1
|
Dolińska MM, Kirwan AJ, Megarity CF. Retuning the potential of the electrochemical leaf. Faraday Discuss 2024; 252:188-207. [PMID: 38848142 DOI: 10.1039/d4fd00020j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The electrochemical leaf enables the electrification and control of multi-enzyme cascades by exploiting two discoveries: (i) the ability to electrify the photosynthetic enzyme ferredoxin NADP+ reductase (FNR), driving it to catalyse the interconversion of NADP+/NADPH whilst it is entrapped in a highly porous, metal oxide electrode, and (ii) the evidence that additional enzymes can be co-entrapped in the electrode pores where, through one NADP(H)-dependent enzyme, extended cascades can be driven by electrical connection to FNR, via NADP(H) recycling. By changing a critical active-site tyrosine to serine, FNR's exclusivity for NADP(H) is swapped for unphosphorylated NAD(H). Here we present an electrochemical study of this variant FNR, and show that in addition to the intended inversion of cofactor preference, this change to the active site has altered FNR's tuning of the flavin reduction potential, making it less reductive. Exploiting the ability to monitor the variant's activity with NADP(H) as a function of potential has revealed a trapped intermediate state, relieved only by applying a negative overpotential, which allows catalysis to proceed. Inhibition by NADP+ (very tightly bound) with respect to NAD(H) turnover was also revealed and interestingly, this inhibition changes depending on the applied potential. These findings are of critical importance for future exploitation of the electrochemical leaf.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta M Dolińska
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Adam J Kirwan
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Clare F Megarity
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Brachi M, El Housseini W, Beaver K, Jadhav R, Dantanarayana A, Boucher DG, Minteer SD. Advanced Electroanalysis for Electrosynthesis. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:141-187. [PMID: 38585515 PMCID: PMC10995937 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis is a popular, environmentally friendly substitute for conventional organic methods. It involves using charge transfer to stimulate chemical reactions through the application of a potential or current between two electrodes. In addition to electrode materials and the type of reactor employed, the strategies for controlling potential and current have an impact on the yields, product distribution, and reaction mechanism. In this Review, recent advances related to electroanalysis applied in electrosynthesis were discussed. The first part of this study acts as a guide that emphasizes the foundations of electrosynthesis. These essentials include instrumentation, electrode selection, cell design, and electrosynthesis methodologies. Then, advances in electroanalytical techniques applied in organic, enzymatic, and microbial electrosynthesis are illustrated with specific cases studied in recent literature. To conclude, a discussion of future possibilities that intend to advance the academic and industrial areas is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Brachi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Wassim El Housseini
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Kevin Beaver
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Rohit Jadhav
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Ashwini Dantanarayana
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Dylan G. Boucher
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
- Kummer
Institute Center for Resource Sustainability, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cobb SJ, Rodríguez-Jiménez S, Reisner E. Connecting Biological and Synthetic Approaches for Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202310547. [PMID: 37983571 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction has developed into a broad field, spanning fundamental studies of enzymatic 'model' catalysts to synthetic molecular catalysts and heterogeneous gas diffusion electrodes producing commercially relevant quantities of product. This diversification has resulted in apparent differences and a disconnect between seemingly related approaches when using different types of catalysts. Enzymes possess discrete and well understood active sites that can perform reactions with high selectivity and activities at their thermodynamic limit. Synthetic small molecule catalysts can be designed with desired active site composition but do not yet display enzyme-like performance. These properties of the biological and small molecule catalysts contrast with heterogeneous materials, which can contain multiple, often poorly understood active sites with distinct reactivity and therefore introducing significant complexity in understanding their activities. As these systems are being better understood and the continuously improving performance of their heterogeneous active sites closes the gap with enzymatic activity, this performance difference between heterogeneous and enzymatic systems begins to close. This convergence removes the barriers between using different types of catalysts and future challenges can be addressed without multiple efforts as a unified picture for the biological-synthetic catalyst spectrum emerges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Cobb
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | | | - Erwin Reisner
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Boucher DG, Carroll E, Nguyen ZA, Jadhav RG, Simoska O, Beaver K, Minteer SD. Bioelectrocatalytic Synthesis: Concepts and Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307780. [PMID: 37428529 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectrocatalytic synthesis is the conversion of electrical energy into value-added products using biocatalysts. These methods merge the specificity and selectivity of biocatalysis and energy-related electrocatalysis to address challenges in the sustainable synthesis of pharmaceuticals, commodity chemicals, fuels, feedstocks and fertilizers. However, the specialized experimental setups and domain knowledge for bioelectrocatalysis pose a significant barrier to adoption. This review introduces key concepts of bioelectrosynthetic systems. We provide a tutorial on the methods of biocatalyst utilization, the setup of bioelectrosynthetic cells, and the analytical methods for assessing bioelectrocatalysts. Key applications of bioelectrosynthesis in ammonia production and small-molecule synthesis are outlined for both enzymatic and microbial systems. This review serves as a necessary introduction and resource for the non-specialist interested in bioelectrosynthetic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G Boucher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Emily Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Zachary A Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Rohit G Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Olja Simoska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Kevin Beaver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Shelley D Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abdullayev Y, Karimova N, Schenberg LA, Ducati LC, Autschbach J. Computational predictions on Brønsted acidic ionic liquid-catalyzed carbon dioxide conversion to five-membered heterocyclic carbonyl derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:8624-8630. [PMID: 36891907 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05877d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Experimentally conducted reactions between CO2 and various substrates (i.e., ethylenediamine (EDA), ethanolamine (ETA), ethylene glycol (EG), mercaptoethanol (ME), and ethylene dithiol (EDT)) are considered in a computational study. The reactions were previously conducted under harsh conditions utilizing toxic metal catalysts. We computationally utilize Brønsted acidic ionic liquid (IL) [Et2NH2]HSO4 as a catalyst aiming to investigate and propose 'greener' pathways for future experimental studies. Computations show that EDA is the best to fixate CO2 among the tested substrates: the nucleophilic EDA attack on CO2 is calculated to have a very small energy barrier to overcome (TS1EDA, ΔG‡ = 1.4 kcal mol-1) and form I1EDA (carbamic acid adduct). The formed intermediate is converted to cyclic urea (PEDA, imidazolidin-2-one) via ring closure and dehydration of the concerted transition state (TS2EDA, ΔG‡ = 32.8 kcal mol-1). Solvation model analysis demonstrates that nonpolar solvents (hexane, THF) are better for fixing CO2 with EDA. Attaching electron-donating and -withdrawing groups to EDA does not reduce the energy barriers. Modifying the IL via changing the anion part (HSO4-) central S atom with 6 A and 5 A group elements (Se, P, and As) shows that a Se-based IL can be utilized for the same purpose. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations reveal that the IL ion pairs can hold substrates and CO2 molecules via noncovalent interactions to ease nucleophilic attack on CO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusif Abdullayev
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Baku Engineering University, Hasan Aliyev str. 120, Baku, Absheron, AZ0101, Azerbaijan.
- Institute of Petrochemical Processes, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Hojaly ave. 30, Baku, AZ1025, Azerbaijan
| | - Nazani Karimova
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Baku Engineering University, Hasan Aliyev str. 120, Baku, Absheron, AZ0101, Azerbaijan.
| | - Leonardo A Schenberg
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas C Ducati
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jochen Autschbach
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260-3000, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Siritanaratkul B. Design principles for a nanoconfined enzyme cascade electrode via reaction-diffusion modelling. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:9357-9363. [PMID: 36920789 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00540b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The study of enzymes by direct electrochemistry has been extended to enzyme cascades, with a key development being the 'electrochemical leaf': an electroactive enzyme is immobilized within a porous electrode, providing in situ cofactor (NADP(H)) regeneration for a co-immobilized downstream enzyme. This system has been further developed to include multiple downstream enzymes, and it has become an important tool in biocatalysis, however, the local environment within the porous electrode has not been investigated in detail. Here, we constructed a 1D reaction-diffusion model, comprising the porous electrode with 2 kinds of enzymes immobilized, and an enzyme-free electrolyte diffusion layer. The modelling results show that the rate of the downstream enzyme is a key parameter, and that substrate transport within the porous electrode is not a main limiting factor. The insights obtained from this model can guide future rational design and improvement of these electrodes and immobilized enzyme cascade systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhavin Siritanaratkul
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy and the Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZF, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Armstrong FA, Cheng B, Herold RA, Megarity CF, Siritanaratkul B. From Protein Film Electrochemistry to Nanoconfined Enzyme Cascades and the Electrochemical Leaf. Chem Rev 2022; 123:5421-5458. [PMID: 36573907 PMCID: PMC10176485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein film electrochemistry (PFE) has given unrivalled insight into the properties of redox proteins and many electron-transferring enzymes, allowing investigations of otherwise ill-defined or intractable topics such as unstable Fe-S centers and the catalytic bias of enzymes. Many enzymes have been established to be reversible electrocatalysts when attached to an electrode, and further investigations have revealed how unusual dependences of catalytic rates on electrode potential have stark similarities with electronics. A special case, the reversible electrochemistry of a photosynthetic enzyme, ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (FNR), loaded at very high concentrations in the 3D nanopores of a conducting metal oxide layer, is leading to a new technology that brings PFE to myriad enzymes of other classes, the activities of which become controlled by the primary electron exchange. This extension is possible because FNR-based recycling of NADP(H) can be coupled to a dehydrogenase, and thence to other enzymes linked in tandem by the tight channelling of cofactors and intermediates within the nanopores of the material. The earlier interpretations of catalytic wave-shapes and various analogies with electronics are thus extended to initiate a field perhaps aptly named "cascade-tronics", in which the flow of reactions along an enzyme cascade is monitored and controlled through an electrochemical analyzer. Unlike in photosynthesis where FNR transduces electron transfer and hydride transfer through the unidirectional recycling of NADPH, the "electrochemical leaf" (e-Leaf) can be used to drive reactions in both oxidizing and reducing directions. The e-Leaf offers a natural way to study how enzymes are affected by nanoconfinement and crowding, mimicking the physical conditions under which enzyme cascades operate in living cells. The reactions of the trapped enzymes, often at very high local concentration, are thus studied electrochemically, exploiting the potential domain to control rates and direction and the current-rate analogy to derive kinetic data. Localized NADP(H) recycling is very efficient, resulting in very high cofactor turnover numbers and new opportunities for controlling and exploiting biocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fraser A. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Beichen Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan A. Herold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Clare F. Megarity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Bhavin Siritanaratkul
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy and the Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZF, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Collaborative catalysis for solar biosynthesis. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
9
|
Megarity CF, Weald TRI, Heath RS, Turner NJ, Armstrong FA. A Nanoconfined Four-Enzyme Cascade Simultaneously Driven by Electrical and Chemical Energy, with Built-in Rapid, Confocal Recycling of NADP(H) and ATP. ACS Catal 2022; 12:8811-8821. [PMID: 35966600 PMCID: PMC9361290 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The importance of energized nanoconfinement for facilitating the study and execution of enzyme cascades that feature multiple exchangeable cofactors is demonstrated by experiments with carboxylic acid reductase (CAR), an enzyme that requires both NADPH and ATP during a single catalytic cycle. Conversion of cinnamic acid to cinnamaldehyde by a package of four enzymes loaded into and trapped in the random nanopores of an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode is driven and monitored through the simultaneous delivery of electrical and chemical energy. The electrical energy is transduced by ferredoxin NADP+ reductase, which undergoes rapid, direct electron exchange with ITO and regenerates NADP(H). The chemical energy provided by phosphoenolpyruvate, a fuel contained in the bulk solution, is cotransduced by adenylate kinase and pyruvate kinase, which efficiently convert the AMP product back into ATP that is required for the next cycle. The use of the two-kinase system allows the recycling process to be dissected to evaluate the separate roles of AMP removal and ATP supply during presteady-state and steady-state catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare F. Megarity
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Thomas R. I. Weald
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
| | - Rachel S. Heath
- School
of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School
of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Fraser A. Armstrong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cobb SJ, Badiani VM, Dharani AM, Wagner A, Zacarias S, Oliveira AR, Pereira IAC, Reisner E. Fast CO 2 hydration kinetics impair heterogeneous but improve enzymatic CO 2 reduction catalysis. Nat Chem 2022; 14:417-424. [PMID: 35228690 PMCID: PMC7612589 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The performance of heterogeneous catalysts for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (CO2R) suffers from unwanted side reactions and kinetic inefficiencies at the required large overpotential. However, immobilised CO2R enzymes — such as formate dehydrogenase — can operate with high turnover and selectivity at a minimal overpotential and are therefore ‘ideal’ model catalysts. Here, through the co-immobilisation of carbonic anhydrase, we study the effect of CO2 hydration on the local environment and performance of a range of disparate CO2R systems from enzymatic (formate dehydrogenase) to heterogeneous systems. We show that the co-immobilisation of carbonic anhydrase increases the kinetics of CO2 hydration at the electrode. This benefits enzymatic CO2 reduction — despite the decrease in CO2 concentration — due to a reduction in local pH change, whereas it is detrimental to heterogeneous catalysis (on Au), because the system is unable to suppress the H2 evolution side reaction. Understanding the role of CO2 hydration kinetics within the local environment on the performance of electrocatalyst systems provides important insights for the development of next generation synthetic CO2R catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Cobb
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vivek M Badiani
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Azim M Dharani
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andreas Wagner
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sónia Zacarias
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Oliveira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Inês A C Pereira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhuang X, Zhang Y, Xiao AF, Zhang A, Fang B. Applications of Synthetic Biotechnology on Carbon Neutrality Research: A Review on Electrically Driven Microbial and Enzyme Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:826008. [PMID: 35145960 PMCID: PMC8822124 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.826008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advancement of science, technology, and productivity, the rapid development of industrial production, transportation, and the exploitation of fossil fuels has gradually led to the accumulation of greenhouse gases and deterioration of global warming. Carbon neutrality is a balance between absorption and emissions achieved by minimizing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from human social productive activity through a series of initiatives, including energy substitution and energy efficiency improvement. Then CO2 was offset through forest carbon sequestration and captured at last. Therefore, efficiently reducing CO2 emissions and enhancing CO2 capture are a matter of great urgency. Because many species have the natural CO2 capture properties, more and more scientists focus their attention on developing the biological carbon sequestration technique and further combine with synthetic biotechnology and electricity. In this article, the advances of the synthetic biotechnology method for the most promising organisms were reviewed, such as cyanobacteria, Escherichia coli, and yeast, in which the metabolic pathways were reconstructed to enhance the efficiency of CO2 capture and product synthesis. Furthermore, the electrically driven microbial and enzyme engineering processes are also summarized, in which the critical role and principle of electricity in the process of CO2 capture are canvassed. This review provides detailed summary and analysis of CO2 capture through synthetic biotechnology, which also pave the way for implementing electrically driven combined strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhuang
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - An-Feng Xiao
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Aihui Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Baishan Fang
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen H, Tang T, Malapit CA, Lee YS, Prater MB, Weliwatte NS, Minteer SD. One-Pot Bioelectrocatalytic Conversion of Chemically Inert Hydrocarbons to Imines. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4047-4056. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Tianhua Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Christian A. Malapit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Yoo Seok Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Matthew B. Prater
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - N. Samali Weliwatte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cheng B, Heath RS, Turner NJ, Armstrong FA, Megarity CF. Deracemisation and stereoinversion by a nanoconfined bidirectional enzyme cascade: dual control by electrochemistry and selective metal ion activation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11713-11716. [PMID: 36178369 PMCID: PMC9578339 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03638j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The unique ability of the ‘electrochemical leaf’ (e-Leaf) to drive and control nanoconfined enzyme cascades bidirectionally, while directly monitoring their rate in real-time as electrical current, is exploited to achieve deracemisation and stereoinversion of secondary alcohols using a single electrode in one pot. Two alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes with opposing enantioselectivities, from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus (selective for S) and Lactobacillus kefir (selective for R) are driven bidirectionally via coupling to the fast and quasi-reversible interconversion of NADP+/NADPH catalysed by ferredoxin NADP+ reductase – all enzymes being co-entrapped in a nanoporous indium tin oxide electrode. Activity of the Lactobacillus kefir enzyme depends on the binding of a non-catalytic Mg2+, allowing it to be switched off after an oxidative half-cycle, by adding EDTA – the S-selective enzyme, with a tightly-bound Zn2+, remaining fully active. Racemate → S or R → S conversions are thus achieved in high yield with unprecedented ease. Enzymes nanoconfined in a porous electrode are electrochemically driven for deracemisation and inversion with additional control by metal ion activation.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beichen Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Rachel S. Heath
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Fraser A. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Clare F. Megarity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fang Z, Zhou J, Zhou X, Koffas MAG. Abiotic-biotic hybrid for CO 2 biomethanation: From electrochemical to photochemical process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 791:148288. [PMID: 34118677 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Converting CO2 into sustainable fuels (e.g., CH4) has great significance to solve carbon emission and energy crisis. Generally, CO2 methanation needs abundant of energy input to overcome the eight-electron-transfer barrier. Abiotic-biotic hybrid system represents one of the cutting-edge technologies that use renewable electric/solar energy to realize eight-electron-transfer CO2 biomethanation. However, the incompatible abiotic-biotic hybrid can result in low efficiency of electron transfer and CO2 biomethanation. Herein, we present the comprehensive review to highlight how to design abiotic-biotic hybrid for electric/solar-driven CO2 biomethanation. We primarily introduce the CO2 biomethanation mechanism, and further summarize state-of-the-art electrochemical and photochemical CO2 biomethanation in hybrid systems. We also propose excellent synthetic biology strategies, which are useful to design tunable methanogenic microorganisms or enzymes when cooperating with electrode/semiconductor in hybrid systems. This review provides theoretical guidance of abiotic-biotic hybrid and also shows the bright future of sustainable fuel production in the form of CO2 biomethanation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Fang
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Jun Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiangtong Zhou
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Mattheos A G Koffas
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Castañeda‐Losada L, Adam D, Paczia N, Buesen D, Steffler F, Sieber V, Erb TJ, Richter M, Plumeré N. Bioelectrocatalytic Cofactor Regeneration Coupled to CO 2 Fixation in a Redox-Active Hydrogel for Stereoselective C-C Bond Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21056-21061. [PMID: 34081832 PMCID: PMC8518881 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The sustainable capture and conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) is key to achieving a circular carbon economy. Bioelectrocatalysis, which aims at using renewable energies to power the highly specific, direct transformation of CO2 into value added products, holds promise to achieve this goal. However, the functional integration of CO2 -fixing enzymes onto electrode materials for the electrosynthesis of stereochemically complex molecules remains to be demonstrated. Here, we show the electricity-driven regio- and stereoselective incorporation of CO2 into crotonyl-CoA by an NADPH-dependent enzymatic reductive carboxylation. Co-immobilization of a ferredoxin NADP+ reductase and crotonyl-CoA carboxylase/reductase within a 2,2'-viologen-modified hydrogel enabled iterative NADPH recycling and stereoselective formation of (2S)-ethylmalonyl-CoA, a prospective intermediate towards multi-carbon products from CO2 , with 92±6 % faradaic efficiency and at a rate of 1.6±0.4 μmol cm-2 h-1 . This approach paves the way for realizing even more complex bioelectrocatalyic cascades in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Castañeda‐Losada
- Center for Electrochemical SciencesRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044780BochumGermany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGBSchulgasse 11a94315StraubingGermany
| | - David Adam
- Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic MetabolismMax-Planck Institute for Terrestrial MicrobiologyKarl-von-Frisch-Strasse 1035043MarburgGermany
| | - Nicole Paczia
- Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic MetabolismMax-Planck Institute for Terrestrial MicrobiologyKarl-von-Frisch-Strasse 1035043MarburgGermany
| | - Darren Buesen
- Center for Electrochemical SciencesRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044780BochumGermany
- Technical University MunichCampus Straubing for Biotechnology and SustainabilitySchulgasse 1694315StraubingGermany
| | - Fabian Steffler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGBSchulgasse 11a94315StraubingGermany
- Present address: Fraunhofer Center for Chemical-Biotechnological Processes CBPAm Haupttor (Gate 12, Building 1251)06237LeunaGermany
| | - Volker Sieber
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGBSchulgasse 11a94315StraubingGermany
- Technical University MunichCampus Straubing for Biotechnology and SustainabilitySchulgasse 1694315StraubingGermany
| | - Tobias J. Erb
- Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic MetabolismMax-Planck Institute for Terrestrial MicrobiologyKarl-von-Frisch-Strasse 1035043MarburgGermany
| | - Michael Richter
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGBSchulgasse 11a94315StraubingGermany
| | - Nicolas Plumeré
- Center for Electrochemical SciencesRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044780BochumGermany
- Technical University MunichCampus Straubing for Biotechnology and SustainabilitySchulgasse 1694315StraubingGermany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Herold RA, Reinbold R, Megarity CF, Abboud MI, Schofield CJ, Armstrong FA. Exploiting Electrode Nanoconfinement to Investigate the Catalytic Properties of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH1) and a Cancer-Associated Variant. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:6095-6101. [PMID: 34170697 PMCID: PMC8273889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Human isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1) and its cancer-associated variant (IDH1 R132H) are rendered electroactive through coconfinement with a rapid NADP(H) recycling enzyme (ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase) in nanopores formed within an indium tin oxide electrode. Efficient coupling to localized NADP(H) enables IDH activity to be energized, controlled, and monitored in real time, leading directly to a thermodynamic redox landscape for accumulation of the oncometabolite, 2-hydroxyglutarate, that would occur in biological environments when the R132H variant is present. The technique enables time-resolved, in situ measurements of the kinetics of binding and dissociation of inhibitory drugs.
Collapse
|
17
|
Castañeda‐Losada L, Adam D, Paczia N, Buesen D, Steffler F, Sieber V, Erb TJ, Richter M, Plumeré N. Bioelektrokatalytische Cofaktor‐Regeneration und CO
2
‐Fixierung in einem redoxaktiven Hydrogel durch stereoselektive C‐C‐Bindungsknüpfung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Castañeda‐Losada
- Zentrum für Elektrochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Deutschland
- Fraunhofer Institut für Grenzflächen- und Bioverfahrenstechnik IGB Schulgasse 11a 94315 Straubing Deutschland
| | - David Adam
- Department für Biochemie und Synthetischen Metabolismus Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 10 35043 Marburg Deutschland
| | - Nicole Paczia
- Department für Biochemie und Synthetischen Metabolismus Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 10 35043 Marburg Deutschland
| | - Darren Buesen
- Zentrum für Elektrochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Deutschland
- Technische Universität München Campus Straubing für Biotechnologie und Nachhaltigkeit Schulgasse 16 94315 Straubing Deutschland
| | - Fabian Steffler
- Fraunhofer Institut für Grenzflächen- und Bioverfahrenstechnik IGB Schulgasse 11a 94315 Straubing Deutschland
- Derzeitige Adresse: Fraunhofer-Zentrum für Chemisch-Biotechnologische Prozesse CBP Am Haupttor (Tor 12, Gebäude 1251) 06237 Leuna Deutschland
| | - Volker Sieber
- Fraunhofer Institut für Grenzflächen- und Bioverfahrenstechnik IGB Schulgasse 11a 94315 Straubing Deutschland
- Technische Universität München Campus Straubing für Biotechnologie und Nachhaltigkeit Schulgasse 16 94315 Straubing Deutschland
| | - Tobias J. Erb
- Department für Biochemie und Synthetischen Metabolismus Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 10 35043 Marburg Deutschland
| | - Michael Richter
- Fraunhofer Institut für Grenzflächen- und Bioverfahrenstechnik IGB Schulgasse 11a 94315 Straubing Deutschland
| | - Nicolas Plumeré
- Zentrum für Elektrochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Deutschland
- Technische Universität München Campus Straubing für Biotechnologie und Nachhaltigkeit Schulgasse 16 94315 Straubing Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wan L, Heath RS, Megarity CF, Sills AJ, Herold RA, Turner NJ, Armstrong FA. Exploiting Bidirectional Electrocatalysis by a Nanoconfined Enzyme Cascade to Drive and Control Enantioselective Reactions. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Rachel S. Heath
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Clare F. Megarity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Adam J. Sills
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Ryan A. Herold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Fraser A. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Megarity CF, Siritanaratkul B, Herold RA, Morello G, Armstrong FA. Electron flow between the worlds of Marcus and Warburg. J Chem Phys 2021; 153:225101. [PMID: 33317312 DOI: 10.1063/5.0024701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms are characterized by the ability to process energy (all release heat). Redox reactions play a central role in biology, from energy transduction (photosynthesis, respiratory chains) to highly selective catalyzed transformations of complex molecules. Distance and scale are important: electrons transfer on a 1 nm scale, hydrogen nuclei transfer between molecules on a 0.1 nm scale, and extended catalytic processes (cascades) operate most efficiently when the different enzymes are under nanoconfinement (10 nm-100 nm scale). Dynamic electrochemistry experiments (defined broadly within the term "protein film electrochemistry," PFE) reveal details that are usually hidden in conventional kinetic experiments. In PFE, the enzyme is attached to an electrode, often in an innovative way, and electron-transfer reactions, individual or within steady-state catalytic flow, can be analyzed in terms of precise potentials, proton coupling, cooperativity, driving-force dependence of rates, and reversibility (a mark of efficiency). The electrochemical experiments reveal subtle factors that would have played an essential role in molecular evolution. This article describes how PFE is used to visualize and analyze different aspects of biological redox chemistry, from long-range directional electron transfer to electron/hydride (NADPH) interconversion by a flavoenzyme and finally to NADPH recycling in a nanoconfined enzyme cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare F Megarity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ryan A Herold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Morello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Fraser A Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
The power of electrified nanoconfinement for energising, controlling and observing long enzyme cascades. Nat Commun 2021; 12:340. [PMID: 33436601 PMCID: PMC7804111 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20403-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Multistep enzyme-catalyzed cascade reactions are highly efficient in nature due to the confinement and concentration of the enzymes within nanocompartments. In this way, rates are exceptionally high, and loss of intermediates minimised. Similarly, extended enzyme cascades trapped and crowded within the nanoconfined environment of a porous conducting metal oxide electrode material form the basis of a powerful way to study and exploit myriad complex biocatalytic reactions and pathways. One of the confined enzymes, ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase, serves as a transducer, rapidly and reversibly recycling nicotinamide cofactors electrochemically for immediate delivery to the next enzyme along the chain, thereby making it possible to energize, control and observe extended cascade reactions driven in either direction depending on the electrode potential that is applied. Here we show as proof of concept the synthesis of aspartic acid from pyruvic acid or its reverse oxidative decarboxylation/deamination, involving five nanoconfined enzymes. Multistep enzymatic reactions (cascades) can be achieved by confining enzymes in synthetic materials, but ways to simultaneously energize, control and observe the reactions in real time are lacking. Here, bidirectional interconversion between aspartate and pyruvate by a five enzyme cascade trapped in electrode nanopores, addressable by laptop commands, is demonstrated.
Collapse
|
21
|
Richter M, Vieira L, Sieber V. Sustainable Chemistry - An Interdisciplinary Matrix Approach. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:251-265. [PMID: 32945148 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Within the framework of green chemistry, the continuous development of new and advanced tools for sustainable synthesis is essential. For this, multi-facetted underlying demands pose inherent challenges to individual chemical disciplines. As a solution, both interdisciplinary technology screening and research can enhance the possibility for groundbreaking innovation. To illustrate the stages from discovery to the implementing of combined technologies, a SusChem matrix model is proposed inspired by natural product biosynthesis. The model describes a multi-dimensional and dynamic exploratory space where necessary interaction is exclusively provided and guided by sustainable themes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Richter
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Bio- Electro-and Chemocatalysis BioCat Straubing Branch, Schulgasse 11a, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Luciana Vieira
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Bio- Electro-and Chemocatalysis BioCat Straubing Branch, Schulgasse 11a, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Volker Sieber
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Bio- Electro-and Chemocatalysis BioCat Straubing Branch, Schulgasse 11a, 94315, Straubing, Germany
- Technical University of Munich Campus, Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Schulgasse 16, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Bioelectrocatalysis has become one of the most important research fields in electrochemistry and provided a firm base for the application of important technology in various bioelectrochemical devices, such as biosensors, biofuel cells, and biosupercapacitors. The understanding and technology of bioelectrocatalysis have greatly improved with the introduction of nanostructured electrode materials and protein-engineering methods over the last few decades. Recently, the electroenzymatic production of renewable energy resources and useful organic compounds (bioelectrosynthesis) has attracted worldwide attention. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the applications of enzymatic bioelectrocatalysis.
Collapse
|
23
|
Cheng B, Wan L, Armstrong FA. Progress in Scaling up and Streamlining a Nanoconfined, Enzyme-Catalyzed Electrochemical Nicotinamide Recycling System for Biocatalytic Synthesis. ChemElectroChem 2020; 7:4672-4678. [PMID: 33381377 PMCID: PMC7756331 DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemically driven nicotinamide recycling system, referred to as the 'electrochemical leaf' has unique attributes that may suit it to the small-scale industrial synthesis of high-value chemicals. A complete enzyme cascade can be immobilized within the channels of a nanoporous electrode, allowing complex reactions to be energized, controlled and monitored continuously in real time. The electrode is easily prepared by depositing commercially available indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles on a Ti support, resulting in a network of nanopores into which enzymes enter and bind. One of the enzymes is the photosynthetic flavoenzyme, ferredoxin NADP+ reductase (FNR), which catalyzes the quasi-reversible electrochemical recycling of NADP(H) and serves as the transducer. The second enzyme is any NADP(H)-dependent dehydrogenase of choice, and further enzymes can be added to build elaborate cascades that are driven in either oxidation or reduction directions through the rapid recycling of NADP(H) within the pores. In this Article, we describe the measurement of key enzyme/cofactor parameters and an essentially linear scale-up from an analytical scale 4 mL reactor with a 14 cm2 electrode to a 500 mL reactor with a 500 cm2 electrode. We discuss the advantages (energization, continuous monitoring that can be linked to a computer, natural enzyme immobilization, low costs of electrodes and low cofactor requirements) and challenges to be addressed (optimizing minimal use of enzyme applied to the electrode).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beichen Cheng
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordInorganic Chemistry LaboratorySouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QR
| | - Lei Wan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordInorganic Chemistry LaboratorySouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QR
| | - Fraser A. Armstrong
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordInorganic Chemistry LaboratorySouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QR
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Al‐Shameri A, Petrich M, junge Puring K, Apfel U, Nestl BM, Lauterbach L. Künstliche Enzymkaskaden angetrieben mittels elektrischer Energie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Al‐Shameri
- Technische Universität BerlinInstitut für Chemie Strasse des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Marie‐Christine Petrich
- Technische Universität BerlinInstitut für Chemie Strasse des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Kai junge Puring
- Ruhr-Universität BochumAnorganische Chemie Universitaetsstrasse 150 44780 Bochum Deutschland
- Fraunhofer UMSICHT Osterfelder Strasse 3 46047 Oberhausen Deutschland
| | - Ulf‐Peter Apfel
- Ruhr-Universität BochumAnorganische Chemie Universitaetsstrasse 150 44780 Bochum Deutschland
- Fraunhofer UMSICHT Osterfelder Strasse 3 46047 Oberhausen Deutschland
| | - Bettina M. Nestl
- Universität StuttgartInstitut für Biochemie und Technische BiochemieAbteilung für Technische Biochemie Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
| | - Lars Lauterbach
- Technische Universität BerlinInstitut für Chemie Strasse des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Al-Shameri A, Petrich MC, Junge Puring K, Apfel UP, Nestl BM, Lauterbach L. Powering Artificial Enzymatic Cascades with Electrical Energy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10929-10933. [PMID: 32202370 PMCID: PMC7318245 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a scalable platform that employs electrolysis for an in vitro synthetic enzymatic cascade in a continuous flow reactor. Both H2 and O2 were produced by electrolysis and transferred through a gas-permeable membrane into the flow system. The membrane enabled the separation of the electrolyte from the biocatalysts in the flow system, where H2 and O2 served as electron mediators for the biocatalysts. We demonstrate the production of methylated N-heterocycles from diamines with up to 99 % product formation as well as excellent regioselective labeling with stable isotopes. Our platform can be applied for a broad panel of oxidoreductases to exploit electrical energy for the synthesis of fine chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Al-Shameri
- Technical University of Berlin, Institute of Chemistry, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Petrich
- Technical University of Berlin, Institute of Chemistry, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Junge Puring
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Inorganic Chemistry, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.,Fraunhofer UMSICHT, Osterfelder Strasse 3, 46047, Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Ulf-Peter Apfel
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Inorganic Chemistry, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.,Fraunhofer UMSICHT, Osterfelder Strasse 3, 46047, Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Bettina M Nestl
- Universitaet Stuttgart, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, Department of Technical Biochemistry, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lars Lauterbach
- Technical University of Berlin, Institute of Chemistry, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|