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Wong XK, Ng CS, Yeong KY. Shaping the future of antiviral Treatment: Spotlight on Nucleobase-Containing drugs and their revolutionary impact. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107150. [PMID: 38309002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Nucleobases serve as essential molecular frameworks present in both natural and synthetic compounds that exhibit notable antiviral activity. Through molecular modifications, novel nucleobase-containing drugs (NCDs) have been developed, exhibiting enhanced antiviral activity against a wide range of viruses, including the recently emerged SARS‑CoV‑2. This article provides a detailed examination of the significant advancements in NCDs from 2015 till current, encompassing various aspects concerning their mechanisms of action, pharmacology and antiviral properties. Additionally, the article discusses antiviral prodrugs relevant to the scope of this review. It fills in the knowledge gap by examining the structure-activity relationship and trend of NCDs as therapeutics against a diverse range of viral diseases, either as approved drugs, clinical candidates or as early-stage development prospects. Moreover, the article highlights on the status of this field of study and addresses the prevailing limitations encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Khai Wong
- School of Science, Monash University (Malaysia Campus), Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chen Seng Ng
- School of Science, Monash University (Malaysia Campus), Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Keng Yoon Yeong
- School of Science, Monash University (Malaysia Campus), Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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2
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Rabelo VWH, da Silva VD, Sanchez Nuñez ML, dos Santos Corrêa Amorim L, Buarque CD, Kuhn RJ, Abreu PA, Nunes de Palmer Paixão IC. Antiviral evaluation of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole derivatives against Chikungunya virus. Future Virol 2023; 18:865-880. [PMID: 37974899 PMCID: PMC10636642 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2023-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Aim This work aimed to investigate the antiviral activity of two 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole derivatives (1 and 2) against Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) replication. Materials & methods Cytotoxicity was analyzed using colorimetric assays and the antiviral potential was evaluated using plaque assays and computational tools. Results Compound 2 showed antiviral activity against CHIKV 181-25 in BHK-21 and Vero cells. Also, this compound presented a higher activity against CHIKV BRA/RJ/18 in Vero cells, like compound 1. Compound 2 exhibited virucidal activity and inhibited virus entry while compound 1 inhibited virus release. Molecular docking suggested that these derivatives inhibit nsP1 protein while compound 1 may also target capsid protein. Conclusion Both compounds exhibit promising antiviral activity against CHIKV by blocking different steps of virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Won-Held Rabelo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, CEP, 24210-201, Brazil
| | - Verônica Diniz da Silva
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP, 22451-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Leonisa Sanchez Nuñez
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, CEP, 24210-201, Brazil
| | - Leonardo dos Santos Corrêa Amorim
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, CEP, 24210-201, Brazil
- Gerência de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Instituto Vital Brazil, Niterói, RJ, 24230-410, Brazil
| | - Camilla Djenne Buarque
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP, 22451-900, Brazil
| | - Richard J Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, & Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Paula Alvarez Abreu
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ, CEP, 27965-045, Brazil
| | - Izabel Christina Nunes de Palmer Paixão
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, CEP, 24210-201, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, CEP, 24210-201, Brazil
- Programas de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Marinha e de Neurologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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3
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Samala R, Kumar Nukala S, Swamy Thirukovela N, Reddy Nagavelli V, Narsimha S. Cu(I)‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of [1,2,3]Triazolo[5,1‐
a
] isoquinolin‐6(5H)‐one Derivatives as EGFR‐Targeting Anticancer Agents. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Samala
- Department of Chemistry Chaitanya (Deemed to be University) Warangal Telangana India
| | - Satheesh Kumar Nukala
- Department of Chemistry Chaitanya (Deemed to be University) Warangal Telangana India
| | | | | | - Sirassu Narsimha
- Department of Chemistry Chaitanya (Deemed to be University) Warangal Telangana India
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4
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Battisti V, Urban E, Langer T. Antivirals against the Chikungunya Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:1307. [PMID: 34372513 PMCID: PMC8310245 DOI: 10.3390/v13071307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that has re-emerged in recent decades, causing large-scale epidemics in many parts of the world. CHIKV infection leads to a febrile disease known as chikungunya fever (CHIKF), which is characterised by severe joint pain and myalgia. As many patients develop a painful chronic stage and neither antiviral drugs nor vaccines are available, the development of a potent CHIKV inhibiting drug is crucial for CHIKF treatment. A comprehensive summary of current antiviral research and development of small-molecule inhibitor against CHIKV is presented in this review. We highlight different approaches used for the identification of such compounds and further discuss the identification and application of promising viral and host targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.B.); (E.U.)
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5
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Kumar H, Dhameja M, Rizvi M, Gupta P. Progress in the Synthesis of Fused 1,2,3‐Triazoles. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hariom Kumar
- Department of Chemistry School of Physical & Decision Sciences Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University) Rae barelli Road Lucknow 226025, U. P. India
| | - Manoj Dhameja
- Department of Chemistry School of Physical & Decision Sciences Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University) Rae barelli Road Lucknow 226025, U. P. India
| | - Marziya Rizvi
- Department of Chemistry School of Physical & Decision Sciences Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University) Rae barelli Road Lucknow 226025, U. P. India
| | - Preeti Gupta
- Department of Chemistry School of Physical & Decision Sciences Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University) Rae barelli Road Lucknow 226025, U. P. India
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6
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Felicetti T, Pismataro MC, Cecchetti V, Tabarrini O, Massari S. Triazolopyrimidine Nuclei: Privileged Scaffolds for Developing Antiviral Agents with a Proper Pharmacokinetic Profile. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:1379-1407. [PMID: 34042030 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210526120534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are a continuing threat to global health. The lack or limited therapeutic armamentarium against some viral infections and increasing drug resistance issues make the search for new antiviral agents urgent. In recent years, a growing literature highlighted the use of triazolopyrimidine (TZP) heterocycles in the development of antiviral agents, with numerous compounds that showed potent antiviral activities against different RNA and DNA viruses. TZP core represents a privileged scaffold for achieving biologically active molecules, thanks to: i) the synthetic feasibility that allows to variously functionalize TZPs in the different positions of the nucleus, ii) the ability of TZP core to establish multiple interactions with the molecular target, and iii) its favorable pharmacokinetic properties. In the present review, after mentioning selected examples of TZP-based compounds with varied biological activities, we will focus on those antivirals that appeared in the literature in the last 10 years. Approaches used for their identification, the hit-to-lead studies, and the emerged structure-activity relationship will be described. A mention of the synthetic methodologies to prepare TZP nuclei will also be given. In addition, their mechanism of action, the binding mode within the biological target, and pharmacokinetic properties will be analyzed, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of compounds based on the TZP scaffold, which is increasingly used in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Felicetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Oriana Tabarrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Serena Massari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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7
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Seboletswe P, Awolade P, Singh P. Recent Developments on the Synthesis and Biological Activities of Fused Pyrimidinone Derivatives. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2050-2067. [PMID: 33724717 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds constitute a unique class of organic compounds endowed with a wide range of synthetic and pharmaceutical applications. Pyrimidinones and their fused analogues have received focused attention in this regard, partly due to their mimicry of nucleobases which consequently forges their interesting medicinal properties. Over the years, the medicinal chemistry research community has experienced an upsurge in articles describing the exploration of these scaffolds to develop effective therapeutic agents. Several biological activities, including antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsive, and antihistaminic, have been well documented. This minireview presents a compendium of recent developments (2017-2020) focused on the synthesis and biological activities of fused pyrimidinones. The goal is to update medicinal chemists on the therapeutic relevance of fused pyrimidinones and the molecular architecture of clinic-worthy drug candidates. A brief account of the structure-activity relationships (SAR) revealed from different biological assays is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pule Seboletswe
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Paul Awolade
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Parvesh Singh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Durban, South Africa
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8
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Favipiravir Does Not Inhibit Chikungunya Virus Replication in Mosquito Cells and Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050944. [PMID: 33925738 PMCID: PMC8145424 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Favipiravir (T-705) is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug that inhibits RNA viruses after intracellular conversion into its active form, T-705 ribofuranosyl 5'-triphosphate. We previously showed that T-705 is able to significantly inhibit the replication of chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, in mammalian cells and in mouse models. In contrast, the effect of T-705 on CHIKV infection and replication in the mosquito vector is unknown. Since the antiviral activity of T-705 has been shown to be cell line-dependent, we studied here its antiviral efficacy in Aedes-derived mosquito cells and in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Interestingly, T-705 was devoid of anti-CHIKV activity in mosquito cells, despite being effective against CHIKV in Vero cells. By investigating the metabolic activation profile, we showed that, unlike Vero cells, mosquito cells were not able to convert T-705 into its active form. To explore whether alternative metabolization pathways might exist in vivo, Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were infected with CHIKV and administered T-705 via an artificial blood meal. Virus titrations of whole mosquitoes showed that T-705 was not able to reduce CHIKV infection in mosquitoes. Combined, these in vitro and in vivo data indicate that T-705 lacks antiviral activity in mosquitoes due to inadequate metabolic activation in this animal species.
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9
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Ahmed SK, Haese NN, Cowan JT, Pathak V, Moukha-Chafiq O, Smith VJ, Rodzinak KJ, Ahmad F, Zhang S, Bonin KM, Streblow AD, Streblow CE, Kreklywich CN, Morrison C, Sarkar S, Moorman N, Sander W, Allen R, DeFilippis V, Tekwani BL, Wu M, Hirsch AJ, Smith JL, Tower NA, Rasmussen L, Bostwick R, Maddry JA, Ananthan S, Gerdes JM, Augelli-Szafran CE, Suto MJ, Morrison TE, Heise MT, Streblow DN, Pathak AK. Targeting Chikungunya Virus Replication by Benzoannulene Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4762-4786. [PMID: 33835811 PMCID: PMC9774970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A benzo[6]annulene, 4-(tert-butyl)-N-(3-methoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl) benzamide (1a), was identified as an inhibitor against Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) with antiviral activity EC90 = 1.45 μM and viral titer reduction (VTR) of 2.5 log at 10 μM with no observed cytotoxicity (CC50 = 169 μM) in normal human dermal fibroblast cells. Chemistry efforts to improve potency, efficacy, and drug-like properties of 1a resulted in a novel lead compound 8q, which possessed excellent cellular antiviral activity (EC90 = 270 nM and VTR of 4.5 log at 10 μM) and improved liver microsomal stability. CHIKV resistance to an analog of 1a, compound 1c, tracked to a mutation in the nsP3 macrodomain. Further mechanism of action studies showed compounds working through inhibition of human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase in addition to CHIKV nsP3 macrodomain. Moderate efficacy was observed in an in vivo CHIKV challenge mouse model for compound 8q as viral replication was rescued from the pyrimidine salvage pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jaden T. Cowan
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Vibha Pathak
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Omar Moukha-Chafiq
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Valerie J. Smith
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Kevin J. Rodzinak
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Fahim Ahmad
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Sixue Zhang
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Kiley M. Bonin
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Aaron D. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Cassilyn E. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Craig N. Kreklywich
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Clayton Morrison
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sanjay Sarkar
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nathaniel Moorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Wes Sander
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Robbie Allen
- Oregon Translational Research and Development Institute, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Victor DeFilippis
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Babu L. Tekwani
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Mousheng Wu
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Alec J. Hirsch
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Jessica L. Smith
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Nichole A. Tower
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Lynn Rasmussen
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Robert Bostwick
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Joseph A. Maddry
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Subramaniam Ananthan
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - John M Gerdes
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | | | - Mark J. Suto
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Mark T. Heise
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Daniel N. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Ashish K. Pathak
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern, Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
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Santana AC, Silva Filho RC, Menezes JCJMDS, Allonso D, Campos VR. Nitrogen-Based Heterocyclic Compounds: A Promising Class of Antiviral Agents against Chikungunya Virus. Life (Basel) 2020; 11:16. [PMID: 33396631 PMCID: PMC7824564 DOI: 10.3390/life11010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses, in general, are a global threat due to their morbidity and mortality, which results in an important social and economic impact. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), one of the most relevant arbovirus currently known, is a re-emergent virus that causes a disease named chikungunya fever, characterized by a severe arthralgia (joint pains) that can persist for several months or years in some individuals. Until now, no vaccine or specific antiviral drug is commercially available. Nitrogen heterocyclic scaffolds are found in medications, such as aristeromycin, favipiravir, fluorouracil, 6-azauridine, thioguanine, pyrimethamine, among others. New families of natural and synthetic nitrogen analogous compounds are reported to have significant anti-CHIKV effects. In the present work, we focus on these nitrogen-based heterocyclic compounds as an important class with CHIKV antiviral activity. We summarize the present understanding on this class of compounds against CHIKV and also present their possible mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreza C. Santana
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Campus do Valonguinho, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24020-141, Brazil; (A.C.S.); (R.C.S.F.)
| | - Ronaldo C. Silva Filho
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Campus do Valonguinho, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24020-141, Brazil; (A.C.S.); (R.C.S.F.)
| | - José C. J. M. D. S. Menezes
- Section of Functional Morphology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan
- Research & Development, Esteem Industries Pvt. Ltd., Bicholim, Goa 403 529, India
| | - Diego Allonso
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Vinícius R. Campos
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Campus do Valonguinho, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24020-141, Brazil; (A.C.S.); (R.C.S.F.)
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11
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Mutations on VEEV nsP1 relate RNA capping efficiency to ribavirin susceptibility. Antiviral Res 2020; 182:104883. [PMID: 32750467 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alphaviruses are arthropod-borne viruses of public health concern. To date no efficient vaccine nor antivirals are available for safe human use. During viral replication the nonstructural protein 1 (nsP1) catalyzes capping of genomic and subgenomic RNAs. The capping reaction is unique to the Alphavirus genus. The whole three-step process follows a particular order: (i) transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) onto a GTP forming m7GTP; (ii) guanylylation of the enzyme to form a m7GMP-nsP1adduct; (iii) transfer of m7GMP onto 5'-diphosphate RNA to yield capped RNA. Specificities of these reactions designate nsP1 as a promising target for antiviral drug development. In the current study we performed a mutational analysis on two nsP1 positions associated with Sindbis virus (SINV) ribavirin resistance in the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) context through reverse genetics correlated to enzyme assays using purified recombinant VEEV nsP1 proteins. The results demonstrate that the targeted positions are strongly associated to the regulation of the capping reaction by increasing the affinity between GTP and nsP1. Data also show that in VEEV the S21A substitution, naturally occurring in Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), is a hallmark of ribavirin susceptibility. These findings uncover the specific mechanistic contributions of these residues to nsp1-mediated methyl-transfer and guanylylation reactions.
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12
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Fares M, McCosker PM, Alsherbiny MA, Willis AC, Clark T, Neyts J, Jochmans D, Keller PA. Regioselective convergent synthesis of 2-arylidene thiazolo[3,2- a]pyrimidines as potential anti-chikungunya agents. RSC Adv 2020; 10:5191-5195. [PMID: 35498334 PMCID: PMC9049071 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00257g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Convergent and convenient regioselective synthesis of novel thiazolo[2,3-a]pyrimidine derivatives was accomplished using the one-pot reaction of 6-ethylthiouracil, bromoacetic acid, anhydrous sodium acetate, acetic anhydride, acetic acid and suitable aldehyde. X-ray crystallographic study reveals the presence of the Z configuration of only one regioisomer confirmed by computational studies as being the most likely isomer present. Convergent and convenient regioselective synthesis of novel thiazolo[2,3-a]pyrimidines was accomplished using the one-pot reaction of 6-ethylthiouracil, bromoacetic acid, anhydrous sodium acetate, acetic anhydride, acetic acid and suitable aldehyde.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Fares
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience
- Molecular Horizons
- University of Wollongong
- Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute
- Wollongong
| | - Patrick M. McCosker
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience
- Molecular Horizons
- University of Wollongong
- Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute
- Wollongong
| | | | - Anthony C. Willis
- Research School of Chemistry
- The Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Computer-Chemistry-Center (CCC)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91052 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Rega Institute for Medical Research
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy
- Leuven
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Rega Institute for Medical Research
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy
- Leuven
| | - Paul A. Keller
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience
- Molecular Horizons
- University of Wollongong
- Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute
- Wollongong
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13
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Abdelnabi R, Jacobs S, Delang L, Neyts J. Antiviral drug discovery against arthritogenic alphaviruses: Tools and molecular targets. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 174:113777. [PMID: 31874146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alphaviruses are (mainly) arthropod-borne viruses that belong to the family of the Togaviridae. Based on the disease they cause, alphaviruses are divided into an arthritogenic and an encephalitic group. Arthritogenic alphaviruses such as the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), the Ross River virus (RRV) and the Mayaro virus (MAYV) have become a serious public health concern in recent years. Epidemics are associated with high morbidity and the infections cause in many patients debilitating joint pain that can persist for months to years. The recent (2013-2014) introduction of CHIKV in the Americas resulted in millions of infected persons. Massive outbreaks of CHIKV and other arthritogenic alphaviruses are likely to occur in the future. Despite the worldwide (re-)emergence of these viruses, there are no antivirals or vaccines available for the treatment or prevention of infections with alphaviruses. It is therefore of utmost importance to develop antiviral strategies against these viruses. We here review the possible molecular targets in the replication cycle of these viruses for the development of antivirals. In addition, we provide an overview of the currently available in vitro systems and mouse infection models that can be used to assess the potential antiviral effect against these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Abdelnabi
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Jacobs
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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14
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Akkina R, Garry R, Bréchot C, Ellerbrok H, Hasegawa H, Menéndez-Arias L, Mercer N, Neyts J, Romanowski V, Segalés J, Vahlne A. 2019 meeting of the global virus network. Antiviral Res 2019; 172:104645. [PMID: 31697957 PMCID: PMC7127664 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Global Virus Network (GVN) was established in 2011 to strengthen research and responses to emerging viral causes of human disease and to prepare against new viral pandemics. There are now 52 GVN Centers of Excellence and 9 Affiliate laboratories in 32 countries. The 11th International GVN meeting was held from June 9-11, 2019 in Barcelona, Spain and was jointly organized with the Spanish Society of Virology. A common theme throughout the meeting was globalization and climate change. This report highlights the recent accomplishments of GVN researchers in several important areas of medical virology, including severe virus epidemics, anticipation and preparedness for changing disease dynamics, host-pathogen interactions, zoonotic virus infections, ethical preparedness for epidemics and pandemics, one health and antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Akkina
- Colorado State University. Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, USA
| | | | | | - Heinz Ellerbrok
- Robert Koch Institute. Center for International Health Protection, Germany
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases. Department of Pathology, Japan
| | | | | | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Victor Romanowski
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata. IBBM, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Argentina
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anders Vahlne
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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15
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Pérez-Pérez MJ, Delang L, Ng LFP, Priego EM. Chikungunya virus drug discovery: still a long way to go? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:855-866. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1629413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa F. P. Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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16
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Ferreira-Ramos AS, Li C, Eydoux C, Contreras JM, Morice C, Quérat G, Gigante A, Pérez Pérez MJ, Jung ML, Canard B, Guillemot JC, Decroly E, Coutard B. Approved drugs screening against the nsP1 capping enzyme of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus using an immuno-based assay. Antiviral Res 2019; 163:59-69. [PMID: 30639438 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alphaviruses such as the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) are important human emerging pathogens transmitted by mosquitoes. They possess a unique viral mRNA capping mechanism catalyzed by the viral non-structural protein nsP1, which is essential for virus replication. The alphaviruses capping starts by the methylation of a GTP molecule by the N7-guanine methyltransferase (MTase) activity; nsP1 then forms a covalent link with m7GMP releasing pyrophosphate (GT reaction) and the m7GMP is next transferred onto the 5'-diphosphate end of the viral mRNA to form a cap-0 structure. The cap-0 structure decreases the detection of foreign viral RNAs, prevents RNA degradation by cellular exonucleases, and promotes viral RNA translation into proteins. Additionally, reverse-genetic studies have demonstrated that viruses mutated in nsP1 catalytic residues are both impaired towards replication and attenuated. The nsP1 protein is thus considered an attractive antiviral target for drug discovery. We have previously demonstrated that the guanylylation of VEEV nsP1 can be monitored by Western blot analysis using an antibody recognizing the cap structure. In this study, we developed a high throughput ELISA screening assay to monitor the GT reaction through m7GMP-nsP1 adduct quantitation. This assay was validated using known nsP1 inhibitors before screening 1220 approved compounds. 18 compounds inhibiting the nsP1 guanylylation were identified, and their IC50 determined. Compounds from two series were further characterized and shown to inhibit the nsP1 MTase activity. Conversely, these compounds barely inhibited a cellular MTase demonstrating their specificity towards nsP1. Analogues search and SAR were also initiated to identify the active pharmacophore features. Altogether the results show that this HT enzyme-based assay is a convenient way to select potent and specific hit compounds targeting the viral mRNA capping of Alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Changqing Li
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, AFMB UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | - Cécilia Eydoux
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, AFMB UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Gilles Quérat
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | - Alba Gigante
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Bruno Canard
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, AFMB UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | | | - Etienne Decroly
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, AFMB UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Coutard
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, AFMB UMR 7257, Marseille, France; Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France.
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