest that the (direct) MoO3/MAPbI3-xClx interface may be inherently unstable. It provides an explanation for the low power conversion efficiencies of metal halide perovskite solar cells that use MoO3 as a hole-transport material and in which there is a direct contact between MoO3 and perovskite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxia Liao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sven Wiesner
- Institute Functional Oxides for Energy-Efficient IT, HZB, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Golnaz Sadoughi
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, U.K
| | - Daniel Abou-Ras
- Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, HZB, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc A Gluba
- Institute for Silicon Photovoltaics, HZB, Kekulestr. 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roberto Félix
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marin Rusu
- Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, HZB, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robin J Nicholas
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, U.K
| | - Henry J Snaith
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, U.K
| | - Marcus Bär
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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18
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Wittkämper H, Maisel S, Wu M, Frisch J, Wilks RG, Grabau M, Spiecker E, Bär M, Görling A, Steinrück HP, Papp C. Oxidation induced restructuring of Rh–Ga SCALMS model catalyst systems. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:104702. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0021647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Haiko Wittkämper
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sven Maisel
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mingjian Wu
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Mikro- und Nanostrukturforschung, Department Werkstoffwissenschaften, Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Frisch
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Regan G. Wilks
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Grabau
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Mikro- und Nanostrukturforschung, Department Werkstoffwissenschaften, Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg für Renewable Energy (HI ERN), Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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19
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Bombsch J, Avancini E, Carron R, Handick E, Garcia-Diez R, Hartmann C, Félix R, Ueda S, Wilks RG, Bär M. NaF/RbF-Treated Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Thin-Film Solar Cell Absorbers: Distinct Surface Modifications Caused by Two Different Types of Rubidium Chemistry. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:34941-34948. [PMID: 32633119 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The underlying beneficial mechanism of heavy alkali postdeposition treatment (PDT) of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cell absorbers that led to new record efficiencies in recent years is studied using photoelectron spectroscopy. Excitation energies between 40.8 eV and 6 keV were used to examine the near-surface region of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cell absorbers that underwent NaF and combined NaF/RbF PDT. The already Cu-deficient surface region after NaF PDT, which is modeled as a Cu:(In + Ga):Se = 1:5:8 phase, shows further depletion after NaF/RbF PDT and seems to incorporate some Rb. Additionally, we have found strong indications for the NaF/RbF PDT-induced formation of a Rb-In-Se-type compound with a 1:1:2 stoichiometry partially covering the absorber surface. The electronic Cu(In,Ga)Se2 structure is modified due to the RbF treatment, with a pronounced shift in the valence band maximum away from the Fermi level in the immediate vicinity of the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Bombsch
- Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin 14109, Germany
| | - Enrico Avancini
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
- Now at Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano 39100, Italy
| | - Romain Carron
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Evelyn Handick
- Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin 14109, Germany
| | - Raul Garcia-Diez
- Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin 14109, Germany
| | - Claudia Hartmann
- Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin 14109, Germany
| | - Roberto Félix
- Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin 14109, Germany
| | - Shigenori Ueda
- NIMS Synchrotron X-ray Station at SPring-8, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, NIMS, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin 14109, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin 14109, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin 12489, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), Berlin 91058, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 12489, Germany
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20
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Hartmann C, Gupta S, Bendikov T, Kozina X, Kunze T, Félix R, Hodes G, Wilks RG, Cahen D, Bär M. Impact of SnF 2 Addition on the Chemical and Electronic Surface Structure of CsSnBr 3. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:12353-12361. [PMID: 32045207 PMCID: PMC7307835 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on the chemical and electronic structure of cesium tin bromide (CsSnBr3) and how it is impacted by the addition of 20 mol % tin fluoride (SnF2) to the precursor solution, using both surface-sensitive lab-based soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-surface bulk-sensitive synchrotron-based hard XPS (HAXPES). To determine the reproducibility and reliability of conclusions, several (nominally identically prepared) sample sets were investigated. The effects of deposition reproducibility, handling, and transport are found to cause significant changes in the measured properties of the films. Variations in the HAXPES-derived compositions between individual sample sets were observed, but in general, they confirm that the addition of 20 mol % SnF2 improves coverage of the titanium dioxide substrate by CsSnBr3 and decreases the oxidation of SnII to SnIV while also suppressing formation of secondary Br and Cs species. Furthermore, the (surface) composition is found to be Cs-deficient and Sn-rich compared to the nominal stoichiometry. The valence band (VB) shows a SnF2-induced redistribution of Sn 5s-derived density of states, reflecting the changing SnII/SnIV ratio. Notwithstanding some variability in the data, we conclude that SnF2 addition decreases the energy difference between the VB maximum of CsSnBr3 and the Fermi level, which we explain by defect chemistry considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hartmann
- Interface
Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für
Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Satyajit Gupta
- Department
of Materials & Interfaces, Weizmann
Institute of Science (WIS), 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Bhilai, GEC Campus, Chhattisgarh 492015, India
| | - Tatyana Bendikov
- Chemical
Research Support Unit, Weizmann Institute
of Science (WIS), Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Xeniya Kozina
- Interface
Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für
Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Kunze
- Interface
Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für
Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roberto Félix
- Interface
Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für
Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gary Hodes
- Department
of Materials & Interfaces, Weizmann
Institute of Science (WIS), 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
- E-mail: (G.H.)
| | - Regan G. Wilks
- Interface
Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für
Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Energy
Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH
(HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Cahen
- Department
of Materials & Interfaces, Weizmann
Institute of Science (WIS), 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
- E-mail: (D.C.)
| | - Marcus Bär
- Interface
Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für
Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Energy
Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH
(HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- E-mail: (M.B.)
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21
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Yang P, Wilks RG, Yang W, Bär M. Interface Formation between CdS and Alkali Postdeposition-Treated Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Thin-Film Solar Cell Absorbers-Key To Understanding the Efficiency Gain. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:6688-6698. [PMID: 31912731 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A combination of X-ray photoelectron/Auger electron spectroscopy and soft X-ray emission spectroscopy has been employed to investigate the impact of different alkali postdeposition treatments (PDTs) on the chemical structure of the (buried) CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 heterojunction: the key interface in chalcopyrite-based thin-film solar cells. Chemical bath deposited (CBD) CdS layers of different thicknesses on NaF PDT (CIGSeNaF) and NaF + KF PDT (CIGSeNaF+KF) Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorbers prepared at low temperature (to facilitate the use of flexible, e.g., polyimide, substrates) were studied. While we find the CdS/CIGSeNaF interface to be mainly free of significant chemical interaction, in the proximity of the CdS/CIGSeNaF+KF interface, an elemental redistribution involving Cd, In, K, S, and Se is revealed. For the early stages of the CBD-CdS process, our findings are in agreement with the conversion of the K-In-Se-type layer present on the CIGSeNaF+KF surface into a mixed Cd-In-(O,OH,S,Se)-type layer, probably having some Cd-In and (S,O)-Se composition gradients. For long CBD times-independent of employed PDT-we find the buffer material to be best described by a Cd(O,OH,S)-like species rather than by a pure CdS buffer. These findings shed light on the observed performance leap of corresponding CdS/CIGSeNaF+KF-based solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Yang
- Department Interface Design & Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL) , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Department Interface Design & Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL) , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL) , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Marcus Bär
- Department Interface Design & Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL) , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL) , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstr. 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg für Renewable Energy (HI ERN) , Albert-Einstein-Str. 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
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22
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Phung N, Félix R, Meggiolaro D, Al-Ashouri A, Sousa E Silva G, Hartmann C, Hidalgo J, Köbler H, Mosconi E, Lai B, Gunder R, Li M, Wang KL, Wang ZK, Nie K, Handick E, Wilks RG, Marquez JA, Rech B, Unold T, Correa-Baena JP, Albrecht S, De Angelis F, Bär M, Abate A. The Doping Mechanism of Halide Perovskite Unveiled by Alkaline Earth Metals. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2364-2374. [PMID: 31917562 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Halide perovskites are a strong candidate for the next generation of photovoltaics. Chemical doping of halide perovskites is an established strategy to prepare the highest efficiency and most stable perovskite-based solar cells. In this study, we unveil the doping mechanism of halide perovskites using a series of alkaline earth metals. We find that low doping levels enable the incorporation of the dopant within the perovskite lattice, whereas high doping concentrations induce surface segregation. The threshold from low to high doping regime correlates to the size of the doping element. We show that the low doping regime results in a more n-type material, while the high doping regime induces a less n-type doping character. Our work provides a comprehensive picture of the unique doping mechanism of halide perovskites, which differs from classical semiconductors. We proved the effectiveness of the low doping regime for the first time, demonstrating highly efficient methylammonium lead iodide based solar cells in both n-i-p and p-i-n architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga Phung
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Roberto Félix
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Daniele Meggiolaro
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO) , CNR-ISTM , Via Elce di Sotto 8 , 06123 Perugia , Italy.,D3-CompuNet , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Amran Al-Ashouri
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Gabrielle Sousa E Silva
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Claudia Hartmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Juanita Hidalgo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , North Avenue NW , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Hans Köbler
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO) , CNR-ISTM , Via Elce di Sotto 8 , 06123 Perugia , Italy.,D3-CompuNet , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Barry Lai
- Advanced Photon Source , Argonne National Lab , 9700 Cass Avenue , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Rene Gunder
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Meng Li
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany.,Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China.,Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China
| | - Kai-Li Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China
| | - Zhao-Kui Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China
| | - Kaiqi Nie
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany.,Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China
| | - Evelyn Handick
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Jose A Marquez
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Bernd Rech
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany.,Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , Technical University Berlin , Marchstraße 23 , 10587 Berlin , Germany
| | - Thomas Unold
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Juan-Pablo Correa-Baena
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , North Avenue NW , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Steve Albrecht
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany.,Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , Technical University Berlin , Marchstraße 23 , 10587 Berlin , Germany
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO) , CNR-ISTM , Via Elce di Sotto 8 , 06123 Perugia , Italy.,D3-CompuNet , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology , University of Perugia , Via Elce di Sotto 8 , 06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Marcus Bär
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerland Str. 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany.,Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN) , Albert-Einstein-Str. 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Antonio Abate
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany.,Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering , University of Naples Federico II , Piazzale Tecchio 80 , 80125 Fuorigrotta , Italy
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23
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Liao X, Jeong AR, Wilks RG, Wiesner S, Rusu M, Félix R, Xiao T, Hartmann C, Bär M. Tunability of MoO 3 Thin-Film Properties Due to Annealing in Situ Monitored by Hard X-ray Photoemission. ACS Omega 2019; 4:10985-10990. [PMID: 31460196 PMCID: PMC6648274 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The chemical and electronic structure of MoO3 thin films is monitored by synchrotron-based hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy while annealing from room temperature to 310 °C. Color-coded 2D intensity maps of the Mo 3d and O 1s and valence band maximum (VBM) spectra show the evolution of the annealing-induced changes. Broadening of the Mo 3d and O 1s spectra indicate the reduction of MoO3. At moderate temperatures (120-200 °C), we find spectral evidence for the formation of Mo5+ and at higher temperatures (>165 °C) also of Mo4+ states. These states can be related to the spectral intensity above the VBM attributed to O vacancy induced gap states caused by partial filling of initially unoccupied Mo 4d-derived states. A clear relation between annealing temperature and the induced changes in the chemical and electronic structure suggests this approach as a route for deliberate tuning of MoO3 thin-film properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxia Liao
- Department
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang
University, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Ah Reum Jeong
- Department
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Regan G. Wilks
- Department
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL) and Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg
for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Wiesner
- Department
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marin Rusu
- Department
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roberto Félix
- Department
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ting Xiao
- Department
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Hartmann
- Department
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- Department
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL) and Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg
for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
ErlangenNürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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24
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Malitckaya M, Kunze T, Komsa HP, Havu V, Handick E, Wilks RG, Bär M, Puska MJ. Alkali Postdeposition Treatment-Induced Changes of the Chemical and Electronic Structure of Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Thin-Film Solar Cell Absorbers: A First-Principle Perspective. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:3024-3033. [PMID: 30592197 PMCID: PMC6727185 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of alkali postdeposition treatment (PDT) on the valence band structure of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) thin-film solar cell absorbers are addressed from a first-principles perspective. In detail, experimentally derived hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) data [ Handick , E. ; ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015 , 7 , 27414 - 27420 ] of the valence band structure of alkali-free and NaF/KF-PDT CIGSe are directly compared and fit by calculated density of states (DOS) of CuInSe2, its Cu-deficient counterpart CuIn5Se8, and different potentially formed secondary phases, such as KInSe2, InSe, and In2Se3. The DOSs are based on first-principles electronic structure calculations and weighted according to element-, symmetry-, and energy-dependent photoionization cross sections for the comparison to experimental data. The HAXPES spectra were recorded using photon energies ranging from 2 to 8 keV, allowing extraction of information from different sample depths. The analysis of the alkali-free CIGSe valence band structure reveals that it can best be described by a mixture of the DOS of CuInSe2 and CuIn5Se8, resulting in a stoichiometry slightly more Cu-rich than that of CuIn3Se5. The NaF/KF-PDT-induced changes in the HAXPES spectra for different alkali exposures are best reproduced by additional contributions from KInSe2, with some indications that the formation of a pronounced K-In-Se-type surface species might crucially depend on the amount of K available during PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Malitckaya
- Department of Applied
Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Thomas Kunze
- Department
of Interface Design and Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannu-Pekka Komsa
- Department of Applied
Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Ville Havu
- Department of Applied
Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Evelyn Handick
- Department
of Interface Design and Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Regan G. Wilks
- Department
of Interface Design and Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- Department
of Interface Design and Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy
(HIERN), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 90429 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martti J. Puska
- Department of Applied
Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, 00076 Aalto, Finland
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25
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Vorwerk C, Hartmann C, Cocchi C, Sadoughi G, Habisreutinger SN, Félix R, Wilks RG, Snaith HJ, Bär M, Draxl C. Correction to "Exciton-Dominated Core-Level Absorption Spectra of Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Lead Halide Perovskites". J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3193. [PMID: 29856635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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26
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Vorwerk C, Hartmann C, Cocchi C, Sadoughi G, Habisreutinger SN, Félix R, Wilks RG, Snaith HJ, Bär M, Draxl C. Exciton-Dominated Core-Level Absorption Spectra of Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Lead Halide Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:1852-1858. [PMID: 29569928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In a combined theoretical and experimental work, we investigate X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy of the I L3 and the Pb M5 edges of the methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) hybrid inorganic-organic perovskite and its binary phase PbI2. The absorption onsets are dominated by bound excitons with sizable binding energies of a few hundred millielectronvolts and pronounced anisotropy. The spectra of both materials exhibit remarkable similarities, suggesting that the fingerprints of core excitations in MAPbI3 are essentially given by its inorganic component, with negligible influence from the organic groups. The theoretical analysis complementing experimental observations provides the conceptual insights required for a full characterization of this complex material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vorwerk
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility, 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Claudia Hartmann
- Renewable Energy , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Caterina Cocchi
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility, 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Golnaz Sadoughi
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3PU , United Kingdom
| | - Severin N Habisreutinger
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3PU , United Kingdom
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center , National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) , Golden , Colorado , United States
| | - Roberto Félix
- Renewable Energy , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Renewable Energy , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 14109 Berlin , Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL) , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Henry J Snaith
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3PU , United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Bär
- Renewable Energy , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 14109 Berlin , Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL) , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Claudia Draxl
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility, 12489 Berlin , Germany
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27
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Nicoara N, Kunze T, Jackson P, Hariskos D, Duarte RF, Wilks RG, Witte W, Bär M, Sadewasser S. Evidence for Chemical and Electronic Nonuniformities in the Formation of the Interface of RbF-Treated Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 with CdS. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:44173-44180. [PMID: 29178776 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on the initial stages of CdS buffer layer formation on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) thin-film solar cell absorbers subjected to rubidium fluoride (RbF) postdeposition treatment (PDT). A detailed characterization of the CIGSe/CdS interface for different chemical bath deposition (CBD) times of the CdS layer is obtained from spatially resolved atomic and Kelvin probe force microscopy and laterally integrating X-ray spectroscopies. The observed spatial inhomogeneity in the interface's structural, chemical, and electronic properties of samples undergoing up to 3 min of CBD treatments is indicative of a complex interface formation including an incomplete coverage and/or nonuniform composition of the buffer layer. It is expected that this result impacts solar cell performance, in particular when reducing the CdS layer thickness (e.g., in an attempt to increase the collection in the ultraviolet wavelength region). Our work provides important findings on the absorber/buffer interface formation and reveals the underlying mechanism for limitations in the reduction of the CdS thickness, even when an alkali PDT is applied to the CIGSe absorber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Nicoara
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL) , 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Thomas Kunze
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB) , 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Jackson
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie-und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) , 70563 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Hariskos
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie-und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) , 70563 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roberto Félix Duarte
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB) , 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB) , 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfram Witte
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie-und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) , 70563 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB) , 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg , 03046 Cottbus, Germany
| | - Sascha Sadewasser
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL) , 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
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28
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Braig C, Sokolov A, Wilks RG, Kozina X, Kunze T, Bjeoumikhova S, Thiel M, Erko A, Bär M. Polycapillary-boosted instrument performance in the extreme ultraviolet regime for inverse photoemission spectroscopy. Opt Express 2017; 25:31840-31852. [PMID: 29245854 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.031840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A collimating polycapillary half lens, traditionally used in the medium and hard X-ray band, is operated at a photon energy of 36 eV for the first time. While the transmission still exceeds 50%, the measured and simulated spatial resolution and angular divergence approach 0.4 mm or less and at most 20 mrad, respectively. This unexpected, superior performance of the polycapillary optic in the extreme Ultraviolet could enable the design of an efficient, versatile and compact spectrometer for inverse photoemission spectroscopy (IPES): Its wavelength-dispersive component, a customized reflection zone plate, can maintain an energy resolution of 0.3 eV, whereas the sensitivity may be enhanced by more than one order of magnitude, compared to conventional spectrometers. Furthermore, the overall length of 0.9 m would allow for an eased alignment and evacuation. We see a significant potential for numerous polycapillary-based XUV / soft X-ray instruments in the future, in particular after further optimization for this long wavelength regime.
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29
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Handick E, Reinhard P, Wilks RG, Pianezzi F, Kunze T, Kreikemeyer-Lorenzo D, Weinhardt L, Blum M, Yang W, Gorgoi M, Ikenaga E, Gerlach D, Ueda S, Yamashita Y, Chikyow T, Heske C, Buecheler S, Tiwari AN, Bär M. Formation of a K-In-Se Surface Species by NaF/KF Postdeposition Treatment of Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Thin-Film Solar Cell Absorbers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:3581-3589. [PMID: 28058843 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A NaF/KF postdeposition treatment (PDT) has recently been employed to achieve new record efficiencies of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) thin film solar cells. We have used a combination of depth-dependent soft and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as well as soft X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopy to gain detailed insight into the chemical structure of the CIGSe surface and how it is changed by different PDTs. Alkali-free CIGSe, NaF-PDT CIGSe, and NaF/KF-PDT CIGSe absorbers grown by low-temperature coevaporation have been interrogated. We find that the alkali-free and NaF-PDT CIGSe surfaces both display the well-known Cu-poor CIGSe chemical surface structure. The NaF/KF-PDT, however, leads to the formation of bilayer structure in which a K-In-Se species covers the CIGSe compound that in composition is identical to the chalcopyrite structure of the alkali-free and NaF-PDT absorber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Handick
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB) , Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Reinhard
- Laboratory of Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials and Science and Technology , Überlandstraße 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB) , Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Pianezzi
- Laboratory of Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials and Science and Technology , Überlandstraße 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kunze
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB) , Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dagmar Kreikemeyer-Lorenzo
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS) and Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS) and Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Monika Blum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mihaela Gorgoi
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Nanospectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eiji Ikenaga
- SPring-8/JASRI , 1-1-1 Koto, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Dominic Gerlach
- MANA/Nano-Electronics Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Shigenori Ueda
- Synchrotron X-ray Station at SPring-8 , NIMS. 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Quantum Beam Unit , NIMS, 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yamashita
- MANA/Nano-Electronics Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Toyohiro Chikyow
- MANA/Nano-Electronics Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Clemens Heske
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS) and Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Stephan Buecheler
- Laboratory of Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials and Science and Technology , Überlandstraße 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ayodhya N Tiwari
- Laboratory of Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials and Science and Technology , Überlandstraße 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Bär
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB) , Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik und Chemie, Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg , Platz der Deutschen Einheit 1, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
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Cao J, Jafta CJ, Gong J, Ran Q, Lin X, Félix R, Wilks RG, Bär M, Yuan J, Ballauff M, Lu Y. Synthesis of Dispersible Mesoporous Nitrogen-Doped Hollow Carbon Nanoplates with Uniform Hexagonal Morphologies for Supercapacitors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:29628-29636. [PMID: 27734682 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b08946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, dispersible mesoporous nitrogen-doped hollow carbon nanoplates have been synthesized as a new anisotropic carbon nanostructure using gibbsite nanoplates as templates. The gibbsite-silica core-shell nanoplates were first prepared before the gibbsite core was etched away. Dopamine as carbon precursor was self-polymerized on the hollow silica nanoplates surface assisted by sonification, which not only favors a homogeneous polymer coating on the nanoplates but also prevents their aggregation during the polymerization. Individual silica-polydopamine core-shell nanoplates were immobilized in a silica gel in an insulated state via a silica nanocasting technique. After pyrolysis in a nanoconfine environment and elimination of silica, discrete and dispersible hollow carbon nanoplates are obtained. The resulted hollow carbon nanoplates bear uniform hexagonal morphology with specific surface area of 460 m2·g-1 and fairly accessible small mesopores (∼3.8 nm). They show excellent colloidal stability in aqueous media and are applied as electrode materials for symmetric supercapacitors. When using polyvinylimidazolium-based nanoparticles as a binder in electrodes, the hollow carbon nanoplates present superior performance in parallel to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cao
- Soft Matter and Functional Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Charl J Jafta
- Soft Matter and Functional Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jiang Gong
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Qidi Ran
- Soft Matter and Functional Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xianzhong Lin
- Institute for Heterogeneous Material Systems, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roberto Félix
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Lise-Meitner-Campus, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Lise-Meitner-Campus, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Lise-Meitner-Campus, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik und Chemie, Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg , Platz der Deutschen Einheit 1, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matthias Ballauff
- Soft Matter and Functional Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yan Lu
- Soft Matter and Functional Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
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Pfrommer J, Azarpira A, Steigert A, Olech K, Menezes PW, Duarte RF, Liao X, Wilks RG, Bär M, Schedel-Niedrig T, Driess M. Active and Stable Nickel-Based Electrocatalysts Based on the ZnO:Ni System for Water Oxidation in Alkaline Media. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Pfrommer
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Anahita Azarpira
- Helmholtz Zentrum für Materialien und Energie; Hahn-Meitner Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | - Alexander Steigert
- Helmholtz Zentrum für Materialien und Energie; Hahn-Meitner Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | - Katarzyna Olech
- Helmholtz Zentrum für Materialien und Energie; Hahn-Meitner Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | - Prashanth W. Menezes
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Roberto Félix Duarte
- Helmholtz Zentrum für Materialien und Energie; Hahn-Meitner Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | - Xiaxia Liao
- Helmholtz Zentrum für Materialien und Energie; Hahn-Meitner Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | - Regan G. Wilks
- Helmholtz Zentrum für Materialien und Energie; Hahn-Meitner Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
- Energy Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL); Helmholtz Zentrum für Materialien und Energie; Albert-Einstein-Str. 15 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- Helmholtz Zentrum für Materialien und Energie; Hahn-Meitner Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
- Energy Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL); Helmholtz Zentrum für Materialien und Energie; Albert-Einstein-Str. 15 12489 Berlin Germany
- Institut für Physik und Chemie; Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg; Platz der Deutschen Einheit 1 03046 Cottbus Germany
| | - Thomas Schedel-Niedrig
- Helmholtz Zentrum für Materialien und Energie; Hahn-Meitner Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | - Matthias Driess
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
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Wippler D, Wilks RG, Pieters BE, van Albada SJ, Gerlach D, Hüpkes J, Bär M, Rau U. Pronounced Surface Band Bending of Thin-Film Silicon Revealed by Modeling Core Levels Probed with Hard X-rays. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:17685-17693. [PMID: 27294978 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the probing depth of photoemission studies by using hard X-rays allows the investigation of buried interfaces of real-world device structures. However, it also requires the consideration of photoelectron-signal attenuation when evaluating surface effects. Here, we employ a computational model incorporating surface band bending and exponential photoelectron-signal attenuation to model depth-dependent spectral changes of Si 1s and Si 2s core level lines. The data were acquired from hydrogenated boron-doped microcrystalline thin-film silicon, which is applied in silicon-based solar cells. The core level spectra, measured by hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy using different excitation energies, reveal the presence of a 0.29 nm thick surface oxide layer. In the silicon film a downward surface band bending of eVbb = -0.65 eV over ∼6 nm obtained via inverse modeling explains the observed core level shifts and line broadening. Moreover, the computational model allows the extraction of the "real" Si 1s and Si 2s bulk core level binding energies as 1839.13 and 150.39 eV, and their natural Lorentzian line widths as 496 and 859 meV, respectively. These values significantly differ from those directly extracted from the measured spectra. Because band bending usually occurs at material surfaces we highly recommend the detailed consideration of signal integration over depth for quantitative statements from depth-dependent measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Dominic Gerlach
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
- MANA/Nano-Electronics Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | | | - Marcus Bär
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik und Chemie, Brandenburgische TU Cottbus , Konrad-Wachsmann-Allee 1, D-03046 Cottbus, Germany
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Jäckle S, Liebhaber M, Niederhausen J, Büchele M, Félix R, Wilks RG, Bär M, Lips K, Christiansen S. Unveiling the Hybrid n-Si/PEDOT:PSS Interface. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:8841-8848. [PMID: 26964648 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We investigated the buried interface between monocrystalline n-type silicon (n-Si) and the highly conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) ( PEDOT PSS), which is successfully applied as a hole selective contact in hybrid solar cells. We show that a post-treatment of the polymer films by immersion in a suitable solvent reduces the layer thickness by removal of excess material. We prove that this post-treatment does not affect the functionality of the hybrid solar cells. Through the thin layer we are probing the chemical structure at the n-Si/ PEDOT PSS interface with synchrotron-based hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES). From the HAXPES data we conclude that the Si substrate of a freshly prepared hybrid solar cell is already oxidized immediately after preparation. Moreover, we show that even when storing the sample in inert gas such as, e.g., nitrogen the n-Si/SiOx/ PEDOT PSS interface continues to further oxidize. Thus, without further surface treatment, an unstable Si suboxide will always be present at the hybrid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Jäckle
- Institute of Nano-architectures for Energy Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Christiansen Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute for the Science of Light , Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Liebhaber
- Energy Materials in-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Nanospectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Niederhausen
- Energy Materials in-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Nanospectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Büchele
- Christiansen Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute for the Science of Light , Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roberto Félix
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Energy Materials in-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- Energy Materials in-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik und Chemie, Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg , Platz der Deutschen Einheit 1, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
| | - Klaus Lips
- Energy Materials in-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Nanospectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke Christiansen
- Institute of Nano-architectures for Energy Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Christiansen Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute for the Science of Light , Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Bär M, Barreau N, Couzinié-Devy F, Weinhardt L, Wilks RG, Kessler J, Heske C. Impact of Annealing-Induced Intermixing on the Electronic Level Alignment at the In2S3/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin-Film Solar Cell Interface. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:2120-2124. [PMID: 26716913 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The interface between a nominal In2S3 buffer and a Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) thin-film solar cell absorber was investigated by direct and inverse photoemission to determine the interfacial electronic structure. On the basis of a previously reported heavy intermixing at the interface (S diffuses into the absorber; Cu diffuses into the buffer; and Na diffuses through it), we determine here the band alignment at the interface. The results suggest that the pronounced intermixing at the In2S3/CIGSe interface leads to a favorable electronic band alignment, necessary for high-efficiency solar cell devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Bär
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik und Chemie, Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg , Platz der Deutschen Einheit 1, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Nicolas Barreau
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN)-UMR 6502, Université de Nantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 32229, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - François Couzinié-Devy
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN)-UMR 6502, Université de Nantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 32229, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- ANKA Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstraße 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - John Kessler
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN)-UMR 6502, Université de Nantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 32229, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Clemens Heske
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- ANKA Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstraße 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Handick E, Reinhard P, Alsmeier JH, Köhler L, Pianezzi F, Krause S, Gorgoi M, Ikenaga E, Koch N, Wilks RG, Buecheler S, Tiwari AN, Bär M. Potassium Postdeposition Treatment-Induced Band Gap Widening at Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ Surfaces--Reason for Performance Leap? ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:27414-27420. [PMID: 26633568 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b09231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Direct and inverse photoemission were used to study the impact of alkali fluoride postdeposition treatments on the chemical and electronic surface structure of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) thin films used for high-efficiency flexible solar cells. We find a large surface band gap (E(g)(Surf), up to 2.52 eV) for a NaF/KF-postdeposition treated (PDT) absorber significantly increases compared to the CIGSe bulk band gap and to the Eg(Surf) of 1.61 eV found for an absorber treated with NaF only. Both the valence band maximum (VBM) and the conduction band minimum shift away from the Fermi level. Depth-dependent photoemission measurements reveal that the VBM decreases with increasing surface sensitivity for both samples; this effect is more pronounced for the NaF/KF-PDT CIGSe sample. The observed electronic structure changes can be linked to the recent breakthroughs in CIGSe device efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Handick
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Reinhard
- Laboratory of Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Ueberlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan-Hendrik Alsmeier
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonard Köhler
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Pianezzi
- Laboratory of Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Ueberlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Krause
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Eiji Ikenaga
- SPring-8/JASRI, 1-1-1 Koto, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Norbert Koch
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Buecheler
- Laboratory of Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Ueberlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ayodhya N Tiwari
- Laboratory of Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Ueberlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Bär
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik und Chemie, Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg , Platz der deutschen Einheit 1, 03046 Cottbus, Brandenburg, Germany
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Duncan DA, Kephart JM, Horsley K, Blum M, Mezher M, Weinhardt L, Häming M, Wilks RG, Hofmann T, Yang W, Bär M, Sampath WS, Heske C. Characterization of Sulfur Bonding in CdS:O Buffer Layers for CdTe-based Thin-Film Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015. [PMID: 26200260 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b03503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and synchrotron-based X-ray emission spectroscopy, we present a detailed characterization of the chemical structure of CdS:O thin films that can be employed as a substitute for CdS layers in thin-film solar cells. It is possible to analyze the local chemical environment of the probed elements, in particular sulfur, hence allowing insights into the species-specific composition of the films and their surfaces. A detailed quantification of the observed sulfur environments (i.e., sulfide, sulfate, and an intermediate oxide) as a function of oxygen content is presented, allowing a deliberate optimization of CdS:O thin films for their use as alternative buffer layers in thin-film photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Duncan
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- ‡Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason M Kephart
- §Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Kimberly Horsley
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Monika Blum
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- ∥Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michelle Mezher
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- ⊥ANKA Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- #Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- ∇Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marc Häming
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- #Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Regan G Wilks
- ‡Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Hofmann
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Wanli Yang
- ∥Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Marcus Bär
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- ‡Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- ⊗Institut für Physik und Chemie, Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
| | - Walajabad S Sampath
- §Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Clemens Heske
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- ⊥ANKA Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- #Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- ∇Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Sadoughi G, Starr DE, Handick E, Stranks SD, Gorgoi M, Wilks RG, Bär M, Snaith HJ. Observation and Mediation of the Presence of Metallic Lead in Organic-Inorganic Perovskite Films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:13440-4. [PMID: 25988683 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We have employed soft and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies to study the depth-dependent chemical composition of mixed-halide perovskite thin films used in high-performance solar cells. We detect substantial amounts of metallic lead in the perovskite films, which correlate with significant density of states above the valence band maximum. The metallic lead content is higher in the bulk of the perovskite films than at the surface. Using an optimized postanneal process in air, we can reduce the metallic lead content in the perovskite film. This process reduces the amount of metallic lead and a corresponding increase in the photoluminescence quantum efficiency of the perovskite films can be observed. This correlation indicates that metallic lead impurities are likely a key defect whose concentration can be controlled by simple annealing procedures in order to increase the performance for perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnaz Sadoughi
- †Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - David E Starr
- ‡Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Evelyn Handick
- ‡Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Samuel D Stranks
- †Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Mihaela Gorgoi
- §Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Regan G Wilks
- ‡Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- ∥Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- ‡Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- ∥Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- ⊥Institut für Physik und Chemie, Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg, Platz der Deutschen Einheit 1, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
| | - Henry J Snaith
- †Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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Gerlach D, Wimmer M, Wilks RG, Félix R, Kronast F, Ruske F, Bär M. The complex interface chemistry of thin-film silicon/zinc oxide solar cell structures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:26266-72. [PMID: 25363298 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03364g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The interface between solid-phase crystallized phosphorous-doped polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si(n(+))) and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Al) was investigated using spatially resolved photoelectron emission microscopy. We find the accumulation of aluminum in the proximity of the interface. Based on a detailed photoemission line analysis, we also suggest the formation of an interface species. Silicon suboxide and/or dehydrated hemimorphite have been identified as likely candidates. For each scenario a detailed chemical reaction pathway is suggested. The chemical instability of the poly-Si(n(+))/ZnO:Al interface is explained by the fact that SiO2 is more stable than ZnO and/or that H2 is released from the initially deposited a-Si:H during the crystallization process. As a result, Zn (a deep acceptor in silicon) is "liberated" close to the silicon/zinc oxide interface presenting the inherent risk of forming deep defects in the silicon absorber. These could act as recombination centers and thus limit the performance of silicon/zinc oxide based solar cells. Based on this insight some recommendations with respect to solar cell design, material selection, and process parameters are given for further knowledge-based thin-film silicon device optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gerlach
- Renewable Energies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany.
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Benkert A, Blum M, Meyer F, Wilks RG, Yang W, Bär M, Reinert F, Heske C, Weinhardt L. Setup for in situ investigation of gases and gas/solid interfaces by soft x-ray emission and absorption spectroscopy. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:015119. [PMID: 24517824 DOI: 10.1063/1.4862059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel gas cell designed to study the electronic structure of gases and gas/solid interfaces using soft x-ray emission and absorption spectroscopies. In this cell, the sample gas is separated from the vacuum of the analysis chamber by a thin window membrane, allowing in situ measurements under atmospheric pressure. The temperature of the gas can be regulated from room temperature up to approximately 600 °C. To avoid beam damage, a constant mass flow can be maintained to continuously refresh the gaseous sample. Furthermore, the gas cell provides space for solid-state samples, allowing to study the gas/solid interface for surface catalytic reactions at elevated temperatures. To demonstrate the capabilities of the cell, we have investigated a TiO2 sample behind a mixture of N2 and He gas at atmospheric pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Benkert
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - M Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Nevada 89154-4003, USA
| | - F Meyer
- Universität Würzburg, Experimentelle Physik VII, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - R G Wilks
- Solar Energy Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - W Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M Bär
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Nevada 89154-4003, USA
| | - F Reinert
- Universität Würzburg, Experimentelle Physik VII, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Heske
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - L Weinhardt
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Weinhardt L, Benkert A, Meyer F, Blum M, Wilks RG, Yang W, Bär M, Reinert F, Heske C. Nuclear dynamics and spectator effects in resonant inelastic soft x-ray scattering of gas-phase water molecules. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:144311. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3702644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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41
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Seo JH, Chang GS, Wilks RG, Whang CN, Chae KH, Cho S, Yoo KH, Moewes A. Unipolar-to-Ambipolar Conversion of Organic Thin-Film Transistors by Organosilane Self-Assembled Monolayer. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:16266-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jp807355q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwa Seo
- Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea, Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK S7N 5E2, Canada, Division of Materials Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 130-791, Korea, and Department of Physics, Kyungsung University, Busan, 608-736, Korea
| | - Gap Soo Chang
- Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea, Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK S7N 5E2, Canada, Division of Materials Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 130-791, Korea, and Department of Physics, Kyungsung University, Busan, 608-736, Korea
| | - Regan G. Wilks
- Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea, Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK S7N 5E2, Canada, Division of Materials Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 130-791, Korea, and Department of Physics, Kyungsung University, Busan, 608-736, Korea
| | - Chung Nam Whang
- Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea, Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK S7N 5E2, Canada, Division of Materials Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 130-791, Korea, and Department of Physics, Kyungsung University, Busan, 608-736, Korea
| | - Keun Hwa Chae
- Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea, Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK S7N 5E2, Canada, Division of Materials Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 130-791, Korea, and Department of Physics, Kyungsung University, Busan, 608-736, Korea
| | - Seongjin Cho
- Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea, Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK S7N 5E2, Canada, Division of Materials Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 130-791, Korea, and Department of Physics, Kyungsung University, Busan, 608-736, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Yoo
- Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea, Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK S7N 5E2, Canada, Division of Materials Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 130-791, Korea, and Department of Physics, Kyungsung University, Busan, 608-736, Korea
| | - Alexander Moewes
- Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea, Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK S7N 5E2, Canada, Division of Materials Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 130-791, Korea, and Department of Physics, Kyungsung University, Busan, 608-736, Korea
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Wilks RG, Kurmaev EZ, Sandratskii LM, Postnikov AV, Finkelstein LD, Surkova TP, Lopez-Rivera SA, Moewes A. An x-ray emission and density functional theory study of the electronic structure of Zn(1-x)Mn(x)S. J Phys Condens Matter 2006; 18:10405-10412. [PMID: 21690925 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/18/46/008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mn 3d electronic states in the dilute magnetic semiconductor Zn(1-x)Mn(x)S (x = 0.1-0.3) are studied using soft x-ray emission (XES) measurements and density functional theory (DFT). Mn L(2,3) emission spectra of Zn(1-x)Mn(x)S (x = 0.1-0.3) suggest that the Mn impurities do not form clusters in the host ZnS lattice, in agreement with previous models. A shift in the position of a Mn L(3) XES feature suggests a change in the nature of the hybridization between the Mn 3d(3/2) and S 3p states as a function of x. Our DFT calculations reproduce the weak interatomic exchange interaction, as well as the strong intra-atomic exchange splitting that is expected from observations of Zeeman splitting in such materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Wilks
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, 116 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
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MacNaughton JB, Wilks RG, Lee JS, Moewes A. Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of the Electronic Structure of 5-Fluorouracil Compounds. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:18180-90. [PMID: 16970434 DOI: 10.1021/jp061543j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present a comparison between experimental and theoretical X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) of 5-fluorouracil compounds, with an emphasis on the effects of the inclusion of nickel in the structure. By focusing on the 1s thresholds of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine it was possible to provide a complete picture of the occupied and unoccupied partial density of states of the 5-fluorouracil systems. Spectra calculated using density functional theory are compared to experimental results. Most experimental results agree well with our theoretical calculations for the XAS and XES of the compounds. All spectral features are assigned. Our results reveal that the nickel in the compound is coordinated with the nitrogen sites of the 5-fluorouracil ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B MacNaughton
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, 116 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada.
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Wilks RG, MacNaughton JB, Kraatz HB, Regier T, Moewes A. Combined X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Examination of Ferrocene-Labeled Peptides. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:5955-65. [PMID: 16553403 DOI: 10.1021/jp056573l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A combination of soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements and StoBe density functional theory (DFT) calculations has been used to study the electronic structures of the ferrocene-labeled peptides Fc-Pro(n)-OBz (n = 1-4). Excellent agreement between the measured and the simulated data is observed in all cases, and the origin of all major spectral features was assigned. The breaking of the degeneracy of the ferrocene 3e(2u)-like unoccupied molecular orbital under the influence of a substituent attached to a Cp ring was observed experimentally. The influence of the bonding environment on the O 1s and N 1s XAS spectra was examined. A corrected assignment of one of the major features in the Fe 2p XAS spectra of ferrocene is proposed and supported by the DFT simulations, as well as the measured spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Wilks
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, 116 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada.
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