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Sharma M, Pandey V, Poli G, Tuccinardi T, Lolli ML, Vyas VK. A comprehensive review of synthetic strategies and SAR studies for the discovery of PfDHODH inhibitors as antimalarial agents. Part 1: triazolopyrimidine, isoxazolopyrimidine and pyrrole-based (DSM) compounds. Bioorg Chem 2024; 146:107249. [PMID: 38493638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
One of the deadliest infectious diseases, malaria, still has a significant impact on global morbidity and mortality. Plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (PfDHODH) catalyzes the fourth step in de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis and has been clinically validated as an innovative and promising target for the development of novel targeted antimalarial drugs. PfDHODH inhibitors have the potential to significantly slow down parasite growth at the blood and liver stages. Several PfDHODH inhibitors based on various scaffolds have been explored over the past two decades. Among them, triazolopyrimidines, isoxazolopyrimidines, and pyrrole-based derivatives known as DSM compounds showed tremendous potential as novel antimalarial agents, and one of the triazolopyrimidine-based compounds (DSM265) was able to reach phase IIa clinical trials. DSM compounds were synthesized as PfDHODH inhibitors with various substitutions based on structure-guided medicinal chemistry approaches and further optimised as well. For the first time, this review provides an overview of all the synthetic approaches used for the synthesis, alternative synthetic routes, and novel strategies involving various catalysts and chemical reagents that have been used to synthesize DSM compounds. We have also summarized SAR study of all these PfDHODH inhibitors. In an attempt to assist readers, scientists, and researchers involved in the development of new PfDHODH inhibitors as antimalarials, this review provides accessibility of all synthetic techniques and SAR studies of the most promising triazolopyrimidines, isoxazolopyrimidines, and pyrrole-based PfDHODH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manmohan Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, India
| | - Vinita Pandey
- MIT College of Pharmacy, Ramganga Vihar, Phase-II, Moradabad, UP-244001, India
| | - Giulio Poli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco L Lolli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 - Turin, Italy
| | - Vivek K Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, India.
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2
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Feitosa LM, Franca RRF, Ferreira MDLG, Aguiar ACC, de Souza GE, Maluf SEC, de Souza JO, Zapata L, Duarte D, Morais I, Nogueira F, Nonato MC, Pinheiro LCS, Guido RVC, Boechat N. Discovery of new piperaquine hybrid analogs linked by triazolopyrimidine and pyrazolopyrimidine scaffolds with antiplasmodial and transmission blocking activities. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 267:116163. [PMID: 38290351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that there were 247 million malaria cases in 2021 worldwide, representing an increase in 2 million cases compared to 2020. The urgent need for the development of new antimalarials is underscored by specific criteria, including the requirement of new modes of action that avoid cross-drug resistance, the ability to provide single-dose cures, and efficacy against both assexual and sexual blood stages. Motivated by the promising results obtained from our research group with [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine and pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives, we selected these molecular scaffolds as the foundation for designing two new series of piperaquine analogs as potential antimalarial candidates. The initial series of hybrids was designed by substituting one quinolinic ring of piperaquine with the 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine or pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine nucleus. To connect the heterocyclic systems, spacers with 3, 4, or 7 methylene carbons were introduced at the 4 position of the quinoline. In the second series, we used piperazine as a spacer to link the 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine or pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine group to the quinoline core, effectively merging both pharmacophoric groups via a rigid spacer. Our research efforts yielded promising compounds characterized by low cytotoxicity and selectivity indices exceeding 1570. These compounds displayed potent in vitro inhibitory activity in the low nanomolar range against the erythrocytic form of the parasite, encompassing both susceptible and resistant strains. Notably, these compounds did not show cross-resistance with either chloroquine or established P. falciparum inhibitors. Even though they share a pyrazolo- or triazolo-pyrimidine core, enzymatic inhibition assays revealed that these compounds had minimal inhibitory effects on PfDHODH, indicating a distinct mode of action unrelated to targeting this enzyme. We further assessed the compounds' potential to interfere with gametocyte and ookinete infectivity using mature P. falciparum gametocytes cultured in vitro. Four compounds demonstrated significant gametocyte inhibition ranging from 58 % to 86 %, suggesting potential transmission blocking activity. Finally, we evaluated the druggability of these new compounds using in silico methods, and the results indicated that these analogs had favorable physicochemical and ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) properties. In summary, our research has successfully identified and characterized new piperaquine analogs based on [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine and pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine scaffolds and has demonstrated their potential as promising candidates for the development of antimalarial drugs with distinct mechanisms of action, considerable selectivity, and P. falciparum transmission blocking activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia M Feitosa
- Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ, Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos. Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Programa de Pós Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Rodrigo F Franca
- Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ, Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos. Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria de Lourdes G Ferreira
- Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ, Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos. Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anna C C Aguiar
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Av. João Dagnone, 1.100, Jd. Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia. Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, 04023-062, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme E de Souza
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Av. João Dagnone, 1.100, Jd. Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Sarah El Chamy Maluf
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Av. João Dagnone, 1.100, Jd. Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana O de Souza
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Av. João Dagnone, 1.100, Jd. Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luana Zapata
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Avenida do Café s/n Monte Alegre, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Center for the Research and Advancement of Fragments and Molecular Targets (CRAFT), Avenida do Café s/n Monte Alegre, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise Duarte
- Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ines Morais
- Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fatima Nogueira
- Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - M Cristina Nonato
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Avenida do Café s/n Monte Alegre, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Center for the Research and Advancement of Fragments and Molecular Targets (CRAFT), Avenida do Café s/n Monte Alegre, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Luiz C S Pinheiro
- Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ, Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos. Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Faculdade de Formação de Professores, Departamento de Ciências, Rua Dr. Francisco Portela, 1470, Patronato, 24435-005, São Gonçalo, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Rafael V C Guido
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Av. João Dagnone, 1.100, Jd. Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Nubia Boechat
- Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ, Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos. Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Programa de Pós Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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3
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Hudson L, Mason JW, Westphal MV, Richter MJR, Thielman JR, Hua BK, Gerry CJ, Xia G, Osswald HL, Knapp JM, Tan ZY, Kokkonda P, Tresco BIC, Liu S, Reidenbach AG, Lim KS, Poirier J, Capece J, Bonazzi S, Gampe CM, Smith NJ, Bradner JE, Coley CW, Clemons PA, Melillo B, Hon CSY, Ottl J, Dumelin CE, Schaefer JV, Faust AME, Berst F, Schreiber SL, Zécri FJ, Briner K. Diversity-oriented synthesis encoded by deoxyoligonucleotides. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4930. [PMID: 37582753 PMCID: PMC10427684 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40575-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) is a powerful strategy to prepare molecules with underrepresented features in commercial screening collections, resulting in the elucidation of novel biological mechanisms. In parallel to the development of DOS, DNA-encoded libraries (DELs) have emerged as an effective, efficient screening strategy to identify protein binders. Despite recent advancements in this field, most DEL syntheses are limited by the presence of sensitive DNA-based constructs. Here, we describe the design, synthesis, and validation experiments performed for a 3.7 million-member DEL, generated using diverse skeleton architectures with varying exit vectors and derived from DOS, to achieve structural diversity beyond what is possible by varying appendages alone. We also show screening results for three diverse protein targets. We will make this DEL available to the academic scientific community to increase access to novel structural features and accelerate early-phase drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Hudson
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jeremy W Mason
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Matthias V Westphal
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Matthieu J R Richter
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jonathan R Thielman
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Bruce K Hua
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Christopher J Gerry
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Guoqin Xia
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Heather L Osswald
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - John M Knapp
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Zher Yin Tan
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Praveen Kokkonda
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Ben I C Tresco
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Shuang Liu
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Andrew G Reidenbach
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Katherine S Lim
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jennifer Poirier
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - John Capece
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Simone Bonazzi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Christian M Gampe
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Nichola J Smith
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - James E Bradner
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Connor W Coley
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Paul A Clemons
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Bruno Melillo
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - C Suk-Yee Hon
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Johannes Ottl
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph E Dumelin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonas V Schaefer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ann Marie E Faust
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Frédéric Berst
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Frédéric J Zécri
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Karin Briner
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Vyas VK, Shukla T, Sharma M. Medicinal chemistry approaches for the discovery of Plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors as antimalarial agents. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:1295-1321. [PMID: 37551689 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a severe human disease and a global health problem because of drug-resistant strains. Drugs reported to prevent the growth of Plasmodium parasites target various phases of the parasites' life cycle. Antimalarial drugs can inhibit key enzymes that are responsible for the cellular growth and development of parasites. Plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase is one such enzyme that is necessary for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. This review focuses on various medicinal chemistry approaches used for the discovery and identification of selective P. falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors as antimalarial agents. This comprehensive review discusses recent advances in the selective therapeutic activity of distinct chemical classes of compounds as P. falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors and antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Tanvi Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Manmohan Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
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Kreutzfeld O, Tumwebaze PK, Okitwi M, Orena S, Byaruhanga O, Katairo T, Conrad MD, Rasmussen SA, Legac J, Aydemir O, Giesbrecht D, Forte B, Campbell P, Smith A, Kano H, Nsobya SL, Blasco B, Duffey M, Bailey JA, Cooper RA, Rosenthal PJ. Susceptibility of Ugandan Plasmodium falciparum Isolates to the Antimalarial Drug Pipeline. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0523622. [PMID: 37158739 PMCID: PMC10269555 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05236-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria, especially Plasmodium falciparum infection, remains an enormous problem, and its treatment and control are seriously challenged by drug resistance. New antimalarial drugs are needed. To characterize the Medicines for Malaria Venture pipeline of antimalarials under development, we assessed the ex vivo drug susceptibilities to 19 compounds targeting or potentially impacted by mutations in P. falciparum ABC transporter I family member 1, acetyl-CoA synthetase, cytochrome b, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, elongation factor 2, lysyl-tRNA synthetase, phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, plasmepsin X, prodrug activation and resistance esterase, and V-type H+ ATPase of 998 fresh P. falciparum clinical isolates collected in eastern Uganda from 2015 to 2022. Drug susceptibilities were assessed by 72-h growth inhibition (half-maximum inhibitory concentration [IC50]) assays using SYBR green. Field isolates were highly susceptible to lead antimalarials, with low- to midnanomolar median IC50s, near values previously reported for laboratory strains, for all tested compounds. However, outliers with decreased susceptibilities were identified. Positive correlations between IC50 results were seen for compounds with shared targets. We sequenced genes encoding presumed targets to characterize sequence diversity, search for polymorphisms previously selected with in vitro drug pressure, and determine genotype-phenotype associations. We identified many polymorphisms in target genes, generally in <10% of isolates, but none were those previously selected in vitro with drug pressure, and none were associated with significantly decreased ex vivo drug susceptibility. Overall, Ugandan P. falciparum isolates were highly susceptible to 19 compounds under development as next-generation antimalarials, consistent with a lack of preexisting or novel resistance-conferring mutations in circulating Ugandan parasites. IMPORTANCE Drug resistance necessitates the development of new antimalarial drugs. It is important to assess the activities of compounds under development against parasites now causing disease in Africa, where most malaria cases occur, and to determine if mutations in these parasites may limit the efficacies of new agents. We found that African isolates were generally highly susceptible to the 19 studied lead antimalarials. Sequencing of the presumed drug targets identified multiple mutations in these genes, but these mutations were generally not associated with decreased antimalarial activity. These results offer confidence that the activities of the tested antimalarial compounds now under development will not be limited by preexisting resistance-mediating mutations in African malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Kreutzfeld
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Martin Okitwi
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen Orena
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Thomas Katairo
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Melissa D. Conrad
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Legac
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ozkan Aydemir
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Barbara Forte
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Campbell
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair Smith
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroki Kano
- Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
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6
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Guerra F, Winzeler EA. New targets for antimalarial drug discovery. Curr Opin Microbiol 2022; 70:102220. [PMID: 36228458 PMCID: PMC9934905 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic screening methods have placed numerous preclinical candidates into the antimalarial drug-discovery pipeline. As more chemically validated targets become available, efforts are shifting to target-based drug discovery. Here, we briefly review some of the most attractive targets that have been identified in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Guerra
- Department of Pediatrics MC 0760, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- Department of Pediatrics MC 0760, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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7
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Oddy MJ, Kusza DA, Epton RG, Lynam JM, Unsworth WP, Petersen WF. Visible-Light-Mediated Energy Transfer Enables the Synthesis of β-Lactams via Intramolecular Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202213086. [PMID: 36205440 PMCID: PMC9828223 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 2-azetidinones (β-lactams) from simple acrylamide starting materials by visible-light-mediated energy transfer catalysis is reported. The reaction features a C(sp3 )-H functionalization via a variation of the Norrish-Yang photocyclization involving a carbon-to-carbon 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (supported by deuterium labelling and DFT calculations) and can be used for the construction of a diverse range of β-lactam products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan J. Oddy
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cape TownRondebosch, Cape Town7700South Africa
| | - Daniel A. Kusza
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cape TownRondebosch, Cape Town7700South Africa
| | - Ryan G. Epton
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | | | | | - Wade F. Petersen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cape TownRondebosch, Cape Town7700South Africa
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8
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Koumpoura CL, Robert A, Athanassopoulos CM, Baltas M. Antimalarial Inhibitors Targeting Epigenetics or Mitochondria in Plasmodium falciparum: Recent Survey upon Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Potential Drugs against Malaria. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185711. [PMID: 34577183 PMCID: PMC8467436 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite many efforts, malaria remains among the most problematic infectious diseases worldwide, mainly due to the development of drug resistance by P. falciparum. Over the past decade, new essential pathways have been emerged to fight against malaria. Among them, epigenetic processes and mitochondrial metabolism appear to be important targets. This review will focus on recent evolutions concerning worldwide efforts to conceive, synthesize and evaluate new drug candidates interfering selectively and efficiently with these two targets and pathways. The focus will be on compounds/scaffolds that possess biological/pharmacophoric properties on DNA methyltransferases and HDAC’s for epigenetics, and on cytochrome bc1 and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase for mitochondrion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L. Koumpoura
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, Inserm ERL 1289, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, CEDEX 4, F-31077 Toulouse, France; (C.L.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Anne Robert
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, Inserm ERL 1289, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, CEDEX 4, F-31077 Toulouse, France; (C.L.K.); (A.R.)
| | | | - Michel Baltas
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, Inserm ERL 1289, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, CEDEX 4, F-31077 Toulouse, France; (C.L.K.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Parmar DR, Soni JY, Guduru R, Rayani RH, Kusurkar RV, Vala AG. Azetidines of pharmacological interest. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2100062. [PMID: 34184778 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Azetidines are almost unexplored among nitrogen-containing saturated heterocycles due to difficulties associated with their synthesis. However, over the past few years, attempts have been made by scientists to advance their synthetic feasibility. Compounds with the azetidine moiety display an important and diverse range of pharmacological activities, such as anticancer, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antischizophrenic, antimalarial, antiobesity, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiviral, antioxidant, analgesic, and dopamine antagonist activities, and are also useful for the treatment of central nervous system disorders and so forth. Owing to its satisfactory stability, molecular rigidity, and chemical and biological properties, azetidine has emerged as a valuable scaffold and it has drawn the attention of medicinal researchers. The present review sheds light on the traditional method of synthesis of azetidine and advancements in synthetic methodology over the past few years, along with its application with various examples, and its biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa R Parmar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Science, Madhav University, Sirohi, Rajasthan, India.,Piramal Pharma Limited-Discovery Solutions, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Jigar Y Soni
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Science, Madhav University, Sirohi, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Rahul H Rayani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Science, Madhav University, Sirohi, Rajasthan, India.,Piramal Pharma Limited-Discovery Solutions, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakesh V Kusurkar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Science, Madhav University, Sirohi, Rajasthan, India.,Piramal Pharma Limited-Discovery Solutions, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Anand G Vala
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Science, Madhav University, Sirohi, Rajasthan, India.,Piramal Pharma Limited-Discovery Solutions, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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10
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Yang T, Ottilie S, Istvan ES, Godinez-Macias KP, Lukens AK, Baragaña B, Campo B, Walpole C, Niles JC, Chibale K, Dechering KJ, Llinás M, Lee MCS, Kato N, Wyllie S, McNamara CW, Gamo FJ, Burrows J, Fidock DA, Goldberg DE, Gilbert IH, Wirth DF, Winzeler EA. MalDA, Accelerating Malaria Drug Discovery. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:493-507. [PMID: 33648890 PMCID: PMC8261838 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Malaria Drug Accelerator (MalDA) is a consortium of 15 leading scientific laboratories. The aim of MalDA is to improve and accelerate the early antimalarial drug discovery process by identifying new, essential, druggable targets. In addition, it seeks to produce early lead inhibitors that may be advanced into drug candidates suitable for preclinical development and subsequent clinical testing in humans. By sharing resources, including expertise, knowledge, materials, and reagents, the consortium strives to eliminate the structural barriers often encountered in the drug discovery process. Here we discuss the mission of the consortium and its scientific achievements, including the identification of new chemically and biologically validated targets, as well as future scientific directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sabine Ottilie
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eva S Istvan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Karla P Godinez-Macias
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amanda K Lukens
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Beatriz Baragaña
- Wellcome Center for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Brice Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Chris Walpole
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jacquin C Niles
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Building 56-341, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA 02139-4307, USA
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | | | - Manuel Llinás
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Chemistry, Huck Center for Malaria Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16082, USA
| | - Marcus C S Lee
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Nobutaka Kato
- Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Zhongguancun Dongsheng International Science Park, 1 North Yongtaizhuang Road, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Susan Wyllie
- Wellcome Center for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Case W McNamara
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Francisco Javier Gamo
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jeremy Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Daniel E Goldberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Ian H Gilbert
- Wellcome Center for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Dyann F Wirth
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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11
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Takeda Y, Toyoda K, Sameera WMC, Tohnai N, Minakata S. Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective and Stereospecific Ring‐Opening Suzuki‐Miyaura Arylative Cross‐Coupling of 2‐Arylazetidines with Arylboronic Acids. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youhei Takeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University Yamadaoka 2-1 Suita Osaka 5650871 Japan
| | - Kazuya Toyoda
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University Yamadaoka 2-1 Suita Osaka 5650871 Japan
| | - W. M. C. Sameera
- Institute of Low Temperature Science Hokkaido University North 19 Kita-ku, Sapporo Hokkaido 0600819 Japan
| | - Norimitsu Tohnai
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University Yamadaoka 2-1 Suita Osaka 5650871 Japan
| | - Satoshi Minakata
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University Yamadaoka 2-1 Suita Osaka 5650871 Japan
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12
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Ibrahim ZY, Uzairu A, Shallangwa GA, Abechi SE. Application of QSAR Method in the Design of Enhanced Antimalarial Derivatives of Azetidine-2-carbonitriles, their Molecular Docking, Drug-likeness, and SwissADME Properties. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 20:254-270. [PMID: 34903987 PMCID: PMC8653669 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2021.114536.14901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of the P. falciparum strain to some of the antimalarial drugs has been a dominant dilemma facing the treatment of this fetid disease. This necessitates the detection and development of new antimalarial agents targeting the P. falciparum. Azetidine-2-carbonitriles reported for its antimalarial activities, could provide an alternative to the customized antimalarial drugs. Leading to the use of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies, which relates the structures of Azetidine-2-carbonitriles with their activities to generate predictive models. The structures were optimized using density functional theory (DFT) DFT/B3LYP/6-31G* basis set to generate their molecular descriptors, where five predictive models were constructed using the generated descriptors. The models were constructed using the genetic function algorithm component of a material studio, where the model with good statistical parameters, high coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.9465, cross-validated R2 (Q2cv) = 0.8981, Q2 (L4O)cv = 0.9272, and highest external validated R2 (R2 pred) = 0.6915 was selected as the best model. These statistical results show the robustness, excellent power of prediction, and validity of the selected model. The descriptor, SpMax2_Bhp (the maximum absolute eigenvalue of Barysz matrix for n = 2 was weighted by polarizability), was revealed to be the most influential in the model due to its highest mean effect. The descriptor played a role in the design of sixteen (16) theoretical derivatives of Azetidine-2-carbonitriles using compound 25 as the design template by increasing polarizability of the compounds through substitution of the various group with electron deactivating groups (F, I, Cl, SO3H, CN, NO2, etc.) at different position of the template. The designed compounds were docked with Plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (Pf-DHODH), giving compound D9 the highest binding energy. The designed compounds were further screened for their drug-likeness, where they all pass Lipinski's RO5. All the compounds show good skin permeability coefficient and have low Gastrointestinal absorption while few compounds D1, D2, D3, D14, and D15 inhibiting the CYP1A2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakari Ya’u Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B 1045, Zaria. Nigeria.
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13
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Parmar DR, Rayani RH, Vala AG, Kusurkar RV, Manvar RK, Talukdar SN, Preeti, Zunjar V, Battula S, Soni JY. Design, Synthesis, In Silico Studies and In Vitro Anticancer Activity of 3‐(4‐Methoxyphenyl)azetidine Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepa R. Parmar
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences Madhav University Abu Road Sirohi Rajasthan India
| | - Rahul H. Rayani
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences Madhav University Abu Road Sirohi Rajasthan India
| | - Anand G. Vala
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences Madhav University Abu Road Sirohi Rajasthan India
| | - Rakesh V. Kusurkar
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences Madhav University Abu Road Sirohi Rajasthan India
| | - Roshani K. Manvar
- Piramal Research Lab Piramal Enterprises Limited - Discovery Solutions Plot no. 18, Pharmaceutical Special Economic Zone, Village Matoda Ahmedabad, Gujarat India
| | - Sahista N. Talukdar
- In Vitro Department Piramal Enterprises Limited - Discovery Solutions Plot no. 18, Pharmaceutical Special Economic Zone, Village Matoda Ahmedabad, Gujarat India
| | - Preeti
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University (BHU) Varanasi India
| | - Vishwanath Zunjar
- School of Engineering and Technology Navrachana University Vadodara Gujarat India
| | | | - Jigar Y. Soni
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences Madhav University Abu Road Sirohi Rajasthan India
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14
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Madhav H, Hoda N. An insight into the recent development of the clinical candidates for the treatment of malaria and their target proteins. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 210:112955. [PMID: 33131885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is an endemic disease, prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions which cost half of million deaths annually. The eradication of malaria is one of the global health priority nevertheless, current therapeutic efforts seem to be insufficient due to the emergence of drug resistance towards most of the available drugs, even first-line treatment ACT, unavailability of the vaccine, and lack of drugs with a new mechanism of action. Intensification of antimalarial research in recent years has resulted into the development of single dose multistage therapeutic agents which has advantage of overcoming the antimalarial drug resistance. The present review explored the current progress in the development of new promising antimalarials against prominent target proteins that have the potential to be a clinical candidate. Here, we also reviewed different aspects of drug resistance and highlighted new drug candidates that are currently in a clinical trial or clinical development, along with a few other molecules with excellent antimalarial activity overs ACTs. The summarized scientific value of previous approaches and structural features of antimalarials related to the activity are highlighted that will be helpful for the development of next-generation antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Madhav
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India.
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India.
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15
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Silveira FF, de Souza JO, Hoelz LVB, Campos VR, Jabor VAP, Aguiar ACC, Nonato MC, Albuquerque MG, Guido RVC, Boechat N, Pinheiro LCS. Comparative study between the anti-P. falciparum activity of triazolopyrimidine, pyrazolopyrimidine and quinoline derivatives and the identification of new PfDHODH inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 209:112941. [PMID: 33158577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we designed and synthesized 35 new triazolopyrimidine, pyrazolopyrimidine and quinoline derivatives as P. falciparum inhibitors (3D7 strain). Thirty compounds exhibited anti-P. falciparum activity, with IC50 values ranging from 0.030 to 9.1 μM. The [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives were more potent than the pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine and quinoline analogues. Compounds 20, 21, 23 and 24 were the most potent inhibitors, with IC50 values in the range of 0.030-0.086 μM and were equipotent to chloroquine. In addition, the compounds were selective, showing no cytotoxic activity against the human hepatoma cell line HepG2. All [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives inhibited PfDHODH activity in the low micromolar to low nanomolar range (IC50 values of 0.08-1.3 μM) and did not show significant inhibition against the HsDHODH homologue (0-30% at 50 μM). Molecular docking studies indicated the binding mode of [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives to PfDHODH, and the highest interaction affinities for the PfDHODH enzyme were in agreement with the in vitro experimental evaluation. Thus, the most active compounds against P. falciparum parasites 20 (R = CF3, R1 = F; IC50 = 0.086 μM), 21 (R = CF3; R1 = CH3; IC50 = 0.032 μM), 23, (R = CF3, R1 = CF3; IC50 = 0.030 μM) and 24 (R = CF3, 2-naphthyl; IC50 = 0.050 μM) and the most active inhibitor against PfDHODH 19 (R = CF3, R1 = Cl; IC50 = 0.08 μM - PfDHODH) stood out as new lead compounds for antimalarial drug discovery. Their potent in vitro activity against P. falciparum and the selective inhibition of the PfDHODH enzyme strongly suggest that this is the mechanism of action underlying this series of new [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia F Silveira
- Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz. Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21041-250, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, PGQu Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana O de Souza
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. João Dagnone, 1.100, Jd. Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas V B Hoelz
- Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz. Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21041-250, Brazil
| | - Vinícius R Campos
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Valquíria A P Jabor
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n Monte Alegre, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Anna C C Aguiar
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. João Dagnone, 1.100, Jd. Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - M Cristina Nonato
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n Monte Alegre, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Magaly G Albuquerque
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, PGQu Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael V C Guido
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. João Dagnone, 1.100, Jd. Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Nubia Boechat
- Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz. Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21041-250, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, PGQu Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Luiz C S Pinheiro
- Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz. Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21041-250, Brazil.
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16
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Delany PK, Mortimer CL, Hodgson DM. Electrophile dependent mechanisms in the asymmetric trapping of α-lithio- N-( tert-butoxythiocarbonyl)azetidine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12174-12177. [PMID: 32910117 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05396a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sn-Li exchange and 'poor man's Hoffmann tests' establish asymmetric trapping of α-lithio-N-(tert-butoxythiocarbonyl) (Botc) azetidine to be controlled by dynamic thermodynamic resolution or dynamic kinetic resolution, depending on the electrophile. Unusually, different configurational stability is seen for the anion generated by lithiation compared to transmetallation. Configurational stability of α-lithio-N-Boc azetidine indicates instability with the N-Botc system is due to the C[double bond, length as m-dash]S group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal K Delany
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Claire L Mortimer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - David M Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
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17
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Hippman RS, Pavlinov I, Gao Q, Mavlyanova MK, Gerlach EM, Aldrich LN. Multiple Chemical Features Impact Biological Performance Diversity of a Highly Active Natural Product-Inspired Library. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3137-3145. [PMID: 32558167 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A systematic, diversity-oriented synthesis approach was employed to access a natural product-inspired flavonoid library with diverse chemical features, including chemical properties, scaffold, stereochemistry, and appendages. Using Cell Painting, the effects of these diversity elements were evaluated, and multiple chemical features that predict biological performance diversity were identified. Scaffold identity appears to be the dominant predictor of performance diversity, but stereochemistry and appendages also contribute to a lesser degree. In addition, the diversity of chemical properties contributed to performance diversity, and the driving chemical property was dependent on the scaffold. These results highlight the importance of key chemical features that may inform the creation of small-molecule, performance-diverse libraries to improve the efficiency and success of high-throughput screening campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Hippman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Ivan Pavlinov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Qiwen Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Michelle K Mavlyanova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Erica M Gerlach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Leslie N Aldrich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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18
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Bonepally KR, Takahashi N, Matsuoka N, Koi H, Mizoguchi H, Hiruma T, Ochiai K, Suzuki S, Yamagishi Y, Oikawa H, Ishiyama A, Hokari R, Iwatsuki M, Otoguro K, O Mura S, Kato N, Oguri H. Rapid and Systematic Exploration of Chemical Space Relevant to Artemisinins: Anti-malarial Activities of Skeletally Diversified Tetracyclic Peroxides and 6-Aza-artemisinins. J Org Chem 2020; 85:9694-9712. [PMID: 32610901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To achieve both structural changes and rapid synthesis of the tetracyclic scaffold relevant to artemisinins, we explored two kinds of de novo synthetic approaches that generate both skeletally diversified tetracyclic peroxides and 6-aza-artemisinins. The anti-malarial activities of the tetracyclic peroxides with distinct skeletal arrays, however, were moderate and far inferior to artemisinins. Given the privileged scaffold of artemisinins, we next envisioned element implantation at the C6 position with a nitrogen without the trimmings of substituents and functional groups. This molecular design allowed the deep-seated structural modification of the hitherto unexplored cyclohexane moiety (C-ring) while keeping the three-dimensional structure of artemisinins. Notably, this approach induced dramatic changes of retrosynthetic transforms that allow an expeditious catalytic asymmetric synthesis with generation of substitutional variations at three sites (N6, C9, and C3) of the 6-aza-artemisinins. These de novo synthetic approaches led to the lead discovery with substantial intensification of the in vivo activities, which undermine the prevailing notion that the C-ring of artemisinins appears to be merely a structural unit but to be a functional area as the anti-malarial pharmacophore. Furthermore, we unexpectedly found that racemic 6-aza-artemisinin (33) exerted exceedingly potent in vivo efficacies superior to the chiral one and the first-line drug, artesunate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunakar Reddy Bonepally
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Norihito Takahashi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Naoya Matsuoka
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hikari Koi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Haruki Mizoguchi
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 8, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takahisa Hiruma
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 8, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kyohei Ochiai
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 8, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Shun Suzuki
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 8, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamagishi
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 8, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hideaki Oikawa
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 8, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Aki Ishiyama
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases, O̅mura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Rei Hokari
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases, O̅mura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Masato Iwatsuki
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases, O̅mura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Otoguro
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases, O̅mura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Satoshi O Mura
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases, O̅mura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Kato
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Hiroki Oguri
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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19
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Andresini M, Degennaro L, Luisi R. The renaissance of strained 1-azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes as useful reagents for the synthesis of functionalized azetidines. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5798-5810. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01251c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery in the late 1960s, 1-azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes have demonstrated to be interesting precursors of azetidines, because of the peculiar reactivity of the C3–N bond that allows double functionalization in the 1,3 positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Andresini
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences
- University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4
- Bari 70125
- Italy
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences
- University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4
- Bari 70125
- Italy
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences
- University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4
- Bari 70125
- Italy
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20
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Delany PK, Hodgson DM. Synthesis and Homologation of an Azetidin-2-yl Boronic Ester with α-Lithioalkyl Triisopropylbenzoates. Org Lett 2019; 21:9981-9984. [PMID: 31800252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An α-boryl azetidine, obtained by α-lithiation-borylation of N-Botc azetidine, undergoes reaction with α-triisopropylbenzoyloxy organolithiums to give homologated boronic esters that can be further oxidized, homologated, arylated, and deprotected to give a range of α-substituted azetidines. Scalemic α-boryl azetidine-α-triisopropylbenzoyloxy organolithium pairings show stereospecific reagent control, providing access to either diastereomeric series of homologated boronic esters with very high er's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal K Delany
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , U.K
| | - David M Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , U.K
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21
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Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors in anti-infective drug research. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 183:111681. [PMID: 31557612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pyrimidines are essential for the cell survival and proliferation of living parasitic organisms, such as Helicobacter pylori, Plasmodium falciparum and Schistosoma mansoni, that are able to impact upon human health. Pyrimidine building blocks, in human cells, are synthesised via both de novo biosynthesis and salvage pathways, the latter of which is an effective way of recycling pre-existing nucleotides. As many parasitic organisms lack pyrimidine salvage pathways for pyrimidine nucleotides, blocking de novo biosynthesis is seen as an effective therapeutic means to selectively target the parasite without effecting the human host. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), which is involved in the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidines, is a validated target for anti-infective drug research. Recent advances in the DHODH microorganism field are discussed herein, as is the potential for the development of DHODH-targeted therapeutics.
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22
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Rando DG, da Costa MO, Pavani TF, Oliveira T, dos Santos PF, Amorim CR, Pinto PL, de Brito MG, Silva MP, Roquini DB, de Moraes J. Vanillin-Related N-Acylhydrazones: Synthesis, Antischistosomal Properties and Target Fishing Studies. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1241-1251. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190620163237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Schistosomiasis is a neglected disease, which affects millions of people in developing
countries. Its treatment relies on a single therapeutic alternative, the praziquantel. This situation
may lead to drug resistance which, in turn, made urgent the need for new antischistosomal agents. Nacylhydrazones
are usually explored as good antimicrobial agents, but the vanillin-related N-acylhydrazones
have never been tested by their antiparasitic potential.
Objective:
Herein, we report the synthesis of seven analogues, three of them unpublished, their biological
investigation against Schistosoma mansoni and Target Fishing studies.
Methods:
The compounds were synthesized following classical synthetical approaches. The anthelmintic
potential was assessed as well as their cytotoxicity profile. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and target
fishing study were performed to better understand the observed antischistosomal activity.
Results:
Compound GPQF-407 exhibited good antischistosomal activity (47.91 µM) with suitable selectivity
index (4.14). Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that it triggered severe tegumental destruction
and tubercle disintegration. Target fishing studies pointed out some probable targets, such as the
serine-threonine kinases, dihydroorotate dehydrogenases and carbonic anhydrase II.
Conclusion:
The GPQF-407 was revealed to be a promising antischistosomal agent which, besides presenting
the N-acylhydrazone privileged scaffold, also could be easily synthesized on large scales from
commercially available materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela G.G. Rando
- Grupo de Pesquisas Quimico-Farmaceuticas, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientais, Quimicas e Farmaceuticas, Departamento de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcela O.L. da Costa
- Grupo de Pesquisas Quimico-Farmaceuticas, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientais, Quimicas e Farmaceuticas, Departamento de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais F.A. Pavani
- Grupo de Pesquisas Quimico-Farmaceuticas, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientais, Quimicas e Farmaceuticas, Departamento de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Oliveira
- Grupo de Pesquisas Quimico-Farmaceuticas, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientais, Quimicas e Farmaceuticas, Departamento de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Paloma F. dos Santos
- Grupo de Pesquisas Quimico-Farmaceuticas, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientais, Quimicas e Farmaceuticas, Departamento de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Carina R. Amorim
- Grupo de Pesquisas Quimico-Farmaceuticas, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientais, Quimicas e Farmaceuticas, Departamento de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro L.S. Pinto
- Nucleo de Enteroparasitas, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana G. de Brito
- Nucleo de Pesquisa em Doencas Negligenciadas, Universidade Guarulhos, Praca Tereza Cristina, 229, Centro, 07023-070, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos P.N. Silva
- Nucleo de Pesquisa em Doencas Negligenciadas, Universidade Guarulhos, Praca Tereza Cristina, 229, Centro, 07023-070, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel B. Roquini
- Nucleo de Pesquisa em Doencas Negligenciadas, Universidade Guarulhos, Praca Tereza Cristina, 229, Centro, 07023-070, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Josué de Moraes
- Nucleo de Pesquisa em Doencas Negligenciadas, Universidade Guarulhos, Praca Tereza Cristina, 229, Centro, 07023-070, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil
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23
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Reidl TW, Anderson LL. Divergent Functionalizations of Azetidines and Unsaturated Azetidines. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler W. Reidl
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Chicago 845 W. Taylor St. Chicago, IL USA
| | - Laura L. Anderson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Chicago 845 W. Taylor St. Chicago, IL USA
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24
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Dubois MAJ, Lazaridou A, Choi C, Mousseau JJ, Bull JA. Synthesis of 3-Aryl-3-Sulfanyl Azetidines by Iron-Catalyzed Thiol Alkylation with N-Cbz Azetidinols. J Org Chem 2019; 84:5943-5956. [PMID: 30973723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
New small-ring derivatives can provide valuable motifs in new chemical space for drug design. 3-Aryl-3-sulfanyl azetidines are synthesized directly from azetidine-3-ols in excellent yield by a mild Fe-catalyzed thiol alkylation. A broad range of thiols and azetidinols bearing electron-donating aromatics are successful, proceeding via an azetidine carbocation. The N-carboxybenzyl group is a requirement for good reactivity and enables the NH-azetidine to be revealed. Further reactions of the azetidine sulfides demonstrate their potential for incorporation in drug discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryne A J Dubois
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus , Wood Lane , London W12 0BZ , U.K
| | - Anna Lazaridou
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus , Wood Lane , London W12 0BZ , U.K
| | - Chulho Choi
- Pfizer Medicinal Sciences , 445 Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - James J Mousseau
- Pfizer Medicinal Sciences , 445 Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - James A Bull
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus , Wood Lane , London W12 0BZ , U.K
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25
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Nonato MC, de Pádua RA, David JS, Reis RA, Tomaleri GP, D'Muniz Pereira H, Calil FA. Structural basis for the design of selective inhibitors for Schistosoma mansoni dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. Biochimie 2019; 158:180-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Denis C, Dubois MAJ, Voisin-Chiret AS, Bureau R, Choi C, Mousseau JJ, Bull JA. Synthesis of 3,3-Diarylazetidines by Calcium(II)-Catalyzed Friedel-Crafts Reaction of Azetidinols with Unexpected Cbz Enhanced Reactivity. Org Lett 2019; 21:300-304. [PMID: 30582708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Azetidines are valuable motifs that readily access under explored chemical space for drug discovery. 3,3-Diarylazetidines are prepared in high yield from N-Cbz azetidinols in a calcium(II)-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts alkylation of (hetero)aromatics and phenols, including complex phenols such as β-estradiol. Electron poor phenols undergo O-alkylation. The product azetidines can be derivatized to drug-like compounds through the azetidine nitrogen and the aromatic groups. The N-Cbz group is crucial to reactivity by providing stabilization of an intermediate carbocation on the four-membered ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Denis
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ , U.K.,Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, EA 4258 , CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie) - FR CNRS INC3M, Caen , France
| | - Maryne A J Dubois
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ , U.K
| | - Anne Sophie Voisin-Chiret
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, EA 4258 , CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie) - FR CNRS INC3M, Caen , France
| | - Ronan Bureau
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, EA 4258 , CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie) - FR CNRS INC3M, Caen , France
| | - Chulho Choi
- Pfizer Global Research and Development , 445 Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - James J Mousseau
- Pfizer Global Research and Development , 445 Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - James A Bull
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ , U.K
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27
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Wright K, Drouillat B, Menguy L, Marrot J, Couty F. 3-Bromo N
-Alkyl Cyanamides as Versatile Building Blocks. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Wright
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles; UMR 8180; Université de Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines; Université Paris Saclay; 45 av. des Etats-Unis 78035 Versailles Cedex France
| | - Bruno Drouillat
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles; UMR 8180; Université de Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines; Université Paris Saclay; 45 av. des Etats-Unis 78035 Versailles Cedex France
| | - Laurence Menguy
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles; UMR 8180; Université de Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines; Université Paris Saclay; 45 av. des Etats-Unis 78035 Versailles Cedex France
| | - Jérôme Marrot
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles; UMR 8180; Université de Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines; Université Paris Saclay; 45 av. des Etats-Unis 78035 Versailles Cedex France
| | - François Couty
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles; UMR 8180; Université de Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines; Université Paris Saclay; 45 av. des Etats-Unis 78035 Versailles Cedex France
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28
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Andresini M, De Angelis S, Uricchio A, Visaggio A, Romanazzi G, Ciriaco F, Corriero N, Degennaro L, Luisi R. Azetidine-Borane Complexes: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Stereoselective Functionalization. J Org Chem 2018; 83:10221-10230. [PMID: 30024756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports, for the first time, the synthesis and structural features of azetidine-borane complexes, as well as their reactivity in lithiation reactions. A temperature-dependent stereoselectivity has been disclosed in the reaction of borane with N-alkyl-2-arylazetidines, allowing for a stereoselective preparation of azetidine-borane complexes 2 and 3. A regioselective hydrogen/lithium permutation, at the benzylic position, was observed in lithiation reactions of complexes possessing a syn relationship, between the ring proton and the BH3 group. In contrast, scarce or no reactivity was noticed in complexes lacking such a stereochemical requirement. The configurational stability of the lithiated intermediates has also been investigated, in order to shed some light on the stereoselectivity of the lithiation/electrophile trapping sequence. Calculations helped in supporting experimental observations, concerning structure and reactivity of these azetidine-borane complexes. Data suggest that the BH3 group could promote the lithiation reaction likely by an electrostatic complex induced proximity effect. Interestingly, a new synthetic strategy for the synthesis of N-alkyl-2,2-disubstituted azetidines has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Andresini
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences , University of Bari "A. Moro" , Via E. Orabona 4 , Bari 70125 , Italy
| | - Sonia De Angelis
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences , University of Bari "A. Moro" , Via E. Orabona 4 , Bari 70125 , Italy
| | - Antonella Uricchio
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences , University of Bari "A. Moro" , Via E. Orabona 4 , Bari 70125 , Italy
| | - Angelica Visaggio
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences , University of Bari "A. Moro" , Via E. Orabona 4 , Bari 70125 , Italy
| | | | - Fulvio Ciriaco
- Department of Chemistry , University of Bari "A. Moro" , Via E. Orabona 4 , Bari 70125 , Italy
| | - Nicola Corriero
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR , Via Amendola 122/O , Bari 70125 , Italy
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences , University of Bari "A. Moro" , Via E. Orabona 4 , Bari 70125 , Italy
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences , University of Bari "A. Moro" , Via E. Orabona 4 , Bari 70125 , Italy
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29
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Miyazaki Y, Inaoka DK, Shiba T, Saimoto H, Sakura T, Amalia E, Kido Y, Sakai C, Nakamura M, Moore AL, Harada S, Kita K. Selective Cytotoxicity of Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors to Human Cancer Cells Under Hypoxia and Nutrient-Deprived Conditions. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:997. [PMID: 30233375 PMCID: PMC6131557 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (HsDHODH) is a key enzyme of pyrimidine de novo biosynthesis pathway. It is located on the mitochondrial inner membrane and contributes to the respiratory chain by shuttling electrons to the ubiquinone pool. We have discovered ascofuranone (1), a natural compound produced by Acremonium sclerotigenum, and its derivatives are a potent class of HsDHODH inhibitors. We conducted a structure–activity relationship study and have identified functional groups of 1 that are essential for the inhibition of HsDHODH enzymatic activity. Furthermore, the binding mode of 1 and its derivatives to HsDHODH was demonstrated by co-crystallographic analysis and we show that these inhibitors bind at the ubiquinone binding site. In addition, the cytotoxicities of 1 and its potent derivatives 7, 8, and 9 were studied using human cultured cancer cells. Interestingly, they showed selective and strong cytotoxicity to cancer cells cultured under microenvironment (hypoxia and nutrient-deprived) conditions. The selectivity ratio of 8 under this microenvironment show the most potent inhibition which was over 1000-fold higher compared to that under normal culture condition. Our studies suggest that under microenvironment conditions, cancer cells heavily depend on the pyrimidine de novo biosynthesis pathway. We also provide the first evidence that 1 and its derivatives are potential lead candidates for drug development which target the HsDHODH of cancer cells living under a tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Miyazaki
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel K Inaoka
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Host-Defense Biochemistry, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tomoo Shiba
- Department of Applied Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Saimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Takaya Sakura
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Eri Amalia
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Kido
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Chika Sakai
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Nakamura
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anthony L Moore
- Biochemistry and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Shigeharu Harada
- Department of Applied Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kita
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Host-Defense Biochemistry, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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30
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Gerry CJ, Schreiber SL. Chemical probes and drug leads from advances in synthetic planning and methodology. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2018; 17:333-352. [PMID: 29651105 PMCID: PMC6707071 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2018.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Screening of small-molecule libraries is a productive method for identifying both chemical probes of disease-related targets and potential starting points for drug discovery. In this article, we focus on strategies such as diversity-oriented synthesis that aim to explore novel areas of chemical space efficiently by populating small-molecule libraries with compounds containing structural features that are typically under-represented in commercially available screening collections. Drawing from more than a decade's worth of examples, we highlight how the design and synthesis of such libraries have been enabled by modern synthetic chemistry, and we illustrate the impact of the resultant chemical probes and drug leads in a wide range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Gerry
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of Harvard & MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of Harvard & MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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31
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Luth MR, Gupta P, Ottilie S, Winzeler EA. Using in Vitro Evolution and Whole Genome Analysis To Discover Next Generation Targets for Antimalarial Drug Discovery. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:301-314. [PMID: 29451780 PMCID: PMC5848146 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Although
many new anti-infectives have been discovered and developed solely
using phenotypic cellular screening and assay optimization, most researchers
recognize that structure-guided drug design is more practical and
less costly. In addition, a greater chemical space can be interrogated
with structure-guided drug design. The practicality of structure-guided
drug design has launched a search for the targets of compounds discovered
in phenotypic screens. One method that has been used extensively in
malaria parasites for target discovery and chemical validation is in vitro evolution and whole genome analysis (IVIEWGA).
Here, small molecules from phenotypic screens with demonstrated antiparasitic
activity are used in genome-based target discovery methods. In this
Review, we discuss the newest, most promising druggable targets discovered
or further validated by evolution-based methods, as well as some exceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline R. Luth
- Division of Host Pathogen Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Purva Gupta
- Division of Host Pathogen Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Sabine Ottilie
- Division of Host Pathogen Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Winzeler
- Division of Host Pathogen Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Skaggs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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32
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Helgren TR, Xu LL, Sotelo D, Mehta YR, Korkmaz MA, Pavlinov I, Aldrich LN. Microwave‐Assisted, Asymmetric Synthesis of 3‐Amino‐2,3‐Dihydrobenzofuran Flavonoid Derivatives from Chalcones. Chemistry 2018; 24:4509-4514. [PMID: 29446184 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Travis R. Helgren
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Lianyan L. Xu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Daniel Sotelo
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Yash R. Mehta
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Melissa A. Korkmaz
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Ivan Pavlinov
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Leslie N. Aldrich
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street Chicago IL 60607 USA
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33
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Poonam, Gupta Y, Gupta N, Singh S, Wu L, Chhikara BS, Rawat M, Rathi B. Multistage inhibitors of the malaria parasite: Emerging hope for chemoprotection and malaria eradication. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1511-1535. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Poonam
- Department of Chemistry; Miranda House, University of Delhi; India
| | - Yash Gupta
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR); New Delhi India
| | - Nikesh Gupta
- Special Centre for Nanosciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Snigdha Singh
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry; Hansraj College University Enclave, University of Delhi; Delhi India
| | - Lidong Wu
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA USA
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products; Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Beijing China
| | | | - Manmeet Rawat
- Department of Internal Medicine; University of New Mexico School of Medicine; Albuquerque NM USA
| | - Brijesh Rathi
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry; Hansraj College University Enclave, University of Delhi; Delhi India
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA USA
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34
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Tian J, Vandermosten L, Peigneur S, Moreels L, Rozenski J, Tytgat J, Herdewijn P, Van den Steen PE, De Jonghe S. Astemizole analogues with reduced hERG inhibition as potent antimalarial compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:6332-6344. [PMID: 29042223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Astemizole is a H1-antagonist endowed with antimalarial activity, but has hERG liabilities. Systematic structural modifications of astemizole led to the discovery of analogues that display very potent activity as inhibitors of the growth of the Plasmodium parasite, but show a decreased hERG inhibition, when compared to astemizole. These compounds can be used as starting point for the development of a new class of antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Tian
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Vandermosten
- Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steve Peigneur
- KU Leuven, Toxicology and Pharmacology, Campus Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing 2, Herestraat 49, PO Box 922, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lien Moreels
- KU Leuven, Toxicology and Pharmacology, Campus Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing 2, Herestraat 49, PO Box 922, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jef Rozenski
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tytgat
- KU Leuven, Toxicology and Pharmacology, Campus Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing 2, Herestraat 49, PO Box 922, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe E Van den Steen
- Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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35
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Maetani M, Zoller J, Melillo B, Verho O, Kato N, Pu J, Comer E, Schreiber SL. Synthesis of a Bicyclic Azetidine with In Vivo Antimalarial Activity Enabled by Stereospecific, Directed C(sp 3)-H Arylation. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11300-11306. [PMID: 28732448 PMCID: PMC5561537 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
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The development of new antimalarial
therapeutics is necessary to address the increasing resistance to
current drugs. Bicyclic azetidines targeting Plasmodium falciparum phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase comprise one promising new class of
antimalarials, especially due to their activities against three stages
of the parasite’s life cycle, but a lengthy synthetic route
to these compounds may affect the feasibility of delivering new therapeutic
agents within the cost constraints of antimalarial drugs. Here, we
report an efficient synthesis of antimalarial compound BRD3914 (EC50 = 15 nM) that hinges on a Pd-catalyzed, directed C(sp3)–H arylation of azetidines at the C3 position. This
newly developed protocol exhibits a broad substrate scope and provides
access to valuable, stereochemically defined building blocks. BRD3914
was evaluated in P. falciparum-infected mice,
providing a cure after four oral doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah Maetani
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,Broad Institute , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jochen Zoller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,Broad Institute , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Bruno Melillo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,Broad Institute , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Oscar Verho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,Broad Institute , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Nobutaka Kato
- Broad Institute , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jun Pu
- Broad Institute , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Eamon Comer
- Broad Institute , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,Broad Institute , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Cambridge, Massachussetts 02138, United States
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36
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Reis RAG, Calil FA, Feliciano PR, Pinheiro MP, Nonato MC. The dihydroorotate dehydrogenases: Past and present. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 632:175-191. [PMID: 28666740 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The flavoenzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase catalyzes the stereoselective oxidation of (S)-dihydroorotate to orotate in the fourth of the six conserved enzymatic reactions involved in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. Inhibition of pyrimidine metabolism by selectively targeting DHODHs has been exploited in the development of new therapies against cancer, immunological disorders, bacterial and viral infections, and parasitic diseases. Through a chronological narrative, this review summarizes the efforts of the scientific community to achieve our current understanding of structural and biochemical properties of DHODHs. It also attempts to describe the latest advances in medicinal chemistry for therapeutic development based on the selective inhibition of DHODH, including an overview of the experimental techniques used for ligand screening during the process of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata A G Reis
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States
| | - Felipe Antunes Calil
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Patricia Rosa Feliciano
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Matheus Pinto Pinheiro
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - M Cristina Nonato
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil.
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