1
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Wujieti B, Feng X, Liu E, Li D, Hao M, Zhou L, Cui W. A theoretical study on the activity and selectivity of IDO/TDO inhibitors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:16747-16764. [PMID: 38818624 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06036e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO) is a tryptophan (Trp) metabolic enzyme along the kynurenine (NFK) pathway. Under pathological conditions, IDO overexpressed by tumor cells causes depletion of tryptophan and the accumulation of metabolic products, which inhibit the local immune response and form immune escape. Therefore, the suppression of IDO activity is one of the strategies for tumor immunotherapy, and drug design for this target has been the focus of research for more than two decades. Apart from IDO, tryptophan dioxygenase (TDO) of the same family can also catalyze the same biochemical reaction in the human body, but it has different tissue distribution and substrate selectivity from IDO. Based on the principle of drug design with high potency and low cross-reactivity to specific targets, in this subject, the activity and selectivity of IDO and TDO toward small molecular inhibitors were studied from the perspective of thermodynamics and kinetics. The aim was to elucidate the structural requirements for achieving favorable biological activity and selectivity of IDO and TDO inhibitors. Specifically, the interactions of inhibitors from eight families with IDO and TDO were initially investigated through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, and the thermodynamic data for binding of inhibitors were predicted by the molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area (MM/GBSA) method. Secondly, we explored the free energy landscape of JKloops, the kinetic control element of IDO/TDO, using temperature replica exchange molecular dynamics (T-REMD) simulations and elucidated the connection between the rules of IDO/TDO conformational changes and the inhibitor selectivity mechanism. Furthermore, the binding and dissociation processes of the C1 inhibitor (NLG919) were simulated by the adaptive steering molecular dynamics (ASMD) method, which not only addressed the possible stable, metastable, and transition states for C1 inhibitor-IDO/TDO interactions, but also accurately predicted kinetic data for C1 inhibitor binding and dissociation. In conclusion, we have constructed a complete process from enzyme (IDO/TDO) conformational activation to inhibitor binding/dissociation and used the thermodynamic and kinetic data of each link as clues to verify the control mechanism of IDO/TDO on inhibitor selectivity. This is of great significance for us to understand the design principles of tumor immunotherapy drugs and to avoid drug resistance of immunotherapy drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baerlike Wujieti
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, YuQuan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xinping Feng
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, YuQuan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Erxia Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, YuQuan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Deqing Li
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, YuQuan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Mingtian Hao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, YuQuan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Luqi Zhou
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, YuQuan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wei Cui
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, YuQuan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
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2
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Mousavi H, Rimaz M, Zeynizadeh B. Practical Three-Component Regioselective Synthesis of Drug-Like 3-Aryl(or heteroaryl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[ h]cinnolines as Potential Non-Covalent Multi-Targeting Inhibitors To Combat Neurodegenerative Diseases. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1828-1881. [PMID: 38647433 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are one of the prominent health challenges facing contemporary society, and many efforts have been made to overcome and (or) control it. In this research paper, we described a practical one-pot two-step three-component reaction between 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one (1), aryl(or heteroaryl)glyoxal monohydrates (2a-h), and hydrazine monohydrate (NH2NH2•H2O) for the regioselective preparation of some 3-aryl(or heteroaryl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]cinnoline derivatives (3a-h). After synthesis and characterization of the mentioned cinnolines (3a-h), the in silico multi-targeting inhibitory properties of these heterocyclic scaffolds have been investigated upon various Homo sapiens-type enzymes, including hMAO-A, hMAO-B, hAChE, hBChE, hBACE-1, hBACE-2, hNQO-1, hNQO-2, hnNOS, hiNOS, hPARP-1, hPARP-2, hLRRK-2(G2019S), hGSK-3β, hp38α MAPK, hJNK-3, hOGA, hNMDA receptor, hnSMase-2, hIDO-1, hCOMT, hLIMK-1, hLIMK-2, hRIPK-1, hUCH-L1, hPARK-7, and hDHODH, which have confirmed their functions and roles in the neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), based on molecular docking studies, and the obtained results were compared with a wide range of approved drugs and well-known (with IC50, EC50, etc.) compounds. In addition, in silico ADMET prediction analysis was performed to examine the prospective drug properties of the synthesized heterocyclic compounds (3a-h). The obtained results from the molecular docking studies and ADMET-related data demonstrated that these series of 3-aryl(or heteroaryl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]cinnolines (3a-h), especially hit ones, can really be turned into the potent core of new drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), and/or due to the having some reactionable locations, they are able to have further organic reactions (such as cross-coupling reactions), and expansion of these compounds (for example, with using other types of aryl(or heteroaryl)glyoxal monohydrates) makes a new avenue for designing novel and efficient drugs for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mousavi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rimaz
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran 19395-3697, Iran
| | - Behzad Zeynizadeh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran
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3
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Zhang J, Yu J, Liu M, Xie Z, Lei X, Yang X, Huang S, Deng X, Wang Z, Tang G. Small-molecule modulators of tumor immune microenvironment. Bioorg Chem 2024; 145:107251. [PMID: 38442612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, tumor immunotherapy, aimed at increasing the activity of immune cells and reducing immunosuppressive effects, has attracted wide attention. Among them, immune checkpoint blocking (ICB) is the most commonly explored therapeutic approach. All approved immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are clinically effective monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Compared with biological agents, small-molecule drugs have many unique advantages in tumor immunotherapy. Therefore, they also play an important role. Immunosuppressive signals such as PD-L1, IDO1, and TGF-β, etc. overexpressed in tumor cells form the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. In addition, the efficacy of multi-pathway combined immunotherapy has also been reported and verified. Here, we mainly reviewed the mechanism of tumor immunotherapy, analyzed the research status of small-molecule modulators, and discussed drug candidates' structure-activity relationship (SAR). It provides more opportunities for further research to design more immune small-molecule modulators with novel structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Meijing Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Zhizhong Xie
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Sheng Huang
- Jiuzhitang Co., Ltd, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Xiangping Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhe Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Guotao Tang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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4
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Wang K, Ye K, Zhang X, Wang T, Qi Z, Wang Y, Jiang S, Zhang K. Dual Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Drug-Resistant Nonsmall-Cell Lung Cancer. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1027-1047. [PMID: 36595482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Depleting NAD+ by blocking its biosynthesis has emerged as an attractive anticancer strategy. Simultaneous blockade of NAD+ production from the salvage and de novo synthesis pathways by targeting NAMPT and IDO1 could achieve more effective NAD+ reduction and, subsequently, more robust antitumor efficacy. Herein, we report the discovery of the first series of dual NAMPT and IDO1 inhibitors according to multitarget drug rationales. Compound 10e has good and balanced inhibitory potencies against NAMPT and IDO1, and significantly inhibits both proliferation and migration of a NSCLC cell line resistant to taxol and FK866 (A549/R cells). Compound 10e also displays potent antitumor efficacy in A549/R xenograft mouse models with no significant toxicity. Moreover, this compound enhances the susceptibility of A549/R cells to taxol in vitro and in vivo. This work provides an efficient approach to targeting NAD+ metabolism in the area of cancer therapy, especially in the context of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaizhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ke Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhihao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Youjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Sheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Kuojun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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5
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Röhrig UF, Majjigapu SR, Vogel P, Reynaud A, Pojer F, Dilek N, Reichenbach P, Ascenção K, Irving M, Coukos G, Michielin O, Zoete V. Structure-based optimization of type III indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:1773-1811. [PMID: 35758198 PMCID: PMC9246256 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2089665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The haem enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyses the rate-limiting step in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism and plays an essential role in immunity, neuronal function, and ageing. Expression of IDO1 in cancer cells results in the suppression of an immune response, and therefore IDO1 inhibitors have been developed for use in anti-cancer immunotherapy. Here, we report an extension of our previously described highly efficient haem-binding 1,2,3-triazole and 1,2,4-triazole inhibitor series, the best compound having both enzymatic and cellular IC50 values of 34 nM. We provide enzymatic inhibition data for almost 100 new compounds and X-ray diffraction data for one compound in complex with IDO1. Structural and computational studies explain the dramatic drop in activity upon extension to pocket B, which has been observed in diverse haem-binding inhibitor scaffolds. Our data provides important insights for future IDO1 inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute F Röhrig
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Somi Reddy Majjigapu
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Vogel
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aline Reynaud
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florence Pojer
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nahzli Dilek
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Reichenbach
- Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Ludwig Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Kelly Ascenção
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melita Irving
- Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Ludwig Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Ludwig Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Ludwig Cancer Research-Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Ludwig Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
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6
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Tang K, Wang S, Gao W, Song Y, Yu B. Harnessing the cyclization strategy for new drug discovery. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:4309-4326. [PMID: 36562004 PMCID: PMC9764076 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of new ligands with high affinity and specificity against the targets of interest has been a central focus in drug discovery. As one of the most commonly used methods in drug discovery, the cyclization represents a feasible strategy to identify new lead compounds by increasing structural novelty, scaffold diversity and complexity. Such strategy could also be potentially used for the follow-on drug discovery without patent infringement. In recent years, the cyclization strategy has witnessed great success in the discovery of new lead compounds against different targets for treating various diseases. Herein, we first briefly summarize the use of the cyclization strategy in the discovery of new small-molecule lead compounds, including the proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTAC) molecules. Particularly, we focus on four main strategies including fused ring cyclization, chain cyclization, spirocyclization and macrocyclization and highlight the use of the cyclization strategy in lead generation. Finally, the challenges including the synthetic intractability, relatively poor pharmacokinetics (PK) profiles and the absence of the structural information for rational structure-based cyclization are also briefly discussed. We hope this review, not exhaustive, could provide a timely overview on the cyclization strategy for the discovery of new lead compounds.
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7
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Liu J, Hao T, Qian L, Shi M, Wei Y. Construction of Benzocyclobutenes Enabled by Visible‐Light‐Induced Triplet Biradical Atom Transfer of Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204515. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Tonggang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Ling Qian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & Institute of Fine Chemicals Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & Institute of Fine Chemicals Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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8
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Liu J, Hao T, Qian L, Shi M, Wei Y. Construction of Benzocyclobutenes Enabled by Visible‐Light‐Induced Triplet Biradical Atom Transfer of Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai CHINA
| | - Tonggang Hao
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai CHINA
| | - Ling Qian
- East China University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering Shanghai CHINA
| | - Min Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai CHINA
| | - Yin Wei
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry 345 Lingling Road 200032 Shanghai CHINA
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9
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Wang Z, Wang K, Gao X, Liu Z, Xing Z. Comprehensive analysis of the importance of PLAUR in the progression and immune microenvironment of renal clear cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269595. [PMID: 35675366 PMCID: PMC9176830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a common type of kidney cancer with a high mortality rate, and the discovery of new therapeutic markers is essential to improve patient survival. The plasminogen activator urokinase receptor (PLAUR) plays key roles in tissue remodeling and extracellular matrix degradation, which contribute to invasion and metastasis, a major feature of tumor malignancy. The role of PLAUR in ccRCC pathology has not been deeply studied. In this study, we collected the mRNA expression data of 33 tumor types, each derived from human patients obtained from TCGA database, and comprehensively analyzed the correlation between the expression of PLAUR in tumors and prognosis. Then, we studied the relationship between PLAUR expression in ccRCC and specific clinical features of ccRCC patients. In addition, we analyzed the function and mechanism of PLAUR in ccRCC. Our results showed that PLAUR was significantly overexpressed in ccRCC and that both PLAUR levels and PLAUR methylation levels significantly correlated with poor prognosis. Our results also suggest that PLAUR is involved in the progression of ccRCC. The results of functional and mechanistic analysis of PLAUR showed that PLAUR is involved in inflammatory and immune-related pathways in ccRCC; other data showed that PLAUR expression may affect the infiltration of multiple immune cell types in ccRCC and that PLAUR levels were significantly and positively correlated with the expression of immune checkpoints. In conclusion, our findings suggest that high PLAUR expression can promote the progression of ccRCC to poor prognosis, and thus PLAUR may serve as both a potential marker for predicting macrophage infiltration and immune microenvironment status and as an important immunotherapy target for ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Kunxiong Wang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Huaihua, Huaihua, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenxiang Liu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Zengshu Xing
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- * E-mail:
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10
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Mammoli A, Bianconi E, Ruta L, Riccio A, Bigiotti C, Souma M, Carotti A, Rossini S, Suvieri C, Pallotta MT, Grohmann U, Camaioni E, Macchiarulo A. Critical Assessment of a Structure-Based Screening Campaign for IDO1 Inhibitors: Tips and Pitfalls. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073981. [PMID: 35409342 PMCID: PMC8999677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) has attracted wide interest as a key player in immune regulation, fostering the design and development of small molecule inhibitors to restore immune response in tumor immunity. In this framework, biochemical, structural, and pharmacological studies have unveiled peculiar structural plasticity of IDO1, with different conformations and functional states that are coupled to fine regulation of its catalytic activity and non-enzymic functions. The large plasticity of IDO1 may affect its ligand recognition process, generating bias in structure-based drug design campaigns. In this work, we report a screening campaign of a fragment library of compounds, grounding on the use of three distinct conformations of IDO1 that recapitulate its structural plasticity to some extent. Results are instrumental to discuss tips and pitfalls that, due to the large plasticity of the enzyme, may influence the identification of novel and differentiated chemical scaffolds of IDO1 ligands in structure-based screening campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mammoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo n.1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (A.M.); (E.B.); (L.R.); (A.R.); (C.B.); (M.S.); (A.C.); (E.C.)
| | - Elisa Bianconi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo n.1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (A.M.); (E.B.); (L.R.); (A.R.); (C.B.); (M.S.); (A.C.); (E.C.)
| | - Luana Ruta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo n.1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (A.M.); (E.B.); (L.R.); (A.R.); (C.B.); (M.S.); (A.C.); (E.C.)
| | - Alessandra Riccio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo n.1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (A.M.); (E.B.); (L.R.); (A.R.); (C.B.); (M.S.); (A.C.); (E.C.)
| | - Carlo Bigiotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo n.1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (A.M.); (E.B.); (L.R.); (A.R.); (C.B.); (M.S.); (A.C.); (E.C.)
| | - Maria Souma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo n.1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (A.M.); (E.B.); (L.R.); (A.R.); (C.B.); (M.S.); (A.C.); (E.C.)
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo n.1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (A.M.); (E.B.); (L.R.); (A.R.); (C.B.); (M.S.); (A.C.); (E.C.)
| | - Sofia Rossini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le Gambuli, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (S.R.); (C.S.); (M.T.P.); (U.G.)
| | - Chiara Suvieri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le Gambuli, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (S.R.); (C.S.); (M.T.P.); (U.G.)
| | - Maria Teresa Pallotta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le Gambuli, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (S.R.); (C.S.); (M.T.P.); (U.G.)
| | - Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le Gambuli, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (S.R.); (C.S.); (M.T.P.); (U.G.)
| | - Emidio Camaioni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo n.1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (A.M.); (E.B.); (L.R.); (A.R.); (C.B.); (M.S.); (A.C.); (E.C.)
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo n.1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (A.M.); (E.B.); (L.R.); (A.R.); (C.B.); (M.S.); (A.C.); (E.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(075)-585-5131
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11
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Mirgaux M, Leherte L, Wouters J. Temporary Intermediates of L-Trp Along the Reaction Pathway of Human Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 and Identification of an Exo Site. Int J Tryptophan Res 2021; 14:11786469211052964. [PMID: 34949925 PMCID: PMC8689440 DOI: 10.1177/11786469211052964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein dynamics governs most of the fundamental processes in the human body.
Particularly, the dynamics of loops located near an active site can be involved
in the positioning of the substrate and the reaction mechanism. The
understanding of the functioning of dynamic loops is therefore a challenge, and
often requires the use of a multi-disciplinary approach mixing, for example,
crystallographic experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. In the present
work, the dynamic behavior of the JK-loop of the human indoleamine
2,3-dioxygenase 1 hemoprotein, a target for immunotherapy, is investigated. To
overcome the lack of knowledge on this dynamism, the study reported here is
based on 3 crystal structures presenting different conformations of the loop,
completed with molecular dynamics trajectories and MM-GBSA analyses, in order to
trace the reaction pathway of the enzyme. In addition, the crystal structures
identify an exo site in the small unit of the enzyme, that is populated
redundantly by the substrate or the product of the reaction. The role of this
newer reported exo site still needs to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Mirgaux
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique Structurale, Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Department of Chemistry, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Laurence Leherte
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique Structurale, Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Department of Chemistry, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Johan Wouters
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique Structurale, Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Department of Chemistry, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
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12
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Röhrig UF, Michielin O, Zoete V. Structure and Plasticity of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1). J Med Chem 2021; 64:17690-17705. [PMID: 34907770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the implication of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) in tumoral immune resistance in 2003, the search for inhibitors has been intensely pursued both in academia and in pharmaceutical companies, supported by the publication of the first crystal structure of IDO1 in 2006. More recently, it has become clear that IDO1 is an important player in various biological pathways and diseases ranging from neurodegenerative diseases to infection and autoimmunity. Its inhibition may lead to clinical benefit in different therapeutic settings. At present, over 50 experimental structures of IDO1 in complex with different ligands are available in the Protein Data Bank. Our analysis of this wealth of structural data sheds new light on several open issues regarding IDO1's structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute F Röhrig
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Ludwig Cancer Research─Lausanne Branch, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Ludwig Lausanne Branch, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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13
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Recent advances in clinical trials targeting the kynurenine pathway. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 236:108055. [PMID: 34929198 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the major catabolic pathway for the essential amino acid tryptophan leading to the production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. In inflammatory conditions, the activation of the KP leads to the production of several bioactive metabolites including kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid. These metabolites can have redox and immune suppressive activity, be neurotoxic or neuroprotective. While the activity of the pathway is tightly regulated under normal physiological condition, it can be upregulated by immunological activation and inflammation. The dysregulation of the KP has been implicated in wide range of neurological diseases and psychiatric disorders. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms involved in KP-mediated neurotoxicity and immune suppression, and its role in diseases of our expertise including cancer, chronic pain and multiple sclerosis. We also provide updates on the clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of KP inhibitors and/or analogues in each respective disease.
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14
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Talbot FJT, Zhang S, Satpathi B, Howell GP, Perry GJP, Crisenza GEM, Procter DJ. Modular Synthesis of Stereodefined Benzocyclobutene Derivatives via Sequential Cu- and Pd-Catalysis. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien J. T. Talbot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Shibo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Bishnupada Satpathi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Gareth P. Howell
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Gregory J. P. Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | | | - David J. Procter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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15
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Tang K, Wang B, Yu B, Liu HM. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitors and PROTAC-based degraders for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 227:113967. [PMID: 34752953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a known immunosuppressive enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the oxidation of tryptophan (Trp) to kynurenine (Kyn), has received increasing attention as an attractive immunotherapeutic target for cancer therapy. Up to now, eleven small-molecule IDO1 inhibitors have entered clinical trials for the treatment of cancers. In addition, proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) based degraders also provide prospects for cancer therapy. Herein we present a comprehensive overview of the medicinal chemistry strategies and potential therapeutic applications of IDO1 inhibitors in nonclinical trials and IDO1-PROTAC degraders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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16
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Basran J, Booth ES, Campbell LP, Thackray SJ, Jesani MH, Clayden J, Moody PCE, Mowat CG, Kwon H, Raven EL. Binding of l-kynurenine to X. campestris tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 225:111604. [PMID: 34571402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway is the major route of tryptophan metabolism. The first step of this pathway is catalysed by one of two heme-dependent dioxygenase enzymes - tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) - leading initially to the formation of N-formylkynurenine (NFK). In this paper, we present a crystal structure of a bacterial TDO from X. campestris in complex with l-kynurenine, the hydrolysed product of NFK. l-kynurenine is bound at the active site in a similar location to the substrate (l-Trp). Hydrogen bonding interactions with Arg117 and the heme 7-propionate anchor the l-kynurenine molecule into the pocket. A mechanism for the hydrolysis of NFK in the active site is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaswir Basran
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Elizabeth S Booth
- Department of Chemistry, Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Laura P Campbell
- EastChem School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Sarah J Thackray
- EastChem School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Mehul H Jesani
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Peter C E Moody
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Christopher G Mowat
- EastChem School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Hanna Kwon
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Emma L Raven
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
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17
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Lu M, Zhang H, Li D, Childers M, Pu Q, Palte RL, Gathiaka S, Lyons TW, Palani A, Fan PW, Spacciapoli P, Miller JR, Cho H, Cheng M, Chakravarthy K, O’Neil J, Eangoor P, Beard A, Kim HY, Saurí J, Gunaydin H, Sloman DL, Siliphaivanh P, Cumming J, Fischer C. Structure-Based Discovery of Proline-Derived Arginase Inhibitors with Improved Oral Bioavailability for Immuno-Oncology. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1380-1388. [PMID: 34527178 PMCID: PMC8436246 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
Recent data suggest
that the inhibition of arginase (ARG) has therapeutic
potential for the treatment of a number of indications ranging from
pulmonary and vascular disease to cancer. Thus, high demand exists
for selective small molecule ARG inhibitors with favorable druglike
properties and good oral bioavailability. In light of the significant
challenges associated with the unique physicochemical properties of
previously disclosed ARG inhibitors, we use structure-based drug design
combined with a focused optimization strategy to discover a class
of boronic acids featuring a privileged proline scaffold with superior
potency and oral bioavailability. These compounds, exemplified by
inhibitors 4a, 18, and 27,
demonstrated a favorable overall profile, and 4a was
well tolerated following multiple days of dosing at concentrations
that exceed those required for serum arginase inhibition and concomitant
arginine elevation in a syngeneic mouse carcinoma model.
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18
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Zheng Y, Stafford PM, Stover KR, Mohan DC, Gupta M, Keske EC, Schiavini P, Villar L, Wu F, Kreft A, Thomas K, Raaphorst E, Pasangulapati JP, Alla SR, Sharma S, Mittapalli RR, Sagamanova I, Johnson SL, Reed MA, Weaver DF. A Series of 2-((1-Phenyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)-1H-indoles as Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2195-2205. [PMID: 33759400 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a promising therapeutic target in cancer immunotherapy and neurological disease. Thus, searching for highly active inhibitors for use in human cancers is now a focus of widespread research and development efforts. In this study, we report the structure-based design of 2-(5-imidazolyl)indole derivatives, a series of novel IDO1 inhibitors which have been designed and synthesized based on our previous study using N1-substituted 5-indoleimidazoles. Among these, we have identified one with a strong IDO1 inhibitory activity (IC50 =0.16 μM, EC50 =0.3 μM). Structural-activity relationship (SAR) and computational docking simulations suggest that a hydroxyl group favorably interacts with a proximal Ser167 residue in Pocket A, improving IDO1 inhibitory potency. The brain penetrance of potent compounds was estimated by calculation of the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) Score and Brain Exposure Efficiency (BEE) Score. Many compounds had favorable scores and the two most promising compounds were advanced to a pharmacokinetic study which demonstrated that both compounds were brain penetrant. We have thus discovered a flexible scaffold for brain penetrant IDO1 inhibitors, exemplified by several potent, brain penetrant, agents. With this promising scaffold, we provide herein a basis for further development of brain penetrant IDO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zheng
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Paul M Stafford
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Kurt R Stover
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Darapaneni Chandra Mohan
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Mayuri Gupta
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Eric C Keske
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Paolo Schiavini
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Laura Villar
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Fan Wu
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Alexander Kreft
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Kiersten Thomas
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Elana Raaphorst
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Jagadeesh P Pasangulapati
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Siva R Alla
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Simmi Sharma
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Ramana R Mittapalli
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Irina Sagamanova
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Shea L Johnson
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Mark A Reed
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M55 3H6, Canada
| | - Donald F Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M55 3H6, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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19
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Capochiani de Iudicibus R, Tomek P, Palmer BD, Tijono SM, Flanagan JU, Ching LM. Parallel discovery of selective and dual inhibitors of tryptophan dioxygenases IDO1 and TDO2 with a newly-modified enzymatic assay. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 39:116160. [PMID: 33901770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The expression of tryptophan catabolising enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) or tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (TDO2) in cancers is associated with suppressed immunity and poor patient prognosis. Results from human clinical trials of IDO1 inhibitors have been disappointing. There is now a strong interest in the development of TDO2-selective or dual IDO1/TDO2 inhibitors that may surpass IDO1 inhibitors by providing broader efficacy and blocking constitutively-expressed hepatic TDO2. To expedite the discovery of novel TDO2-specific and dual inhibitors, an assay that enabled the efficient and accurate measurement of the inhibitory activity of compounds against both IDO1 and TDO2 enzymes, concurrently in the same experiment was established to screen 5,682 compounds that included the National Cancer Institute Diversity set 5, for inhibition of IDO1 and TDO2 activity. This screen identified 82 compounds that inhibited either IDO1, TDO2 or both enzymes > 50% at 20 µM. Thirty Pan Assay Interference compounds were removed from the list and the IC50 of the remaining 52 compounds against IDO1 and TDO2 was subsequently determined using the newly-developed concurrent assay. Ten compounds were confirmed as dual IDO1/TDO2 inhibitors having IC50 values under 50 µM against both enzymes and within 2-fold of each other. Six compounds with IC50 values between 1.39 and 8.41 µM were identified as potential TDO2-selective leads. The use of this concurrent protocol is anticipated to expedite the discovery of novel leads for dual and selective inhibitors against IDO1 and or TDO2 and speed the evaluation of novel analogues that will ensue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Capochiani de Iudicibus
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Petr Tomek
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Brian D Palmer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Sofian M Tijono
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Jack U Flanagan
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Lai-Ming Ching
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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20
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Dolšak A, Bratkovič T, Mlinarič L, Ogorevc E, Švajger U, Gobec S, Sova M. Novel Selective IDO1 Inhibitors with Isoxazolo[5,4- d]pyrimidin-4(5 H)-one Scaffold. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030265. [PMID: 33804161 PMCID: PMC8001472 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a promising target in immunomodulation of several pathological conditions, especially cancers. Here we present the synthesis of a series of IDO1 inhibitors with the novel isoxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-one scaffold. A focused library was prepared using a 6- or 7-step synthetic procedure to allow a systematic investigation of the structure-activity relationships of the described scaffold. Chemistry-driven modifications lead us to the discovery of our best-in-class inhibitors possessing p-trifluoromethyl (23), p-cyclohexyl (32), or p-methoxycarbonyl (20, 39) substituted aniline moieties with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. In addition to hIDO1, compounds were tested for their inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 and tryptophan dioxygenase, and found to be selective for hIDO1. Our results thus demonstrate a successful study on IDO1-selective isoxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-one inhibitors, defining promising chemical probes with a novel scaffold for further development of potent small-molecule immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dolšak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.D.); (T.B.); (L.M.); (E.O.); (U.Š.); (S.G.)
| | - Tomaž Bratkovič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.D.); (T.B.); (L.M.); (E.O.); (U.Š.); (S.G.)
| | - Larisa Mlinarič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.D.); (T.B.); (L.M.); (E.O.); (U.Š.); (S.G.)
| | - Eva Ogorevc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.D.); (T.B.); (L.M.); (E.O.); (U.Š.); (S.G.)
| | - Urban Švajger
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.D.); (T.B.); (L.M.); (E.O.); (U.Š.); (S.G.)
- Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.D.); (T.B.); (L.M.); (E.O.); (U.Š.); (S.G.)
| | - Matej Sova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.D.); (T.B.); (L.M.); (E.O.); (U.Š.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-476-9577
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21
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Li D, Deng Y, Achab A, Bharathan I, Hopkins BA, Yu W, Zhang H, Sanyal S, Pu Q, Zhou H, Liu K, Lim J, Fradera X, Lesburg CA, Lammens A, Martinot TA, Cohen RD, Doty AC, Ferguson H, Nickbarg EB, Cheng M, Spacciapoli P, Geda P, Song X, Smotrov N, Abeywickrema P, Andrews C, Chamberlin C, Mabrouk O, Curran P, Richards M, Saradjian P, Miller JR, Knemeyer I, Otte KM, Vincent S, Sciammetta N, Pasternak A, Bennett DJ, Han Y. Carbamate and N-Pyrimidine Mitigate Amide Hydrolysis: Structure-Based Drug Design of Tetrahydroquinoline IDO1 Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:389-396. [PMID: 33738066 PMCID: PMC7957919 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) has emerged as an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy. An automated ligand identification system screen afforded the tetrahydroquinoline class of novel IDO1 inhibitors. Potency and pharmacokinetic (PK) were key issues with this class of compounds. Structure-based drug design and strategic incorporation of polarity enabled the rapid improvement on potency, solubility, and oxidative metabolic stability. Metabolite identification studies revealed that amide hydrolysis in the D-pocket was the key clearance mechanism for this class. Strategic survey of amide isosteres revealed that carbamates and N-pyrimidines, which maintained exquisite potencies, mitigated the amide hydrolysis issue and led to an improved rat PK profile. The lead compound 28 is a potent IDO1 inhibitor, with clean off-target profiles and the potential for quaque die dosing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derun Li
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yongqi Deng
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Abdelghani Achab
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Indu Bharathan
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Brett Andrew Hopkins
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Wensheng Yu
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sulagna Sanyal
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Qinglin Pu
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Hua Zhou
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kun Liu
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jongwon Lim
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Xavier Fradera
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Charles A. Lesburg
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Alfred Lammens
- Proteros
Biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstraße 7a, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Theodore A. Martinot
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ryan D. Cohen
- Analytical
Research & Development, Merck &
Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065 United States
| | - Amy C. Doty
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Heidi Ferguson
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Elliott B. Nickbarg
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Mangeng Cheng
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Peter Spacciapoli
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Prasanthi Geda
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Xuelei Song
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nadya Smotrov
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Pravien Abeywickrema
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Christine Andrews
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Chad Chamberlin
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Omar Mabrouk
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Patrick Curran
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Matthew Richards
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Peter Saradjian
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - J. Richard Miller
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ian Knemeyer
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Karin M. Otte
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Stella Vincent
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nunzio Sciammetta
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Alexander Pasternak
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - David Jonathan Bennett
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yongxin Han
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
and Drug Metabolism, Computational and Structural Chemistry, Discovery Process Chemistry, Discovery Pharmaceutical
Science, and Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 33 Avenue Louis
Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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22
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Chen S, Tan J, Zhang A. The ups, downs and new trends of IDO1 inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2021; 110:104815. [PMID: 33773223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has become an emerging driving force in the development of innovative strategies to fight against cancer. Despite the significant clinical benefits that many cancer patients have gained, the generally average response rate of ~ 20% is far behind the expectation for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Combination of ICIs with indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) inhibitors is considered as an alternative solution and has proved effective in tremendous preclinical studies. However, the failure of phase III ECHO-301/KEYNOTE-252 trial seriously dampened the enthusiasm on the rationality of IDO1-targeting strategy. Fortunately, in spite of the ups and downs in the developmental journey of IDO1 inhibitors, multiple new approaches have been proposed to bridge the gap between lab to the clinic. Here, we review the recent advances in the development of small molecule inhibitors targeting IDO1 especially the new trend of IDO1 inhibitors after ECHO-301 clinical trials, including dual or pan-inhibitors targeting IDO1 and TDO or IDO2, apo-IDO1 inhibitors, IDO1 PROTACs, as well as other IDO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulun Chen
- Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Tan
- Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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23
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Kim M, Tomek P. Tryptophan: A Rheostat of Cancer Immune Escape Mediated by Immunosuppressive Enzymes IDO1 and TDO. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636081. [PMID: 33708223 PMCID: PMC7940516 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade of the immunosuppressive tryptophan catabolism mediated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) holds enormous promise for sensitising cancer patients to immune checkpoint blockade. Yet, only IDO1 inhibitors had entered clinical trials so far, and those agents have generated disappointing clinical results. Improved understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in the immune-regulatory function of the tryptophan catabolism is likely to optimise therapeutic strategies to block this pathway. The immunosuppressive role of tryptophan metabolite kynurenine is becoming increasingly clear, but it remains a mystery if tryptophan exerts functions beyond serving as a precursor for kynurenine. Here we hypothesise that tryptophan acts as a rheostat of kynurenine-mediated immunosuppression by competing with kynurenine for entry into immune T-cells through the amino acid transporter called System L. This hypothesis stems from the observations that elevated tryptophan levels in TDO-knockout mice relieve immunosuppression instigated by IDO1, and that the vacancy of System L transporter modulates kynurenine entry into CD4+ T-cells. This hypothesis has two potential therapeutic implications. Firstly, potent TDO inhibitors are expected to indirectly inhibit IDO1 hence development of TDO-selective inhibitors appears advantageous compared to IDO1-selective and dual IDO1/TDO inhibitors. Secondly, oral supplementation with System L substrates such as leucine represents a novel potential therapeutic modality to restrain the immunosuppressive kynurenine and restore anti-tumour immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minah Kim
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Petr Tomek
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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24
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Kumazawa M, Tejima M, Fukuda M, Takeda S, Suzuki K, Mizumoto Y, Sato K, Waki M, Miyachi H, Asai A, Takikawa O, Hashimoto T, Ohno O, Matsuno K. Discovery of Carbono(di)thioates as Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:211-216. [PMID: 33603967 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A structure-activity relationship study unexpectedly showed that carbonothioates 4a and 4b, obtained by a unique alkaline hydrolysis of 2-alkylthio-oxazolines 3a and 3b, respectively, are a novel scaffold for indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitors. Derivatization of the carbonothioates enhanced inhibitory activity against IDO1 and cellular kynurenine production without cytotoxicity and led to the discovery of the related scaffolds carbonodithioates 5 and cyanocarbonimidodithioates 6 as IDO1 inhibitors. Incorporation of an OH group provided the most potent analogue 5i. UV-visible absorption spectroscopy of the Soret band, as well as docking and peptide mapping studies, suggested that these molecules bind to the heme in the active site of IDO1. Our unique IDO1 inhibitors are potential leads for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Kumazawa
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1 Nakano-machi, Hachi-oji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Manabu Tejima
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1 Nakano-machi, Hachi-oji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Miwa Fukuda
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shota Takeda
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1 Nakano-machi, Hachi-oji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Kenji Suzuki
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1 Nakano-machi, Hachi-oji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Yukiko Mizumoto
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1 Nakano-machi, Hachi-oji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Kakeru Sato
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1 Nakano-machi, Hachi-oji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Minoru Waki
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miyachi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Akira Asai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Osamu Takikawa
- National Institute for Longevity Sciences, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 36-3 Gengo, Morioka, Obu, Aichi 474-8522, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1 Nakano-machi, Hachi-oji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohno
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1 Nakano-machi, Hachi-oji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuno
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1 Nakano-machi, Hachi-oji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
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25
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Abstract
Incorporation of heterocycles into drug molecules can enhance physical properties and biological activity. A variety of heterocyclic groups is available to medicinal chemists, many of which have been reviewed in detail elsewhere. Oxadiazoles are a class of heterocycle containing one oxygen and two nitrogen atoms, available in three isomeric forms. While the 1,2,4- and 1,3,4-oxadiazoles have seen widespread application in medicinal chemistry, 1,2,5-oxadiazoles (furazans) are less common. This Review provides a summary of the application of furazan-containing molecules in medicinal chemistry and drug development programs from analysis of both patent and academic literature. Emphasis is placed on programs that reached clinical or preclinical stages of development. The examples provided herein describe the pharmacology and biological activity of furazan derivatives with comparative data provided where possible for other heterocyclic groups and pharmacophores commonly used in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donald F Weaver
- Department of Fundamental Neurobiology, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5T 0S8, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - Mark A Reed
- Treventis Corporation, Toronto, Ontario M5T 0S8, Canada.,Department of Fundamental Neurobiology, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5T 0S8, Canada
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26
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Röhrig UF, Majjigapu SR, Reynaud A, Pojer F, Dilek N, Reichenbach P, Ascencao K, Irving M, Coukos G, Vogel P, Michielin O, Zoete V. Azole-Based Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2205-2227. [PMID: 33557523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The heme enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) plays an essential role in immunity, neuronal function, and aging through catalysis of the rate-limiting step in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism. Many IDO1 inhibitors with different chemotypes have been developed, mainly targeted for use in anti-cancer immunotherapy. Lead optimization of direct heme iron-binding inhibitors has proven difficult due to the remarkable selectivity and sensitivity of the heme-ligand interactions. Here, we present experimental data for a set of closely related small azole compounds with more than 4 orders of magnitude differences in their inhibitory activities, ranging from millimolar to nanomolar levels. We investigate and rationalize their activities based on structural data, molecular dynamics simulations, and density functional theory calculations. Our results not only expand the presently known four confirmed chemotypes of sub-micromolar heme binding IDO1 inhibitors by two additional scaffolds but also provide a model to predict the activities of novel scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute F Röhrig
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Somi Reddy Majjigapu
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aline Reynaud
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florence Pojer
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nahzli Dilek
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Reichenbach
- Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Ludwig Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Kelly Ascencao
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melita Irving
- Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Ludwig Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Ludwig Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, Ludwig Cancer Research-Lausanne Branch, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Vogel
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, Ludwig Cancer Research-Lausanne Branch, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Ludwig Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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27
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Wu Y, Zhang Y, Chen X, Hu Y, Dong G, Guo Y, Sheng C. A theranostic probe of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) for small molecule cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113163. [PMID: 33482599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Discovering novel small molecules for cancer immunotherapy represents a promising but challenging strategy in future cancer treatment. Herein, we designed the first theranostic fluorescent probes to efficiently detect and inhibit the enzymatic activity of 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1). Probe 6b is a highly active IDO1 inhibitor (IC50 = 12 nM, Cellular IC50 = 10 nM), which can sensitively and specifically detect endogenous IDO1 in living cells. Furthermore, as a theranostic probe, 6b showed excellent in vivo antitumor efficacy in the CT26 xenograft mouse model as well. Therefore, it can be applied as a valuable chemical tool for better understanding the immunotherapy mechanism of IDO1 and improving the therapeutic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, 1 Xuefu Avenue, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, 1 Xuefu Avenue, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Yulu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, 1 Xuefu Avenue, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, 1 Xuefu Avenue, Xi'an, 710127, China.
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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28
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Holokai L, Chakrabarti J, Lundy J, Croagh D, Adhikary P, Richards SS, Woodson C, Steele N, Kuester R, Scott A, Khreiss M, Frankel T, Merchant J, Jenkins BJ, Wang J, Shroff RT, Ahmad SA, Zavros Y. Murine- and Human-Derived Autologous Organoid/Immune Cell Co-Cultures as Pre-Clinical Models of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3816. [PMID: 33348809 PMCID: PMC7766822 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has the lowest five-year survival rate of all cancers in the United States. Programmed death 1 receptor (PD-1)-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint inhibition has been unsuccessful in clinical trials. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are known to block anti-tumor CD8+ T cell immune responses in various cancers including pancreas. This has led us to our objective that was to develop a clinically relevant in vitro organoid model to specifically target mechanisms that deplete MDSCs as a therapeutic strategy for PDAC. Method: Murine and human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) autologous organoid/immune cell co-cultures were used to test whether PDAC can be effectively treated with combinatorial therapy involving PD-1 inhibition and MDSC depletion. Results: Murine in vivo orthotopic and in vitro organoid/immune cell co-culture models demonstrated that polymorphonuclear (PMN)-MDSCs promoted tumor growth and suppressed cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) proliferation, leading to diminished efficacy of checkpoint inhibition. Mouse- and human-derived organoid/immune cell co-cultures revealed that PD-L1-expressing organoids were unresponsive to nivolumab in vitro in the presence of PMN-MDSCs. Depletion of arginase 1-expressing PMN-MDSCs within these co-cultures rendered the organoids susceptible to anti-PD-1/PD-L1-induced cancer cell death. Conclusions: Here we use mouse- and human-derived autologous pancreatic cancer organoid/immune cell co-cultures to demonstrate that elevated infiltration of polymorphonuclear (PMN)-MDSCs within the PDAC tumor microenvironment inhibit T cell effector function, regardless of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition. We present a pre-clinical model that may predict the efficacy of targeted therapies to improve the outcome of patients with this aggressive and otherwise unpredictable malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loryn Holokai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA; (L.H.); (C.W.)
| | - Jayati Chakrabarti
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (J.C.); (P.A.)
| | - Joanne Lundy
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (J.L.); (B.J.J.)
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Daniel Croagh
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
| | - Pritha Adhikary
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (J.C.); (P.A.)
| | - Scott S. Richards
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (S.S.R.); (R.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Chantal Woodson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA; (L.H.); (C.W.)
| | - Nina Steele
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (N.S.); (T.F.)
| | - Robert Kuester
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (S.S.R.); (R.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Aaron Scott
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (A.S.); (M.K.); (R.T.S.)
| | - Mohammad Khreiss
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (A.S.); (M.K.); (R.T.S.)
| | - Timothy Frankel
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (N.S.); (T.F.)
| | - Juanita Merchant
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (S.S.R.); (R.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Brendan J. Jenkins
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (J.L.); (B.J.J.)
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
| | - Rachna T. Shroff
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (A.S.); (M.K.); (R.T.S.)
| | - Syed A. Ahmad
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA;
| | - Yana Zavros
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (J.C.); (P.A.)
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Yu B, Zhang W, Kwak K, Choi H, Kim DH. Electric Pulse Responsive Magnetic Nanoclusters Loaded with Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Inhibitor for Synergistic Immuno-Ablation Cancer Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:54415-54425. [PMID: 33237729 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An overlay of local ablation and immunotherapies could be one of the promising approaches to treat solid tumors, but finding the synergistic combination is still challenging with immune tolerance. Herein, electric pulse responsive iron-oxide-nanocube clusters (IONCs) loaded with indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitors (IDOi) are prepared for the enhancement of irreversible electroporation (IRE) cell killing and modulation of the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment (TIM). IDOi-loaded-IONCs (IDOi-IONCs) show highly responsive movement upon the application of IRE electric pulses inducing local magnetic fields. In vitro and in vivo IRE cell-killing efficiency are significantly enhanced by the IDOi-IONCs. The IRE with IDOi-IONCs also triggers IDOi release from IONCs for TIM modulation. The enhanced cell death and local IDOi release of the IRE with IDOi-IONCs demonstrate a synergistic anticancer effect in vivo with overturning the TIM. The increased infiltration of CD8+ T cells and the elevated ratio of CD8+ T cells to regulatory T cells are confirmed after the IRE with IDOi-IONCs. Further, synergistic interaction between IRE and IDOi-modulated TIM resulted in enhanced elimination of primary and secondary tumors. This proof-of-concept work illustrates a robust modality to guide immune-modulating nanoparticle-mediated immuno-ablation cancer therapies that can be easily tailored to improve its therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kijung Kwak
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hyunjun Choi
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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30
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Pan S, Zhou Y, Wang Q, Wang Y, Tian C, Wang T, Huang L, Nan J, Li L, Yang S. Discovery and structure-activity relationship studies of 1-aryl-1H-naphtho[2,3-d][1,2,3]triazole-4,9-dione derivatives as potent dual inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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31
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Feng X, Liao D, Liu D, Ping A, Li Z, Bian J. Development of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy and Beyond: A Recent Perspective. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15115-15139. [PMID: 33215494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) has received increasing attention due to its immunosuppressive function in connection with various diseases, including cancer. A recent increase in the understanding of IDO1 has significantly contributed to the discovery of numerous novel inhibitors, but the latest clinical outcomes raised questions and have indicated a future direction of IDO1 inhibition for therapeutic approaches. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of IDO1, discussing the latest advances in understanding the IDO1 structure and mechanism, an overview of recent IDO1 inhibitor discoveries and potential therapeutic applications to provide helpful information for medicinal chemists investigating IDO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - An Ping
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlei Bian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
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32
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Mirgaux M, Leherte L, Wouters J. Influence of the presence of the heme cofactor on the JK-loop structure in indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 76:1211-1221. [DOI: 10.1107/s2059798320013510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 has sparked interest as an immunotherapeutic target in cancer research. Its structure includes a loop, named the JK-loop, that controls the orientation of the substrate or inhibitor within the active site. However, little has been reported about the crystal structure of this loop. In the present work, the conformation of the JK-loop is determined for the first time in the presence of the heme cofactor in the active site through X-ray diffraction experiments (2.44 Å resolution). Molecular-dynamics trajectories were also obtained to provide dynamic information about the loop according to the presence of cofactor. This new structural and dynamic information highlights the importance of the JK-loop in confining the labile heme cofactor to the active site.
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33
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Dolšak A, Gobec S, Sova M. Indoleamine and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenases as important future therapeutic targets. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 221:107746. [PMID: 33212094 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of tryptophan to N-formylkynurenine is the first and rate-limiting step of the tryptophan metabolic pathway (i.e., the kynurenine pathway). This conversion is catalyzed by three enzyme isoforms: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2), and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). As this pathway generates numerous metabolites that are involved in various pathological conditions, IDOs and TDO represent important targets for therapeutic intervention. This pathway has especially drawn attention due to its importance in tumor resistance. Over the last decade, a large number of IDO and TDO inhibitors have been developed, many of which have entered clinical trials. Here, detailed structural comparisons of these three enzymes (with emphasis on their active sites), their involvement in cellular signaling, and their role(s) in pathological conditions are discussed. Furthermore, the most important recent inhibitors described in papers and patents and involved in clinical trials are reviewed, with a focus on both selective and multiple inhibitors. A short overview of the biochemical and cellular assays used for inhibitory potency evaluation is also presented. This review summarizes recent advances on IDO and TDO as potential drug targets, and provides the key features and perspectives for further research and development of potent inhibitors of the kynurenine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dolšak
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Sova
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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34
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Pu Q, Zhang H, Guo L, Cheng M, Doty AC, Ferguson H, Fradera X, Lesburg CA, McGowan MA, Miller JR, Geda P, Song X, Otte K, Sciammetta N, Solban N, Yu W, Sloman DL, Zhou H, Lammens A, Neumann L, Bennett DJ, Pasternak A, Han Y. Discovery of Potent and Orally Available Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-Derived Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1548-1554. [PMID: 32832022 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibition and its combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors like pembrolizumab have drawn considerable attention from both academia and the pharmaceutical industry. Here, we describe the discovery of a novel class of highly potent IDO1 heme-displacing inhibitors featuring a unique bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane motif. Compound 1, evolving from an ALIS (automated ligand identification system) hit, exhibited excellent potency but lacked the desired pharmacokinetic profile due to extensive amide hydrolysis of the benzamide moiety. Replacing the central phenyl ring in 1 with a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane bioisostere effectively circumvented the amide hydrolysis issue, resulting in the discovery of compound 2 with a favorable overall profile such as excellent potency, selectivity, pharmacokinetics, and a low predicted human dose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wensheng Yu
- External Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | | | - Alfred Lammens
- Proteros Biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstr. 7a, D-82152 Planegg, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lars Neumann
- Proteros Biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstr. 7a, D-82152 Planegg, Martinsried, Germany
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35
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Sun L. Advances in the discovery and development of selective heme-displacing IDO1 inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:1223-1232. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1781811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Sun
- Center for Drug Discovery and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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36
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Mammoli A, Coletti A, Ballarotto M, Riccio A, Carotti A, Grohmann U, Camaioni E, Macchiarulo A. New Insights from Crystallographic Data: Diversity of Structural Motifs and Molecular Recognition Properties between Groups of IDO1 Structures. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:891-899. [PMID: 32190988 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A large number of crystallographic structures of IDO1 in different ligand-bound and -unbound states have been disclosed over the last decade. Yet, only a few of them have been exploited for structure-based drug design (SBDD) campaigns. In this study, we analyzed the structural motifs and molecular-recognition properties of three groups of IDO1 structures: 1) structures containing the heme group and inhibitors in the catalytic site; 2) heme-free structures of IDO1; 3) substrate-bound structures of IDO1. The results suggest that unrelated conformations of the enzyme have been solved with different ligand-induced changes of secondary motifs that localize even in regions remote from the catalytic site. Moreover, the study identified an uncharted region of molecular-recognition space covered by IDO1 binding sites that could guide the selection of diverse structures for additional SBDD studies aimed at the identification of novel lead compounds with differentiated chemical scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mammoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del liceo n.1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alice Coletti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini n. 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Ballarotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del liceo n.1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Riccio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del liceo n.1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del liceo n.1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, P.le Gambuli, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Emidio Camaioni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del liceo n.1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del liceo n.1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
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37
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Parr BT, Pastor R, Sellers BD, Pei Z, Jaipuri FA, Castanedo GM, Gazzard L, Kumar S, Li X, Liu W, Mendonca R, Pavana RK, Potturi H, Shao C, Velvadapu V, Waldo JP, Wu G, Yuen PW, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Harris SF, Oh AJ, DiPasquale A, Dement K, La H, Goon L, Gustafson A, VanderPorten EC, Mautino MR, Liu Y. Implementation of the CYP Index for the Design of Selective Tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:541-549. [PMID: 32292562 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A class of imidazoisoindole (III) heme-binding indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) inhibitors were optimized via structure-based drug design into a series of tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO)-selective inhibitors. Kynurenine pathway modulation was demonstrated in vivo, which enabled evaluation of TDO as a potential cancer immunotherapy target. As means of mitigating the risk of drug-drug interactions arising from cytochrome P450 inhibition, a novel property-based drug design parameter, herein referred to as the CYP Index, was implemented for the design of inhibitors with appreciable selectivity for TDO over CYP3A4. We anticipate the CYP Index will be a valuable design parameter for optimizing CYP inhibition of any small molecule inhibitor containing a Lewis basic motif capable of binding heme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan T. Parr
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Richard Pastor
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Zhonghua Pei
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | | | - Lewis Gazzard
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Xiaokai Li
- NewLink Genetics, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Wen Liu
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rohan Mendonca
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Hima Potturi
- NewLink Genetics, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Cheng Shao
- Pharmaron, Beijing 100176, People’s Republic of China
| | | | | | - Guosheng Wu
- Pharmaron, Beijing 100176, People’s Republic of China
| | - Po-wai Yuen
- Pharmaron, Beijing 100176, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zuhui Zhang
- NewLink Genetics, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Yamin Zhang
- Pharmaron, Beijing 100176, People’s Republic of China
| | - Seth F. Harris
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Angela J. Oh
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Kevin Dement
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hank La
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Leanne Goon
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Amy Gustafson
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | | | - Yichin Liu
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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38
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Xiang H, Ramil CP, Hai J, Zhang C, Wang H, Watkins AA, Afshar R, Georgiev P, Sze MA, Song XS, Curran PJ, Cheng M, Miller JR, Sun D, Loboda A, Jia Y, Moy LY, Chi A, Brandish PE. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Promote Immunosuppression by Inducing ROS-Generating Monocytic MDSCs in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:436-450. [PMID: 32075803 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) represent a functionally heterogeneous population of activated fibroblasts that constitutes a major component of tumor stroma. Although CAFs have been shown to promote tumor growth and mediate resistance to chemotherapy, the mechanisms by which they may contribute to immune suppression within the tumor microenvironment (TME) in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) remain largely unexplored. Here, we identified a positive correlation between CAF and monocytic myeloid cell abundances in 501 primary LSCCs by mining The Cancer Genome Atlas data sets. We further validated this finding in an independent cohort using imaging mass cytometry and found a significant spatial interaction between CAFs and monocytic myeloid cells in the TME. To delineate the interplay between CAFs and monocytic myeloid cells, we used chemotaxis assays to show that LSCC patient-derived CAFs promoted recruitment of CCR2+ monocytes via CCL2, which could be reversed by CCR2 inhibition. Using a three-dimensional culture system, we found that CAFs polarized monocytes to adopt a myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) phenotype, characterized by robust suppression of autologous CD8+ T-cell proliferation and IFNγ production. We further demonstrated that inhibiting IDO1 and NADPH oxidases, NOX2 and NOX4, restored CD8+ T-cell proliferation by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in CAF-induced MDSCs. Taken together, our study highlights a pivotal role of CAFs in regulating monocyte recruitment and differentiation and demonstrated that CCR2 inhibition and ROS scavenging abrogate the CAF-MDSC axis, illuminating a potential therapeutic path to reversing the CAF-mediated immunosuppressive microenvironment.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts/immunology
- Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Humans
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/immunology
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Monocytes/immunology
- Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells/immunology
- NADPH Oxidase 2/immunology
- NADPH Oxidase 2/metabolism
- NADPH Oxidase 4/immunology
- NADPH Oxidase 4/metabolism
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR2/immunology
- Receptors, CCR2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Handan Xiang
- Discovery Oncology, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Carlo P Ramil
- Chemical Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Josephine Hai
- Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Huijun Wang
- Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | | | - Roshi Afshar
- Discovery Oncology, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter Georgiev
- Discovery Oncology, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marc A Sze
- Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xuelei S Song
- Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Mangeng Cheng
- Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Dongyu Sun
- Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrey Loboda
- Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yanlin Jia
- Discovery Oncology, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lily Y Moy
- Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts
| | - An Chi
- Chemical Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts
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39
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Steeneck C, Kinzel O, Anderhub S, Hornberger M, Pinto S, Morschhaeuser B, Braun F, Kleymann G, Hoffmann T. Discovery of Hydroxyamidine Based Inhibitors of IDO1 for Cancer Immunotherapy with Reduced Potential for Glucuronidation. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:179-187. [PMID: 32071686 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the impressive success of checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of cancer, combinations of IDO1 inhibitors with PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies are in clinical development aiming to increase response rates. Using the hydroxyamidine pharmacophore of the IDO1 inhibitor INCB14943 as a starting point for the design of new inhibitors, the potential shortcomings of extensive hydroxyamidine glucuronidation in humans was addressed. Compounds were optimized using a stability assay with recombinant UGT1A9 enzyme together with the measurement of glucuronide formation in human hepatocytes. Optimized analog 24 showed cellular and biochemical IDO1 IC50 values in the low nanomolar range, a suitable in vitro ADME/PK profile, and efficacy in an animal model of cancer. In a humanized liver mouse model the lead compound exhibited significantly reduced glucuronidation compared to epacadostat (2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Steeneck
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Waldhofer Strasse 104, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olaf Kinzel
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Waldhofer Strasse 104, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Anderhub
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Waldhofer Strasse 104, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hornberger
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Waldhofer Strasse 104, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sheena Pinto
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Waldhofer Strasse 104, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Floriane Braun
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Waldhofer Strasse 104, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerald Kleymann
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Waldhofer Strasse 104, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hoffmann
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Waldhofer Strasse 104, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
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