1
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Chan SC, Palone A, Bietti M, Costas M. tert-Butyl as a Functional Group: Non-Directed Catalytic Hydroxylation of Sterically Congested Primary C-H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402858. [PMID: 38688859 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The tert-butyl group is a common aliphatic motif extensively employed to implement steric congestion and conformational rigidity in organic and organometallic molecules. Because of the combination of a high bond dissociation energy (~100 kcal mol-1) and limited accessibility, in the absence of directing groups, neither radical nor organometallic approaches are effective for the chemical modification of tert-butyl C-H bonds. Herein we overcome these limits by employing a highly electrophilic manganese catalyst, [Mn(CF3bpeb)(OTf)2], that operates in the strong hydrogen bond donor solvent nonafluoro-tert-butyl alcohol (NFTBA) and catalytically activates hydrogen peroxide to generate a powerful manganese-oxo species that effectively oxidizes tert-butyl C-H bonds. Leveraging on the interplay of steric, electronic, medium and torsional effects, site-selective and product chemoselective hydroxylation of the tert-butyl group is accomplished with broad reaction scope, delivering primary alcohols as largely dominant products in preparative yields. Late-stage hydroxylation at tert-butyl sites is demonstrated on 6 densely functionalized molecules of pharmaceutical interest. This work uncovers a novel disconnection approach, harnessing tert-butyl as a potential functional group in strategic synthetic planning for complex molecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu-Chung Chan
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andrea Palone
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata"; Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
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2
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Reese PB. Remote functionalization reactions in steroids: discovery and application. Steroids 2024; 204:109362. [PMID: 38278283 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Research published between 2001 and 2022 on the functionalization of remote positions of steroids, as well as the use of this technique in the generation of biologically active compounds has been reviewed. In the first section of the analysis established and novel methods for activation of sites deemed to be remote were reported. A series of manganese- (mainly), rhodium-, ruthenium- and osmium-centered porphyrins as catalysts in the presence of PIDA as oxidant have effected hydroxylation at C-1, -5, -6, -7, -11, -14, -15, -16, -17, -20, -24 and -25. Dioxiranes have been utilized in inserting hydroxyl groups at the 5, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 24 and 25 positions (tertiary centers for the most part). Alcohols at C-12 and -16 were oxidized further to ketones. The Schönecker oxidation, discovered and developed during the period, has revolutionized the selective functionalization at C-12 of steroids possessing a 17-keto group. In the presence of iron-centered PDP- and MCP-based catalysts, hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid, substrates tended to be hydroxylated at C-6 and -12, with further oxidation to ketones often accompanying this reaction. The hypohalite reaction, utilizing the more modern Suarez conditions (irradiation in the presence of iodine and PIDA), was reported to facilitate the insertion of a hydroxyl moiety five atoms away from an existing alcohol oxygen. Steroidal-3β-diazoacetates tend to decompose on heating with di-rhodium-centered catalysts while activating carbons four or five atoms away. Chromium- and iron-based acetates were observed to functionalize C-5 and -25. Other reactions involving ring cleavage and halogenation, ketone irradiation and α-hydroxylation of ethers were also covered. The syntheses of compounds with marked biological activity from readily available steroids is described in the second section of the study. Cyclopamine, cephalostatin-1, ritterazine B and three polyhydroxypregnanaes (pergularin, utendin and tomentogenin) were generated in sequences in which a key step required hydroxylation at C-12 using the Schönecker reaction. A crucial stage in the preparation of cortistatin A, the saundersioside core, eurysterol A, 5,6-dihydroglaucogenin C, as well as clinostatins A and B involved the functionalization of C-18 or -19 utilizing hypohalite chemistry. The synthetic route to xestobergsterol A, pavonin-4-aglycone and ouagabagenin included a transformation where ketone irradiation played a part in either producing a Δ14 or a C-19 activated steroid. The radical relay reaction, where a 17α-chloro-steroid was formed, was central in the generation of pythocholic acid. The lead tetraacetate reaction was pivotal in the functionalization of C-19 during the synthesis of cyclocitrinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Reese
- Department of Chemistry, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica.
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3
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Naeem Y, Matsuo BT, Davies HML. Enantioselective Intermolecular C-H Functionalization of Primary Benzylic C-H Bonds Using ((Aryl)(diazo)methyl)phosphonates. ACS Catal 2024; 14:124-130. [PMID: 38205024 PMCID: PMC10775147 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c04661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Catalyst-controlled C-H functionalization using donor/acceptor carbenes has been shown to be an efficient process capable of high levels of site control and stereocontrol. This study demonstrated that the scope of the donor/acceptor carbene C-H functionalization can be extended to systems where the acceptor group is a phosphonate. When using the optimized dirhodium catalyst, Rh2(S-di-(4-Br)TPPTTL)4, ((aryl)(diazo)methyl)phosphonates undergo highly enantioselective (84-99% ee) and site-selective (>30:1 r.r.) benzylic C-H functionalization. The phosphonate group is much more sterically demanding than the previously studied carboxylate ester group, leading to much higher selectivity for a primary site versus more sterically crowded positions. The effectiveness of this methodology has been demonstrated by the late-stage primary C-H functionalization of estrone, adapalene, (S)-naproxen, clofibrate, and gemfibrozil derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Naeem
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Bianca T. Matsuo
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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4
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Ottenbacher RV, Bryliakova AA, Kurganskii VI, Prikhodchenko PV, Medvedev AG, Bryliakov KP. Bioinspired Non-Heme Mn Catalysts for Regio- and Stereoselective Oxyfunctionalizations with H 2 O 2. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302772. [PMID: 37642264 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, metalloenzymes-mediated highly selective oxidations of organic substrates under mild conditions have been inspiration for developing synthetic bioinspired catalyst systems, capable of conducting such processes in the laboratory (and, in the future, in industry), relying on easy-to-handle and environmentally benign oxidants such as H2 O2 . To date, non-heme manganese complexes with chiral bis-amino-bis-pyridylmethyl and structurally related ligands are considered as possessing the highest synthetic potential, having demonstrated the ability to mediate a variety of chemo- and stereoselective oxidative transformations, such as epoxidations, C(sp3 )-H hydroxylations and ketonizations, oxidative desymmetrizations, kinetic resolutions, etc. Furthermore, in the past few years non-heme Mn based catalysts have become the major platform for studies focused on getting insight into the molecular mechanisms of oxidant activation and (stereo)selective oxygen transfer, testing non-traditional hydroperoxide oxidants, engineering catalytic sites with enzyme-like substrate recognition-based selectivity, exploration of catalytic regioselectivity trends in the oxidation of biologically active substrates of natural origin. This contribution summarizes the progress in manganese catalyzed C-H oxygenative transformations of organic substrates, achieved essentially in the past 5 years (late 2018-2023).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman V Ottenbacher
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Anna A Bryliakova
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, Leninsky Pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir I Kurganskii
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, Leninsky Pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Petr V Prikhodchenko
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander G Medvedev
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin P Bryliakov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, Leninsky Pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
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5
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Galeotti M, Lee W, Sisti S, Casciotti M, Salamone M, Houk KN, Bietti M. Radical and Cationic Pathways in C( sp3)-H Bond Oxygenation by Dioxiranes of Bicyclic and Spirocyclic Hydrocarbons Bearing Cyclopropane Moieties. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:24021-24034. [PMID: 37874906 PMCID: PMC10636757 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
A product and DFT computational study on the reactions of 3-ethyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane (ETFDO) with bicyclic and spirocyclic hydrocarbons bearing cyclopropyl groups was carried out. With bicyclo[n.1.0]alkanes (n = 3-6), diastereoselective formation of the alcohol product derived from C2-H bond hydroxylation was observed, accompanied by smaller amounts of products derived from oxygenation at other sites. With 1-methylbicyclo[4.1.0]heptane, rearranged products were also observed in addition to the unrearranged products deriving from oxygenation at the most activated C2-H and C5-H bonds. With spiro[2.5]octane and 6-tert-butylspiro[2.5]octane, reaction with ETFDO occurred predominantly or exclusively at the axial C4-H to give unrearranged oxygenation products, accompanied by smaller amounts of rearranged bicyclo[4.2.0]octan-1-ols. The good to outstanding site-selectivities and diastereoselectivities are paralleled by the calculated activation free energies for the corresponding reaction pathways. Computations show that the σ* orbitals of the bicyclo[n.1.0]alkane cis or trans C2-H bonds and spiro[2.5]octanes axial C4-H bond hyperconjugatively interact with the Walsh orbitals of the cyclopropane ring, activating these bonds toward HAT to ETFDO. The detection of rearranged oxygenation products in the oxidation of 1-methylbicyclo[4.1.0]heptane, spiro[2.5]octane, and 6-tert-butylspiro[2.5]octane provides unambiguous evidence for the involvement of cationic intermediates in these reactions, representing the first examples on the operation of ET pathways in dioxirane-mediated C(sp3)-H bond oxygenations. Computations support these findings, showing that formation of cationic intermediates is associated with specific stabilizing hyperconjugative interactions between the incipient carbon radical and the cyclopropane C-C bonding orbitals that trigger ET to the incipient dioxirane derived 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-butoxyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Galeotti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
- QBIS
Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi
(IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Woojin Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sergio Sisti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Casciotti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
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6
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Sisti S, Galeotti M, Scarchilli F, Salamone M, Costas M, Bietti M. Highly Selective C(sp 3)-H Bond Oxygenation at Remote Methylenic Sites Enabled by Polarity Enhancement. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22086-22096. [PMID: 37751483 PMCID: PMC10571082 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
A detailed study on the C(sp3)-H bond oxygenation reactions with H2O2 catalyzed by the [Mn(OTf)2(TIPSmcp)] complex at methylenic sites of cycloalkyl and 1-alkyl substrates bearing 19 different electron-withdrawing functional groups (EW FGs) was carried out. Oxidations in MeCN were compared to the corresponding ones in the strong hydrogen bond donating (HBD) solvents 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) and nonafluoro tert-butyl alcohol (NFTBA). Formation of the products deriving from oxygenation at the most remote methylenic sites was observed, with yields, product ratios (PR) for oxygenation at the most remote over the next methylenic sites, and associated site-selectivities that significantly increased going from MeCN to HFIP and NFTBA. Unprecedented site-selectivities were obtained in the oxidation of cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, 1-pentyl, 1-hexyl, and 1-heptyl substrates, approaching >99%, >99%, 90%, >99%, 93%, and 88% (PR >99, >99, 9.4, >99, 14, and 7.5) with cyclohexyl-2-pyridinecarboxylate, cycloheptyl-2-pyridinecarboxylate, cyclooctyl-4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide, 1-pentyl-3,5-dinitrobenzoate, 1-hexyl-3,5-dinitrobenzoate, and 1-heptyl-3,5-dinitrobenzoate, respectively. The results are rationalized on the basis of a polarity enhancement effect via synergistic electronic deactivation of proximal methylenic sites imparted by the EWG coupled to solvent HB. Compared to previous procedures, polarity enhancement provides the opportunity to tune site-selectivity among multiple methylenes in different substrate classes, extending the strong electronic deactivation determined by native EWGs by two carbon atoms. This study uncovers a simple procedure for predictable, high-yielding, and highly site-selective oxidation at remote methylenes of cycloalkyl and 1-alkyl substrates that occurs under mild conditions, with a large substrate scope, providing an extremely powerful tool to be implemented in synthetically useful procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Sisti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Galeotti
- QBIS
Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi
(IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Filippo Scarchilli
- QBIS
Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi
(IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Miquel Costas
- QBIS
Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi
(IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
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7
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Chambers RK, Weaver JD, Kim J, Hoar JL, Krska SW, White MC. A preparative small-molecule mimic of liver CYP450 enzymes in the aliphatic C-H oxidation of carbocyclic N-heterocycles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300315120. [PMID: 37428920 PMCID: PMC10629554 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300315120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
An emerging trend in small-molecule pharmaceuticals, generally composed of nitrogen heterocycles (N-heterocycles), is the incorporation of aliphatic fragments. Derivatization of the aliphatic fragments to improve drug properties or identify metabolites often requires lengthy de novo syntheses. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are capable of direct site- and chemo-selective oxidation of a broad range of substrates but are not preparative. A chemoinformatic analysis underscored limited structural diversity of N-heterocyclic substrates oxidized using chemical methods relative to pharmaceutical chemical space. Here, we describe a preparative chemical method for direct aliphatic oxidation that tolerates a wide range of nitrogen functionality (chemoselective) and matches the site of oxidation (site-selective) of liver CYP450 enzymes. Commercial small-molecule catalyst Mn(CF3-PDP) selectively effects direct methylene oxidation in compounds bearing 25 distinct heterocycles including 14 out of 27 of the most frequent N-heterocycles found in U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs. Mn(CF3-PDP) oxidations of carbocyclic bioisostere drug candidates (for example, HCV NS5B and COX-2 inhibitors including valdecoxib and celecoxib derivatives) and precursors of antipsychotic drugs blonanserin, buspirone, and tiospirone and the fungicide penconazole are demonstrated to match the major site of aliphatic metabolism obtained with liver microsomes. Oxidations are demonstrated at low Mn(CF3-PDP) loadings (2.5 to 5 mol%) on gram scales of substrate to furnish preparative amounts of oxidized products. A chemoinformatic analysis supports that Mn(CF3-PDP) significantly expands the pharmaceutical chemical space accessible to small-molecule C-H oxidation catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K. Chambers
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Jacob D. Weaver
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Jinho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Jason L. Hoar
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ07065
| | - Shane W. Krska
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ07065
| | - M. Christina White
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL61801
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8
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Maciuk S, Wood SH, Patel VK, Shapland PDP, Tomkinson NCO. Peracid Oxidation of Unactivated sp 3 C-H Bonds: An Important Solvent Effect. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202204007. [PMID: 36888902 PMCID: PMC10946557 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202204007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
The peracid oxidation of hydrocarbons in chlorinated solvents is a low yielding and poorly selective process. Through a combination of DFT calculations, spectroscopic studies, and kinetic measurement it is shown that the origin of this is electronic in nature and can be influenced through the addition of hydrogen bond donors (HBD) and hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA). Performing the reaction of a cycloalkane with mCPBA in a fluorinated alcohol solvent such as nonafluoro-tert-butanol (NFTB) or hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP), which act as strong HBD and poor HBA, leads to significantly higher yields and selectivities being observed for the alcohol product. Application of the optimised reaction conditions allows for the selective oxidation of both cyclic and linear alkane substrates delivering the corresponding alcohol in up to 86 % yield. The transformation shows selectivity for tertiary centres over secondary centres and the oxidation of secondary centres is strongly influenced by stereoelectronic effects. Primary centres are not oxidised by this method. A simple computational model developed to understand this transformation provides a powerful tool to reliably predict the influence of substitution and functionality on reaction outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej Maciuk
- Department Pure and Applied Chemistry Thomas Graham BuildingUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Susanna H. Wood
- Department Pure and Applied Chemistry Thomas Graham BuildingUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | | | | | - Nicholas C. O. Tomkinson
- Department Pure and Applied Chemistry Thomas Graham BuildingUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
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9
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Chen J, Song W, Yao J, Wu Z, Lee YM, Wang Y, Nam W, Wang B. Hydrogen Bonding-Assisted and Nonheme Manganese-Catalyzed Remote Hydroxylation of C-H Bonds in Nitrogen-Containing Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5456-5466. [PMID: 36811463 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of catalytic systems capable of oxygenating unactivated C-H bonds with excellent site-selectivity and functional group tolerance under mild conditions remains a challenge. Inspired by the secondary coordination sphere (SCS) hydrogen bonding in metallooxygenases, reported herein is an SCS solvent hydrogen bonding strategy that employs 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) as a strong hydrogen bond donor solvent to enable remote C-H hydroxylation in the presence of basic aza-heteroaromatic rings with a low loading of a readily available and inexpensive manganese complex as a catalyst and hydrogen peroxide as a terminal oxidant. We demonstrate that this strategy represents a promising compliment to the current state-of-the-art protection approaches that rely on precomplexation with strong Lewis and/or Brønsted acids. Mechanistic studies with experimental and theoretical approaches reveal the existence of a strong hydrogen bonding between the nitrogen-containing substrate and HFIP, which prevents the catalyst deactivation by nitrogen binding and deactivates the basic nitrogen atom toward oxygen atom transfer and the α-C-H bonds adjacent to the nitrogen center toward H-atom abstraction. Moreover, the hydrogen bonding exerted by HFIP has also been demonstrated not only to facilitate the O-O bond heterolytic cleavage of a putative MnIII-OOH precursor to generate MnV(O)(OC(O)CH2Br) as an active oxidant but also to affect the stability and the activity of MnV(O)(OC(O)CH2Br).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Wenxun Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Jinping Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Zhimin Wu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yong-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
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10
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Sharland JC, Dunstan D, Majumdar D, Gao J, Tan K, Malik HA, Davies HML. Hexafluoroisopropanol for the Selective Deactivation of Poisonous Nucleophiles Enabling Catalytic Asymmetric Cyclopropanation of Complex Molecules. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack C. Sharland
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - David Dunstan
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dyuti Majumdar
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jinhai Gao
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kian Tan
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hasnain A. Malik
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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11
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Motiwala HF, Armaly AM, Cacioppo JG, Coombs TC, Koehn KRK, Norwood VM, Aubé J. HFIP in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12544-12747. [PMID: 35848353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim F Motiwala
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Ahlam M Armaly
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jackson G Cacioppo
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Thomas C Coombs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 United States
| | - Kimberly R K Koehn
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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12
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Golden DL, Suh SE, Stahl SS. Radical C(sp3)-H functionalization and cross-coupling reactions. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:405-427. [PMID: 35965690 PMCID: PMC9364982 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
C─H functionalization reactions are playing an increasing role in the preparation and modification of complex organic molecules, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and polymer precursors. Radical C─H functionalization reactions, initiated by hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) and proceeding via open-shell radical intermediates, have been expanding rapidly in recent years. These methods introduce strategic opportunities to functionalize C(sp3)─H bonds. Examples include synthetically useful advances in radical-chain reactivity and biomimetic radical-rebound reactions. A growing number of reactions, however, proceed via "radical relay" whereby HAT generates a diffusible radical that is functionalized by a separate reagent or catalyst. The latter methods provide the basis for versatile C─H cross-coupling methods with diverse partners. In the present review, highlights of recent radical-chain and radical-rebound methods provide context for a survey of emerging radical-relay methods, which greatly expand the scope and utility of intermolecular C(sp3)─H functionalization and cross coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung L. Golden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Dung L. Golden, Sung-Eun Suh
| | - Sung-Eun Suh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Dung L. Golden, Sung-Eun Suh
- Department of Chemistry, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI, USA
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13
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Chen J, Yao J, Li XX, Wang Y, Song W, Cho KB, Lee YM, Nam W, Wang B. Bromoacetic Acid-Promoted Nonheme Manganese-Catalyzed Alkane Hydroxylation Inspired by α-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Oxygenases. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Jinping Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xiao-Xi Li
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Wenxun Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Kyung-Bin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Yong-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
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14
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Hahn PL, Lowe JM, Xu Y, Burns KL, Hilinski MK. Amine Organocatalysis of Remote, Chemoselective C(sp 3)-H Hydroxylation. ACS Catal 2022; 12:4302-4309. [PMID: 35529672 PMCID: PMC9075503 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We introduce an organocatalytic approach for oxaziridinium-mediated C-H hydroxylation that employs secondary amines as catalysts. We also demonstrate the advantages of this operationally simple catalytic strategy for achieving high yielding and highly selective remote hydroxylation of compounds bearing oxidation-sensitive functional groups such as alcohols, ethers, carbamates, and amides. By employing hexafluoroisopropanol as the solvent in the absence of water, a proposed hydrogen bonding effect leads to, among other advantages, as high as ≥99:1 chemoselectivity for remote aliphatic hydroxylation of 2° alcohols, an otherwise unsolved synthetic challenge normally complicated by substantial amounts of alcohol oxidation. Initial studies of the reaction mechanism indicate the formation of an oxaziridinium salt as the active oxidant, and a C-H oxidation step that proceeds in a stereospecific manner via concerted insertion or hydrogen atom transfer/radical rebound. Furthermore, preliminary results indicate that site selectivity can be affected by amine catalyst structure. In the long term, we anticipate that this will enable new strategies for catalyst control of selectivity based on the abundance of catalytic scaffolds that have proliferated over the last twenty years as a result of Nobel Prize-winning discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L. Hahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Jared M. Lowe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Yubo Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Kevin L. Burns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Michael K. Hilinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
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15
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Galeotti M, Vicens L, Salamone M, Costas M, Bietti M. Resolving Oxygenation Pathways in Manganese-Catalyzed C(sp 3)-H Functionalization via Radical and Cationic Intermediates. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7391-7401. [PMID: 35417154 PMCID: PMC9052745 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
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The C(sp3)–H bond oxygenation of the cyclopropane-containing
mechanistic probes 6-tert-butylspiro[2.5]octane and
spiro[2.5]octane with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by manganese complexes
bearing aminopyridine tetradentate ligands has been studied. Mixtures
of unrearranged and rearranged oxygenation products (alcohols, ketones,
and esters) are obtained, suggesting the involvement of cationic intermediates
and the contribution of different pathways following the initial hydrogen
atom transfer-based C–H bond cleavage step. Despite such a
complex mechanistic scenario, a judicious choice of the catalyst structure
and reaction conditions (solvent, temperature, and carboxylic acid)
could be employed to resolve these oxygenation pathways, leading,
with the former substrate, to conditions where a single unrearranged
or rearranged product is obtained in good isolated yield. Taken together,
the work demonstrates an unprecedented ability to precisely direct
the chemoselectivity of the C–H oxidation reaction, discriminating
among multiple pathways. In addition, these results conclusively demonstrate
that stereospecific C(sp3)–H oxidation can take
place via a cationic intermediate and that this path can become exclusive
in governing product formation, expanding the available toolbox of
aliphatic C–H bond oxygenations. The implications of these
findings are discussed in the framework of the development of synthetically
useful C–H functionalization procedures and the associated
mechanistic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Galeotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università"Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Laia Vicens
- QBIS Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università"Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Miquel Costas
- QBIS Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università"Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
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16
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Galeotti M, Salamone M, Bietti M. Electronic control over site-selectivity in hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) based C(sp 3)-H functionalization promoted by electrophilic reagents. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2171-2223. [PMID: 35229835 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00556a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds represents one of the most investigated approaches to develop new synthetic methodology. Among the available strategies for intermolecular C-H bond functionalization, increasing attention has been devoted to hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) based procedures promoted by radical or radical-like reagents, that offer the opportunity to introduce a large variety of atoms and groups in place of hydrogen under mild conditions. Because of the large number of aliphatic C-H bonds displayed by organic molecules, in these processes control over site-selectivity represents a crucial issue, and the associated factors have been discussed. In this review article, attention will be devoted to the role of electronic effects on C(sp3)-H bond functionalization site-selectivity. Through an analysis of the recent literature, a detailed description of the HAT reagents employed in these processes, the associated mechanistic features and the selectivity patterns observed in the functionalization of substrates of increasing structural complexity will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Galeotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy.
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17
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Costas M. Site and Enantioselective Aliphatic C-H Oxidation with Bioinspired Chiral Complexes. CHEM REC 2021; 21:4000-4014. [PMID: 34609780 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Selective oxidation of aliphatic C-H bonds stands as an unsolved problem in organic synthesis, with the potential to offer novel paths for preparing molecules of biological interest. The quest for reagents that can perform this class of reactions finds oxygenases and their mechanisms of action as inspiration motifs. Among the numerous families of synthetic catalysts that have been explored, complexes with linear tetraazadentate ligands combining two aliphatic amines and two aromatic amine heterocycles display a structural versatility proven instrumental in the design of C-H oxidation reactions showing site and enantioselectivities, not accessible by conventional oxidants. This manuscript makes a review of recent advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Costas
- Department of Chemistry and Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC), Universitat de Girona Facultat de Ciències, Campus de Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain
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18
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Sharland JC, Wei B, Hardee DJ, Hodges TR, Gong W, Voight EA, Davies HML. Asymmetric synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant 1-aryl-2-heteroaryl- and 1,2-diheteroarylcyclopropane-1-carboxylates. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11181-11190. [PMID: 34522315 PMCID: PMC8386643 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02474d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes general methods for the enantioselective syntheses of pharmaceutically relevant 1-aryl-2-heteroaryl- and 1,2-diheteroarylcyclopropane-1-carboxylates through dirhodium tetracarboxylate-catalysed asymmetric cyclopropanation of vinyl heterocycles with aryl- or heteroaryldiazoacetates. The reactions are highly diastereoselective and high asymmetric induction could be achieved using either (R)-pantolactone as a chiral auxiliary or chiral dirhodium tetracarboxylate catalysts. For meta- or para-substituted aryl- or heteroaryldiazoacetates the optimum catalyst was Rh2(R-p-Ph-TPCP)4. In the case of ortho-substituted aryl- or heteroaryldiazoacetates, the optimum catalyst was Rh2(R-TPPTTL)4. For a highly enantioselective reaction with the ortho-substituted substrates, 2-chloropyridine was required as an additive in the presence of either 4 Å molecular sieves or 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP). Under the optimized conditions, the cyclopropanation could be conducted in the presence of a variety of heterocycles, such as pyridines, pyrazines, quinolines, indoles, oxadiazoles, thiophenes and pyrazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack C Sharland
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University 1515 Dickey Drive Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University 1515 Dickey Drive Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - David J Hardee
- Drug Discovery Science and Technology, AbbVie 1 North Waukegan Rd. North Chicago IL 60064 USA
| | - Timothy R Hodges
- Drug Discovery Science and Technology, AbbVie 1 North Waukegan Rd. North Chicago IL 60064 USA
| | - Wei Gong
- Drug Discovery Science and Technology, AbbVie 1 North Waukegan Rd. North Chicago IL 60064 USA
| | - Eric A Voight
- Drug Discovery Science and Technology, AbbVie 1 North Waukegan Rd. North Chicago IL 60064 USA
| | - Huw M L Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University 1515 Dickey Drive Atlanta GA 30322 USA
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19
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Wang B, Lin J, Sun Q, Xia C, Sun W. Efficient Aliphatic C–H Oxidation and C═C Epoxidation Catalyzed by Porous Organic Polymer-Supported Single-Site Manganese Catalysts. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiangsheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chungu Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wei Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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20
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Capaldo L, Ravelli D, Fagnoni M. Direct Photocatalyzed Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) for Aliphatic C-H Bonds Elaboration. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1875-1924. [PMID: 34355884 PMCID: PMC8796199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Direct photocatalyzed
hydrogen atom transfer (d-HAT) can be considered
a method of choice for the elaboration of
aliphatic C–H bonds. In this manifold, a photocatalyst (PCHAT) exploits the energy of a photon to trigger the homolytic
cleavage of such bonds in organic compounds. Selective C–H
bond elaboration may be achieved by a judicious choice of the hydrogen
abstractor (key parameters are the electronic character and the molecular
structure), as well as reaction additives. Different are the classes
of PCsHAT available, including aromatic ketones, xanthene
dyes (Eosin Y), polyoxometalates, uranyl salts, a metal-oxo porphyrin
and a tris(amino)cyclopropenium radical dication. The processes (mainly
C–C bond formation) are in most cases carried out under mild
conditions with the help of visible light. The aim of this review
is to offer a comprehensive survey of the synthetic applications of
photocatalyzed d-HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Capaldo
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Ravelli
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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21
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Zima AM, Lyakin OY, Bryliakov KP, Talsi EP. Low-Spin and High-Spin Perferryl Intermediates in Non-Heme Iron Catalyzed Oxidations of Aliphatic C-H Groups. Chemistry 2021; 27:7781-7788. [PMID: 33780054 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The selectivity patterns of iron catalysts of the Fe(PDP) family in aliphatic C-H oxidation with H2 O2 have been studied (PDP=N,N'-bis(pyridine-2-ylmethyl)-2,2'-bipyrrolidine). Cyclohexane, adamantane, 1-bromo-3,7-dimethyloctane, 3,7-dimethyloctyl acetate, (-)-acetoxy-p-menthane, and cis-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane were used as substrates. The studied catalyst systems generate low-spin (S=1/2) oxoiron(V) intermediates or high-spin (S=3/2) oxoiron(V) intermediates, depending on the electron-donating ability of remote substituents at the pyridine rings. The low-spin perferryl intermediates demonstrate lower stability and higher reactivity toward aliphatic C-H groups of cyclohexane than their high-spin congeners, according to the measured self-decay and second-order rate constants k1 and k2 . Unexpectedly, there appears to be no uniform correlation between the spin state of the oxoiron(V) intermediates, and the chemo- and regioselectivity of the corresponding catalyst systems in the oxidation of the considered substrates. This contrasts with the asymmetric epoxidations by the same catalyst systems, in which case the epoxidation enantioselectivity increases when passing from the systems featuring the more reactive low-spin perferryl intermediates to those with their less reactive high-spin congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Zima
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Oleg Y Lyakin
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin P Bryliakov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Evgenii P Talsi
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
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22
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Masferrer‐Rius E, Borrell M, Lutz M, Costas M, Klein Gebbink RJM. Aromatic C−H Hydroxylation Reactions with Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by Bulky Manganese Complexes. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Masferrer‐Rius
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Margarida Borrell
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) Departament de Química Universitat de Girona Campus Montilivi E-17071 Girona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Martin Lutz
- Structural Biochemistry Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research Utrecht University Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) Departament de Química Universitat de Girona Campus Montilivi E-17071 Girona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Robertus J. M. Klein Gebbink
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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23
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Masferrer-Rius E, Li F, Lutz M, Klein Gebbink RJM. Exploration of highly electron-rich manganese complexes in enantioselective oxidation catalysis; a focus on enantioselective benzylic oxidation. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01642c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of highly electron-rich manganese complexes for enantioselective benzylic oxidation (and asymmetric epoxidation) is described, to provide chiral benzylic alcohols and epoxides in good yields and enantioselectivites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Masferrer-Rius
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fanshi Li
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Lutz
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robertus J. M. Klein Gebbink
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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24
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Rana S, Biswas JP, Paul S, Paik A, Maiti D. Organic synthesis with the most abundant transition metal–iron: from rust to multitasking catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:243-472. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00688b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The promising aspects of iron in synthetic chemistry are being explored for three-four decades as a green and eco-friendly alternative to late transition metals. This present review unveils these rich iron-chemistry towards different transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujoy Rana
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Bengal
- Darjeeling
- India
| | | | - Sabarni Paul
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Bengal
- Darjeeling
- India
| | - Aniruddha Paik
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Bengal
- Darjeeling
- India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry
- IIT Bombay
- Mumbai-400076
- India
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI)
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25
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Ottenbacher RV, Talsi EP, Bryliakov KP. Highly enantioselective undirected catalytic hydroxylation of benzylic CH2 groups with H2O2. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Lin J, Miao C, Wang F, Yang P, Sun Q, Sun W. Effect of Ligand Topology on the Reactivity of Chiral Tetradentate Aminopyridine Manganese Complexes. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation Department, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chengxia Miao
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation Department, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No. 61, Taian 271018, P. R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation Department, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Peiju Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation Department, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Qiangsheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation Department, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation Department, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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27
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Vicens L, Olivo G, Costas M. Rational Design of Bioinspired Catalysts for Selective Oxidations. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Vicens
- Institut de Quı́mica Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Quı́mica, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Giorgio Olivo
- Institut de Quı́mica Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Quı́mica, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Quı́mica Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Quı́mica, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
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