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Tang XT, Ma L, You Y, Du XJ, Qiu H, Guan XH, He J, Yang ZJ. Relations between near-field enhancements and Purcell factors in hybrid nanostructures of plasmonic antennas and dielectric cavities. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:16746-16760. [PMID: 38858873 DOI: 10.1364/oe.521090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Strong near-field enhancements (NFEs) of nanophotonic structures are believed to be closely related to high Purcell factors (FP). Here, we theoretically show that the correlation is partially correct; the extinction cross section (σ) response is also critical in determining FP. The divergence between NFE and FP is especially pronounced in plasmonic-dielectric hybrid systems, where the plasmonic antenna supports dipolar plasmon modes and the dielectric cavity hosts Mie-like resonances. The cavity's enhanced-field environment can boost the antenna's NFEs, but the FP is not increased concurrently due to the larger effective σ that is intrinsic to the FP calculations. Interestingly, the peak FP for the coupled system can be predicted by using the NFE and σ responses. Furthermore, the limits for FP of coupled systems are considered; they are determined by the sum of the FP of a redshifted (or modified, if applicable) antenna and an individual cavity. This contrasts starkly with the behavior of NFE which is closely associated with the multiplicative effects of the NFEs provided by the antenna and the dielectric cavity. The differing behaviors of NFE and FP in hybrid cavities have varied impacts on relevant nanophotonic applications such as fluorescence, Raman scattering and enhanced light-matter interactions.
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2
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Shlesinger I, Vandersmissen J, Oksenberg E, Verhagen E, Koenderink AF. Hybrid cavity-antenna architecture for strong and tunable sideband-selective molecular Raman scattering enhancement. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj4637. [PMID: 38117880 PMCID: PMC10732519 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj4637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Plasmon resonances at the surface of metallic antennas allow for extreme enhancement of Raman scattering. Intrinsic to plasmonics, however, is that extreme field confinement lacks precise spectral control, which would hold great promise in shaping the optomechanical interaction between light and molecular vibrations. We demonstrate an experimental platform composed of a plasmonic nanocube-on-mirror antenna coupled to an open, tunable Fabry-Perot microcavity for selective addressing of individual vibrational lines of molecules with strong Raman scattering enhancement. Multiple narrow and intense optical resonances arising from the hybridization of the cavity modes and the plasmonic broad resonance are used to simultaneously enhance the laser pump and the local density of optical states, and are characterized using rigorous modal analysis. The versatile bottom-up fabrication approach permits quantitative comparison with the bare nanocube-on-mirror system, both theoretically and experimentally. This shows that the hybrid system allows for similar SERS enhancement ratios with narrow optical modes, paving the way for dynamical backaction effects in molecular optomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Shlesinger
- Department of Information in Matter and Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7162, Paris, France
| | - Jente Vandersmissen
- Department of Information in Matter and Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eitan Oksenberg
- Department of Information in Matter and Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Single Quantum B. V., Rotterdamseweg 394, 2629 HH Delft, Netherlands
| | - Ewold Verhagen
- Department of Information in Matter and Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - A. Femius Koenderink
- Department of Information in Matter and Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
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3
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Ruan J, Li Y, Lin J, Ren Z, Iqbal N, Guo D, Zhai T. Transferable microfiber laser arrays for high-sensitivity thermal sensing. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:16976-16983. [PMID: 37830124 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03118g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Functional microfibers have attracted extensive attention due to their potential in health monitoring, radiation cooling, power management and luminescence. Among these, polymer fiber-based microlasers have plentiful applications due to their merits of full color, high quality factor and simple fabrication. However, developing a facile approach to fabricate stable microfiber lasing devices for high-sensitivity thermal sensing is still challenging. In this research, we propose a design of a stable and transferable membrane inlaid with whispering-gallery-mode plasmon hybrid microlaser arrays for thermal sensing. By integrating plasmonic gold nanorods with polymer lasing microfiber arrays that are embedded in the polydimethylsiloxane matrix, whispering-gallery-mode lasing arrays with high quality are achieved. Based on the thermo-optical effect of the membrane, a tuning range of 1.462 nm for the lasing peak shift under temperature variation from 30.6 °C to 38.7 °C is obtained. The ultimate thermal sensing sensitivity can reach up to 0.181 nm °C-1 and the limit of detection is 0.131 °C, with a high figure of merit of 2.961 °C-1. Moreover, a stable laser linewidth can be maintained within the tuning range due to plasmon-improved photon confinement and PDMS-reduced scattering loss. This work is expected to provide a facile approach for the fabrication of high-sensitivity on-chip thermometry devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ruan
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Yixuan Li
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Junzhe Lin
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Zihan Ren
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Naeem Iqbal
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Dan Guo
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Tianrui Zhai
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
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Madeleine T, D'Alessandro G, Kaczmarek M. Spectral properties of intermediate to high refractive index nanocubes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:11395-11407. [PMID: 37155775 DOI: 10.1364/oe.485872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic resonances in sub-wavelength cavities, created by metallic nanocubes separated from a metallic surface by a dielectric gap, lead to strong light confinement and strong Purcell effect, with many applications in spectroscopy, enhanced light emission and optomechanics. However, the limited choice of metals, and the constraints on the sizes of the nanocubes, restrict the optical wavelength range of applications. We show that dielectric nanocubes made of intermediate to high refractive index materials exhibit similar but significantly blue shifted and enriched optical responses due to the interaction between gap plasmonic modes and internal modes. This result is explained, and the efficiency of dielectric nanocubes for light absorption and spontaneous emission is quantified by comparing the optical response and induced fluorescence enhancement of nanocubes made of barium titanate, tungsten trioxide, gallium phosphide, silicon, silver and rhodium.
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Pan F, Karlsson K, Nixon AG, Hogan LT, Ward JM, Smith KC, Masiello DJ, Nic Chormaic S, Goldsmith RH. Active Control of Plasmonic-Photonic Interactions in a Microbubble Cavity. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:20470-20479. [PMID: 36620077 PMCID: PMC9814823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c05733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Active control of light-matter interactions using nanophotonic structures is critical for new modalities for solar energy production, cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED), and sensing, particularly at the single-particle level, where it underpins the creation of tunable nanophotonic networks. Coupled plasmonic-photonic systems show great promise toward these goals because of their subwavelength spatial confinement and ultrahigh-quality factors inherited from their respective components. Here, we present a microfluidic approach using microbubble whispering-gallery mode cavities to actively control plasmonic-photonic interactions at the single-particle level. By changing the solvent in the interior of the microbubble, control can be exerted on the interior dielectric constant and, thus, on the spatial overlap between the photonic and plasmonic modes. Qualitative agreement between experiment and simulation reveals the competing roles mode overlap and mode volume play in altering coupling strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Pan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Kristoffer Karlsson
- Light-Matter
Interactions for Quantum Technologies Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa904-0495, Japan
| | - Austin G. Nixon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
| | - Levi T. Hogan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Jonathan M. Ward
- Department
of Physics, University College Cork, CorkVGV5+95, Ireland
| | - Kevin C. Smith
- Department
of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut06511, United States
| | - David J. Masiello
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
| | - Síle Nic Chormaic
- Light-Matter
Interactions for Quantum Technologies Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa904-0495, Japan
| | - Randall H. Goldsmith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
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Xiong X, Xiao YF. Hybrid plasmonic-photonic microcavity for enhanced light-matter interaction. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:1205-1208. [PMID: 36546145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2022.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiong
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Yun-Feng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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Adhikari S, Orrit M. Progress and perspectives in single-molecule optical spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:160903. [PMID: 35489995 DOI: 10.1063/5.0087003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We review some of the progress of single-molecule optical experiments in the past 20 years and propose some perspectives for the coming years. We particularly focus on methodological advances in fluorescence, super-resolution, photothermal contrast, and interferometric scattering and briefly discuss a few of the applications. These advances have enabled the exploration of new emitters and quantum optics; the chemistry and biology of complex heterogeneous systems, nanoparticles, and plasmonics; and the detection and study of non-fluorescing and non-absorbing nano-objects. We conclude by proposing some ideas for future experiments. The field will move toward more and better signals of a broader variety of objects and toward a sharper view of the surprising complexity of the nanoscale world of single (bio-)molecules, nanoparticles, and their nano-environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasis Adhikari
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Orrit
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Tiwari P, Fischer A, Scherrer M, Caimi D, Schmid H, Moselund KE. Single-Mode Emission in InP Microdisks on Si Using Au Antenna. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:1218-1225. [PMID: 35480488 PMCID: PMC9026291 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An important building block for on-chip photonic applications is a scaled emitter. Whispering gallery mode cavities based on III-Vs on Si allow for small device footprints and lasing with low thresholds. However, multimodal emission and wavelength stability over a wider range of temperature can be challenging. Here, we explore the use of Au nanorod antennae on InP whispering gallery mode lasers on Si for single-mode emission. We show that by proper choice of the antenna size and positioning, we can suppress the side modes of a cavity and achieve single-mode emission over a wide excitation range. We establish emission trends by varying the size of the antenna and show that the far-field radiation pattern differs significantly for devices with and without antenna. Furthermore, the antenna-induced single-mode emission is dominant from room temperature (300 K) down to 200 K, whereas the cavity without an antenna is multimodal and its dominant emission wavelength is highly temperature-dependent.
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9
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Shlesinger I, Cognée KG, Verhagen E, Koenderink AF. Integrated Molecular Optomechanics with Hybrid Dielectric-Metallic Resonators. ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:3506-3516. [PMID: 34938824 PMCID: PMC8679090 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Molecular optomechanics describes surface-enhanced Raman scattering using the formalism of cavity optomechanics as a parametric coupling of the molecule's vibrational modes to the plasmonic resonance. Most of the predicted applications require intense electric field hotspots but spectrally narrow resonances, out of reach of standard plasmonic resonances. The Fano lineshapes resulting from the hybridization of dielectric-plasmonic resonators with a broad-band plasmon and narrow-band cavity mode allow reaching strong Raman enhancement with high-Q resonances, paving the way for sideband resolved molecular optomechanics. We extend the molecular optomechanics formalism to describe hybrid dielectric-plasmonic resonators with multiple optical resonances and with both free-space and waveguide addressing. We demonstrate how the Raman enhancement depends on the complex response functions of the hybrid system, and we retrieve the expression of Raman enhancement as a product of pump enhancement and the local density of states. The model allows prediction of the Raman emission ratio into different output ports and enables demonstrating a fully integrated high-Q Raman resonator exploiting multiple cavity modes coupled to the same waveguide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Shlesinger
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kévin G. Cognée
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- LP2N,
Institut d’Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Ewold Verhagen
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. Femius Koenderink
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Geng Z, Theenhaus J, Patra BK, Zheng JY, Busink J, Garnett EC, Rodriguez SRK. Fano Lineshapes and Rabi Splittings: Can They Be Artificially Generated or Obscured by the Numerical Aperture? ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:1271-1276. [PMID: 34056036 PMCID: PMC8155561 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fano resonances and Rabi splittings are routinely reported in the scientific literature. Asymmetric resonance lineshapes are usually associated with Fano resonances, and two split peaks in the spectrum are often attributed to a Rabi splitting. True Fano resonances and Rabi splittings are unequivocal signatures of coherent coupling between subsystems. However, can the same spectral lineshapes characterizing Fano resonances and Rabi splittings arise from a purely incoherent sum of intensities? Here we answer this question through experiments with a tunable Fabry-Pérot cavity containing a CsPbBr3 perovskite crystal. By measuring the transmission and photoluminescence of this system using microscope objectives with different numerical aperture (NA), we find that even a modest NA = 0.4 can artificially generate Fano resonances and Rabi splittings. We furthermore show that this modest NA can obscure the anticrossing of a bona fide strongly coupled light-matter system. Through transfer matrix calculations we confirm that these spectral artifacts are due to the incoherent sum of transmitted intensities at different angles captured by the NA. Our results are relevant to the wide nanophotonics community, characterizing dispersive optical systems with high numerical aperture microscope objectives. We conclude with general guidelines to avoid pitfalls in the characterization of such optical systems.
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11
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Defrance J, Weiss T. On the pole expansion of electromagnetic fields. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:32363-32376. [PMID: 33114924 DOI: 10.1364/oe.403948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In several publications, it has been shown how to calculate the near- or far-field properties for a given source or incident field using the resonant states, also known as quasi-normal modes. As previously noted, this pole expansion is not unique, and there exist many equivalent formulations with dispersive expansion coefficients. Here, we approach the pole expansion of the electromagnetic fields using the Mittag-Leffler theorem and obtain another set of formulations with constant weight factors for each pole. We compare the performance and applicability of these formulations using analytical and numerical examples. It turns out that the accuracy of all approaches is rather comparable with a slightly better global convergence of the approach based on a formulation with dispersive expansion coefficients. However, other expansions can be superior locally and are typically faster. Our work will help with selecting appropriate formulations for an efficient description of the electromagnetic response in terms of the resonant states.
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