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Fontana BD, Reichmann F, Tilley CA, Lavlou P, Shkumatava A, Alnassar N, Hillman C, Karlsson KÆ, Norton WHJ, Parker MO. adgrl3.1-deficient zebrafish show noradrenaline-mediated externalizing behaviors, and altered expression of externalizing disorder-candidate genes, suggesting functional targets for treatment. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:304. [PMID: 37783687 PMCID: PMC10545713 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02601-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Externalizing disorders (ED) are a cause of concern for public health, and their high heritability makes genetic risk factors a priority for research. Adhesion G-Protein-Coupled Receptor L3 (ADGRL3) is strongly linked to several EDs, and loss-of-function models have shown the impacts of this gene on several core ED-related behaviors. For example, adgrl3.1-/- zebrafish show high levels of hyperactivity. However, our understanding of the mechanisms by which this gene influences behavior is incomplete. Here we characterized, for the first time, externalizing behavioral phenotypes of adgrl3.1-/- zebrafish and found them to be highly impulsive, show risk-taking in a novel environment, have attentional deficits, and show high levels of hyperactivity. All of these phenotypes were rescued by atomoxetine, demonstrating noradrenergic mediation of the externalizing effects of adgrl3.1. Transcriptomic analyses of the brains of adgrl3.1-/- vs. wild-type fish revealed several differentially expressed genes and enriched gene clusters that were independent of noradrenergic manipulation. This suggests new putative functional pathways underlying ED-related behaviors, and potential targets for the treatment of ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara D Fontana
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Florian Reichmann
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ceinwen A Tilley
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Perrine Lavlou
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Paris, France
| | - Alena Shkumatava
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Paris, France
| | - Nancy Alnassar
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Courtney Hillman
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Karl Ægir Karlsson
- School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- 3Z, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - William H J Norton
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
- Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Matthew O Parker
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
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Carbajal MS, Bounmy AJC, Harrison OB, Nolen HG, Regan SL, Williams MT, Vorhees CV, Sable HJK. Impulsive choice in two different rat models of ADHD-Spontaneously hypertensive and Lphn3 knockout rats. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1094218. [PMID: 36777639 PMCID: PMC9909198 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1094218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Impulsivity is a symptom of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and variants in the Lphn3 (Adgrl3) gene (OMIM 616417) have been linked to ADHD. This project utilized a delay-discounting (DD) task to examine the impact of Lphn3 deletion in rats on impulsive choice. "Positive control" measures were also collected in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), another animal model of ADHD. Methods For Experiment I, rats were given the option to press one lever for a delayed reward of 3 food pellets or the other lever for an immediate reward of 1 pellet. Impulsive choice was measured as the tendency to discount the larger, delayed reward. We hypothesized that impulsive choice would be greater in the SHR and Lphn3 knockout (KO) rats relative to their control strains - Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Lphn3 wildtype (WT) rats, respectively. Results The results did not completely support the hypothesis, as only the SHRs (but not the Lphn3 KO rats) demonstrated a decrease in the percent choice for the larger reward. Because subsequent trials did not begin until the end of the delay period regardless of which lever was selected, rats were required to wait for the next trial to start even if they picked the immediate lever. Experiment II examined whether the rate of reinforcement influenced impulsive choice by using a DD task that incorporated a 1 s inter-trial interval (ITI) immediately after delivery of either the immediate (1 pellet) or delayed (3 pellet) reinforcer. The results of Experiment II found no difference in the percent choice for the larger reward between Lphn3 KO and WT rats, demonstrating reinforcement rate did not influence impulsive choice in Lphn3 KO rats. Discussion Overall, there were impulsivity differences among the ADHD models, as SHRs exhibited deficits in impulsive choice, while the Lphn3 KO rats did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica S. Carbajal
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Asiah J. C. Bounmy
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Olivia B. Harrison
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Hunter G. Nolen
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Samantha L. Regan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States,Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Michael T. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States,Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Charles V. Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States,Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Helen J. K. Sable
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States,*Correspondence: Helen J. K. Sable,
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Cabana-Domínguez J, Antón-Galindo E, Fernàndez-Castillo N, Singgih EL, O'Leary A, Norton WH, Strekalova T, Schenck A, Reif A, Lesch KP, Slattery D, Cormand B. The translational genetics of ADHD and related phenotypes in model organisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 144:104949. [PMID: 36368527 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder resulting from the interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors. It is well known that ADHD co-occurs frequently with other psychiatric disorders due, in part, to shared genetics factors. Although many studies have contributed to delineate the genetic landscape of psychiatric disorders, their specific molecular underpinnings are still not fully understood. The use of animal models can help us to understand the role of specific genes and environmental stimuli-induced epigenetic modifications in the pathogenesis of ADHD and its comorbidities. The aim of this review is to provide an overview on the functional work performed in rodents, zebrafish and fruit fly and highlight the generated insights into the biology of ADHD, with a special focus on genetics and epigenetics. We also describe the behavioral tests that are available to study ADHD-relevant phenotypes and comorbid traits in these models. Furthermore, we have searched for new models to study ADHD and its comorbidities, which can be useful to test potential pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Cabana-Domínguez
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Ester Antón-Galindo
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Noèlia Fernàndez-Castillo
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Euginia L Singgih
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Aet O'Leary
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - William Hg Norton
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Tatyana Strekalova
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany, and Department of Neuropsychology and Psychiatry, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Annette Schenck
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany, and Department of Neuropsychology and Psychiatry, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - David Slattery
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bru Cormand
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain.
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Perry-Hauser NA, VanDyck MW, Lee KH, Shi L, Javitch JA. Disentangling autoproteolytic cleavage from tethered agonist-dependent activation of the adhesion receptor ADGRL3. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102594. [PMID: 36244455 PMCID: PMC9674912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor latrophilin 3 (ADGRL3), a cell adhesion molecule highly expressed in the central nervous system, acts in synapse formation through trans interactions with its ligands. It is largely unknown if these interactions serve a purely adhesive function or can modulate G protein signaling. To assess how different structural elements of ADGRL3 (e.g., the adhesive domains, autoproteolytic cleavage site, or tethered agonist (TA)) impact receptor function, we require constructs that disrupt specific receptor features without impacting others. While we showed previously that mutating conserved Phe and Met residues in the TA of ADGRL3-C-terminal fragment (CTF), a CTF truncated to the G protein-coupled receptor proteolysis site, abolishes receptor-mediated G protein activation, we now find that autoproteolytic cleavage is disrupted in the full-length version of this construct. To identify a construct that disrupts TA-dependent activity without impacting proteolysis, we explored other mutations in the TA. We found that mutating the sixth and seventh residues of the TA, Leu and Met, to Ala impaired activity in a serum response element activity assay for both full-length and CTF constructs. We confirmed this activity loss results from impaired G protein coupling using an assay that acutely exposes the TA through controlled proteolysis. The ADGRL3 mutant expresses normally at the cell surface, and immunoblotting shows that it undergoes normal autoproteolysis. Thus, we found a construct that disrupts tethered agonism while retaining autoproteolytic cleavage, providing a tool to disentangle these functions in vivo. Our approach and specific findings are likely to be broadly applicable to other adhesion receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Perry-Hauser
- Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Max W VanDyck
- Department of Biochemistry, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, USA
| | - Kuo Hao Lee
- Computational Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Computational Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA.
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Williams MT, Sugimoto C, Regan SL, Pitzer EM, Fritz AL, Sertorio M, Mascia AE, Vatner RE, Perentesis JP, Vorhees CV. Cognitive and behavioral effects of whole brain conventional or high dose rate (FLASH) proton irradiation in a neonatal Sprague Dawley rat model. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274007. [PMID: 36112695 PMCID: PMC9481014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that ultra-high dose rates of proton radiation (>40 Gy/s; FLASH) confer less toxicity to exposed healthy tissue and reduce cognitive decline compared with conventional radiation dose rates (~1 Gy/s), but further preclinical data are required to demonstrate this sparing effect. In this study, postnatal day 11 (P11) rats were treated with whole brain irradiation with protons at a total dose of 0, 5, or 8 Gy, comparing a conventional dose rate of 1 Gy/s vs. a FLASH dose rate of 100 Gy/s. Beginning on P64, rats were tested for locomotor activity, acoustic and tactile startle responses (ASR, TSR) with or without prepulses, novel object recognition (NOR; 4-object version), striatal dependent egocentric learning ([configuration A] Cincinnati water maze (CWM-A)), prefrontal dependent working memory (radial water maze (RWM)), hippocampal dependent spatial learning (Morris water maze (MWM)), amygdala dependent conditioned freezing, and the mirror image CWM [configuration B (CWM-B)]. All groups had deficits in the CWM-A procedure. Weight reductions, decreased center ambulation in the open-field, increased latency on day-1 of RWM, and deficits in CWM-B were observed in all irradiated groups, except the 5 Gy FLASH group. ASR and TSR were reduced in the 8 Gy FLASH group and day-2 latencies in the RWM were increased in the FLASH groups compared with controls. There were no effects on prepulse trials of ASR or TSR, NOR, MWM, or conditioned freezing. The results suggest striatal and prefrontal cortex are sensitive regions at P11 to proton irradiation, with reduced toxicity from FLASH at 5 Gy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Cincinnati Children’s/University of Cincinnati Proton Therapy and Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Chiho Sugimoto
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Samantha L. Regan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Emily M. Pitzer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Adam L. Fritz
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Mathieu Sertorio
- Cincinnati Children’s/University of Cincinnati Proton Therapy and Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Anthony E. Mascia
- Cincinnati Children’s/University of Cincinnati Proton Therapy and Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Ralph E. Vatner
- Cincinnati Children’s/University of Cincinnati Proton Therapy and Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - John P. Perentesis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Cincinnati Children’s/University of Cincinnati Proton Therapy and Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Charles V. Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Cincinnati Children’s/University of Cincinnati Proton Therapy and Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
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6
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Regan SL, Sugimoto C, Dawson HE, Williams MT, Vorhees CV. Latrophilin-3 heterozygous versus homozygous mutations in Sprague Dawley rats: Effects on egocentric and allocentric memory and locomotor activity. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2022; 21:e12817. [PMID: 35985692 PMCID: PMC9744505 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Latrophilin-3 (LPHN3) is a brain specific G-protein coupled receptor associated with increased risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and cognitive deficits. CRISPR/Cas9 was used to generate a constitutive knockout (KO) rat of Lphn3 by deleting exon 3, based on human data that LPHN3 variants are associated with some cases of ADHD. Lphn3 KO rats are hyperactive with an attenuated response to ADHD medication and have cognitive deficits. Here, we tested KO, heterozygous (HET), and wildtype (WT) rats to determine if there was a gene-dosage effect. We tested the rats in home-cage activity starting at postnatal day (P)35 and P50, followed by tests of egocentric learning (Cincinnati water maze [CWM]), spatial learning (Morris water maze [MWM]), working memory (radial water maze [RWM]), incidental learning (novel object recognition [NOR]), acoustic startle response (ASR) habituation, tactile startle response (TSR) habituation, prepulse modification of acoustic startle, shuttle-box passive avoidance, conditioned freezing, and a mirror image version of the CWM. KO and HET rats were hyperactive. KO and HET rats had egocentric (CWM) and spatial deficits (MWM), increased startle response, and KO rats showed less conditioned freezing on contextual and cued memory; there were no effects on working memory (RWM) or passive avoidance. The selective gene-dosage effect in Lphn3 HET rats indicates that Lphn3 exhibits dominate expression on functions where it is most abundantly expressed (striatum, hippocampus) but not on behaviors mediated by regions of low expression. The data add further evidence to the impact of this synaptic protein on brain function and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Regan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of NeurologyCincinnati Children's Research FoundationCincinnatiOhioUSA,Department of Human GeneticsUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Chiho Sugimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of NeurologyCincinnati Children's Research FoundationCincinnatiOhioUSA,Department of PhysiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Hannah E. Dawson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of NeurologyCincinnati Children's Research FoundationCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Michael T. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of NeurologyCincinnati Children's Research FoundationCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Charles V. Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of NeurologyCincinnati Children's Research FoundationCincinnatiOhioUSA
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7
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Grinevich VP, Zakirov AN, Berseneva UV, Gerasimova EV, Gainetdinov RR, Budygin EA. Applying a Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry to Explore Dopamine Dynamics in Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091533. [PMID: 35563838 PMCID: PMC9100021 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress in the development of technologies for the real-time monitoring of neurotransmitter dynamics has provided researchers with effective tools for the exploration of etiology and molecular mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders. One of these powerful tools is fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV), a technique which has progressively been used in animal models of diverse pathological conditions associated with alterations in dopamine transmission. Indeed, for several decades FSCV studies have provided substantial insights into our understanding of the role of abnormal dopaminergic transmission in pathogenetic mechanisms of drug and alcohol addiction, Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, etc. Here we review the applications of FSCV to research neuropsychiatric disorders with particular attention to recent technological advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir P. Grinevich
- Department of Neurobiology, Sirius University, 1 Olympic Ave., Sirius, Sochi 353340, Russia; (V.P.G.); (A.N.Z.); (U.V.B.); (E.V.G.); (R.R.G.)
| | - Amir N. Zakirov
- Department of Neurobiology, Sirius University, 1 Olympic Ave., Sirius, Sochi 353340, Russia; (V.P.G.); (A.N.Z.); (U.V.B.); (E.V.G.); (R.R.G.)
| | - Uliana V. Berseneva
- Department of Neurobiology, Sirius University, 1 Olympic Ave., Sirius, Sochi 353340, Russia; (V.P.G.); (A.N.Z.); (U.V.B.); (E.V.G.); (R.R.G.)
| | - Elena V. Gerasimova
- Department of Neurobiology, Sirius University, 1 Olympic Ave., Sirius, Sochi 353340, Russia; (V.P.G.); (A.N.Z.); (U.V.B.); (E.V.G.); (R.R.G.)
| | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- Department of Neurobiology, Sirius University, 1 Olympic Ave., Sirius, Sochi 353340, Russia; (V.P.G.); (A.N.Z.); (U.V.B.); (E.V.G.); (R.R.G.)
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine and St. Petersburg State University Hospital, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7-9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Evgeny A. Budygin
- Department of Neurobiology, Sirius University, 1 Olympic Ave., Sirius, Sochi 353340, Russia; (V.P.G.); (A.N.Z.); (U.V.B.); (E.V.G.); (R.R.G.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Li Y, Jarosova R, Weese-Myers ME, Ross AE. Graphene-Fiber Microelectrodes for Ultrasensitive Neurochemical Detection. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4803-4812. [PMID: 35274933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we have synthesized and characterized graphene-fiber microelectrodes (GFME's) for subsecond detection of neurochemicals with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) for the first time. GFME's exhibited extraordinary properties including faster electron transfer kinetics, significantly improved sensitivity, and ease of tunability that we anticipate will have major impacts on neurochemical detection for years to come. GF's have been used in the literature for various applications; however, scaling their size down to microelectrodes and implementing them as neurochemical microsensors is significantly less developed. The GF's developed in this paper were on average 20-30 μm in diameter and both graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) fibers were characterized with FSCV. Neat GF's were synthesized using a one-step dimension-confined hydrothermal strategy. FSCV detection has traditionally used carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFME's) and more recently carbon nanotube fiber electrodes; however, uniform functionalization and direct control of the 3D surface structure of these materials remain limited. The expansion to GFME's will certainly open new avenues for fine-tuning the electrode surface for specific electrochemical detection. When comparing to traditional CFME's, our GFME's exhibited significant increases in electron transfer, redox cycling, fouling resistance, higher sensitivity, and frequency independent behavior which demonstrates their incredible utility as biological sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 312 College Drive 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Romana Jarosova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 312 College Drive 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Moriah E Weese-Myers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 312 College Drive 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Ashley E Ross
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 312 College Drive 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
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Brundage JN, Mason CP, Wadsworth HA, Finuf CS, Nelson JJ, Ronström PJW, Jones SR, Siciliano CA, Steffensen SC, Yorgason JT. Regional and sex differences in spontaneous striatal dopamine transmission. J Neurochem 2022; 160:598-612. [PMID: 34265080 PMCID: PMC10044475 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Striatal dopamine release is key for learning and motivation and is composed of subregions including the dorsal striatum (DS), nucleus accumbens core, and the nucleus accumbens shell. Spontaneously occurring dopamine release was compared across these subregions. Dopamine release/uptake dynamics differ across striatal subregions, with dopamine transient release amplitude and release frequency greatest in male mice, and the largest signals observed in the DS. Surprisingly, female mice exhibited little regional differences in dopamine release for DS and nucleus accumbens core regions, but lower release in the nucleus accumbens shell. Blocking voltage-gated K+ channel (Kv channels) with 4-aminopyridine enhanced dopamine detection without affecting reuptake. The 4-aminopyridine effects were greatest in ventral regions of female mice, suggesting regional differences in Kv channel expression. The dopamine transporter blocker cocaine also enhanced detection across subregions in both sexes, with greater overall increased release in females than males. Thus, sex differences in dopamine transmission are apparent and likely include differences in the Kv channel and dopamine transporter function. The lack of regional differences in dopamine release observed in females indicates differential regulation of spontaneous and evoked dopamine release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin P. Mason
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | | | - Chris S. Finuf
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Josh J. Nelson
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | | | - Sara R. Jones
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, NC, USA
| | - Cody A. Siciliano
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Scott C. Steffensen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Jordan T. Yorgason
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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10
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Ostertag BJ, Cryan MT, Serrano JM, Liu G, Ross AE. Porous Carbon Nanofiber-Modified Carbon Fiber Microelectrodes for Dopamine Detection. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2241-2249. [PMID: 36203493 PMCID: PMC9531868 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.1c03933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a method to modify carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFME) with porous carbon nanofibers (PCFs) to improve detection and to investigate the impact of porous geometry for dopamine detection with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). PCFs were fabricated by electrospinning, carbonizing, and pyrolyzing poly(acrylonitrile)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PAN-b-PMMA) block copolymer nanofiber frameworks. Commonly, porous nanofibers are used for energy storage applications, but we present an application of these materials for biosensing which has not been previously studied. This modification impacted the topology and enhanced redox cycling at the surface. PCF modifications increased the oxidative current for dopamine 2.0 ± 0.1-fold (n = 33) with significant increases in detection sensitivity. PCF are known to have more edge plane sites which we speculate lead to the two-fold increase in electroactive surface area. Capacitive current changes were negligible providing evidence that improvements in detection are due to faradaic processes at the electrode. The ΔEp for dopamine decreased significantly at modified CFMEs. Only a 2.2 ± 2.2 % change in dopamine current was observed after repeated measurements and only 10.5 ± 2.8% after 4 hours demonstrating the stability of the modification over time. We show significant improvements in norepinephrine, ascorbic acid, adenosine, serotonin, and hydrogen peroxide detection. Lastly, we demonstrate that the modified electrodes can detect endogenous, unstimulated release of dopamine in living slices of rat striatum. Overall, we provide evidence that porous nanostructures significantly improve neurochemical detection with FSCV and echo the necessity for investigating the extent to which geometry impacts electrochemical detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise J. Ostertag
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, 312 College Dr., 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Michael T. Cryan
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, 312 College Dr., 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Joel M. Serrano
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Division of Nanoscience, Academy of Integrated Science, 800 West Campus Dr., Blacksburg, VA, 2406, USA
| | - Guoliang Liu
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Division of Nanoscience, Academy of Integrated Science, 800 West Campus Dr., Blacksburg, VA, 2406, USA
| | - Ashley E. Ross
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, 312 College Dr., 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
- Corresponding author: Office Phone#: 513-556-9314,
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11
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Convergent selective signaling impairment exposes the pathogenicity of latrophilin-3 missense variants linked to inheritable ADHD susceptibility. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2425-2438. [PMID: 35393556 PMCID: PMC9135631 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01537-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Latrophilin-3 (Lphn3; also known as ADGRL3) is a member of the adhesion G Protein Coupled Receptor subfamily, which participates in the stabilization and maintenance of neuronal networks by mediating intercellular adhesion through heterophilic interactions with transmembrane ligands. Polymorphisms modifying the Lphn3 gene are associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and its persistence into adulthood. How these genetic alterations affect receptor function remains unknown. Here, we conducted the functional validation of distinct ADHD-related Lphn3 variants bearing mutations in the receptor's adhesion motif-containing extracellular region. We found that all variants tested disrupted the ability of Lphn3 to stabilize intercellular adhesion in a manner that was distinct between ligands classes, but which did not depend on ligand-receptor interaction parameters, thus pointing to altered intrinsic receptor signaling properties. Using G protein signaling biosensors, we determined that Lphn3 couples to Gαi1, Gαi2, Gαs, Gαq, and Gα13. However, all ADHD-related receptor variants consistently lacked intrinsic as well as ligand-dependent Gα13 coupling efficiency while maintaining unaltered coupling to Gαi, Gαs, and Gαq. Consistent with these alterations, actin remodeling functions as well as actin-relevant RhoA signaling normally displayed by the constitutively active Lphn3 receptor were impeded by select receptor variants, thus supporting additional signaling defects. Taken together, our data point to Gα13 selective signaling impairments as representing a disease-relevant pathogenicity pathway that can be inherited through Lphn3 gene polymorphisms. This study highlights the intricate interplay between Lphn3 GPCR functions and the actin cytoskeleton in modulating neurodevelopmental cues related to ADHD etiology.
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12
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Regan SL, Williams MT, Vorhees CV. Review of rodent models of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 132:621-637. [PMID: 34848247 PMCID: PMC8816876 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a polygenic neurodevelopmental disorder that affects 8-12 % of children and >4 % of adults. Environmental factors are believed to interact with genetic predispositions to increase susceptibility to ADHD. No existing rodent model captures all aspects of ADHD, but several show promise. The main genetic models are the spontaneous hypertensive rat, dopamine transporter knock-out (KO) mice, dopamine receptor subtype KO mice, Snap-25 KO mice, guanylyl cyclase-c KO mice, and latrophilin-3 KO mice and rats. Environmental factors thought to contribute to ADHD include ethanol, nicotine, PCBs, lead (Pb), ionizing irradiation, 6-hydroxydopamine, neonatal hypoxia, some pesticides, and organic pollutants. Model validation criteria are outlined, and current genetic models evaluated against these criteria. Future research should explore induced multiple gene KOs given that ADHD is polygenic and epigenetic contributions. Furthermore, genetic models should be combined with environmental agents to test for interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Regan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Michael T. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Charles V. Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229,Corresponding author: Charles V. Vorhees, Ph.D., Div. of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA:
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13
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Sable HJK, Lester DB, Potter JL, Nolen HG, Cruthird DM, Estes LM, Johnson AD, Regan SL, Williams MT, Vorhees CV. An assessment of executive function in two different rat models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Spontaneously hypertensive versus Lphn3 knockout rats. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 20:e12767. [PMID: 34427038 PMCID: PMC10114166 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) a common neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood and often comorbid with other externalizing disorders (EDs). There is evidence that externalizing behaviors share a common genetic etiology. Recently, a genome-wide, multigenerational sample linked variants in the Lphn3 gene to ADHD and other externalizing behaviors. Likewise, limited research in animal models has provided converging evidence that Lphn3 plays a role in EDs. This study examined the impact of Lphn3 deletion (i.e., Lphn3-/- ) in rats on measures of behavioral control associated with externalizing behavior. Impulsivity was assessed for 30 days via a differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL) task and working memory evaluated for 25 days using a delayed spatial alternation (DSA) task. Data from both tasks were averaged into 5-day testing blocks. We analyzed overall performance, as well as response patterns in just the first and last blocks to assess acquisition and steady-state performance, respectively. "Positive control" measures on the same tasks were measured in an accepted animal model of ADHD-the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Compared with wildtype controls, Lphn3-/- rats exhibited deficits on both the DRL and DSA tasks, indicative of deficits in impulsive action and working memory, respectively. These deficits were less severe than those in the SHRs, who were profoundly impaired on both tasks compared with their control strain, Wistar-Kyoto rats. The results provide evidence supporting a role for Lphn3 in modulating inhibitory control and working memory, and suggest additional research evaluating the role of Lphn3 in the manifestation of EDs more broadly is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J. K. Sable
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Deranda B. Lester
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joshua L. Potter
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hunter G. Nolen
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Lauren M. Estes
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alyssa D. Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Samantha L. Regan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael T. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Charles V. Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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14
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Regan SL, Pitzer EM, Hufgard JR, Sugimoto C, Williams MT, Vorhees CV. A novel role for the ADHD risk gene latrophilin-3 in learning and memory in Lphn3 knockout rats. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 158:105456. [PMID: 34352385 PMCID: PMC8440465 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Latrophilins (LPHNs) are adhesion G protein-coupled receptors with three isoforms but only LPHN3 is brain specific (caudate, prefrontal cortex, dentate, amygdala, and cerebellum). Variants of LPHN3 are associated with ADHD. Null mutations of Lphn3 in rat, mouse, zebrafish, and Drosophila result in hyperactivity, but its role in learning and memory (L&M) is largely unknown. Using our Lphn3 knockout (KO) rats we examined the cognitive abilities, long-term potentiation (LTP) in CA1, NMDA receptor expression, and neurohistology from heterozygous breeding pairs. KO rats were impaired in egocentric L&M in the Cincinnati water maze, spatial L&M and cognitive flexibility in the Morris water maze (MWM), with no effects on conditioned freezing, novel object recognition, or temporal order recognition. KO-associated locomotor hyperactivity had no effect on swim speed. KO rats had reduced early-LTP but not late-LTP and had reduced hippocampal NMDA-NR1 expression. In a second experiment, KO rats responded to a light prepulse prior to an acoustic startle pulse, reflecting visual signal detection. In a third experiment, KO rats given extra MWM pretraining and hidden platform overtraining showed no evidence of reaching WT rats' levels of learning. Nissl histology revealed no structural abnormalities in KO rats. LPHN3 has a selective effect on egocentric and allocentric L&M without effects on conditioned freezing or recognition memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Regan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Emily M Pitzer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Jillian R Hufgard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Chiho Sugimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Michael T Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Charles V Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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15
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Regan SL, Williams MT, Vorhees CV. Latrophilin-3 disruption: Effects on brain and behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:619-629. [PMID: 34022279 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Latrophilin-3 (LPHN3), a G-protein-coupled receptor belonging to the adhesion subfamily, is a regulator of synaptic function and maintenance in brain regions that mediate locomotor activity, attention, and memory for location and path. Variants of LPHN3 are associated with increased risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in some patients. Here we review the role of LPHN3 in the central nervous system (CNS). We describe synaptic localization of LPHN3, its trans-synaptic binding partners, links to neurodevelopmental disorders, animal models of Lphn3 disruption in different species, and evidence that LPHN3 is involved in cognition as well as activity and attention. The evidence shows that LPHN3 plays a more significant role in neuroplasticity than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Regan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Michael T Williams
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Charles V Vorhees
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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16
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Matsunaga H, Aruga J. Trans-Synaptic Regulation of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors by Elfn Proteins in Health and Disease. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:634875. [PMID: 33790745 PMCID: PMC8005653 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.634875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-regulation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) by leucine-rich repeat (LRR) transmembrane proteins has emerged as a novel type of synaptic molecular interaction in the last decade. Several studies on LRR–GPCR interactions have revealed their critical role in synapse formation and in establishing synaptic properties. Among them, LRR–GPCR interactions between extracellular LRR fibronectin domain-containing family proteins (Elfn1 and Elfn2) and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are particularly interesting as they can affect a broad range of synapses through the modulation of signaling by glutamate, the principal excitatory transmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Elfn–mGluR interactions have been investigated in hippocampal, cortical, and retinal synapses. Postsynaptic Elfn1 in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex mediates the tonic regulation of excitatory input onto somatostatin-positive interneurons (INs) through recruitment of presynaptic mGluR7. In the retina, presynaptic Elfn1 binds to mGluR6 and is necessary for synapse formation between rod photoreceptor cells and rod-bipolar cells. The repertoire of binding partners for Elfn1 and Elfn2 includes all group III mGluRs (mGluR4, mGluR6, mGluR7, and mGluR8), and both Elfn1 and Elfn2 can alter mGluR-mediated signaling through trans-interaction. Importantly, both preclinical and clinical studies have provided support for the involvement of the Elfn1–mGluR7 interaction in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and epilepsy. In fact, Elfn1–mGluR7-associated disorders may reflect the altered function of somatostatin-positive interneuron inhibitory neural circuits, the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway, and habenular circuits, highlighting the need for further investigation into this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Matsunaga
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Nagasaki University Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Jun Aruga
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Nagasaki University Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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17
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Szpirer C. Rat models of human diseases and related phenotypes: a systematic inventory of the causative genes. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:84. [PMID: 32741357 PMCID: PMC7395987 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00673-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The laboratory rat has been used for a long time as the model of choice in several biomedical disciplines. Numerous inbred strains have been isolated, displaying a wide range of phenotypes and providing many models of human traits and diseases. Rat genome mapping and genomics was considerably developed in the last decades. The availability of these resources has stimulated numerous studies aimed at discovering causal disease genes by positional identification. Numerous rat genes have now been identified that underlie monogenic or complex diseases and remarkably, these results have been translated to the human in a significant proportion of cases, leading to the identification of novel human disease susceptibility genes, helping in studying the mechanisms underlying the pathological abnormalities and also suggesting new therapeutic approaches. In addition, reverse genetic tools have been developed. Several genome-editing methods were introduced to generate targeted mutations in genes the function of which could be clarified in this manner [generally these are knockout mutations]. Furthermore, even when the human gene causing a disease had been identified without resorting to a rat model, mutated rat strains (in particular KO strains) were created to analyze the gene function and the disease pathogenesis. Today, over 350 rat genes have been identified as underlying diseases or playing a key role in critical biological processes that are altered in diseases, thereby providing a rich resource of disease models. This article is an update of the progress made in this research and provides the reader with an inventory of these disease genes, a significant number of which have similar effects in rat and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Szpirer
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium.
- , Waterloo, Belgium.
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