1
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Yang X, Liu Z. Role of TBK1 Inhibition in Targeted Therapy of Cancer. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:1031-1045. [PMID: 38314681 DOI: 10.2174/0113895575271977231115062803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is a serine/threonine protein that plays a crucial role in various biological processes like immunity, autophagy, cell survival, and proliferation. The level and kinase activity of the TBK1 protein is regulated through post-translational modifications (PTMs). TBK1 mainly mediates the activation of IRF3/7 and NF-κB signaling pathways while also participating in the regulation of cellular activities such as autophagy, mitochondrial metabolism, and cell proliferation. TBK1 regulates immune, metabolic, inflammatory, and tumor occurrence and development within the body through these cellular activities. TBK1 kinase has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for tumor immunity. However, its molecular mechanism of action remains largely unknown. The identification of selective TBK1 small molecule inhibitors can serve as valuable tools for investigating the biological function of TBK1 protein and also as potential drug candidates for tumor immunotherapy. The current research progress indicates that some TBK1 inhibitors (compounds 15,16 and 21) exhibit certain antitumor effects in vitro culture systems. Here, we summarize the mechanism of action of TBK1 in tumors in recent years and the progress of small molecule inhibitors of TBK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Zongliang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
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2
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Li R, Chen L, He X, Cao D, Zhang Z, Jiang H, Chen K, Cheng X. Loops Mediate Agonist-Induced Activation of the Stimulator of Interferon Genes Protein. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:7373-7381. [PMID: 37831484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an important therapeutic target for cancer diseases. The activated STING recruits downstream tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) to trigger several important immune responses. However, the molecular mechanism of how agonist molecules mediate the STING-TBK1 interactions remains elusive. Here, we performed molecular dynamics simulations to capture the conformational changes of STING and TBK1 upon agonist binding. Our simulations revealed that multiple helices (α5-α7) and especially three loops (loop 6, loop 8, and C-terminal tail) of STING participated in the allosteric mediation of the STING-TBK1 interactions. Consistent results were also observed in the simulations of the constitutive activating mutant of STING (R284S). We further identified α5 as a key region in this agonist-induced activation mechanism of STING. Free-energy perturbation calculations of multiple STING agonists demonstrated that an alkynyl group targeting α5 is a determinant for agonist activities. These results not only offer deeper insights into the agonist-induced allosteric mediation of STING-TKB1 interactions but also provide a guidance for future drug development of this important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xinheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Yanqihu East Rd, Huairou District, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Duanhua Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zehong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Yanqihu East Rd, Huairou District, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Yanqihu East Rd, Huairou District, Beijing 101408, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, No.1 Xiangshan Branch Lane, Hangzhou 310024, China
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3
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Dejmek M, Brazdova A, Otava T, Polidarova MP, Klíma M, Smola M, Vavrina Z, Buděšínský M, Dračínský M, Liboska R, Boura E, Birkuš G, Nencka R. Vinylphosphonate-based cyclic dinucleotides enhance STING-mediated cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115685. [PMID: 37567057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) trigger the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway, which plays a key role in cytosolic DNA sensing and thus in immunomodulation against infections, cell damage and cancer. However, cancer immunotherapy trials with CDNs have shown immune activation, but not complete tumor regression. Nevertheless, we designed a novel class of CDNs containing vinylphosphonate based on a STING-affinity screening assay. In vitro, acyloxymethyl phosphate/phosphonate prodrugs of these vinylphosphonate CDNs were up to 1000-fold more potent than the clinical candidate ADU-S100. In vivo, the lead prodrug induced tumor-specific T cell priming and facilitated tumor regression in the 4T1 syngeneic mouse model of breast cancer. Moreover, we solved the crystal structure of this ligand bound to the STING protein. Therefore, our findings not only validate the therapeutic potential of vinylphosphonate CDNs but also open up opportunities for drug development in cancer immunotherapy bridging innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Dejmek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, Prague 6, 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Brazdova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, Prague 6, 166 10, Czech Republic; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Průmyslová 595, Vestec, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Otava
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, Prague 6, 166 10, Czech Republic; Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Pimkova Polidarova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, Prague 6, 166 10, Czech Republic; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Průmyslová 595, Vestec, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Klíma
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, Prague 6, 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Smola
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, Prague 6, 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Vavrina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, Prague 6, 166 10, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 2, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, Prague 6, 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, Prague 6, 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Liboska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, Prague 6, 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Evzen Boura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, Prague 6, 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriel Birkuš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, Prague 6, 166 10, Czech Republic.
| | - Radim Nencka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, Prague 6, 166 10, Czech Republic.
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4
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Draxler A, Blaschke A, Binar J, Weber M, Haslacher M, Bartak V, Bragagna L, Mare G, Maqboul L, Klapp R, Herzog T, Széll M, Petrera A, Laky B, Wagner KH, Thell R. Age-related influence on DNA damage, proteomic inflammatory markers and oxidative stress in hospitalized COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102914. [PMID: 37832397 PMCID: PMC10585323 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 infections are accompanied by adverse changes in inflammatory pathways that are also partly influenced by increased oxidative stress and might result in elevated DNA damage. The aim of this case-control study was to examine whether COVID-19 patients show differences in oxidative stress-related markers, unconjugated bilirubin (UCB), an inflammation panel and DNA damage compared to healthy, age-and sex-matched controls. The Comet assay with and without the treatment of formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (FPG) and H2O2 challenge was used to detect DNA damage in whole blood. qPCR was applied for gene expression, UCB was analyzed via HPLC, targeted proteomics were applied using Olink® inflammation panel and various oxidative stress as well as clinical biochemistry markers were analyzed in plasma. Hospitalized COVID-19 patients (n = 48) demonstrated higher serum levels of 55 inflammatory proteins (p < 0.001), including hs-C-reactive protein levels (p < 0.05), compared to healthy controls (n = 48). Interestingly, significantly increased age-related DNA damage (%-DNA in tail) after formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (FPG) treatment was measured in younger (n = 24, average age 55.7 years; p < 0.05) but not in older COVID-19 patients (n = 24, average age 83.5 years; p > 0.05). Although various oxidative stress markers were not altered (e.g., FRAP, malondialdehyde, p > 0.05), a significant increased ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione was detected in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). UCB levels were significantly lower in individuals with COVID-19, especially in younger COVID-19 patients (p < 0.05). These results suggest that COVID-19 infections exert effects on DNA damage related to age in hospitalized COVID-19 patients that might be driven by changes in inflammatory pathways but are not altered by oxidative stress parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Draxler
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Austria; Vienna Doctoral School for Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences (PhaNuSpo), University of Vienna, Josef Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Jessica Binar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Maria Weber
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Austria; Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Viktoria Bartak
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Laura Bragagna
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Austria; Vienna Doctoral School for Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences (PhaNuSpo), University of Vienna, Josef Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - George Mare
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lina Maqboul
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Austria; Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Rebecca Klapp
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Theresa Herzog
- Klinik Donaustadt, Emergency Department, Langobardenstraße 122, 1220, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Marton Széll
- Klinik Donaustadt, Emergency Department, Langobardenstraße 122, 1220, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Agnese Petrera
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Brenda Laky
- Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Austrian Society of Regenerative Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Karl-Heinz Wagner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Austria; Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Rainer Thell
- Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Klinik Donaustadt, Emergency Department, Langobardenstraße 122, 1220, Vienna, Austria.
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5
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How the Innate Immune DNA Sensing cGAS-STING Pathway Is Involved in Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24033029. [PMID: 36769349 PMCID: PMC9917431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The cGAS-STING signaling axis can be activated by cytosolic DNA, including both non-self DNA and self DNA. This axis is used by the innate immune system to monitor invading pathogens and/or damage. Increasing evidence has suggested that the cGAS-STING pathway not only facilitates inflammatory responses and the production of type I interferons (IFN), but also activates other cellular processes, such as apoptosis. Recently, many studies have focused on analyzing the mechanisms of apoptosis induced by the cGAS-STING pathway and their consequences. This review gives a detailed account of the interplay between the cGAS-STING pathway and apoptosis. The cGAS-STING pathway can induce apoptosis through ER stress, NLRP3, NF-κB, IRF3, and IFN signals. Conversely, apoptosis can feed back to regulate the cGAS-STING pathway, suppressing it via the activation of caspases or promoting it via mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release. Apoptosis mediated by the cGAS-STING pathway plays crucial roles in balancing innate immune responses, resisting infections, and limiting tumor growth.
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6
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Pimkova Polidarova M, Vanekova L, Brehova P, Dejmek M, Vavrina Z, Birkus G, Brazdova A. Synthetic Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) Agonists Induce a Cytokine-Mediated Anti-Hepatitis B Virus Response in Nonparenchymal Liver Cells. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:23-32. [PMID: 36472628 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remains a major public health problem worldwide, with limited treatment options, but inducing an antiviral response by innate immunity activation may provide a therapeutic alternative. We assessed the cytokine-mediated anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) potential for stimulating the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway using STING agonists in primary human hepatocytes (PHH) and nonparenchymal liver cells (NPCs). The natural STING agonist, 2',3'-cyclic GMP-AMP, the synthetic analogue 3',3'-c-di(2'F,2'dAMP), and its bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) prodrug had strong indirect cytokine-mediated anti-HBV effects in PHH regardless of HBV genotype. Furthermore, STING agonists induced anti-HBV cytokine secretion in vitro, in both human and mouse NPCs, and triggered hepatic T cell activation. Cytokine secretion and lymphocyte activation were equally stimulated in NPCs isolated from control and HBV-persistent mice. Therefore, STING agonists modulate immune activation regardless of HBV persistence, paving the way toward a CHB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Pimkova Polidarova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, Prague 16000, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Vanekova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, Prague 16000, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 12800, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Brehova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, Prague 16000, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Dejmek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, Prague 16000, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Vavrina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, Prague 16000, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 12800, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriel Birkus
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, Prague 16000, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Brazdova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, Prague 16000, Czech Republic
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7
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Kabelitz D, Zarobkiewicz M, Heib M, Serrano R, Kunz M, Chitadze G, Adam D, Peters C. Signal strength of STING activation determines cytokine plasticity and cell death in human monocytes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17827. [PMID: 36280676 PMCID: PMC9590392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20519-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway is a cytosolic sensor of microbial and host-derived DNA and plays a key role in innate immunity. Activation of STING by cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) ligands in human monocytes induces a type I interferon response and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with the induction of massive cell death. In this study we have re-evaluated the effect of signal strength of STING activation on the cytokine plasticity of human monocytes. CDN (2'3'c-GAMP) and non-CDN (diABZI, MSA-2) STING ligands in the range of EC50 concentrations (15 μM 2'3'c-GAMP, 100 nM diABZI, 25 μM MSA-2) induced IFN-β, IP-10, and large amounts of IL-1β and TNF-α, but no IL-10 or IL-19. Interestingly, LPS-induced production of IL-10 and IL-19 was abolished in the presence of diABZI or MSA-2, whereas IL-1β and TNF-α were not inhibited. Surprisingly, we observed that tenfold lower (MSA-2, i.e. 2.5 μM) or 100-fold lower (diABZI, i.e. 1 nM) concentrations strongly stimulated secretion of anti-inflammatory IL-10 and IL-19, but little of IL-1β and TNF-α. Induction of IL-10 was associated with up-regulation of PRDM1 (Blimp-1). While cytokine secretion stimulated by the higher concentrations was accompanied by apoptosis as shown by cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP-1, the low concentrations did not trigger overt cell death yet induced cleavage of gasdermin-D. Our results reveal a previously unrecognized plasticity of human monocytes in their signal strength-dependent production of pro- versus anti-inflammatory cytokines upon STING activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Kabelitz
- grid.9764.c0000 0001 2153 9986Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building U30, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michal Zarobkiewicz
- grid.9764.c0000 0001 2153 9986Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building U30, 24105 Kiel, Germany ,grid.411484.c0000 0001 1033 7158Present Address: Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Michelle Heib
- grid.9764.c0000 0001 2153 9986Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building U30, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ruben Serrano
- grid.9764.c0000 0001 2153 9986Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building U30, 24105 Kiel, Germany ,grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Present Address: Institute of Immunology, Medical University Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Monika Kunz
- grid.9764.c0000 0001 2153 9986Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building U30, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Guranda Chitadze
- grid.412468.d0000 0004 0646 2097Unit for Hematological Diagnostics, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Adam
- grid.9764.c0000 0001 2153 9986Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building U30, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Peters
- grid.9764.c0000 0001 2153 9986Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building U30, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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8
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Multiparametric Flow Cytometry-Based Immunophenotyping of Mouse Liver Immune Cells. Methods Protoc 2022; 5:mps5050070. [PMID: 36136816 PMCID: PMC9498390 DOI: 10.3390/mps5050070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a complex organ that governs many types of metabolisms, including energy metabolism and other cellular processes. The liver also plays a crucial role in important functions in immunity, and the activity of liver tissue-associated immunity affects the outcome of many liver pathologies. A thorough characterization of the liver immune microenvironment may contribute to a better understanding of immune signaling, the mechanisms of specific immune responses, and even to improved predictions about therapy outcomes. In this paper, we present an optimized, simple, and rapid protocol to characterize the liver-associated immune cell milieu. We believe that the most suitable technique for obtaining a complex immune cell suspension and for removing contaminating blood cells is to perform mouse liver perfusion, using only phosphate buffer saline. Combining an enzymatic digestion and a mechanical dissociation of liver tissue, followed by cell purification, improves downstream applications. This combination is an essential prerequisite for immune cell determination and characterization. We then demonstrate a flow cytometry-based multiparametric immunophenotyping along with a gating strategy to detect and quantify liver endothelial cells, T cells (helper and cytotoxic), B cells, NK cells, NKT cells, neutrophils, monocytes (subsets included), dendritic cells (subsets included), macrophages and Kupffer cells.
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9
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Dejmek M, Šála M, Brazdova A, Vanekova L, Smola M, Klíma M, Břehová P, Buděšínský M, Dračínský M, Procházková E, Zavřel M, Šimák O, Páv O, Boura E, Birkuš G, Nencka R. Discovery of isonucleotidic CDNs as potent STING agonists with immunomodulatory potential. Structure 2022; 30:1146-1156.e11. [PMID: 35690061 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an adaptor protein of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway involved in the sensing of cytosolic DNA. It functions as a receptor for cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) and, upon their binding, mediates cytokine expression and host immunity. Besides naturally occurring CDNs, various synthetic CDNs, such as ADU-S100, have been reported to effectively activate STING and are being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. Here, we describe the preparation of a unique new class of STING agonists: isonucleotidic cyclic dinucleotides and the synthesis of their prodrugs. The presented CDNs stimulate STING with comparable efficiency to ADU-S100, whereas their prodrugs demonstrate activity up to four orders of magnitude better due to the improved cellular uptake. The compounds are very potent inducers of inflammatory cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We also report the X-ray crystal structure of the lead inhibitor bound to the wild-type (WT) STING.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Dejmek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Šála
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Brazdova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Vanekova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Smola
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Klíma
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Břehová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Procházková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Zavřel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Šimák
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Páv
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Evzen Boura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriel Birkuš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Nencka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic.
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