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Peng J, Liu H, Liu Y, Liu J, Zhao Q, Liu W, Niu H, Xue H, Sun J, Wu J. HDAC6 mediates tumorigenesis during mitosis and the development of targeted deactivating agents. Bioorg Chem 2024; 153:107818. [PMID: 39288633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Epigenetics, particularly deacetylation, plays a critical role in tumorigenesis as many carcinogens are under tight control by post-translational modification. HDAC6, an important and special histone deacetylase (HDAC) family member, has been indicated to increase carcinogenesis through various functions. Recent studies demonstrated the effects of HDAC6 inhibitors in mitotic arrest, however, detailed mechanisms still remain unknown. Herein, we review and summarize HDAC6-associated proteins that have been implicated in important roles in mitosis. We also discuss the development of medicinal agents targeting HDAC6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Peng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- The People's Hospital of Zhaoyuan City, No. 168 Yingbin Road, Zhaoyuan 265400, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Yujing Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Jingqian Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Qianlong Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Wenjia Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Haoqian Niu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Haoyu Xue
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Jingde Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China.
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2
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Galla MS, Sharma N, Mishra P, Shankaraiah N. Recent insights of PROTAC developments in inflammation-mediated and autoimmune targets: a critical review. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:2585-2600. [PMID: 39149114 PMCID: PMC11324044 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00142g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
According to the mounting evidence in the literature, pro-inflammatory mediators/targets activate multiple signalling pathways to trigger illnesses that are ultimately responsible for acute pain, chronic inflammatory diseases, and several auto-immune disorders. Conventional drugs have been ruled out since proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are poised to overcome the limitations of traditional therapies. These heterobifunctional molecules help to degrade the targeted proteins of interest through ubiquitination. This review encompasses current and future aspects of PROTACs in inflammation-mediated and autoimmune targets. Different key points are highlighted and discussed, such as why PROTACs are preferred in this disease area, drawbacks and lessons learnt from the past, the role of linkers in establishing crucial degradation, in vitro findings, pharmacokinetics, in silico parameters, limitations of PROTACs in clinical settings, and future outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Sravani Galla
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Nitika Sharma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Priyanka Mishra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500037 India
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3
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Curcio A, Rocca R, Alcaro S, Artese A. The Histone Deacetylase Family: Structural Features and Application of Combined Computational Methods. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:620. [PMID: 38794190 PMCID: PMC11124352 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are crucial in gene transcription, removing acetyl groups from histones. They also influence the deacetylation of non-histone proteins, contributing to the regulation of various biological processes. Thus, HDACs play pivotal roles in various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and inflammatory conditions, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets. This paper reviews the structure and function of the four classes of human HDACs. While four HDAC inhibitors are currently available for treating hematological malignancies, numerous others are undergoing clinical trials. However, their non-selective toxicity necessitates ongoing research into safer and more efficient class-selective or isoform-selective inhibitors. Computational methods have aided the discovery of HDAC inhibitors with the desired potency and/or selectivity. These methods include ligand-based approaches, such as scaffold hopping, pharmacophore modeling, three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships, and structure-based virtual screening (molecular docking). Moreover, recent developments in the field of molecular dynamics simulations, combined with Poisson-Boltzmann/molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area techniques, have improved the prediction of ligand binding affinity. In this review, we delve into the ways in which these methods have contributed to designing and identifying HDAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Curcio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Campus “S. Venuta”, Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.C.); (S.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Roberta Rocca
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Campus “S. Venuta”, Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.C.); (S.A.); (A.A.)
- Net4Science S.r.l., Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Campus “S. Venuta”, Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.C.); (S.A.); (A.A.)
- Net4Science S.r.l., Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Anna Artese
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Campus “S. Venuta”, Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.C.); (S.A.); (A.A.)
- Net4Science S.r.l., Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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4
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Putnam CD, Broderick L, Hoffman HM. The discovery of NLRP3 and its function in cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes and innate immunity. Immunol Rev 2024; 322:259-282. [PMID: 38146057 PMCID: PMC10950545 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
From studies of individual families to global collaborative efforts, the NLRP3 inflammasome is now recognized to be a key regulator of innate immunity. Activated by a panoply of pathogen-associated and endogenous triggers, NLRP3 serves as an intracellular sensor that drives carefully coordinated assembly of the inflammasome, and downstream inflammation mediated by IL-1 and IL-18. Initially discovered as the cause of the autoinflammatory spectrum of cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS), NLRP3 is now also known to play a role in more common diseases including cardiovascular disease, gout, and liver disease. We have seen cohesion in results from clinical studies in CAPS patients, ex vivo studies of human cells and murine cells, and in vivo murine models leading to our understanding of the downstream pathways, cytokine secretion, and cell death pathways that has solidified the role of autoinflammation in the pathogenesis of human disease. Recent advances in our understanding of the structure of the inflammasome have provided ways for us to visualize normal and mutant protein function and pharmacologic inhibition. The subsequent development of targeted therapies successfully used in the treatment of patients with CAPS completes the bench to bedside translational loop which has defined the study of this unique protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Putnam
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lori Broderick
- Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Hal M. Hoffman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
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5
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Chen D, Lin S, Zeng Z, An J, Yan W, Gu Z, Chen L, He B. Serendipitous discovery of Class I HDAC inhibitors from rational design of molecular glue degraders targeting HDAC. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 263:115926. [PMID: 37995564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Zinc-dependent histone deacetylases (HDACs) play an essential role as epigenetic regulators and are becoming increasingly important drug targets for the treatment of cancer. Although five HDAC inhibitors have been approved for treating several cancers, only one of them is a Class I HDAC inhibitor, which may have advantages over pan-HDAC inhibitors due to the various side effects associated with the latter. On the other hand, the emerging strategy of molecular glue degraders offers a unique advantage for targeting therapeutic proteins. In this study, we synthesized a series of candidate compounds based on the molecule glue, pomalidomide, using a "merger principle", initially aiming to obtain molecular glue degraders that can target HDAC degradation. However, we serendipitously discovered that compounds 2f and 3f may be potent Class I HDAC selective inhibitors. After further evaluation, we found that compounds 2f and 3f exhibit selective inhibitory effects on Class I HDAC in cancer cells. Moreover, they showed the robust antiproliferative activities against various hematological tumor cells, comparable to that of the approved Class I HDAC inhibitor, Chidamide. These results suggest that pomalidomide-derivatized compounds have promising potential as Class I HDAC inhibitors with therapeutic applications in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Shuxian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; Department of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Ziwei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Jianxiong An
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Wanli Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Zhicheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
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6
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Cheng DW, Xu Y, Chen T, Zhen SQ, Meng W, Zhu HL, Liu L, Xie M, Zhen F. Emodin inhibits HDAC6 mediated NLRP3 signaling and relieves chronic inflammatory pain in mice. Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:44. [PMID: 38144917 PMCID: PMC10739165 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain reduces the quality of life and ability to function of individuals suffering from it, making it a common public health problem. Neuroinflammation which is mediated by the Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in the spinal cord participates and modulates chronic pain. A chronic inflammatory pain mouse model was created in the current study by intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into C57BL/6J left foot of mice. Following CFA injection, the mice had enhanced pain sensitivities, decreased motor function, increased spinal inflammation and activated spinal astrocytes. Emodin (10 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally into the mice for 3 days. As a result, there were fewer spontaneous flinches, higher mechanical threshold values and greater latency to fall. Additionally, in the spinal cord, emodin administration reduced leukocyte infiltration level, downregulated protein level of IL-1β, lowered histone deacetylase (HDAC)6 and NLRP3 inflammasome activity and suppressed astrocytic activation. Emodin also binds to HDAC6 via four electrovalent bonds. In summary, emodin treatment blocked the HDAC6/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling, suppresses spinal inflammation and alleviates chronic inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Wen Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China
| | - Yiwen Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xianning Central Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xianning Central Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Qing Zhen
- Department of Pharmacy, Matang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China
| | - Wei Meng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Li Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China
| | - Ling Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China
| | - Min Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China
| | - Fangshou Zhen
- Department of Pharmacy, Matang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China
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7
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Pichlak M, Sobierajski T, Błażewska KM, Gendaszewska-Darmach E. Targeting reversible post-translational modifications with PROTACs: a focus on enzymes modifying protein lysine and arginine residues. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2254012. [PMID: 37667522 PMCID: PMC10481767 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2254012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PROTACs represent an emerging field in medicinal chemistry, which has already led to the development of compounds that reached clinical studies. Posttranslational modifications contribute to the complexity of proteomes, with 2846 disease-associated sites. PROTAC field is very advanced in targeting kinases, while its use for enzymes mediating posttranslational modifications of the basic amino acid residues, started to be developed recently. Therefore, we bring together this less popular class of PROTACs, targeting lysine acetyltransferases/deacetylases, lysine and arginine methyltransferases, ADP-ribosyltransferases, E3 ligases, and ubiquitin-specific proteases. We put special emphasis on structural aspects of PROTAC elements to facilitate the lengthy experimental endeavours directed towards developing PROTACs. We will cover the period from the inception of the field, 2017, to April 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pichlak
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sobierajski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
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8
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Amirian R, Azadi Badrbani M, Izadi Z, Samadian H, Bahrami G, Sarvari S, Abdolmaleki S, Nabavi SM, Derakhshankhah H, Jaymand M. Targeted protein modification as a paradigm shift in drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115765. [PMID: 37659194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Targeted Protein Modification (TPM) is an umbrella term encompassing numerous tools and approaches that use bifunctional agents to induce a desired modification over the POI. The most well-known TPM mechanism is PROTAC-directed protein ubiquitination. PROTAC-based targeted degradation offers several advantages over conventional small-molecule inhibitors, has shifted the drug discovery paradigm, and is acquiring increasing interest as over ten PROTACs have entered clinical trials in the past few years. Targeting the protein of interest for proteasomal degradation by PROTACS was the pioneer of various toolboxes for selective protein degradation. Nowadays, the ever-increasing number of tools and strategies for modulating and modifying the POI has expanded far beyond protein degradation, which phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation of the protein of interest, targeted acetylation, and selective modification of protein O-GlcNAcylation are among them. These novel strategies have opened new avenues for achieving more precise outcomes while remaining feasible and minimizing side effects. This field, however, is still in its infancy and has a long way to precede widespread use and translation into clinical practice. Herein, we investigate the pros and cons of these novel strategies by exploring the latest advancements in this field. Ultimately, we briefly discuss the emerging potential applications of these innovations in cancer therapy, neurodegeneration, viral infections, and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshanak Amirian
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Azadi Badrbani
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Zhila Izadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Hadi Samadian
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Gholamreza Bahrami
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Sajad Sarvari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | - Sara Abdolmaleki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100, Benevento, Italy.
| | - Hossein Derakhshankhah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Jaymand
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Zhang C, He Y, Sun X, Wei W, Liu Y, Rao Y. PROTACs Targeting Epigenetic Proteins. ACTA MATERIA MEDICA 2023; 2:409-429. [PMID: 39221114 PMCID: PMC11364368 DOI: 10.15212/amm-2023-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Epigenetics, a field that investigates alterations in gene function that can be inherited without changes in DNA sequence, encompasses molecular pathways such as histone variants, posttranslational modifications of amino acids, and covalent modifications of DNA bases. These pathways modulate the transformation of genotypes into specific phenotypes. Epigenetics plays a substantial role in cell growth, development, and differentiation by dynamically regulating gene transcription and ensuring genomic stability. This regulation is carried out by three key players: writers, readers, and erasers. In recent years, epigenetic proteins have played a crucial role in epigenetic regulation and have gradually become important targets in drug research and development. Targeted therapy is an essential strategy; however, the effectiveness of targeted drugs is often limited by drug resistance, posing a significant dilemma in clinical practice. Targeted protein degradation technologies, including proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), have great potential in overcoming drug resistance and targeting undruggable targets. These areas of research are gaining increasing attention to various epigenetic related disease. In this review, we have provided a summary of the recently developed degraders targeting epigenetic readers, writers, and erasers. Additionally, we have outlined new applications for epigenetic protein degraders. Finally, we have addressed several unresolved challenges within the PROTAC field and offered potential solutions from our perspective. As the field continues to advance, the integration of these innovative methodologies holds great promise for addressing the challenges associated with PROTAC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yuna He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiuyun Sun
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Yanlong Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yu Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
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10
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Pang X, Guan Q, Lin X, Chang N. Knockdown of HDAC6 alleviates ventricular remodeling in experimental dilated cardiomyopathy via inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and promotion of cardiomyocyte autophagy. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:2365-2379. [PMID: 35764897 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09727-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) has been implicated in cardiac diseases, while the role of HDAC6 in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) remains obscure. The in silico analyses predicted potential association of HDAC6 with autophagy-related genes and DCM. Thus, we evaluated the functional relevance of HDAC6 in DCM in vivo and in vitro. We developed a rat model in vivo and a cell model in vitro by doxorubicin (DOX) induction to simulate DCM. HDAC6 expression was determined in myocardial tissues of DCM rats. DCM rats exhibited elevated HDAC6 mRNA and protein expression as compared to sham-operated rats. We knocked HDAC6 down and/or overexpressed NLRP3 in vivo and in vitro to characterize their roles in cardiomyocyte autophagy. It was established that shRNA-mediated HDAC6 silencing augmented cardiomyocyte autophagy and suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation, thus ameliorating cardiac injury in myocardial tissues of DCM rats. Besides, in DOX-injured cardiomyocytes, HDAC6 silencing also diminished NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cell apoptosis but enhanced cell autophagy, whereas ectopic NLRP3 expression negated the effects of HDAC6 silencing. Since HDAC6 knockdown correlates with enhanced cardiomyocyte autophagy and suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation through an interplay with NLRP3, it is expected to be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for DCM. 1. HDAC6 was up-regulated in DCM rats. 2. HDAC6 knockdown promoted cardiomyocyte autophagy to relieve cardiac dysfunction. 3. HDAC6 knockdown inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome and promoted cardiomyocyte autophagy. 4. Silencing HDAC6 promoted autophagy and repressed apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. 5. This study provides novel therapeutic targets for DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Pang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qigang Guan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Lin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Chang
- Department of Digestive Diseases, the First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Bockstiegel J, Wurnig SL, Engelhardt J, Enns J, Hansen FK, Weindl G. Pharmacological inhibition of HDAC6 suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β release. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115693. [PMID: 37481141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is an important regulator of inflammation and immune responses. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) has been implicated in the assembly and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in mouse cells, however, the role in human immune cells remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of HDAC6 deficiency on NLRP3-mediated interleukin (IL)-1β release using proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTAC) technology. We designed an HDAC6 PROTAC (A6) composed of the pan-HDAC inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and the E3 ligase ligand thalidomide and a control PROTAC (non-degrading control, nc-A6) that binds to HDAC6 but lacks the ability to induce HDAC6 degradation. A6 but not nc-A6 reduced HDAC6 levels in THP-1 macrophages without affecting cell viability. PROTAC A6 and nc-A6 significantly reduced the release of IL-1β in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting that HDAC6 deficiency is not necessary for inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β release. We found that inhibition of the catalytic domain with HDAC inhibitor SAHA or the specific HDAC6 inhibitor tubastatin A is sufficient to reduce IL-1β release indicating that the enzymatic activity of HDAC6 is critical for NLRP3 inflammasome function. Mechanistically, the observed effects of HDAC6 inhibition on NLRP3-mediated inflammatory responses could be attributed to its interaction with Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Tubastatin A did not affect IL-1β levels when added after TLR-mediated priming. Collectively, our findings indicate that HDAC6 inhibitors show potent anti-inflammatory activity and suppress IL-1β release by human macrophages, independent of NLRP3 assembly and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Bockstiegel
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Silas L Wurnig
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonas Engelhardt
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jana Enns
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Finn K Hansen
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Günther Weindl
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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12
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Patel U, Smalley JP, Hodgkinson JT. PROTAC chemical probes for histone deacetylase enzymes. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:623-634. [PMID: 37654508 PMCID: PMC10467623 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00105a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past three decades, we have witnessed the progression of small molecule chemical probes designed to inhibit the catalytic active site of histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes into FDA approved drugs. However, it is only in the past five years we have witnessed the emergence of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) capable of promoting the proteasome mediated degradation of HDACs. This is a field still in its infancy, however given the current progress of PROTACs in clinical trials and the fact that FDA approved HDAC drugs are already in the clinic, there is significant potential in developing PROTACs to target HDACs as therapeutics. Beyond therapeutics, PROTACs also serve important applications as chemical probes to interrogate fundamental biology related to HDACs via their unique degradation mode of action. In this review, we highlight some of the key findings to date in the discovery of PROTACs targeting HDACs by HDAC class and HDAC isoenzyme, current gaps in PROTACs to target HDACs and future outlooks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvashi Patel
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - Joshua P Smalley
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - James T Hodgkinson
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester Leicester LE1 7RH UK
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13
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Li Y, Zeng ZW, Chen D, Gu ZC, Yan WL, Yue LY, Zhu RG, Zhao YL, Chen L, Zhao QJ, He B. Facilitated Drug Repurposing with Artemisinin-Derived PROTACs: Unveiling PCLAF as a Therapeutic Target. J Med Chem 2023; 66:11335-11350. [PMID: 37552639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin, a prominent anti-malaria drug, is being investigated for its potential as a repurposed cancer treatment. However, its effectiveness in tumor cell lines remains limited, and its mechanism of action is unclear. To make more progress, the PROteolysis-TArgeting chimera (PROTAC) technique has been applied to design and synthesize novel artemisinin derivatives in this study. Among them, AD4, the most potent compound, exhibited an IC50 value of 50.6 nM in RS4;11 cells, over 12-fold better than that of its parent compound, SM1044. This was supported by prolonged survival of RS4;11-transplanted NOD/SCID mice. Meanwhile, AD4 effectively degraded PCLAF in RS4;11 cells and thus activated the p21/Rb axis to exert antitumor activity by directly targeting PCLAF. The discovery of AD4 highlights the great potential of using PROTACs to improve the efficacy of natural products, identify therapeutic targets, and facilitate drug repurposing. This opens a promising avenue for transforming other natural products into effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal, Plants Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Zi Wei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal, Plants Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Di Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal, Plants Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Zhi Cheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal, Plants Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Wan Li Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal, Plants Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Ling Yun Yue
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ren Guang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal, Plants Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Yong Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal, Plants Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal, Plants Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Qing Jie Zhao
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal, Plants Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
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14
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Qu M, Zhang H, Cheng P, Wubshet AK, Yin X, Wang X, Sun Y. Histone deacetylase 6's function in viral infection, innate immunity, and disease: latest advances. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1216548. [PMID: 37638049 PMCID: PMC10450946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1216548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the family of histone-deacetylases, histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) stands out. The cytoplasmic class IIb histone deacetylase (HDAC) family is essential for many cellular functions. It plays a crucial and debatable regulatory role in innate antiviral immunity. This review summarises the current state of our understanding of HDAC6's structure and function in light of the three mechanisms by which it controls DNA and RNA virus infection: cytoskeleton regulation, host innate immune response, and autophagy degradation of host or viral proteins. In addition, we summed up how HDAC6 inhibitors are used to treat a wide range of diseases, and how its upstream signaling plays a role in the antiviral mechanism. Together, the findings of this review highlight HDAC6's importance as a new therapeutic target in antiviral immunity, innate immune response, and some diseases, all of which offer promising new avenues for the development of drugs targeting the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengyuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ashenafi Kiros Wubshet
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Basic and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Xiangping Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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15
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Harding R, Franzoni I, Mann MK, Szewczyk MM, Mirabi B, Ferreira de Freitas R, Owens DDG, Ackloo S, Scheremetjew A, Juarez-Ornelas KA, Sanichar R, Baker RJ, Dank C, Brown PJ, Barsyte-Lovejoy D, Santhakumar V, Schapira M, Lautens M, Arrowsmith CH. Discovery and Characterization of a Chemical Probe Targeting the Zinc-Finger Ubiquitin-Binding Domain of HDAC6. J Med Chem 2023; 66:10273-10288. [PMID: 37499118 PMCID: PMC10424181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) inhibition is an attractive strategy for treating numerous cancers, and HDAC6 catalytic inhibitors are currently in clinical trials. The HDAC6 zinc-finger ubiquitin-binding domain (UBD) binds free C-terminal diglycine motifs of unanchored ubiquitin polymer chains and protein aggregates, playing an important role in autophagy and aggresome assembly. However, targeting this domain with small molecule antagonists remains an underdeveloped avenue of HDAC6-focused drug discovery. We report SGC-UBD253 (25), a chemical probe potently targeting HDAC6-UBD in vitro with selectivity over nine other UBDs, except for weak USP16 binding. In cells, 25 is an effective antagonist of HDAC6-UBD at 1 μM, with marked proteome-wide selectivity. We identified SGC-UBD253N (32), a methylated derivative of 25 that is 300-fold less active, serving as a negative control. Together, 25 and 32 could enable further exploration of the biological function of the HDAC6-UBD and investigation of the therapeutic potential of targeting this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel
J. Harding
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department
of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University
of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ivan Franzoni
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Valence
Discovery Inc., 6666
Rue St-Urbain, Suite 200, Montreal, Quebec H2S 3H1, Canada
| | - Mandeep K. Mann
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Magdalena M. Szewczyk
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Bijan Mirabi
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | | | - Dominic D. G. Owens
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Suzanne Ackloo
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Alexej Scheremetjew
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Kevin A. Juarez-Ornelas
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Randy Sanichar
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Rachel J. Baker
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Christian Dank
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Peter J. Brown
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department
of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University
of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | - Matthieu Schapira
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department
of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University
of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Mark Lautens
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Cheryl H. Arrowsmith
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Princess
Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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16
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Sincere NI, Anand K, Ashique S, Yang J, You C. PROTACs: Emerging Targeted Protein Degradation Approaches for Advanced Druggable Strategies. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104014. [PMID: 37241755 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A potential therapeutic strategy to treat conditions brought on by the aberrant production of a disease-causing protein is emerging for targeted protein breakdown using the PROTACs technology. Few medications now in use are tiny, component-based and utilize occupancy-driven pharmacology (MOA), which inhibits protein function for a short period of time to temporarily alter it. By utilizing an event-driven MOA, the proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) technology introduces a revolutionary tactic. Small-molecule-based heterobifunctional PROTACs hijack the ubiquitin-proteasome system to trigger the degradation of the target protein. The main challenge PROTAC's development facing now is to find potent, tissue- and cell-specific PROTAC compounds with favorable drug-likeness and standard safety measures. The ways to increase the efficacy and selectivity of PROTACs are the main focus of this review. In this review, we have highlighted the most important discoveries related to the degradation of proteins by PROTACs, new targeted approaches to boost proteolysis' effectiveness and development, and promising future directions in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuwayo Ishimwe Sincere
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Krishnan Anand
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Sumel Ashique
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharat Institute of Technology (BIT), School of Pharmacy, Meerut 250103, India
| | - Jing Yang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chongge You
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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17
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Sobhia ME, Kumar H, Kumari S. Bifunctional robots inducing targeted protein degradation. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 255:115384. [PMID: 37119667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The gaining importance of Targeted Protein Degradation (TPD) and PROTACs (PROteolysis-TArgeting Chimeras) have drawn the scientific community's attention. PROTACs are considered bifunctional robots owing to their avidity for the protein of interest (POI) and E3-ligase, which induce the ubiquitination of POI. These molecules are based on event-driven pharmacology and are applicable in different conditions such as oncology, antiviral, neurodegenerative disease, acne etc., offering tremendous scope to researchers. In this review, primarily, we attempted to compile the recent works available in the literature on PROTACs for various targeted proteins. We summarized the design and development strategies with a focus on molecular information of protein residues and linker design. Rationalization of the ternary complex formation using Artificial Intelligence including machine & deep learning models and traditionally followed computational tools are also included in this study. Moreover, details describing the optimization of PROTACs chemistry and pharmacokinetic properties are added. Advanced PROTAC designs and targeting complex proteins, is summed up to cover the wide spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elizabeth Sobhia
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector - 67, S. A. S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India.
| | - Harish Kumar
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector - 67, S. A. S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Sonia Kumari
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector - 67, S. A. S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
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18
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Huang J, Zhang J, Xu W, Wu Q, Zeng R, Liu Z, Tao W, Chen Q, Wang Y, Zhu WG. Structure-Based Discovery of Selective Histone Deacetylase 8 Degraders with Potent Anticancer Activity. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1186-1209. [PMID: 36516047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inducing protein degradation by proteolysis targeting chimeras has gained tremendous momentum as a promising novel therapeutic strategy. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and biological characterization of highly potent proteolysis targeting chimeric small molecules targeting the epigenetic regulator histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8). We developed potent and effective HDAC8 degraders, as exemplified by SZUH280 (16e), which effectively induced HDAC8 protein degradation and inhibited cancer cell growth even at low micromolar concentrations. Our preliminary mechanistic studies revealed that SZUH280 hampers DNA damage repair in cancer cells, promoting cellular radiosensitization. In mice, a single SZUH280 dose induced rapid and prolonged HDAC8 protein degradation in xenograft tumor tissues. Moreover, SZUH280 alone or in combination with irradiation resulted in long-lasting tumor regression in an A549 tumor mouse model. Our findings qualify a new chemical tool for HDAC8 knockdown and may lead to the development of a new class of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, and International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Health Science Centre School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, and International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Health Science Centre School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenchao Xu
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, and International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Health Science Centre School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Rongsheng Zeng
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhichao Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, and International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Health Science Centre School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenhui Tao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, and International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Health Science Centre School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, and International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Health Science Centre School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yongqing Wang
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Toledo Medical Center, 3120 Glendale Avenue, Toledo 43614, Ohio, United States
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, and International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Health Science Centre School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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19
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Sun K, Zhang H, Zhang T, Sun N, Hao J, Wang Z, Gao C. Spinal HDAC6 mediates nociceptive behaviors induced by chronic constriction injury via neuronal activation and neuroinflammation. Mol Pain 2023; 19:17448069231218352. [PMID: 37982151 PMCID: PMC10734332 DOI: 10.1177/17448069231218352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) is often accompanied by psychiatric comorbidities and currently lacks effective treatment. Prior research has shown that HDAC6 plays a crucial role in pain sensitization, but the specific mechanisms remain unclear. HDAC6 inhibitors have been found to alleviate mechanical allodynia caused by inflammation and peripheral nerve damage. In this study, we investigated the cellular mechanisms of HDAC6 in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Our findings indicate that HDAC6 expression in the spinal cord (SC) is upregulated in a time-dependent manner following chronic constriction injury (CCI). HDAC6 is primarily expressed in neurons and microglia in the spinal cord. CCI-induced HDAC6 production was abolished by intrathecal injection of a microglia inhibitor. ACY-1215, a specific HDAC6 inhibitor, significantly reduced CCI-induced mechanical allodynia, but not thermal hyperalgesia. ACY-1215 also inhibited neuron activation and suppressed CCI-induced pyroptosis and neuroinflammatory responses. In summary, our results suggest that HDAC6 contributes to the development and maintenance of NP through neuronal activation and neuroinflammation. HDAC6 may be a promising target for treating NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Pain Management, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Nan Sun
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jingru Hao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Can Gao
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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20
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Li Y, Jia Y, Wang X, Shang H, Tian Y. Protein-Targeted Degradation Agents Based on Natural Products. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 16:ph16010046. [PMID: 36678543 PMCID: PMC9865760 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products are an important source of drug lead compounds, and natural products with significant biological activity are constantly being discovered and used in clinical practice. At present, natural products play an important role in the targeted therapy of cancer, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, nervous system diseases, and autoimmune diseases. Meanwhile, in recent years, the rise of protein-targeted degradation technologies, such as proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) and molecular glues, has provided a new solution for drug resistance caused by clinical molecular-targeting drugs. It is noteworthy that natural products and their derivatives, as important components of PROTACs and molecular glues, play an important role in the development of protein-targeting drugs. Hence, this review summarized the protein-targeted degradation agents based on natural products, such as PROTACs and molecular glues. More natural products with the potential to be used in the development of PROTACs and molecular glues as targeted protein degradation agents are still being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yu Tian
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (Y.T.)
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21
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Liu M, Martyn AP, Quinn RJ. Natural product-based PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs). Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:2292-2307. [PMID: 36196977 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00038e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Covering: upto 2022Natural products have an embedded recognition of protein surfaces. They possess this property as they are produced by biosynthetic enzymes and are substrates for one or more enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway. The inherent advantages, compared to synthetic compound libraries, is this ligand-protein binding which is, in many cases, a function of the 3-dimensional properties. Protein degradation is a recent novel therapeutic approach with several compounds now in the clinic. This review highlights the potential of PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) in the area of natural products. The approach will complement existing approaches such as the direct use of a bioactive natural product or its analogues, pharmacophore development and drug-antibody conjugates. The chemical synthesis and challenges of using natural product-based PROTACs are summarised. The review also highlights methods to detect the ternary complexes necessary for PROTAC mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Liu
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Alexander P Martyn
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program (CARP), Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health (CGPH), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ronald J Quinn
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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22
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Venkatesan J, Murugan D, Rangasamy L. A Perspective on Newly Emerging Proteolysis-Targeting Strategies in Antimicrobial Drug Discovery. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1717. [PMID: 36551374 PMCID: PMC9774230 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation is a new aspect in the field of drug discovery. Traditionally, developing an antibiotic includes tedious and expensive processes, such as drug screening, lead optimization, and formulation. Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are new-generation drugs that use the proteolytic mechanism to selectively degrade and eliminate proteins involved in human diseases. The application of PROTACs is explored immensely in the field of cancer, and various PROTACs are in clinical trials. Thus, researchers have a profound interest in pursuing PROTAC technology as a new weapon to fight pathogenic viruses and bacteria. This review highlights the importance of antimicrobial PROTACs and other similar "PROTAC-like" techniques to degrade pathogenic target proteins (i.e., viral/bacterial proteins). These techniques can perform specific protein degradation of the pathogenic protein to avoid resistance caused by mutations or abnormal expression of the pathogenic protein. PROTAC-based antimicrobial therapeutics have the advantage of high specificity and the ability to degrade "undruggable" proteins, such as nonenzymatic and structural proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janarthanan Venkatesan
- Drug Discovery Unit (DDU), Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular, and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
- School of Advanced Sciences (SAS), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhanashree Murugan
- Drug Discovery Unit (DDU), Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular, and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
- School of Biosciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Loganathan Rangasamy
- Drug Discovery Unit (DDU), Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular, and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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23
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Li Y, Lin S, Gu Z, Chen L, He B. Zinc-dependent deacetylases (HDACs) as potential targets for treating Alzheimer’s disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 76:129015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.129015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Sun D, Zhang J, Dong G, He S, Sheng C. Blocking Non-enzymatic Functions by PROTAC-Mediated Targeted Protein Degradation. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14276-14288. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donghuan Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shipeng He
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
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25
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Li J, Cai Z, Li XW, Zhuang C. Natural Product-Inspired Targeted Protein Degraders: Advances and Perspectives. J Med Chem 2022; 65:13533-13560. [PMID: 36205223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation (TPD), a promising therapeutic strategy in drug discovery, has great potential to regulate the endogenous degradation of undruggable targets with small molecules. As vital resources that provide diverse structural templates for drug discovery, natural products (NPs) are a rising and robust arsenal for the development of therapeutic TPD. The first proof-of-concept study of proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) was a natural polyketide ovalicin-derived degrader; since then, NPs have shown great potential to promote TPD technology. The use of NP-inspired targeted protein degraders has been confirmed to be a promising strategy to treat many human conditions, including cancer, inflammation, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nevertheless, the development of NP-inspired degraders is challenging, and the field is currently in its infancy. In this review, we summarize the bioactivities and mechanisms of NP-inspired degraders and discuss the associated challenges and future opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.,School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhenyu Cai
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xu-Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China.,Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264117, China
| | - Chunlin Zhuang
- Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.,School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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26
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Recent Advances in Natural Product-Based Hybrids as Anti-Cancer Agents. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196632. [PMID: 36235168 PMCID: PMC9572494 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the top leading causes of death worldwide. It is a heterogenous disease characterized by unregulated cell proliferation and invasiveness of abnormal cells. For the treatment of cancer, natural products have been widely used as a source of therapeutic ingredients since ancient times. Although natural compounds and their derivatives have demonstrated strong antitumor activity in many types of cancer, their poor pharmacokinetic properties, low cell selectivity, limited bioavailability and restricted efficacy against drug-resistant cancer cells hinder their wide clinical application. Conjugation of natural products with other bioactive molecules has given rise to a new field in drug discovery resulting to the development of novel, bifunctional and more potent drugs for cancer therapy to overcome the current drawbacks. This review discusses multiple categories of such bifunctional conjugates and highlights recent trends and advances in the development of natural product hybrids. Among them, ADCs, PDCs, ApDCs, PROTACs and AUTOTACs represent emerging therapeutic agents against cancer.
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27
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Yue K, Sun S, Jia G, Qin M, Hou X, Chou CJ, Huang C, Li X. First-in-Class Hydrazide-Based HDAC6 Selective Inhibitor with Potent Oral Anti-Inflammatory Activity by Attenuating NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. J Med Chem 2022; 65:12140-12162. [PMID: 36073117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report the first highly selective HDAC6 inhibitor with hydrazide as the zinc-binding group (ZBG), which displays superior pharmacokinetic properties to the current hydroxamic acid inhibitors. Structure-activity relationship study reveals that ethyl group substituent hydrazide-based ZBG and cap group with more substantial rigidity and larger volume increase the HDAC6 selectivity of designed compounds. Representative inhibitor 35m exhibits potent HDAC6 inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 0.019 μM. To our surprise, 35m establishes significant improvement in the pharmacokinetic property with much higher AUC0-inf (10292 ng·h/mL) and oral bioavailability (93.4%) than hydroximic acid-based HDAC6 inhibitors Tubastatin A and ACY-1215. Low-dose 35m remarkably decreases LPS-induced IL-1β release both in vitro and in vivo by blocking the activation of NLRP3, indicating that 35m can be a potential orally active therapeutic agent for the treatment of NLRP3-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kairui Yue
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Simin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Geng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mengting Qin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaohan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - C James Chou
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
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28
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Recent Advances in PROTACs for Drug Targeted Protein Research. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810328. [PMID: 36142231 PMCID: PMC9499226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) is a heterobifunctional molecule. Typically, PROTAC consists of two terminals which are the ligand of the protein of interest (POI) and the specific ligand of E3 ubiquitin ligase, respectively, via a suitable linker. PROTAC degradation of the target protein is performed through the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS). The general process is that PROTAC binds to the target protein and E3 ligase to form a ternary complex and label the target protein with ubiquitination. The ubiquitinated protein is recognized and degraded by the proteasome in the cell. At present, PROTAC, as a new type of drug, has been developed to degrade a variety of cancer target proteins and other disease target proteins, and has shown good curative effects on a variety of diseases. For example, PROTACs targeting AR, BR, BTK, Tau, IRAK4, and other proteins have shown unprecedented clinical efficacy in cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammations, and other fields. Recently, PROTAC has entered a phase of rapid development, opening a new field for biomedical research and development. This paper reviews the various fields of targeted protein degradation by PROTAC in recent years and summarizes and prospects the hot targets and indications of PROTAC.
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29
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Liu Z, Zhang Y, Xiang Y, Kang X. Small-Molecule PROTACs for Cancer Immunotherapy. Molecules 2022; 27:5439. [PMID: 36080223 PMCID: PMC9458232 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unsatisfactory physicochemical properties of macromolecular drugs seriously hinder their application in tumor immunotherapy. However, these problems can be effectively solved by small-molecule compounds. In the promising field of small-molecule drug development, proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) offers a novel mode of action in the interactions between small molecules and therapeutic targets (mainly proteins). This revolutionary technology has shown considerable impact on several proteins related to tumor survival but is rarely exploited in proteins associated with immuno-oncology up until now. This review attempts to comprehensively summarize the well-studied and less-developed immunological targets available for PROTAC technology, as well as some targets to be explored, aiming to provide more options and opportunities for the development of small-molecule-based tumor immunotherapy. In addition, some novel directions that can magnify and broaden the protein degradation efficiency are mentioned to improve PROTAC design in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xin Kang
- West China (Airport) Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610047, China
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30
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He M, Cao C, Ni Z, Liu Y, Song P, Hao S, He Y, Sun X, Rao Y. PROTACs: great opportunities for academia and industry (an update from 2020 to 2021). Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:181. [PMID: 35680848 PMCID: PMC9178337 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) technology is a new protein-degradation strategy that has emerged in recent years. It uses bifunctional small molecules to induce the ubiquitination and degradation of target proteins through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. PROTACs can not only be used as potential clinical treatments for diseases such as cancer, immune disorders, viral infections, and neurodegenerative diseases, but also provide unique chemical knockdown tools for biological research in a catalytic, reversible, and rapid manner. In 2019, our group published a review article "PROTACs: great opportunities for academia and industry" in the journal, summarizing the representative compounds of PROTACs reported before the end of 2019. In the past 2 years, the entire field of protein degradation has experienced rapid development, including not only a large increase in the number of research papers on protein-degradation technology but also a rapid increase in the number of small-molecule degraders that have entered the clinical and will enter the clinical stage. In addition to PROTAC and molecular glue technology, other new degradation technologies are also developing rapidly. In this article, we mainly summarize and review the representative PROTACs of related targets published in 2020-2021 to present to researchers the exciting developments in the field of protein degradation. The problems that need to be solved in this field will also be briefly introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming He
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chaoguo Cao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Ni
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yongbo Liu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Peilu Song
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Hao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuna He
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiuyun Sun
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yu Rao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China.
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31
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Wu Y, Zhang J, Zhu X, Zhang Y. Developing PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) for hematologic malignancies. Cancer Lett 2022; 544:215808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Li Y, Gu Z, Lin S, Chen L, Dzreyan V, Eid M, Demyanenko S, He B. Histone Deacetylases as Epigenetic Targets for Treating Parkinson's Disease. Brain Sci 2022; 12:672. [PMID: 35625059 PMCID: PMC9140162 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease that is increasingly becoming a global threat to the health and life of the elderly worldwide. Although there are some drugs clinically available for treating PD, these treatments can only alleviate the symptoms of PD patients but cannot completely cure the disease. Therefore, exploring other potential mechanisms to develop more effective treatments that can modify the course of PD is still highly desirable. Over the last two decades, histone deacetylases, as an important group of epigenetic targets, have attracted much attention in drug discovery. This review focused on the current knowledge about histone deacetylases involved in PD pathophysiology and their inhibitors used in PD studies. Further perspectives related to small molecules that can inhibit or degrade histone deacetylases to treat PD were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; (Y.L.); (Z.G.); (S.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Zhicheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; (Y.L.); (Z.G.); (S.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Shuxian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; (Y.L.); (Z.G.); (S.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; (Y.L.); (Z.G.); (S.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Valentina Dzreyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Stachki Ave. 194/1, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (V.D.); (M.E.)
| | - Moez Eid
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Stachki Ave. 194/1, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (V.D.); (M.E.)
| | - Svetlana Demyanenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Stachki Ave. 194/1, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (V.D.); (M.E.)
| | - Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; (Y.L.); (Z.G.); (S.L.); (L.C.)
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33
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Liu Y, Yang X, Kadasah S, Peng C. Clinical Value of the Prognostic Nutrition Index in the Assessment of Prognosis in Critically Ill Patients with Stroke: A Retrospective Analysis. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4889920. [PMID: 35586667 PMCID: PMC9110188 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4889920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of study was to evaluate the association between prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and all-cause mortality of critically ill patients with stroke. Methods Clinical data derived from Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care were analyzed. The primary endpoint was 30-day all-cause mortality; secondary endpoints were 90-day mortality and one-year cause mortality. The potential prognostic roles of PNI were analyzed by Cox proportional hazard models. The independent prognostic roles of PNI in the cases were analyzed by smooth curve fitting. Results Concerning 30-day mortality, the HR (95% CI) for a high PNI (≥39.7) was 0.700 (0.544, 0.900; P = 0.00539), compared to a low PNI (<39.7). After adjusting for multiple confounders, the HR (95% CI) for a high PNI (≥39.7) was 0.732 (0.547, 0.978; P = 0.03514), compared to a low PNI (<39.7). Regarding 90-day and one-year mortality, a similar trend was observed. In addition, a nonlinear association between PNI and 30-day mortality was found. Using recursive algorithm and two-piecewise linear regression model, inflection point (IP) was calculated, which was 49.4. On the right side of the IP, there was a positive relationship between PNI and 30-day mortality, and the effect size, 95% CI, and P value were 1.04 (1.01, 1.07), P = 0.0429, respectively. On the left of the IP, the effect size, 95% CI, and P value were 0.97 (0.96, 0.99) and 0.0011, respectively. Conclusions The PNI was an independent predicting factor of 30-day, 90-day, and 1-year mortality of the critically ill patients with stroke. In addition, there was a U-shaped relationship between PNI and all-cause mortality of stroke patients. PNI was a risk factor for the outcome of stroke when PNI was >49.4, while PNI was a protective factor for outcome of stroke when PNI was <49.4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Health Medicine, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobin Yang
- Day Clinic Area, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Sultan Kadasah
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chaosheng Peng
- Day Clinic Area, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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