1
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Wei L, Liu L, Gong W. Structure of mycobacterial ergothioneine-biosynthesis C-S lyase EgtE. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105539. [PMID: 38072054 PMCID: PMC10805701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024] Open
Abstract
L-ergothioneine is widely distributed among various microbes to regulate their physiology and pathogenicity within complex environments. One of the key steps in the ergothioneine-biosynthesis pathway, the C-S bond cleavage reaction, uses the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate dependent C-S lyase to produce the final product L-ergothioneine. Here, we present the crystallographic structure of the ergothioneine-biosynthesis C-S lyase EgtE from Mycobacterium smegmatis (MsEgtE) represents the first published structure of ergothioneine-biosynthesis C-S lyases in bacteria and shows the effects of active site residues on the enzymatic reaction. The MsEgtE and the previously reported ergothioneine-biosynthesis C-S lyase Egt2 from Neurospora crassa (NcEgt2) fold similarly. However, discrepancies arise in terms of substrate recognition, as observed through sequence and structure comparison of MsEgtE and NcEgt2. The structural-based sequence alignment of the ergothioneine-biosynthesis C-S lyase from fungi and bacteria shows clear distinctions among the recognized substrate residues, but Arg348 is critical and an extremely conserved residue for substrate recognition. The α14 helix is exclusively found in the bacteria EgtE, which represent the most significant difference between bacteria EgtE and fungi Egt2, possibly resulting from the convergent evolution of bacteria and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wei
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Weimin Gong
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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2
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Beliaeva M, Seebeck FP. Discovery and Characterization of the Metallopterin-Dependent Ergothioneine Synthase from Caldithrix abyssi. JACS AU 2022; 2:2098-2107. [PMID: 36186560 PMCID: PMC9516567 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ergothioneine is a histidine derivative with a 2-mercaptoimidazole side chain and a trimethylated α-amino group. Although the physiological function of this natural product is not yet understood, the facts that many bacteria, some archaea, and most fungi produce ergothioneine and that plants and animals have specific mechanisms to absorb and distribute ergothioneine in specific tissues suggest a fundamental role in cellular life. The observation that ergothioneine biosynthesis has emerged multiple times in molecular evolution points to the same conclusion. Aerobic bacteria and fungi attach sulfur to the imidazole ring of trimethylhistidine via an O2-dependent reaction that is catalyzed by a mononuclear non-heme iron enzyme. Green sulfur bacteria and archaea use a rhodanese-like sulfur transferase to attach sulfur via oxidative polar substitution. In this report, we describe a third unrelated class of enzymes that catalyze sulfur transfer in ergothioneine production. The metallopterin-dependent ergothioneine synthase from Caldithrix abyssi contains an N-terminal module that is related to the tungsten-dependent acetylene hydratase and a C-terminal domain that is a functional cysteine desulfurase. The two modules cooperate to transfer sulfur from cysteine onto trimethylhistidine. Inactivation of the C-terminal desulfurase blocks ergothioneine production but maintains the ability of the metallopterin to exchange sulfur between ergothioneine and trimethylhistidine. Homologous bifunctional enzymes are encoded exclusively in anaerobic bacterial and archaeal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia
A. Beliaeva
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Molecular
Systems Engineering, National Competence
Center in Research (NCCR), 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Molecular
Systems Engineering, National Competence
Center in Research (NCCR), 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Chen BX, Xue LN, Wei T, Ye ZW, Li XH, Guo LQ, Lin JF. Enhancement of ergothioneine production by discovering and regulating its metabolic pathway in Cordyceps militaris. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:169. [PMID: 35999536 PMCID: PMC9396837 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01891-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cordyceps militaris is a traditional medicinal fungus contains a variety of functional ingredients and has been developed as an important mushroom food recently. Ergothioneine, one of the antioxidative compounds in C. militaris, is benefits on aging-related diseases and therefore became a novel functional food nutritive fortifier. Currently, the main diet source of ergothioneine is mushroom food. However, the mushroom farming faces the problems such as rather low ingredient yield and spontaneous degeneration associated fruiting body that restricts large scale production of ergothioneine. Results In this study, we excavated the ergothioneine synthetases in mushroom and modified the genes in C. militaris to construct a new ergothioneine synthesis pathway. By further introducing this pathway into C. militaris genome, we succeeded to increase the ingredients’ production of engineering strain, the highest amount of ergothioneine and cordycepin were up to 2.5 g/kg dry weight and 2 g/L, respectively. Additionally, the expression of ergothioneine synthetase genes in the shape-mutated degenerative C. militaris could recover the ability of degenerative strain to produce high amount of ingredients, suggesting the metabolic regulation of ergothioneine might release the symptom of mushroom degeneration. Conclusion This study reveals a new pathway to fulfill the market needs of functional mushroom food and food fortifier ergothioneine. It implied the mycelium of C. militaris could be engineered as a novel medicinal mushroom food which could produce higher amount of valuable ingredients. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01891-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Xiong Chen
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ling-Na Xue
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Tao Wei
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Ye
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xue-Hai Li
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Li-Qiong Guo
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China. .,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jun-Fang Lin
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China. .,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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4
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Cordell GA, Lamahewage SNS. Ergothioneine, Ovothiol A, and Selenoneine-Histidine-Derived, Biologically Significant, Trace Global Alkaloids. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092673. [PMID: 35566030 PMCID: PMC9103826 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The history, chemistry, biology, and biosynthesis of the globally occurring histidine-derived alkaloids ergothioneine (10), ovothiol A (11), and selenoneine (12) are reviewed comparatively and their significance to human well-being is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A. Cordell
- Natural Products Inc., Evanston, IL 60202, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Sujeewa N. S. Lamahewage
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ruhuna, Matara 81000, Sri Lanka
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5
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Kaushik S, Yadav J, Das S, Singh S, Jyoti A, Srivastava VK, Sharma V, Kumar S, Kumar S. Deciphering the Role of S-adenosyl Homocysteine Nucleosidase in Quorum
Sensing Mediated Biofilm Formation. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2022; 23:211-225. [DOI: 10.2174/1389203723666220519152507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase (MTAN) is a protein that plays a crucial role in several
pathways of bacteria that are essential for its survival and pathogenesis. In addition to the role of
MTAN in methyl-transfer reactions, methionine biosynthesis, and polyamine synthesis, MTAN is also
involved in bacterial quorum sensing (QS). In QS, chemical signaling autoinducer (AI) secreted by
bacteria assists cell to cell communication and is regulated in a cell density-dependent manner. They
play a significant role in the formation of bacterial biofilm. MTAN plays a major role in the synthesis
of these autoinducers. Signaling molecules secreted by bacteria, i.e., AI-1 are recognized as acylated
homoserine lactones (AHL) that function as signaling molecules within bacteria. QS enables bacteria
to establish physical interactions leading to biofilm formation. The formation of biofilm is a primary
reason for the development of multidrug-resistant properties in pathogenic bacteria like Enterococcus
faecalis (E. faecalis). In this regard, inhibition of E. faecalis MTAN (EfMTAN) will block the QS and
alter the bacterial biofilm formation. In addition to this, it will also block methionine biosynthesis and
many other critical metabolic processes. It should also be noted that inhibition of EfMTAN will not
have any effect on human beings as this enzyme is not present in humans. This review provides a comprehensive
overview of the structural-functional relationship of MTAN. We have also highlighted the
current status, enigmas that warrant further studies, and the prospects for identifying potential inhibitors
of EfMTAN for the treatment of E. faecalis infections. In addition to this, we have also reported
structural studies of EfMTAN using homology modeling and highlighted the putative binding sites of
the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Kaushik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Jyoti Yadav
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Satyajeet Das
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
- Structural Biology Lab, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-160036, India
| | - Suraj Singh
- Centre for Bioseparation Technology, VIT University, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anupam Jyoti
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Vinay Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Sanjit Kumar
- Centre for Bioseparation Technology, VIT University, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sujeet Kumar
- Centre for Proteomics and Drug Discovery, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Maharashtra, India
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6
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Peng J, Liao C, Bauer C, Seebeck FP. Fluorinated
S
‐Adenosylmethionine as a Reagent for Enzyme‐Catalyzed Fluoromethylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Peng
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Cangsong Liao
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Carsten Bauer
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
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7
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Inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis EgtD target both substrate binding sites to limit hercynine production. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22240. [PMID: 34782676 PMCID: PMC8593015 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01526-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergothioneine (EGT) is a low molecular weight histidine betaine essential in all domains of life but only synthesized by selected few organisms. Synthesis of EGT by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is critical for maintaining bioenergetic homeostasis and protecting the bacterium from alkylating agents, oxidative stress, and anti-tubercular drugs. EgtD, an S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase (AdoMet), catalyzes the trimethylation of L-Histidine to initiate EGT biosynthesis and this reaction has been shown to be essential for EGT production in mycobacteria and for long-term infection of murine macrophages by M. tb. In this work, library screening and structure-guided strategies identified multiple classes of M. tb EgtD inhibitors that bind in various regions of the enzyme active site. X-ray crystal structures of EgtD-inhibitor complexes confirm that L-Histidine analogs bind solely to the L-Histidine binding site while drug-like inhibitors, such as TGX-221, and S-Glycyl-H-1152 span both the L-Histidine and AdoMet binding sites. These enzyme-inhibitor complexes provide detailed structural information of compound scaffolds useful for developing more potent inhibitors that could shorten Tuberculosis treatment regimens by weakening important bacterial defenses.
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8
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Peng J, Liao C, Bauer C, Seebeck FP. Fluorinated S-Adenosylmethionine as a Reagent for Enzyme-Catalyzed Fluoromethylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:27178-27183. [PMID: 34597444 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Strategic replacement of protons with fluorine atoms or functional groups with fluorine-containing fragments has proven a powerful strategy to optimize the activity of therapeutic compounds. For this reason, the synthetic chemistry of organofluorides has been the subject of intense development and innovation for many years. By comparison, the literature on fluorine biocatalysis still makes for a slim chapter. Herein we introduce S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) dependent methyltransferases as a new tool for the production of fluorinated compounds. We demonstrate the ability of halide methyltransferases to form fluorinated SAM (S-adenosyl-S-(fluoromethyl)-L-homocysteine) from S-adenosylhomocysteine and fluoromethyliodide. Fluorinated SAM (F-SAM) is too unstable for isolation, but is accepted as a substrate by C-, N- and O-specific methyltransferases for enzyme-catalyzed fluoromethylation of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cangsong Liao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Bauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Brancaccio M, Tangherlini M, Danovaro R, Castellano I. Metabolic adaptations to marine environments: molecular diversity and evolution of ovothiol biosynthesis in Bacteria. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6323227. [PMID: 34272861 PMCID: PMC8433421 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovothiols are sulfur-containing amino acids synthesized by marine invertebrates, protozoans, and bacteria. They act as pleiotropic molecules in signaling and protection against oxidative stress. The discovery of ovothiol biosynthetic enzymes, sulfoxide synthase OvoA and β-lyase OvoB, paves the way for a systematic investigation of ovothiol distribution and molecular diversification in nature. In this work, we conducted genomic and metagenomics data mining to investigate the distribution and diversification of ovothiol biosynthetic enzymes in Bacteria. We identified the bacteria endowed with this secondary metabolic pathway, described their taxonomy, habitat and biotic interactions in order to provide insight into their adaptation to specific environments. We report that OvoA and OvoB are mostly encountered in marine aerobic Proteobacteria, some of them establishing symbiotic or parasitic relationships with other organisms. We identified a horizontal gene transfer event of OvoB from Bacteroidetes living in symbiosis with Hydrozoa. Our search within the Ocean Gene Atlas revealed the occurrence of ovothiol biosynthetic genes in Proteobacteria living in a wide range of pelagic and highly oxygenated environments. Finally, we tracked the evolutionary history of ovothiol biosynthesis from marine bacteria to unicellular eukaryotes and metazoans. Our analysis provides new conceptual elements to unravel the evolutionary and ecological significance of ovothiol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarita Brancaccio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Michael Tangherlini
- Department of Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Fano Marine Centre, Fano, Italy
| | - Roberto Danovaro
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.,Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
| | - Immacolata Castellano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, Naples, Italy
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10
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Quintero-Cabello KP, Lugo-Flores MA, Rivera-Palafox P, Silva-Espinoza BA, González-Aguilar GA, Esqueda M, Gaitán-Hernández R, Ayala-Zavala JF. Antioxidant Properties and Industrial Uses of Edible Polyporales. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7030196. [PMID: 33803280 PMCID: PMC7998620 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The content of antioxidant compounds varies within fungal species, and the Polyporales order has been recognized for this property. Numerous antioxidant compounds have been identified in Polyporales fungi, including phenolic compounds, β-glucans, ergosterol, ergothioneine, vitamin C, and tocopherols. Each compound contributes differently to the antioxidant potential of fungi. Besides the health benefits for rural communities caused by fungi consumption, their antioxidant composition attracts the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries’ interest. In this context, the present review compiles, analyzes, and discusses the bioactive composition of edible fungi of the Polyporales order and its contribution to total antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen P. Quintero-Cabello
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazaran Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora CP. 83304, Mexico; (K.P.Q.-C.); (M.A.L.-F.); (P.R.-P.); (B.A.S.-E.); (G.A.G.-A.); (M.E.)
| | - Marco A. Lugo-Flores
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazaran Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora CP. 83304, Mexico; (K.P.Q.-C.); (M.A.L.-F.); (P.R.-P.); (B.A.S.-E.); (G.A.G.-A.); (M.E.)
| | - Patricia Rivera-Palafox
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazaran Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora CP. 83304, Mexico; (K.P.Q.-C.); (M.A.L.-F.); (P.R.-P.); (B.A.S.-E.); (G.A.G.-A.); (M.E.)
| | - Brenda A. Silva-Espinoza
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazaran Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora CP. 83304, Mexico; (K.P.Q.-C.); (M.A.L.-F.); (P.R.-P.); (B.A.S.-E.); (G.A.G.-A.); (M.E.)
| | - Gustavo A. González-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazaran Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora CP. 83304, Mexico; (K.P.Q.-C.); (M.A.L.-F.); (P.R.-P.); (B.A.S.-E.); (G.A.G.-A.); (M.E.)
| | - Martín Esqueda
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazaran Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora CP. 83304, Mexico; (K.P.Q.-C.); (M.A.L.-F.); (P.R.-P.); (B.A.S.-E.); (G.A.G.-A.); (M.E.)
| | - Rigoberto Gaitán-Hernández
- Instituto de Ecologia, A.C., Carretera Antigua a Coatepec, No. 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz CP. 91073, Mexico;
| | - J. Fernando Ayala-Zavala
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazaran Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora CP. 83304, Mexico; (K.P.Q.-C.); (M.A.L.-F.); (P.R.-P.); (B.A.S.-E.); (G.A.G.-A.); (M.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(662)289-2400; Fax: +52-(662)280-0422
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11
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12
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Beliaeva MA, Burn R, Lim D, Seebeck FP. In Vitro Production of Ergothioneine Isotopologues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5209-5212. [PMID: 32996678 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ergothioneine is an emerging component of the redox homeostasis system in human cells and in microbial pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Burkholderia pseudomallei. The synthesis of stable isotope-labeled ergothioneine derivatives may provide important tools for deciphering the distribution, function, and metabolism of this compound in vivo. We describe a general protocol for the production of ergothioneine isotopologues with programmable 2 H, 15 N, 13 C, 34 S, and 33 S isotope labeling patterns. This enzyme-based approach makes efficient use of commercial isotope reagents and is also directly applicable to the synthesis of radio-isotopologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia A Beliaeva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Burn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Borodina I, Kenny LC, McCarthy CM, Paramasivan K, Pretorius E, Roberts TJ, van der Hoek SA, Kell DB. The biology of ergothioneine, an antioxidant nutraceutical. Nutr Res Rev 2020; 33:190-217. [PMID: 32051057 PMCID: PMC7653990 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422419000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ERG) is an unusual thio-histidine betaine amino acid that has potent antioxidant activities. It is synthesised by a variety of microbes, especially fungi (including in mushroom fruiting bodies) and actinobacteria, but is not synthesised by plants and animals who acquire it via the soil and their diet, respectively. Animals have evolved a highly selective transporter for it, known as solute carrier family 22, member 4 (SLC22A4) in humans, signifying its importance, and ERG may even have the status of a vitamin. ERG accumulates differentially in various tissues, according to their expression of SLC22A4, favouring those such as erythrocytes that may be subject to oxidative stress. Mushroom or ERG consumption seems to provide significant prevention against oxidative stress in a large variety of systems. ERG seems to have strong cytoprotective status, and its concentration is lowered in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. It has been passed as safe by regulatory agencies, and may have value as a nutraceutical and antioxidant more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Borodina
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Louise C. Kenny
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL8 7SS, UK
| | - Cathal M. McCarthy
- Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Kalaivani Paramasivan
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Timothy J. Roberts
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL69 7ZB, UK
| | - Steven A. van der Hoek
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL69 7ZB, UK
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14
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Structural basis of ergothioneine biosynthesis. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 65:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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15
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Lenz C, Sherwood A, Kargbo R, Hoffmeister D. Taking Different Roads: l-Tryptophan as the Origin of Psilocybe Natural Products. Chempluschem 2020; 86:28-35. [PMID: 33237633 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Psychotropic fungi of the genus Psilocybe, colloquially referred to as "magic mushrooms", are best known for their l-tryptophan-derived major natural product, psilocybin. Yet, recent research has revealed a more diverse secondary metabolism that originates from this amino acid. In this minireview, the focus is laid on l-tryptophan and the various Psilocybe natural products and their metabolic routes are highlighted. Psilocybin and its congeners, the heterogeneous blue-colored psilocyl oligomers, alongside β-carbolines and N,N-dimethyl-l-tryptophan, are presented as well as current knowledge on their biosynthesis is provided. The multidisciplinary character of natural product research is demonstrated, and pharmacological, medicinal, ecological, biochemical, and evolutionary aspects are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudius Lenz
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll-Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Robert Kargbo
- The Usona Institute, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Madison, 53711, WI, USA
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll-Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
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16
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Maurer A, Seebeck FP. Reexamination of the Ergothioneine Biosynthetic Methyltransferase EgtD from Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a Protein Kinase Substrate. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2908-2911. [PMID: 32614492 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ergothioneine has emerged as a crucial cytoprotectant in the pathogenic lifestyle of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Production of this antioxidant from primary metabolites may be regulated by phosphorylation of Thr213 in the active site of the methyltransferase EgtD. The structure of mycobacterial EgtD suggests that this post-translational modification would require a large-scale change in conformation to make the active-site residue accessible to a protein kinase. In this report, we show that, under in vitro conditions, EgtD is not a substrate of protein kinase PknD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Maurer
- Department for Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Seebeck
- Department for Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Demmler R, Fricke J, Dörner S, Gressler M, Hoffmeister D. S-Adenosyl-l-Methionine Salvage Impacts Psilocybin Formation in "Magic" Mushrooms. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1364-1371. [PMID: 31802575 PMCID: PMC7317531 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Psychotropic Psilocybe mushrooms biosynthesize their principal natural product psilocybin in five steps, among them a phosphotransfer and two methyltransfer reactions, which consume one equivalent of 5'-adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and two equivalents of S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM). This short but co-substrate-intensive pathway requires nucleoside cofactor salvage to maintain high psilocybin production rates. We characterized the adenosine kinase (AdoK) and S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (SAH) hydrolase (SahH) of Psilocybe cubensis. Both enzymes are directly or indirectly involved in regenerating SAM. qRT-PCR expression analysis revealed an induced expression of the genes in the fungal primordia and carpophores. A one-pot in vitro reaction with the N-methyltransferase PsiM of the psilocybin pathway demonstrates a concerted action with SahH to facilitate biosynthesis by removal of accumulating SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Demmler
- Department Pharmaceutical MicrobiologyHans-Knöll-InstituteFriedrich-Schiller-UniversitätBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Janis Fricke
- Department Pharmaceutical MicrobiologyHans-Knöll-InstituteFriedrich-Schiller-UniversitätBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Sebastian Dörner
- Department Pharmaceutical MicrobiologyHans-Knöll-InstituteFriedrich-Schiller-UniversitätBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Markus Gressler
- Department Pharmaceutical MicrobiologyHans-Knöll-InstituteFriedrich-Schiller-UniversitätBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department Pharmaceutical MicrobiologyHans-Knöll-InstituteFriedrich-Schiller-UniversitätBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
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18
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Abstract
Natural nonproteinogenic amino acids vastly outnumber the well-known 22 proteinogenic amino acids. Such amino acids are generated in specialized metabolic pathways. In these pathways, diverse biosynthetic transformations, ranging from isomerizations to the stereospecific functionalization of C-H bonds, are employed to generate structural diversity. The resulting nonproteinogenic amino acids can be integrated into more complex natural products. Here we review recently discovered biosynthetic routes to freestanding nonproteinogenic α-amino acids, with an emphasis on work reported between 2013 and mid-2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B Hedges
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Katherine S Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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19
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Fricke J, Sherwood A, Kargbo R, Orry A, Blei F, Naschberger A, Rupp B, Hoffmeister D. Enzymatic Route toward 6‐Methylated Baeocystin and Psilocybin. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2824-2829. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janis Fricke
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll InstituteFriedrich-Schiller-Universität Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | | | - Robert Kargbo
- The Usona Institute 2800 Woods Hollow Road Madison WI 53711 USA
| | - Andrew Orry
- Molsoft L.L.C. 11199 Sorrento Valley Road San Diego CA 92121 USA
| | - Felix Blei
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll InstituteFriedrich-Schiller-Universität Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Andreas Naschberger
- Department of Genetic EpidemiologyMedizinische Universität Innsbruck Schöpfstrasse 41 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Bernhard Rupp
- Department of Genetic EpidemiologyMedizinische Universität Innsbruck Schöpfstrasse 41 6020 Innsbruck Austria
- Hofkristallamt 991 Audrey Place Vista CA 92084 USA
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll InstituteFriedrich-Schiller-Universität Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
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20
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Liao C, Seebeck FP. S-adenosylhomocysteine as a methyl transfer catalyst in biocatalytic methylation reactions. Nat Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-019-0300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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21
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The role of low molecular weight thiols in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 116:44-55. [PMID: 31153518 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular weight (LMW) thiols are molecules with a functional sulfhydryl group that enable them to detoxify reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species and other free radicals. Their roles range from their ability to modulate the immune system to their ability to prevent damage of biological molecules such as DNA and proteins by protecting against oxidative, nitrosative and acidic stress. LMW thiols are synthesized and found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Due to their beneficial role to both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, their specific functions need to be elucidated, most especially in pathogenic prokaryotes such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), in order to provide a rationale for targeting their biosynthesis for drug development. Ergothioneine (ERG), mycothiol (MSH) and gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC) are LMW thiols that have been shown to interplay to protect M.tb against cellular stress. Though ERG, MSH and GGC seem to have overlapping functions, studies are gradually revealing their unique physiological roles. Understanding their unique physiological role during the course of tuberculosis (TB) infection, would pave the way for the development of drugs that target their biosynthetic pathway. This review identifies the knowledge gap in the unique physiological roles of LMW thiols and proposes their mechanistic roles based on previous studies. In addition, it gives an update on identified inhibitors of their biosynthetic enzymes.
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22
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Blei F, Fricke J, Wick J, Slot JC, Hoffmeister D. Iterative
l
‐Tryptophan Methylation in
Psilocybe
Evolved by Subdomain Duplication. Chembiochem 2018; 19:2160-2166. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Blei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Janis Fricke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Jonas Wick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Jason C. Slot
- Department of Plant Pathology Ohio State University 2021 Coffey Road Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
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