1
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Li T, Li T, Yang Y, Qiu Y, Liu Y, Zhang M, Zhuang H, Schmidt RR, Peng P. Reaction Rate and Stereoselectivity Enhancement in Glycosidations with O-Glycosyl Trihaloacetimidate Donors due to Catalysis by a Lewis Acid-Nitrile Cooperative Effect. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38805026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Activation of O-glycosyl trihaloacetimidate glycosyl donors with AuCl3 as a catalyst and pivalonitrile (tBuCN) as a ligand led to excellent glycosidation results in terms of yield and anomeric selectivity. In this way, various β-d-gluco- and β-d-galactopyranosides were obtained conveniently and efficiently. Experimental studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, in order to elucidate the reaction course, support formation of the tBuCN-AuCl2-OR(H)+ AuCl4- complex as a decisive intermediate in the glycosidation event. Proton transfer from this acceptor complex to the imidate nitrogen leads to donor activation. In this way, guided by the C-2 configuration of the glycosyl donor, the alignment of the acceptor complex enforces the stereoselective β-glycoside formation in an intramolecular fashion, thus promoting also a fast reaction course. The high stereocontrol of this novel 'Lewis acid-nitrile cooperative effect' is independent of the glycosyl donor anomeric configuration and without the support of neighboring group or remote group participation. The power of the methodology is shown by a successful glycoalkaloid solamargine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlu Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Carbohydrate, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate Based Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Tong Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Carbohydrate, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate Based Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Yue Yang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Carbohydrate, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate Based Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Yongshun Qiu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Carbohydrate, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate Based Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Yingguo Liu
- Division of Molecular Catalysis and Synthesis, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Carbohydrate, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate Based Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Haoru Zhuang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Carbohydrate, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate Based Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Richard R Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz D-78457, Germany
| | - Peng Peng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Carbohydrate, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate Based Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Shandong 266237, China
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2
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Lin MH, Kuo YT, Danglad-Flores J, Sletten ET, Seeberger PH. Parametric Analysis of Donor Activation for Glycosylation Reactions. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400479. [PMID: 38545936 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of complex oligosaccharides relies on efficient and highly reproducible glycosylation reactions. The outcome of a glycosylation is contingent upon several environmental factors, such as temperature, acidity, the presence of residual moisture, as well as the steric, electronic, and conformational aspects of the reactants. Each glycosylation proceeds rapidly and with a high yield within a rather narrow temperature range. For better control over glycosylations and to ensure fast and reliable reactions, a systematic analysis of 18 glycosyl donors revealed the effect of reagent concentration, water content, protecting groups, and structure of the glycosyl donors on the activation temperature. With these insights, we parametrize the first step of the glycosylation reaction to be executed reliably and efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Huei Lin
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yan-Ting Kuo
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- GlycoUniverseGmbH&Co.KGaA, Am Mühlenberg 11, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - José Danglad-Flores
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Eric T Sletten
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Li Y, Lv X, Liu J, Du Y. Total synthesis and cytotoxicity evaluation of the spirostanol saponin gitonin. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2081-2090. [PMID: 38363172 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob02101g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The spirostanol saponin gitonin was efficiently synthesized in 12 steps (longest linear sequence) in 18.5% overall yield from the commercially available isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and tigogenin. A cascade two-step glycosylation and Schmidt's inverse procedure significantly facilitated the synthesis of gitonin and its derivatives. The cytotoxic activities of gitonin and its structural analogues were evaluated against A549, HepG2, and MCF-7, and most of them exhibited moderate to excellent inhibitory activity. Our study demonstrates that the removal of the β-D-galactopyranosyl residue (attached at C-2 of the glucose unit) from gitonin would not decrease the inhibition activities; however, further cleavage of sugar units could seriously reduce the activities. A bioassay on these cancer cell lines also suggested that the presence of 2α-hydroxy on the aglycone weakened the cytotoxicity of the designed saponin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xun Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou 256606, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou 256606, Shandong Province, China
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4
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Remmerswaal W, Elferink H, Houthuijs KJ, Hansen T, ter Braak F, Berden G, van der Vorm S, Martens J, Oomens J, van der Marel GA, Boltje TJ, Codée JDC. Anomeric Triflates versus Dioxanium Ions: Different Product-Forming Intermediates from 3-Acyl Benzylidene Mannosyl and Glucosyl Donors. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1618-1625. [PMID: 38235652 PMCID: PMC10845153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Minimal structural differences in the structure of glycosyl donors can have a tremendous impact on their reactivity and the stereochemical outcome of their glycosylation reactions. Here, we used a combination of systematic glycosylation reactions, the characterization of potential reactive intermediates, and in-depth computational studies to study the disparate behavior of glycosylation systems involving benzylidene glucosyl and mannosyl donors. While these systems have been studied extensively, no satisfactory explanations are available for the differences observed between the 3-O-benzyl/benzoyl mannose and glucose donor systems. The potential energy surfaces of the different reaction pathways available for these donors provide an explanation for the contrasting behavior of seemingly very similar systems. Evidence has been provided for the intermediacy of benzylidene mannosyl 1,3-dioxanium ions, while the formation of the analogous 1,3-glucosyl dioxanium ions is thwarted by a prohibitively strong flagpole interaction of the C-2-O-benzyl group with the C-5 proton in moving toward the transition state, in which the glucose ring adopts a B2,5-conformation. This study provides an explanation for the intermediacy of 1,3-dioxanium ions in the mannosyl system and an answer to why these do not form from analogous glucosyl donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter
A. Remmerswaal
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Hidde Elferink
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Kas J. Houthuijs
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, Nijmegen 6525 ED, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hansen
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular
and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam, De Boelelaan
1108, Amsterdam 1081 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Floor ter Braak
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Giel Berden
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, Nijmegen 6525 ED, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan van der Vorm
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Martens
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, Nijmegen 6525 ED, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, Nijmegen 6525 ED, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas J. Boltje
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
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5
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Mamirgova ZZ, Zinin AI, Chizhov AO, Kononov LO. Synthesis of sialyl halides with various acyl protective groups. Carbohydr Res 2024; 536:109033. [PMID: 38295530 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Glycosyl halides are historically one of the first glycosyl donors used in glycosylation reactions, and interest in glycosylation reactions involving this class of glycosyl donors is currently increasing. New methods for their activation have been proposed and effective syntheses of oligosaccharides with their participation have been developed. At the same time, the possibilities of using these approaches to the synthesis of sialosides are restricted by the limited diversity of known sialyl halides (previously, mainly sialyl chlorides, less often sialyl bromides and sialyl fluorides, with acetyl (Ac) groups at the oxygen atoms and AcNH, Ac2N and N3 groups at C-5 were used). This work describes the synthesis of six new N-acetyl- and N-trifluoroacetyl-sialyl chlorides and bromides with O-chloroacetyl and O-trifluoroacetyl protective groups. Preparation of N,O-trifluoroacetyl protected derivatives was made possible due to development of the synthesis of sialic acid methyl ester pentaol with N-trifluoroacetyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarina Z Mamirgova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp. 47, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander I Zinin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp. 47, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander O Chizhov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp. 47, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Leonid O Kononov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp. 47, 119991, Russian Federation.
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6
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Orlova AV, Malysheva NN, Panova MV, Podvalnyy NM, Medvedev MG, Kononov LO. Comparison of glycosyl donors: a supramer approach. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:181-192. [PMID: 38318458 PMCID: PMC10840533 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of new methods for chemical glycosylation commonly includes comparison of various glycosyl donors. An attempted comparison of chemical properties of two sialic acid-based thioglycoside glycosyl donors, differing only in the substituent at O-9 (trifluoroacetyl vs chloroacetyl), at different concentrations (0.05 and 0.15 mol·L-1) led to mutually excluding conclusions concerning their relative reactivity and selectivity, which prevented us from revealing a possible influence of remote protective groups at O-9 on glycosylation outcome. According to the results of the supramer analysis of the reaction solutions, this issue might be related to the formation of supramers of glycosyl donors differing in structure hence chemical properties. These results seem to imply that comparison of chemical properties of different glycosyl donors may not be as simple and straightforward as it is usually considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Orlova
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nelly N Malysheva
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Maria V Panova
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nikita M Podvalnyy
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Michael G Medvedev
- Theoretical Chemistry Group, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Leonid O Kononov
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
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7
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Buntasana S, Padungros P. Glycosylation of n-pentenyl glycosides using bromodiethylsulfonium salt as an activator: interception of the glycosyl intermediate by chloride ion transfer. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 22:126-143. [PMID: 38051124 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01618h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Utilization of n-pentenyl glycosides (NPGs) in modern carbohydrate synthesis may be hindered by their sluggish activation, which results from reversible halogenation and cyclization processes. Bromodiethylsulfonium bromopentachloroantimonate (BDSB) has been previously shown to be a powerful brominating agent for the cation-π polyene cyclization of less reactive and electron-poor polyenes. This study demonstrates the activation of NPGs using BDSB as a powerful brominating agent. BDSB effectively activates the terminal olefins of NPGs and the reaction proceeds through 5-exo-tet cyclization, offering a rapid and mild approach for glycosylation with a wide range of glycosyl donors, including n-pentenyl mannoside, n-pentenyl galactoside, and n-pentenyl glucoside. The success of this approach derives from the chloride ion transfer from the nonnucleophilic SbCl5Br anion to the glycosyl intermediate, which disrupts the equilibrium and produces a glycosyl chloride intermediate that is smoothly converted to 22 coupling products, with yields ranging from moderate to excellent (49-100%). The β-selective glycosylation is accomplished when employing NPGs equipped with a neighboring participating group. The practicality of the BDSB-activated glycosylation is demonstrated by a gram-scale synthesis. This study showcases BDSB as a potent activator for NPG glycosylation through the interception of a glycosyl intermediate that diminishes the equilibration during halogenation and 5-exo-tet cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supanat Buntasana
- Green Chemistry for Fine Chemical Production and Environmental Remediation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Panuwat Padungros
- Green Chemistry for Fine Chemical Production and Environmental Remediation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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8
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Garreffi BP, Kwok RW, Marianski M, Bennett CS. Origins of Selectivity in Glycosylation Reactions with Saccharosamine Donors. Org Lett 2023; 25:8856-8860. [PMID: 38059593 PMCID: PMC11078471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
A combination of DFT calculations and experiments is used to describe how the selection of a promoter can control the stereochemical outcome of glycosylation reactions with the deoxy sugar saccharosamine. Depending on the promoter, either α- or β-linked reactive intermediates are formed. These studies show that differential modes of activation lead to the formation of distinct intermediates that undergo highly selective reactions through an SN2-like mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Garreffi
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Ryan W Kwok
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, The City University of New York, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
- PhD Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Ave, New York, New York 10028, United States
| | - Mateusz Marianski
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, The City University of New York, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
- PhD Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Ave, New York, New York 10028, United States
| | - Clay S Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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9
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de Kleijne FFJ, Ter Braak F, Piperoudis D, Moons PH, Moons SJ, Elferink H, White PB, Boltje TJ. Detection and Characterization of Rapidly Equilibrating Glycosylation Reaction Intermediates Using Exchange NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26190-26201. [PMID: 38008912 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The stereoselective introduction of glycosidic bonds (glycosylation) is one of the main challenges in the chemical synthesis of carbohydrates. Glycosylation reaction mechanisms are difficult to control because, in many cases, the exact reactive species driving product formation cannot be detected and the product outcome cannot be explained by the primary reaction intermediate observed. In these cases, reactions are expected to take place via other low-abundance reaction intermediates that are in rapid equilibrium with the primary reaction intermediate via a Curtin-Hammett scenario. Despite this principle being well-known in organic synthesis, mechanistic studies investigating this model in glycosylation reactions are complicated by the challenge of detecting the extremely short-lived reactive species responsible for product formation. Herein, we report the utilization of the chemical equilibrium between low-abundance reaction intermediates and the stable, readily observed α-glycosyl triflate intermediate in order to infer the structure of the former species by employing exchange NMR. Using this technique, we enabled the detection of reaction intermediates such as β-glycosyl triflates and glycosyl dioxanium ions. This demonstrates the power of exchange NMR to unravel reaction mechanisms as we aim to build a catalog of kinetic parameters, allowing for the understanding and eventual prediction of glycosylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank F J de Kleijne
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floor Ter Braak
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Piperoudis
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H Moons
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sam J Moons
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hidde Elferink
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul B White
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Boltje
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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10
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Chang CW, Lin MH, Chiang TY, Wu CH, Lin TC, Wang CC. Unraveling the promoter effect and the roles of counterion exchange in glycosylation reaction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadk0531. [PMID: 37851803 PMCID: PMC10584349 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The stereoselectivity of glycosidic bond formation continues to pose a noteworthy hurdle in synthesizing carbohydrates, primarily due to the simultaneous occurrence of SN1 and SN2 processes during the glycosylation reaction. Here, we applied an in-depth analysis of the glycosylation mechanism by using low-temperature nuclear magnetic resonance and statistical approaches. A pathway driven by counterion exchanges and reaction byproducts was first discovered to outline the stereocontributions of intermediates. Moreover, the relative reactivity values, acceptor nucleophilic constants, and Hammett substituent constants (σ values) provided a general index to indicate the mechanistic pathways. These results could allow building block tailoring and reaction condition optimization in carbohydrate synthesis to be greatly facilitated and simplified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Chang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Huei Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Tsun-Yi Chiang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Wu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chun Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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11
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Forsythe N, Liu L, Kashiwagi GA, Demchenko AV. Activation of thioglycosides under mild alkylation conditions. Carbohydr Res 2023; 531:108872. [PMID: 37348387 PMCID: PMC10528260 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Reported herein is the development of a novel method for the activation of thioglycosides and thioimidates using benzyl trichloroacetimidate in the presence of catalytic triflic acid. Excellent yields have been achieved with reactive substrates, whereas efficiency of reactions with unreactive glycosyl donors and/or acceptors was modest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Forsythe
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, Missouri, 63103, USA
| | - Leah Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, Missouri, 63103, USA
| | - Gustavo A Kashiwagi
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, Missouri, 63103, USA
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, Missouri, 63103, USA.
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12
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van de Vrande KN, Filippov DV, Codée JDC. Formation of Glycosyl Trichloroacetamides from Trichloroacetimidate Donors Occurs through an Intermolecular Aglycon Transfer Reaction. Org Lett 2023; 25:6128-6132. [PMID: 37578204 PMCID: PMC10463224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
To probe the reaction mechanism, underlying the rearrangement of oft-used trichloroacetimidate glycosyl donors into the corresponding anomeric trichloroacetamides, we have used a combination of 13C- and 15N-labeled glycosyl trichloroacetimidate donors in a series of crossover experiments. These unambiguously show that trichloroacetamides are formed via an intermolecular aglycon transfer mechanism. This insight enables the design of more effective glycosylation protocols, preventing the formation of dead-end side products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitri V. Filippov
- Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333
CC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333
CC Leiden, Netherlands
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13
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Ishiwata A, Tanaka K, Ito Y, Cai H, Ding F. Recent Progress in 1,2- cis glycosylation for Glucan Synthesis. Molecules 2023; 28:5644. [PMID: 37570614 PMCID: PMC10420028 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling the stereoselectivity of 1,2-cis glycosylation is one of the most challenging tasks in the chemical synthesis of glycans. There are various 1,2-cis glycosides in nature, such as α-glucoside and β-mannoside in glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteoglycans, microbial polysaccharides, and bioactive natural products. In the structure of polysaccharides such as α-glucan, 1,2-cis α-glucosides were found to be the major linkage between the glucopyranosides. Various regioisomeric linkages, 1→3, 1→4, and 1→6 for the backbone structure, and 1→2/3/4/6 for branching in the polysaccharide as well as in the oligosaccharides were identified. To achieve highly stereoselective 1,2-cis glycosylation, including α-glucosylation, a number of strategies using inter- and intra-molecular methodologies have been explored. Recently, Zn salt-mediated cis glycosylation has been developed and applied to the synthesis of various 1,2-cis linkages, such as α-glucoside and β-mannoside, via the 1,2-cis glycosylation pathway and β-galactoside 1,4/6-cis induction. Furthermore, the synthesis of various structures of α-glucans has been achieved using the recent progressive stereoselective 1,2-cis glycosylation reactions. In this review, recent advances in stereoselective 1,2-cis glycosylation, particularly focused on α-glucosylation, and their applications in the construction of linear and branched α-glucans are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katsunori Tanaka
- RIKEN, Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yukishige Ito
- RIKEN, Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hui Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Feiqing Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
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14
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Haisha S, Nguyen HM, Schlegel HB. Stereoselective glycosylation reactions with 2-deoxyglucose: a computational study of some catalysts. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2023; 1224:114122. [PMID: 37214423 PMCID: PMC10195097 DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2023.114122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
2-Deoxy glycosides are important components of many oligosaccharides with antibiotic and anti-cancer activity, but their synthesis can be very challenging. Phenanthrolines and substituted pyridines promote stereoselective glycosylation of 1-bromo sugars via a double SN2 mechanism. Pyridine reacting with α-bromo, 2-deoxyglucose was chosen to model this reaction. The first step involves displacement of bromide by pyridine which can be rate limiting because bromide ion is poorly solvated in the non-polar solvents used for these reactions. We examined a series of small molecules to bind bromide and stabilize this transition state. Geometry optimization and vibrational frequencies were calculated using M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p) and SMD implicit solvation for diethyl ether. More accurate energies were obtained with M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ and implicit solvation. Urea, thiourea, guanidine and cyanoguanidine bind bromide more strongly than alkylamines, (NH2CH2CH2)nNH3-n. Compared to the uncatalyzed reaction, urea, thiourea and cyanoguanidine lower the free energy of the transition state by 3 kcal/mol while guanidine lowers the barrier by 2 kcal/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Haisha
- Department of Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Hien M Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - H Bernhard Schlegel
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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15
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Upadhyaya K, Osorio-Morales N, Crich D. Can Side-Chain Conformation and Glycosylation Selectivity of Hexopyranosyl Donors Be Controlled with a Dummy Ligand? J Org Chem 2023; 88:3678-3696. [PMID: 36877600 PMCID: PMC10028612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of a phenylthio group (SPh) as a dummy ligand at the 6-position to control the side-chain conformation of a series of hexopyranosyl donors is described. The SPh group limits side-chain conformation in a configuration-specific manner, which parallels that seen in the heptopyranosides, and so influences glycosylation selectivity. With both d- and l-glycero-d-galacto-configured donors, the equatorial products are highly favored as they are with an l-glycero-d-gluco donor. For the d-glycero-d-gluco donor, on the other hand, modest axial selectivity is observed. Selectivity patterns are discussed in terms of the side-chain conformation of the donors in combination with the electron-withdrawing effect of the thioacetal group. After glycosylation, removal of the thiophenyl moiety and hydrogenolytic deprotection is achieved in a single step with Raney nickel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Upadhyaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Nicolas Osorio-Morales
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 302 East Campus Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 302 East Campus Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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16
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van Hengst JMA, Hellemons RJC, Remmerswaal WA, van de Vrande KNA, Hansen T, van der Vorm S, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC. Mapping the effect of configuration and protecting group pattern on glycosyl acceptor reactivity. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1532-1542. [PMID: 36794180 PMCID: PMC9906709 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06139b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The reactivity of the acceptor alcohol can have a tremendous influence on the outcome of a glycosylation reaction, both in terms of yield and stereoselectivity. Through a systematic survey of 67 acceptor alcohols in glycosylation reactions with two glucosyl donors we here reveal how the reactivity of a carbohydrate acceptor depends on its configuration and substitution pattern. The study shows how the functional groups flanking the acceptor alcohol influence the reactivity of the alcohol and show that both the nature and relative orientation play an essential role. The empiric acceptor reactivity guidelines revealed here will aid in the rational optimization of glycosylation reactions and be an important tool in the assembly of oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M. A. van Hengst
- Leiden University, Leiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CC LeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Rik J. C. Hellemons
- Leiden University, Leiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CC LeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Wouter A. Remmerswaal
- Leiden University, Leiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CC LeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas Hansen
- Leiden University, Leiden Institute of Chemistry Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands .,Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Stefan van der Vorm
- Leiden University, Leiden Institute of Chemistry Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Hermen S. Overkleeft
- Leiden University, Leiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CC LeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden University, Leiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CC LeidenThe Netherlands
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17
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Phase-Transfer Catalyzed Microfluidic Glycosylation: A Small Change in Concentration Results in a Dramatic Increase in Stereoselectivity. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phase-transfer catalysis (PTC) is widely used in glycochemistry for the preparation of aryl glycosides by the glycosylation reaction. While investigating the possibility of synthesis of 4-(3-chloropropoxy)phenyl sialoside (Neu5Ac-OCPP) from N-acetylsialyl chloride with O-acetyl groups (1), we have recently discovered a strong dependence of the PTC glycosylation outcome on the mixing mode: under batch conditions, only α-anomer of Neu5Ac-OCPP was obtained, albeit in low yield (13%), while under microfluidic conditions the yield of Neu5Ac-OCPP increased to 36%, although stereoselectivity decreased (α/β ≤ 6.2). Here, we report that the outcome of this reaction, performed under microfluidic conditions using a Comet X-01 micromixer (at 2 μL/min flow rate), non-linearly depends on the concentration of N-acetylsialyl chloride 1 (5–200 mmol/L). The target Neu5Ac-OCPP was obtained in a noticeably higher yield (up to 66%) accompanied by enhanced stereoselectivity (α/β = 17:1–32:1) in the high concentration range (C > 50 mmol/L), whereas the yield (10–36%) and especially, stereoselectivity (α/β = 0.9:1–6.2:1) were lower in the low concentration range (C ≤ 50 mmol/L). This dramatic stepwise increase in stereoselectivity above critical concentration (50 mmol/L) is apparently related to the changes in the presentation of molecules on the surface of supramers of glycosyl donor, which exist in different concentration ranges.
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18
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Mukherji A, Rotta MKV, Sarmah BK, Kancharla PK. Influence of Various Silyl Protecting Groups on Stereoselective 2-Deoxyrhamnosylation. J Org Chem 2023; 88:245-260. [PMID: 36524596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The influence of various silyl protecting groups on 2-deoxyrhamnosylation using 2-deoxyrhamnosyl acetates, thioglycosides, and (p-methoxyphenyl)vinylbenzoate (PMPVB) donors has been presented. C-Glycosylation reactions reveal that tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS), triisopropylsilyl (TIPS), and tert-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS) silyl protected rhamnosyl oxocarbenium ions have no facial selectivity except for the conformationally (4H3) locked tetraisopropyldisiloxane (TIPDS) protected rhamnose donor, which provides complete α-selectivity. However, TBDPS protected rhamnosyl donors are found to be superior protecting groups for α-stereoselective O-glycosylation reactions with various acceptors. The observed results are found consistent across donors and donor activation conditions. Most importantly, the study was conducted at room temperature unlike the other energy-intensive low-temperature studies and was bound to have more practical utility. The outcomes have been explained using kinetic and thermodynamic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Mukherji
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Mahendra K V Rotta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Bikash K Sarmah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Pavan K Kancharla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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19
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Sweet as sucrose. Nat Chem 2023; 15:154. [PMID: 36609646 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01113-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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20
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Li J, Nguyen HM. Phenanthroline Catalysis in Stereoselective 1,2- cis Glycosylations. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:3738-3751. [PMID: 36448710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The National Research Council's report in 2012 recognized glycosidic bond forming (glycosylation) reactions as critical due to the central importance of carbohydrates to the glycosciences. This report emphasized the need for the development of reproducible and broadly applicable glycosylation technologies to facilitate the stereoselective synthesis of biomedically relevant glycan libraries for tool development and for research applications by nonspecialists. In response to this report with NIH Common Fund support, the publications of new catalytic diastereoselective glycosylation protocols, some with broad generality under mild conditions, have been recently reported by our group and others. These recent discoveries have also advanced the understanding of the glycosylation reaction mechanism involving the coupling of a sugar electrophile bearing a leaving group at its C1-anomeric center with an alcohol nucleophile. This glycosidic bond forming reaction can lead to a mixture of two stereoisomers that differ in the configuration of the anomeric center.In our group, we discovered that readily available phenanthroline, a rigid and planar organic compound with two fused pyridine rings, could be utilized as a nucleophilic catalyst to promote highly diastereoselective glycosylation of an alcohol nucleophile with a sugar bromide electrophile. The phenanthroline catalysis process allows access to a myriad of high yielding and diastereoselective 1,2-cis pyranosides and furanosides. This catalyst-controlled approach has been applied to the synthesis of a potential vaccine adjuvant α-glucan octasaccharide. For pyranosyl bromide electrophiles, an extensive mechanistic investigation illustrated that two phenanthrolinium ion intermediates, a 4C1 chair-liked equatorial-conformer and a B2,5 boat-like axial-conformer, are formed in a ratio of 2:1 (equatorial/axial). To obtain high levels of axial-1,2-cis selectivity, a Curtin-Hammett scenario was proposed wherein interconversion of the 4C1 equatorial-conformer and B2,5 axial-conformer is more rapid than nucleophilic addition. Hydroxyl attack takes place from the axial-face of the more reactive 4C1 chairlike equatorial intermediate to afford an axial-1,2-cis glycoside product. The phenanthroline catalysis system is applicable to a number of furanosyl bromide electrophiles to provide the challenging 1,2-cis substitution products in good yield and diastereoselectivity. NMR experiments and density-functional theory (DFT) calculations support an associative mechanism in which the rate-determining step takes place from an invertive displacement of the faster reacting furanosyl phenanthrolinium ion intermediate with an alcohol nucleophile. Overall, this work stands at the underdeveloped intersection of operationally simple conditions, catalysis, and stereocontrolled glycosidic bond formation, each of which represents an important theme in the preparation of biologically important oligosaccharides and glycopeptides for applications to human health and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Hien M Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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21
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Trinderup HH, Juul-Madsen L, Press L, Madsen M, Jensen HH. α-Selective Glucosylation Can Be Achieved with 6- O- para-Nitrobenzoyl Protection. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13763-13789. [PMID: 36206491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A systematic study of the effect of various 6-O-acyl groups on anomeric selectivity in glucosylations with thioglycoside donors was conducted. All eight different esters were found to induce moderate-to-high α-selectivity in glucosylation with l-menthol with the best being 6-O-p-nitrobenzoyl. The effect appears to be general across various glucosyl acceptors, glucosyl donor types, and modes of activation. No evidence was found in favor of distal participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle H Trinderup
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Line Juul-Madsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Laura Press
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Michael Madsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henrik H Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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22
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Greis K, Leichnitz S, Kirschbaum C, Chang CW, Lin MH, Meijer G, von Helden G, Seeberger PH, Pagel K. The Influence of the Electron Density in Acyl Protecting Groups on the Selectivity of Galactose Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20258-20266. [PMID: 36289569 PMCID: PMC9650713 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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The stereoselective formation of 1,2-cis-glycosidic
bonds is a major bottleneck in the synthesis of carbohydrates. We
here investigate how the electron density in acyl protecting groups
influences the stereoselectivity by fine-tuning the efficiency of
remote participation. Electron-rich C4-pivaloylated galactose building
blocks show an unprecedented α-selectivity. The trifluoroacetylated
counterpart with electron-withdrawing groups, on the other hand, exhibits
a lower selectivity. Cryogenic infrared spectroscopy in helium nanodroplets
and density functional theory calculations revealed the existence
of dioxolenium-type intermediates for this reaction, which suggests
that remote participation of the pivaloyl protecting group is the
origin of the high α-selectivity of the pivaloylated building
blocks. According to these findings, an α-selective galactose
building block for glycosynthesis is developed based on rational considerations
and is subsequently employed in automated glycan assembly exhibiting
complete stereoselectivity. Based on the obtained selectivities in
the glycosylation reactions and the results from infrared spectroscopy
and density functional theory, we suggest a mechanism by which these
reactions could proceed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Greis
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Leichnitz
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Carla Kirschbaum
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chun-Wei Chang
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mei-Huei Lin
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gert von Helden
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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23
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Tsouka A, Dallabernardina P, Mende M, Sletten ET, Leichnitz S, Bienert K, Le Mai Hoang K, Seeberger PH, Loeffler FF. VaporSPOT: Parallel Synthesis of Oligosaccharides on Membranes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19832-19837. [PMID: 36269942 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Automated chemical synthesis has revolutionized synthetic access to biopolymers in terms of simplicity and speed. While automated oligosaccharide synthesis has become faster and more versatile, the parallel synthesis of oligosaccharides is not yet possible. Here, a chemical vapor glycosylation strategy (VaporSPOT) is described that enables the simultaneous synthesis of oligosaccharides on a cellulose membrane solid support. Different linkers allow for flexible and straightforward cleavage, purification, and characterization of the target oligosaccharides. This method is the basis for the development of parallel automated glycan synthesis platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tsouka
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pietro Dallabernardina
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marco Mende
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Eric T Sletten
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sabrina Leichnitz
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Bienert
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kim Le Mai Hoang
- GlycoUniverse GmbH & Co. KGaA, Am Muehlenberg 11, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix F Loeffler
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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24
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Dhara D, Dhara A, Murphy PV, Mulard LA. Protecting group principles suited to late stage functionalization and global deprotection in oligosaccharide synthesis. Carbohydr Res 2022; 521:108644. [PMID: 36030632 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Chemical synthesis is a powerful tool to access homogeneous complex glycans, which relies on protecting group (PG) chemistry. However, the overall efficiency of chemical glycan assembly is still low when compared to oligonucleotide or oligopeptide synthesis. There have been many contributions giving rise to collective improvement in carbohydrate synthesis that includes PG manipulation and stereoselective glycoside formation and some of this chemistry has been transferred to the solid phase or adapted for programmable one pot synthesis approaches. However, after all glycoside bond formation reactions are completed, the global deprotection (GD) required to give the desired target OS can be challenging. Difficulties observed in the removal of permanent PGs to release the desired glycans can be due to the number and diversity of PGs present in the protected OSs, nature and structural complexity of glycans, etc. Here, we have reviewed the difficulties associated with the removal of PGs from densely protected OSs to obtain their free glycans. In particularly, this review focuses on the challenges associated with hydrogenolysis of benzyl groups, saponification of esters and functional group interconversion such as oxidation/reduction that are commonly performed in GD stage. More generally, problems observed in the removal of permanent PGs is reviewed herein, including benzyl, acyl (levulinoyl, acetyl), N-trichloroacetyl, N-2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, N-phthaloyl etc. from a number of fully protected OSs to release the free sugar, that have been previously reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Dhara
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3523, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France; School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, NUI Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland.
| | - Ashis Dhara
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, NUI Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Paul V Murphy
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, NUI Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland; SSPC - The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, NUI Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Laurence A Mulard
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3523, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
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25
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Singh Y, Geringer SA, Demchenko AV. Synthesis and Glycosidation of Anomeric Halides: Evolution from Early Studies to Modern Methods of the 21st Century. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11701-11758. [PMID: 35675037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Advances in synthetic carbohydrate chemistry have dramatically improved access to common glycans. However, many novel methods still fail to adequately address challenges associated with chemical glycosylation and glycan synthesis. Since a challenge of glycosylation has remained, scientists have been frequently returning to the traditional glycosyl donors. This review is dedicated to glycosyl halides that have played crucial roles in shaping the field of glycosciences and continue to pave the way toward our understanding of chemical glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashapal Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Scott A Geringer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
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26
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Remmerswaal WA, Houthuijs KJ, van de Ven R, Elferink H, Hansen T, Berden G, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Rutjes FPJT, Filippov DV, Boltje TJ, Martens J, Oomens J, Codée JDC. Stabilization of Glucosyl Dioxolenium Ions by "Dual Participation" of the 2,2-Dimethyl-2-( ortho-nitrophenyl)acetyl (DMNPA) Protection Group for 1,2- cis-Glucosylation. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9139-9147. [PMID: 35748115 PMCID: PMC9295149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
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The stereoselective
introduction of glycosidic bonds is of paramount
importance to oligosaccharide synthesis. Among the various chemical
strategies to steer stereoselectivity, participation by either neighboring
or distal acyl groups is used particularly often. Recently, the use
of the 2,2-dimethyl-2-(ortho-nitrophenyl)acetyl (DMNPA)
protection group was shown to offer enhanced stereoselective steering
compared to other acyl groups. Here, we investigate the origin of
the stereoselectivity induced by the DMNPA group through systematic
glycosylation reactions and infrared ion spectroscopy (IRIS) combined
with techniques such as isotopic labeling of the anomeric center and
isomer population analysis. Our study indicates that the origin of
the DMNPA stereoselectivity does not lie in the direct participation
of the nitro moiety but in the formation of a dioxolenium ion that
is strongly stabilized by the nitro group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A Remmerswaal
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kas J Houthuijs
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel van de Ven
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hidde Elferink
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hansen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTUB, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giel Berden
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert A van der Marel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Floris P J T Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V Filippov
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Boltje
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Martens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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27
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Haese M, Winterhalter K, Jung J, Schmidt MS. Like Visiting an Old Friend: Fischer Glycosylation in the Twenty-First Century: Modern Methods and Techniques. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 380:26. [PMID: 35595946 PMCID: PMC9123081 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fischer glycosylation is typically the chemical reaction of a monosaccharide and an alcohol in presence of an acidic catalyst to afford glycosides in pyranosidic and furanosidic forms. This reaction is still applied today for the synthesis of specialized glycosides, and optimization and modification of the method have continued since its discovery by Emil Fischer in the 1890s. This review presents advancements in Fischer glycosylation described in literature of the past 15 years and its implementation in modern chemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Haese
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry Labs, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, 78054 VS-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Kai Winterhalter
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry Labs, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, 78054 VS-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Jessica Jung
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry Labs, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, 78054 VS-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Magnus S. Schmidt
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry Labs, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, 78054 VS-Schwenningen, Germany
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28
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Tuck OT, Sletten ET, Danglad-Flores J, Seeberger PH. Towards a Systematic Understanding of the Influence of Temperature on Glycosylation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115433. [PMID: 35032966 PMCID: PMC9306470 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glycosidic bond formation is a continual challenge for practitioners. Aiming to enhance the reproducibility and efficiency of oligosaccharide synthesis, we studied the relationship between glycosyl donor activation and reaction temperature. A novel semi-automated assay revealed diverse responses of members of a panel of thioglycosides to activation at various temperatures. The patterns of protecting groups and the thiol aglycon combine to cause remarkable differences in temperature sensitivity among glycosyl donor building blocks. We introduce the concept of donor activation temperature to capture experimental insights, reasoning that glycosylations performed below this reference temperature evade deleterious side reactions. Activation temperatures enable a simplified temperature treatment and facilitate optimization of glycosyl donor usage. Isothermal glycosylation below the activation temperature halved the equivalents of building block required in comparison to the standard "ramp" regime used in solution- and solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesis to-date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen T Tuck
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Current address: Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Eric T Sletten
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - José Danglad-Flores
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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29
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Trinderup HH, Sandgaard TLP, Juul-Madsen L, Jensen HH. Anomeric Thioglycosides Give Different Anomeric Product Distributions under NIS/TfOH Activation. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4154-4167. [PMID: 35239337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of a series of anomeric thioglycosides with various glycosyl acceptors and N-iodosuccinimide/catalytic triflic acid was investigated with respect to reactivity and anomeric selectivity. In general, β-configured donors were found to give a more β-selective reaction outcome compared to their α-configured counterparts. The relative reactivity of various thioglycosides was measured through competition experiments, and the following order was established: phenyl, tolyl, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and 1-adamantyl.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Line Juul-Madsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henrik H Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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30
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Small tools for sweet challenges: advances in microfluidic technologies for glycan synthesis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:5139-5163. [PMID: 35199190 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03948-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Glycans, including oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, play an integral role in modulating the biological functions of macromolecules. Many physiological and pathological processes are mediated by interactions between glycans, which has led to the use of glycans as biosensors for pathogen and biomarker detection. Elucidating the relationship between glycan structure and biological function is critical for advancing our understanding of the impact glycans have on human health and disease and for expanding the repertoire of glycans available for bioanalysis, especially for diagnostics. Such efforts have been limited by the difficulty in obtaining sufficient quantities of homogenous glycan samples needed to resolve the exact relationships between glycan structure and their structural or modulatory functions on a given glycoconjugate. Synthetic strategies offer a viable route for overcoming these technical hurdles. In recent years, microfluidics have emerged as powerful tools for realizing high-throughput and reproducible syntheses of homogenous glycans for the potential use in functional studies. This critical review provides readers with an overview of the microfluidic technologies that have been developed for chemical and enzymatic glycan synthesis. The advantages and limitations associated with using microreactor platforms to improve the scalability, productivity, and selectivity of glycosylation reactions will be discussed, as well as suggested future work that can address certain pitfalls.
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31
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Tuck OT, Sletten ET, Danglad‐Flores J, Seeberger PH. Zu einem Systematischen Verständnis des Einflusses der Temperatur auf Glykosylierungsreaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Owen T. Tuck
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
- Derzeitige Adresse: Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Eric T. Sletten
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
| | - José Danglad‐Flores
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Deutschland
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32
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Arachchige SS, Crich D. Side Chain Conformation and Its Influence on Glycosylation Selectivity in Hexo- and Higher Carbon Furanosides. J Org Chem 2022; 87:316-339. [PMID: 34905382 PMCID: PMC8741747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis and side chain conformational analysis of a series of four 6-deoxy-2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl hexofuranosyl donors with the d-gluco, l-ido, d-altro, and l-galacto configurations. The conformation of the exocyclic bond of these compounds depends on the relative configuration of the point of attachment of the side chain to the ring and of the two flanking centers and can be predicted on that basis analogously to the heptopyranose analogs. Variable-temperature nuclear magnetic resonance (VT NMR) spectroscopy of the activated donors reveals complex, configuration-dependent mixtures of intermediates that we interpret in terms of fused and bridged oxonium ions arising from participation by the various benzyl ethers. The increased importance of ether participation in the furanoside series compared to the pyranosides is discussed in terms of the reduced stabilization afforded to furanosyl oxocarbenium ions by covalent triflate formation. The stereoselectivities of the four donors are discussed on the basis of the benzyl ether participation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameera Siyabalapitiya Arachchige
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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33
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Halder S, Addanki RB, Sarmah BK, Kancharla PK. Catalytic Stereoselective Synthesis of 2-Deoxy α-glycosides Using Glycosyl Ortho-[1-(p-MeOPhenyl)Vinyl]Benzoates (PMPVB) Donors. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1874-1878. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02502c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2-Deoxy Glycosyl Ortho-[1-(p-MeOPhenyl)Vinyl]Benzoates (PMPVB) donors have been presented as stable, reactive glycosyl donors for the synthesis of 2-deoxy α-glycosides. The donors react under Brønsted acid conditions to provide the 2-deoxy-α-glycosides...
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34
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Fittolani G, Djalali S, Chaube MA, Tyrikos-Ergas T, Dal Colle MCS, Grafmüller A, Seeberger PH, Delbianco M. Deoxyfluorination tunes the aggregation of cellulose and chitin oligosaccharides and highlights the role of specific hydroxyl groups in the crystallization process. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8228-8235. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01601j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Using synthetic oligosaccharides, we examined how deoxyfluorination (site and pattern) impact the solubility and aggregation of cellulose and chitin oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Fittolani
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Surusch Djalali
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manishkumar A. Chaube
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Theodore Tyrikos-Ergas
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marlene C. S. Dal Colle
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Grafmüller
- Department of Theory and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Delbianco
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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35
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O'Sullivan J, Muñoz-Muñoz J, Turnbull G, Sim N, Penny S, Moschos S. Beyond GalNAc! Drug delivery systems comprising complex oligosaccharides for targeted use of nucleic acid therapeutics. RSC Adv 2022; 12:20432-20446. [PMID: 35919168 PMCID: PMC9281799 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01999j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic Acid Therapeutics (NATs) are establishing a leading role for the management and treatment of genetic diseases following FDA approval of nusinersen, patisiran, and givosiran in the last 5 years, the breakthrough of milasen, with more approvals undoubtedly on the way. Givosiran takes advantage of the known interaction between the hepatocyte specific asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) and N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc) ligands to deliver a therapeutic effect, underscoring the value of targeting moieties. In this review, we explore the history of GalNAc as a ligand, and the paradigm it has set for the delivery of NATs through precise targeting to the liver, overcoming common hindrances faced with this type of therapy. We describe various complex oligosaccharides (OSs) and ask what others could be used to target receptors for NAT delivery and the opportunities awaiting exploration of this chemical space. Tapping the glycome space for targeted delivery. We explore GalNAc for targeting oligonucleotides to the liver and ask what other oligosaccharides could expand targeting options for other tissues.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O'Sullivan
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, NE1 8ST
| | - Jose Muñoz-Muñoz
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, NE1 8ST
| | - Graeme Turnbull
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, NE1 8ST
| | - Neil Sim
- High Force Research Ltd, Bowburn North Industrial Estate, Durham, UK, DH6 5PF
| | - Stuart Penny
- High Force Research Ltd, Bowburn North Industrial Estate, Durham, UK, DH6 5PF
| | - Sterghios Moschos
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, NE1 8ST
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