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Cholasseri R, De S. Deciphering the shape selective conformational equilibrium of E- and Z-locked azobenzene-tetraethylammonium ion in regulating photo-switchable K +-ion channel blocking. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:19161-19175. [PMID: 38973424 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01604a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The search for photo-switchable optopharmacological agents that can block ion channels has been a prevalent area owing to its prime advantages of reversibility and specificity over the traditional blockers. However, the quest for a higher blocking ability shown by a less stable photo-isomer to perfectly suit the requirement of the optopharmacological agents is still ongoing. To date, only a marginal improvement in terms of blocking ability is observed by the less stable E-isomer of para-substituted locked azobenzene with TEA (LAB-TEA) for the K+-ion channel. Thus, rationalization of the limitation for achieving high activity by the E-isomer is rather essential to aid the improvement of the efficiency of photoswitchable blocker drugs. Herein, we report a molecular-level analysis on the mechanism of blocking by E- and Z-LAB-TEA with the bacterial KcsA K+-ion channel using Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation and Quantum Mechanical (QM) calculations. The positively charged TEA fragment engages in stronger electrostatic interactions, while the neutral LAB fragment engages in weaker dispersive interactions. The binding free energy calculated by Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MMPBSA) for E-LAB-TEA (-22.3 kcal mol-1) shows less thermodynamic preference for binding with K+-ion channels than Z-LAB-TEA (-21.6 kcal mol-1) corroborating the experimental observation. The correlation between the structure and the binding ability of E- and Z-isomers of LAB-TEA indicates that the channel gate is narrow and acts as a bottleneck for the entry of the binder molecule inside the large cavity. Upon irradiation, the Z-isomer converts into a less stable but long and planar E-isomer (ΔE of photoisomerism = 7.0 kcal mol-1, at SA2-CASPT2(6,4)/6-31+G(d)//CASSCF(6,4)/6-31+G(d)), which is structurally more suitable to fit into the narrow channel gate rather than the curved and non-planar Z-LAB-TEA. Thus, a reduction in the ionic current is observed owing to the preferential entry and subsequent blocking by E-LAB-TEA. Discontinuing the irradiation leads to conversion to the Z-isomer, the curved nature of which hinders its spontaneous release outside the cavity, thereby contributing only a small increase in the ionic current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinsha Cholasseri
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, Kerala, 673 601, India
| | - Susmita De
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calicut, Calicut University P. O, Malappuram, Kerala, 673 635, India.
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2
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Isokuortti J, Griebenow T, von Glasenapp JS, Raeker T, Filatov MA, Laaksonen T, Herges R, Durandin NA. Triplet sensitization enables bidirectional isomerization of diazocine with 130 nm redshift in excitation wavelengths. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9161-9166. [PMID: 37655019 PMCID: PMC10466275 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02681g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diazocines are bridged azobenzenes with phenyl rings connected by a CH2-CH2 group. Despite this rather small structural difference, diazocine exhibits improved properties over azobenzene as a photoswitch and most importantly, its Z configuration is more stable than the E isomer. Herein, we reveal yet another unique feature of this emerging class of photoswitches. In striking contrast to azobenzenes and other photochromes, diazocine can be selectively switched in E → Z direction and most intriguingly from its thermodynamically stable Z to metastable E isomer upon successive excitation of two different triplet sensitizers present in solution at the same time. This approach leads to extraordinary large redshift of excitation wavelengths to perform isomerization i.e. from 400 nm blue to 530 nm green light (Z → E) and from 530 nm green to 740 nm far-red one (E → Z), which falls in the near-infrared window in biological tissue. Therefore, this work opens up of potential avenues for utilizing diazocines for example in photopharmacology, smart materials, light energy harvesting/storage devices, and out-of-equilibrium systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Isokuortti
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University FI-33101 Tampere Finland
| | - Thomas Griebenow
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel 24098 Kiel Germany
| | - Jan-Simon von Glasenapp
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel 24098 Kiel Germany
| | - Tim Raeker
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Department for Theoretical Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel 24098 Kiel Germany
| | - Mikhail A Filatov
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus Grangegorman Dublin 7 Ireland
| | - Timo Laaksonen
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University FI-33101 Tampere Finland
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel 24098 Kiel Germany
| | - Nikita A Durandin
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University FI-33101 Tampere Finland
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3
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Suwasia S, Venkataramani S, Babu SA. Pd(II)-catalyzed coupling of C-H bonds of carboxamides with iodoazobenzenes toward modified azobenzenes. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1793-1813. [PMID: 36744837 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02322a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a synthetic protocol for the construction of biaryl motif-based or π-extended azobenzene and alkylated azobenzene derivatives via the Pd(II)-catalyzed bidentate directing group (DG)-aided C-H activation and functionalization strategy. In the past, the synthesis of biaryl motif-based azobenzenes was accomplished through the traditional cross-coupling reaction involving organometallic reagents and aryl halides or equivalent coupling partners. We have shown the direct coupling of C-H bonds of aromatic/aliphatic carboxamides (possessing a DG) with iodoazobenzenes as the coupling partners through the Pd(II)-catalyzed bidentate DG-aided, site-selective C-H functionalization method. Azobenzene-containing compounds are a versatile class of photo-responsive molecules that have found applications across branches of chemical, biological and materials sciences and are prevalent in medicinally relevant molecules. Accordingly, the synthesis of new and functionalized azobenzene-based scaffolds has been an attractive topic of research. Although the classical methods are efficient, they need pre-functionalized starting materials. This protocol involving the Pd(II)-catalyzed, directing group-aided site-selective C-H arylation of aromatic and aliphatic carboxamides using iodoazobenzene as the coupling partner affording azobenzene-based carboxamides is an additional route and also a contribution towards enriching the library of modified azobenzenes. We have also shown the photoswitching properties of representative compounds synthesized via the Pd(II)-catalyzed directing group-aided site-selective C-H functionalization method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Suwasia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Manauli P.O., Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Sugumar Venkataramani
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Manauli P.O., Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Srinivasarao Arulananda Babu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Manauli P.O., Punjab, 140306, India.
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4
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Ewert J, Heintze L, Jordà-Redondo M, von Glasenapp JS, Nonell S, Bucher G, Peifer C, Herges R. Photoswitchable Diazocine-Based Estrogen Receptor Agonists: Stabilization of the Active Form inside the Receptor. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15059-15071. [PMID: 35952371 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photopharmacology is an emerging approach in drug design and pharmacological therapy. Light is used to switch a pharmacophore between a biologically inactive and an active isomer with high spatiotemporal resolution at the site of illness, thus potentially avoiding side effects in neighboring healthy tissue. The most frequently used strategy to design a photoswitchable drug is to replace a suitable functional group in a known bioactive molecule with azobenzene. Our strategy is different in that the photoswitch moiety is closer to the drug's scaffold. Docking studies reveal a very high structural similarity of natural 17β-estradiol and the E isomers of dihydroxy diazocines, but not their Z isomers, respectively. Seven dihydroxy diazocines were synthesized and subjected to a biological estrogen reporter gene assay. Four derivatives exhibit distinct estrogenic activity after irradiation with violet light, which can be shut off with green light. Most remarkably, the photogenerated, active E form of one of the active compounds isomerizes back to the inactive Z form with a half-life of merely several milliseconds in water, but nevertheless is active for more than 3 h in the presence of the estrogen receptor. The results suggest a significant local impact of the ligand-receptor complex toward back-isomerization. Thus, drugs that are active when bound but lose their activity immediately after leaving the receptor could be of great pharmacological value because they strongly increase target specificity. Moreover, the drugs are released into the environment in their inactive form. The latter argument is particularly important for drugs that act as endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ewert
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Linda Heintze
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Jan-Simon von Glasenapp
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Götz Bucher
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U. K
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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5
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Häfner S, Sandoz G. Photopharmacological approaches for dissecting potassium channel physiology. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 63:102178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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6
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Zhu J, Guo T, Wang Z, Zhao Y. Triggered azobenzene-based prodrugs and drug delivery systems. J Control Release 2022; 345:475-493. [PMID: 35339578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Azobenzene-based molecules show unique trans-cis isomerization upon ultraviolet light irradiation, which induce the change of polarity, crystallinity, stability, and binding affinity with pharmacological target. Moreover, azobenzene is the substrate of azoreductase that is often overexpressed in many pathological sites, e.g. hypoxic solid tumor. Therefore, azobenzene can be a multifunctional molecule in material science, pharmaceutical science and biomedicine because of its sensitivity to light, hypoxia and certain enzymes, hence showing potential application in site-specific smart therapy. Herein we focus on the employment of azobenzene and its derivatives for engineering triggered prodrug and drug delivery systems, and provide an overview of photoswitchable azo-based prodrugs, the associated problems regarding ultraviolet light and reversible isomerization, as well as the potential solutions. We also present the advance of azo-bearing delivery vehicles wherein azobenzene act as the linker, capping agent, and building block, and discuss the corresponding mechanisms for controlled cargo release, endocytosis enhancement and sensitization of free radical cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jundong Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tao Guo
- Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin 300120, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yanjun Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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7
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Miura Y, Senoo A, Doura T, Kiyonaka S. Chemogenetics of cell surface receptors: beyond genetic and pharmacological approaches. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:269-287. [PMID: 35359495 PMCID: PMC8905536 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00195g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface receptors transmit extracellular information into cells. Spatiotemporal regulation of receptor signaling is crucial for cellular functions, and dysregulation of signaling causes various diseases. Thus, it is highly desired to control receptor functions with high spatial and/or temporal resolution. Conventionally, genetic engineering or chemical ligands have been used to control receptor functions in cells. As the alternative, chemogenetics has been proposed, in which target proteins are genetically engineered to interact with a designed chemical partner with high selectivity. The engineered receptor dissects the function of one receptor member among a highly homologous receptor family in a cell-specific manner. Notably, some chemogenetic strategies have been used to reveal the receptor signaling of target cells in living animals. In this review, we summarize the developing chemogenetic methods of transmembrane receptors for cell-specific regulation of receptor signaling. We also discuss the prospects of chemogenetics for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Miura
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Akinobu Senoo
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Doura
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Shigeki Kiyonaka
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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8
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Peverini L, Dunning K, Peralta FA, Grutter T. Photo-isomerizable tweezers to probe ionotropic receptor mechanisms. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 62:109-116. [PMID: 34965483 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ligand-gated ion channels (LGIC, also referred to as ionotropic receptors) are important transmembrane proteins that open to allow ions to flow across the membrane and locally modify the membrane potential in response to the binding of a ligand. For more than a decade, a tremendous effort has been carried out in the determination of many LGIC structures in high resolution, leading to an unprecedented molecular description of channel gating. However, it is sometimes difficult to classify experimentally derived structures to their corresponding functional states, and alternative methods may help resolve or refine this issue. In this review, we focus on the application of photo-isomerizable tweezers (PIT) as a powerful strategy to interrogate molecular mechanisms of LGIC while assessing their functionality by electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Peverini
- Unité Récepteurs-Canaux, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3571, CNRS, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Kate Dunning
- CNM Team, Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, CAMB UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Francisco Andres Peralta
- CNM Team, Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, CAMB UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 67401, Illkirch, France; University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies (USIAS), 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas Grutter
- CNM Team, Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, CAMB UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 67401, Illkirch, France; University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies (USIAS), 67000, Strasbourg, France.
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9
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Goual N, Casimiro L, Delattre V, Retailleau P, Maisonneuve S, Bogliotti N, Métivier R, Xie J, Marinetti A, Voituriez A. Triazonine-based bistable photoswitches: synthesis, characterization and photochromic properties. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10079-10082. [PMID: 34514480 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02746h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We disclose here dibenzotriazonines as a new class of nine-membered cyclic azobenzenes displaying a nitrogen function in the saturated ring chain. The specific features of these compounds are (i) a preferred E-configuration, (ii) high bi-directional photoswitching and (iii) good thermal stability of both E- and Z-forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawel Goual
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France.
| | - Lorenzo Casimiro
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France.
| | - Vincent Delattre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France.
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France.
| | - Stéphane Maisonneuve
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France.
| | - Nicolas Bogliotti
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France.
| | - Rémi Métivier
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France.
| | - Juan Xie
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France.
| | - Angela Marinetti
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France.
| | - Arnaud Voituriez
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France.
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10
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Klockmann F, Fangmann C, Zender E, Schanz T, Catapano C, Terfort A. Substituted Dibenzodiazocines: Rapid Synthesis and Photochemical Properties. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:18434-18441. [PMID: 34308074 PMCID: PMC8296553 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
11,12-Dihydrodibenzo[c,g]-1,2-diazocines have been established as a viable alternative to azobenzene for photoswitching, in particular, as they show an inverted switching behavior: the ground state is the Z isomer. In this paper, we present an improved method to obtain dibenzodiazocine and its derivatives from the respective 2-nitrotoluenes in two reaction steps, each proceeding in minutes. This fast access to a variety of derivatives permitted the study of substitution effects on the synthesis and on the photochemical properties. With biochemical applications in mind, methanol was chosen as a protic solvent system for the photochemical investigations. In contrast to the azobenzene system, none of the tested substitution patterns resulted in more efficient switching or in significantly prolonged half-lives, showing that the system is dominated by the ring strain.
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11
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Lentes P, Rudtke J, Griebenow T, Herges R. Substituted nitrogen-bridged diazocines. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1503-1508. [PMID: 34239618 PMCID: PMC8239257 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel nitrogen-bridged diazocines (triazocines) were synthesized that carry a formyl or an acetyl group at the CH2NR-bridge and bromo- or iodo-substituents at the distant phenyl ring. The photophysical properties were investigated in acetonitrile and water. As compared to previous approaches the yields of the intramolecular azo cyclizations were increased (from ≈40 to 60%) using an oxidative approach starting from the corresponding aniline precursors. The Z→E photoconversion yields in acetonitrile are 80-85% and the thermal half-lives of the metastable E configurations are 31-74 min. Particularly, the high photoconversion yields (≈70%) of the water-soluble diazocines are noteworthy, which makes them promising candidates for applications in photopharmacology. The halogen substituents allow further functionalization via cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Lentes
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jeremy Rudtke
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Griebenow
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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12
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Schultzke S, Walther M, Staubitz A. Active Ester Functionalized Azobenzenes as Versatile Building Blocks. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133916. [PMID: 34206950 PMCID: PMC8272017 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Azobenzenes are important molecular switches that can still be difficult to functionalize selectively. A high yielding Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling method under mild conditions for the introduction of NHS esters to azobenzenes and diazocines has been established. Yields were consistently high with very few exceptions. The NHS functionalized azobenzenes react with primary amines quantitatively. These amines are ubiquitous in biological systems and in material science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Schultzke
- Institute for Analytical and Organic Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; (S.S.); (M.W.)
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Melanie Walther
- Institute for Analytical and Organic Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; (S.S.); (M.W.)
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Anne Staubitz
- Institute for Analytical and Organic Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; (S.S.); (M.W.)
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-421-218-63210
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13
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Thapaliya ER, Mony L, Sanchez R, Serraz B, Paoletti P, Ellis-Davies GCR. Photochemical control of drug efficacy - a comparison of uncaging and photoswitching ifenprodil on NMDA receptors. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021; 5:445-454. [PMID: 36540756 PMCID: PMC9762817 DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Ifenprodil is an important negative allosteric modulator of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. We have synthesized caged and photoswitchable derivatives of this small molecule drug. Caged ifenprodil was biologically inert before photolysis, UV irradiation efficiently released the drug allowing selective inhibition of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors. Azobenzene-modified ifenprodil, on the other hand, is inert in both its trans and cis configurations, although in silico modeling predicted the trans form to be able to bind to the receptor. The disparity in effectiveness between the two compounds reflects, in part, the inherent ability of each method in manipulating the binding properties of drugs. With appropriate structure-activity relationship uncaging enables binary control of effector binding, whereas photoswitching using feely diffusable chromophores shifts the dose-response curve of drug-receptor interaction. Our data suggest that the efficacy of pharmacophores having a confined binding site such as ifenprodil can be controlled more easily by uncaging in comparison to photoswitching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ek Raj Thapaliya
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Laetitia Mony
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris 75005, France
- Equal contribution
| | - Roberto Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Drug Discovery Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Benjamin Serraz
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris 75005, France
| | - Pierre Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris 75005, France
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14
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Lentes P, Frühwirt P, Freißmuth H, Moormann W, Kruse F, Gescheidt G, Herges R. Photoswitching of Diazocines in Aqueous Media. J Org Chem 2021; 86:4355-4360. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Lentes
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Otto Hahn Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Philipp Frühwirt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Hilde Freißmuth
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Widukind Moormann
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Otto Hahn Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Fabian Kruse
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Otto Hahn Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Otto Hahn Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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15
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Photoswitchable Azo- and Diazocine-Functionalized Derivatives of the VEGFR-2 Inhibitor Axitinib. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238961. [PMID: 33255816 PMCID: PMC7734574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed at the application of the concept of photopharmacology to the approved vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2 kinase inhibitor axitinib. In a previous study, we found out that the photoisomerization of axitinib’s stilbene-like double bond is unidirectional in aqueous solution due to a competing irreversible [2+2]-cycloaddition. Therefore, we next set out to azologize axitinib by means of incorporating azobenzenes as well as diazocine moieties as photoresponsive elements. Conceptually, diazocines (bridged azobenzenes) show favorable photoswitching properties compared to standard azobenzenes because the thermodynamically stable Z-isomer usually is bioinactive, and back isomerization from the bioactive E-isomer occurs thermally. Here, we report on the development of different sulfur–diazocines and carbon–diazocines attached to the axitinib pharmacophore that allow switching the VEGFR-2 activity reversibly. For the best sulfur–diazocine, we could verify in a VEGFR-2 kinase assay that the Z-isomer is biologically inactive (IC50 >> 10,000 nM), while significant VEGFR-2 inhibition can be observed after irradiation with blue light (405 nm), resulting in an IC50 value of 214 nM. In summary, we could successfully develop reversibly photoswitchable kinase inhibitors that exhibit more than 40-fold differences in biological activities upon irradiation. Moreover, we demonstrate the potential advantage of diazocine photoswitches over standard azobenzenes.
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16
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Lam PY, Thawani AR, Balderas E, White AJP, Chaudhuri D, Fuchter MJ, Peterson RT. TRPswitch-A Step-Function Chemo-optogenetic Ligand for the Vertebrate TRPA1 Channel. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17457-17468. [PMID: 32966062 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemo-optogenetics has produced powerful tools for optical control of cell activity, but current tools suffer from a variety of limitations including low unitary conductance, the need to modify the target channel, or the inability to control both on and off switching. Using a zebrafish behavior-based screening strategy, we discovered "TRPswitch", a photoswitchable nonelectrophilic ligand scaffold for the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel. TRPA1 exhibits high unitary channel conductance, making it an ideal target for chemo-optogenetic tool development. Key molecular determinants for the activity of TRPswitch were elucidated and allowed for replacement of the TRPswitch azobenzene with a next-generation azoheteroarene. The TRPswitch compounds enable reversible, repeatable, and nearly quantitative light-induced activation and deactivation of the vertebrate TRPA1 channel with violet and green light, respectively. The utility of TRPswitch compounds was demonstrated in larval zebrafish hearts exogenously expressing zebrafish Trpa1b, where the heartbeat could be controlled using TRPswitch and light. Therefore, TRPA1/TRPswitch represents a novel step-function chemo-optogenetic system with a unique combination of high conductance, high efficiency, activity against an unmodified vertebrate channel, and capacity for bidirectional optical switching. This chemo-optogenetic system will be particularly applicable in systems where a large depolarization current is needed or sustained channel activation is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui-Ying Lam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Aditya R Thawani
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 OBZ, United Kingdom
| | - Enrique Balderas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 OBZ, United Kingdom
| | - Dipayan Chaudhuri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Matthew J Fuchter
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 OBZ, United Kingdom
| | - Randall T Peterson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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17
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Nam SH, Choi YJ, Kim YW, Jun K, Jeong NH, Oh SG, Kang HC. Syntheses and characterization of new photoresponsive surfactants, N-(azobenzene-4-oxy-2-hydroxypropyl)-N-(alkyloxy-2-hydroxypropyl) aminopropyl sulfonic acid sodium salt. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Preußke N, Moormann W, Bamberg K, Lipfert M, Herges R, Sönnichsen FD. Visible-light-driven photocontrol of the Trp-cage protein fold by a diazocine cross-linker. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2650-2660. [PMID: 32207764 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02442e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Diazocines are characterized by extraordinary photochemical properties rendering them of particular interest for switching the conformation of biomolecules with visible light. Current developments afford synthetic access to unprecedented diazocine derivatives promising particular opportunities in photocontrol of proteins and biological systems. In this work, the well-established approach of photocontrolling the secondary structure of α-helices was exploited using a diazocine to reversibly fold and unfold the tertiary structure of a small protein. The protein of choice was the globulary folded Trp-cage, a widely used model system for the elucidation of protein folding pathways. A specifically designed, short and rigid dicarboxy-functionalized diazocine-based cross-linker was attached to two solvent-exposed side chains at the α-helix of the miniprotein through the use of a primary amine-selective active ester. This cross-linking strategy is orthogonal to the common cysteine-based chemistry. The cross-linked Trp-cage was successfully photoisomerized and exhibited a strong correlation between protein fold and diazocine isomeric state. As determined by NMR spectroscopy, the cis-isomer stabilized the fold, while the trans-isomer led to complete protein unfolding. The successful switching of the protein fold in principle demonstrates the ability to control protein function, as the activity depends on their structural integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Preußke
- Otto-Diels-Institute for Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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19
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Paoletti P, Ellis-Davies GCR, Mourot A. Optical control of neuronal ion channels and receptors. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 20:514-532. [PMID: 31289380 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Light-controllable tools provide powerful means to manipulate and interrogate brain function with relatively low invasiveness and high spatiotemporal precision. Although optogenetic approaches permit neuronal excitation or inhibition at the network level, other technologies, such as optopharmacology (also known as photopharmacology) have emerged that provide molecular-level control by endowing light sensitivity to endogenous biomolecules. In this Review, we discuss the challenges and opportunities of photocontrolling native neuronal signalling pathways, focusing on ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. We describe existing strategies for rendering receptors and channels light sensitive and provide an overview of the neuroscientific insights gained from such approaches. At the crossroads of chemistry, protein engineering and neuroscience, optopharmacology offers great potential for understanding the molecular basis of brain function and behaviour, with promises for future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France.
| | | | - Alexandre Mourot
- Neuroscience Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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20
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Berizzi AE, Goudet C. Strategies and considerations of G-protein-coupled receptor photopharmacology. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2020; 88:143-172. [PMID: 32416866 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pharmacology tends to be complex and at times poorly understood. This has led to the development of GPCR-targeting agents that often demonstrate poor pharmacokinetic properties and poor selectivity for their target receptors. One approach that is emerging as a means of addressing these limitations is the use of molecules whose activity can be controlled by light. Photopharmacology involves the incorporation of a photoswitch into the structure of a given compound, cage or linker and following irradiation with light, undergoes a structural rearrangement, which changes its biological activity. The use of light-regulated ligands offers the opportunity to modulate and understand GPCR signaling in a more spatiotemporal manner than classical pharmacological approaches. In this chapter we will discuss some of the advancements that have been made in photopharmacology, particularly in developing photoswitchable ligands that target class A GPCRs, e.g., muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, class B GPCRs, e.g., glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor, and class C GPCRs, e.g., metabotrobic glutamate receptors. Given the intricacy of GPCR pharmacology, this chapter will also discuss some of the challenges the field faces when designing photopharmacological tools. Furthermore, it will propose that it is with a full appreciation of the spectrum of pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of photoswitchable ligands that research will be better placed to develop ligands with a reduced risk of failure during preclinical progression. This will likely enable photopharmacological approaches to continue to find novel applications and offer new perspectives in understanding (patho)physiology to ultimately inform future GPCR drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E Berizzi
- IGF, CNRS, INSERM, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Cyril Goudet
- IGF, CNRS, INSERM, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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21
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Two-Photon Excitation of Azobenzene Photoswitches for Synthetic Optogenetics. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10030805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic optogenetics is an emerging optical technique that enables users to photocontrol molecules, proteins, and cells in vitro and in vivo. This is achieved by use of synthetic chromophores—denoted photoswitches—that undergo light-dependent changes (e.g., isomerization), which are meticulously designed to interact with unique cellular targets, notably proteins. Following light illumination, the changes adopted by photoswitches are harnessed to affect the function of nearby proteins. In most instances, photoswitches absorb visible light, wavelengths of poor tissue penetration, and excessive scatter. These shortcomings impede their use in vivo. To overcome these challenges, photoswitches of red-shifted absorbance have been developed. Notably, this shift in absorbance also increases their compatibility with two-photon excitation (2PE) methods. Here, we provide an overview of recent efforts devoted towards optimizing azobenzene-based photoswitches for 2PE and their current applications.
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22
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Maier MS, Hüll K, Reynders M, Matsuura BS, Leippe P, Ko T, Schäffer L, Trauner D. Oxidative Approach Enables Efficient Access to Cyclic Azobenzenes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17295-17304. [PMID: 31584272 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Azobenzenes are versatile photoswitches that have found widespread use in a variety of fields, ranging from photopharmacology to the material sciences. In addition to regular azobenzenes, the cyclic diazocines have recently emerged. Although diazocines have fascinating conformational and photophysical properties, their use has been limited by their synthetic accessibility. Herein, we present a general, high-yielding protocol that relies on the oxidative cyclization of dianilines. In combination with a modular substrate synthesis, it allows for rapid access to diversely functionalized diazocines on gram scales. Our work systematically explores substituent effects on the photoisomerization and thermal relaxation of diazocines. It will enable their incorporation into a wide variety of functional molecules, unlocking the full potential of these emerging photoswitches. The method can be applied to the synthesis of a new cyclic azobenzene with a nine-membered central ring and distinct properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Maier
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) , Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , 81377 Munich , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Katharina Hüll
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) , Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , 81377 Munich , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Martin Reynders
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) , Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , 81377 Munich , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Bryan S Matsuura
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) , Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , 81377 Munich , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Philipp Leippe
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) , Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Tongil Ko
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Lukas Schäffer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) , Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) , Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , 81377 Munich , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
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23
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Ramírez-Rave S, Bernad-Bernad MJ, Gracia-Mora J, Yatsimirsky AK. Recent Advances in Application of Azobenzenes Grafted on Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles in Controlled Drug Delivery Systems Using Light as External Stimulus. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 20:1001-1016. [PMID: 31483228 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190904145355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid materials based on Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSN) have attracted plentiful attention due to the versatility of their chemistry, and the field of Drug Delivery Systems (DDS) is not an exception. MSN present desirable biocompatibility, high surface area values, and a well-studied surface reactivity for tailoring a vast diversity of chemical moieties. Particularly important for DDS applications is the use of external stimuli for drug release. In this context, light is an exceptional alternative due to its high degree of spatiotemporal precision and non-invasive character, and a large number of promising DDS based on photoswitchable properties of azobenzenes have been recently reported. This review covers the recent advances in design of DDS using light as an external stimulus mostly based on literature published within last years with an emphasis on usually overlooked underlying chemistry, photophysical properties, and supramolecular complexation of azobenzenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ramírez-Rave
- Departamento de Quimica Inorganica y Nuclear, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - María Josefa Bernad-Bernad
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Jesús Gracia-Mora
- Departamento de Quimica Inorganica y Nuclear, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Anatoly K Yatsimirsky
- Departamento de Quimica Inorganica y Nuclear, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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24
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Lentes P, Stadler E, Röhricht F, Brahms A, Gröbner J, Sönnichsen FD, Gescheidt G, Herges R. Nitrogen Bridged Diazocines: Photochromes Switching within the Near-Infrared Region with High Quantum Yields in Organic Solvents and in Water. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:13592-13600. [PMID: 31365240 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Diazocines are bridged azobenzenes with superior photophysical properties. In contrast to azobenzenes the Z configuration is thermodynamically stable and the E isomer is metastable. We present a new class of nitrogen bridged diazocines with bathochromically shifted switching wavelengths and remarkably high quantum yields (-NH-CH2- bridged diazocine: ΦZ→E = 0.57, ΦE→Z = 0.8). Z to E isomerization is induced by irradiation with blue light, whereas switching back to the Z isomer is accomplished with light in the near-infrared window (up to 740 nm), which is important for medical applications like photopharmacology (deep tissue penetration). Furthermore, substitution at the bridging nitrogen should provide access to widely applicable tricyclic, photoswitchable pharmacophores. The -NAc-CH2- bridged derivative is soluble in water, and all photophysical properties (conversion rates, quantum yields, and thermal half-lives) are largely retained. Hence, this diazocine is an ideal photoswitch for applications in biochemical systems and in photopharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Lentes
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry , Christian Albrechts University Kiel , Otto Hahn Platz 4 , 24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Eduard Stadler
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Fynn Röhricht
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry , Christian Albrechts University Kiel , Otto Hahn Platz 4 , 24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Arne Brahms
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry , Christian Albrechts University Kiel , Otto Hahn Platz 4 , 24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Jens Gröbner
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry , Christian Albrechts University Kiel , Otto Hahn Platz 4 , 24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Frank D Sönnichsen
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry , Christian Albrechts University Kiel , Otto Hahn Platz 4 , 24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry , Christian Albrechts University Kiel , Otto Hahn Platz 4 , 24118 Kiel , Germany
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25
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Cabré G, Garrido-Charles A, González-Lafont À, Moormann W, Langbehn D, Egea D, Lluch JM, Herges R, Alibés R, Busqué F, Gorostiza P, Hernando J. Synthetic Photoswitchable Neurotransmitters Based on Bridged Azobenzenes. Org Lett 2019; 21:3780-3784. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Cabré
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Aida Garrido-Charles
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Àngels González-Lafont
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Widukind Moormann
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Daniel Langbehn
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - David Egea
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - José M. Lluch
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Ramon Alibés
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Félix Busqué
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Pau Gorostiza
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08036, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Jordi Hernando
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
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