1
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Bittencourt GHR, Castro M, Nunez AS, Altbir D, Allende S, Carvalho-Santos VL. Chiral spin-transfer torque induced by curvature gradient. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:16844-16851. [PMID: 39190501 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01068j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
This work analyzes the propagation of a transverse domain wall (DW) under the action of an electric current along a nanowire with a curvature gradient. Our results evidence that the curvature gradient induces a chiral spin-transfer torque (CSTT) whose effect on the DW dynamics depends on the direction along which the DW points, evidencing a curvature-induced non-reciprocity in the current-driven DW motion. The origin of the CSTT is explained in terms of a position-dependent effective field associated with the DW profile and the electric current direction. This current-driven chiral effect is responsible for direction-dependent reinforcing or blocking the DW propagation. The emergence of curvature-induced chiral spin transport is a phenomenon to consider when designing spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme H R Bittencourt
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Física, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brasil.
- Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina, R. Aloísio Stoffel, 89885-000, São Carlos, SC, Brasil
| | - Mario Castro
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Departamento de Física, Cedenna, Avda. Víctor Jara 3493, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alvaro S Nunez
- Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dora Altbir
- Universidad Diego Portales, Ejército 441, CEDENNA, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Allende
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Departamento de Física, Cedenna, Avda. Víctor Jara 3493, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vagson L Carvalho-Santos
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Física, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brasil.
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2
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Barth S, Porrati F, Knez D, Jungwirth F, Jochmann NP, Huth M, Winkler R, Plank H, Gracia I, Cané C. Nanoscale, surface-confined phase separation by electron beam induced oxidation. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:14722-14729. [PMID: 38922329 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01650e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Electron-assisted oxidation of Co-Si-based focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) materials is shown to form a 2-4 nm metal oxide surface layer on top of an electrically insulating silicon oxide layer less than 10 nm thick. Differences between thermal and electron-induced oxidation on the resulting microstructure are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Barth
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Porrati
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Daniel Knez
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Felix Jungwirth
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nicolas P Jochmann
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Huth
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Robert Winkler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Direct-Write Fabrication of 3D Nano-Probes (DEFINE), Institute of Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Plank
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Direct-Write Fabrication of 3D Nano-Probes (DEFINE), Institute of Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Isabel Gracia
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona (IMB), Centre Nacional de Microelectrònica (CNM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Cané
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona (IMB), Centre Nacional de Microelectrònica (CNM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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de Rojas J, Atkinson D, Adeyeye AO. Tailoring magnon modes by extending square, kagome, and trigonal spin ice lattices vertically via interlayer coupling of trilayer nanomagnets. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:415805. [PMID: 38942012 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad5d3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
In this work high-frequency magnetization dynamics and statics of artificial spin-ice lattices with different geometric nanostructure array configurations are studied where the individual nanostructures are composed of ferromagnetic/non-magnetic/ferromagnetic trilayers with different non-magnetic thicknesses. These thickness variations enable additional control over the magnetic interactions within the spin-ice lattice that directly impacts the resulting magnetization dynamics and the associated magnonic modes. Specifically the geometric arrangements studied are square, kagome and trigonal spin ice configurations, where the individual lithographically patterned nanomagnets (NMs) are trilayers, made up of two magnetic layers ofNi81Fe19of 30 nm and 70 nm thickness respectively, separated by a non-magnetic copper layer of either 2 nm or 40 nm. We show that coupling via the magnetostatic interactions between the ferromagnetic layers of the NMs within square, kagome and trigonal spin-ice lattices offers fine-control over magnetization states and magnetic resonant modes. In particular, the kagome and trigonal lattices allow tuning of an additional mode and the spacing between multiple resonance modes, increasing functionality beyond square lattices. These results demonstrate the ability to move beyond quasi-2D single magnetic layer nanomagnetics via control of the vertical interlayer interactions in spin ice arrays. This additional control enables multi-mode magnonic programmability of the resonance spectra, which has potential for magnetic metamaterials for microwave or information processing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius de Rojas
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States of America
| | - Del Atkinson
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Adekunle O Adeyeye
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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4
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Dion T, Stenning KD, Vanstone A, Holder HH, Sultana R, Alatteili G, Martinez V, Kaffash MT, Kimura T, Oulton RF, Branford WR, Kurebayashi H, Iacocca E, Jungfleisch MB, Gartside JC. Ultrastrong magnon-magnon coupling and chiral spin-texture control in a dipolar 3D multilayered artificial spin-vortex ice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4077. [PMID: 38744816 PMCID: PMC11094080 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Strongly-interacting nanomagnetic arrays are ideal systems for exploring reconfigurable magnonics. They provide huge microstate spaces and integrated solutions for storage and neuromorphic computing alongside GHz functionality. These systems may be broadly assessed by their range of reliably accessible states and the strength of magnon coupling phenomena and nonlinearities. Increasingly, nanomagnetic systems are expanding into three-dimensional architectures. This has enhanced the range of available magnetic microstates and functional behaviours, but engineering control over 3D states and dynamics remains challenging. Here, we introduce a 3D magnonic metamaterial composed from multilayered artificial spin ice nanoarrays. Comprising two magnetic layers separated by a non-magnetic spacer, each nanoisland may assume four macrospin or vortex states per magnetic layer. This creates a system with a rich 16N microstate space and intense static and dynamic dipolar magnetic coupling. The system exhibits a broad range of emergent phenomena driven by the strong inter-layer dipolar interaction, including ultrastrong magnon-magnon coupling with normalised coupling rates ofΔ f ν = 0.57 , GHz mode shifts in zero applied field and chirality-control of magnetic vortex microstates with corresponding magnonic spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy Dion
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Kilian D Stenning
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alex Vanstone
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Holly H Holder
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rawnak Sultana
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Ghanem Alatteili
- Center for Magnetism and Magnetic Nanostructures, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA
| | - Victoria Martinez
- Center for Magnetism and Magnetic Nanostructures, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA
| | | | - Takashi Kimura
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Will R Branford
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hidekazu Kurebayashi
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ezio Iacocca
- Center for Magnetism and Magnetic Nanostructures, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA
| | | | - Jack C Gartside
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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5
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Chen Y, Zhang HA, El-Ghazaly A. Tuning the dimensional order in self-assembled magnetic nanostructures: theory, simulations, and experiments. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38525804 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06299f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
A major obstacle to building nanoscale magnetic devices or even experimentally studying novel nanomagnetic spin textures is the present lack of a simple and robust method to fabricate various nano-structured alloys. Here, theoretical and experimental investigations were conducted to understand the underlying physical mechanisms of magnetic particle self-assembly in zero applied magnetic field. By changing the amount of NaOH added during the synthesis, we demonstrate that the resulting morphology of the assembled FeCo structure can be tuned from zero-dimensional (0D) nanoparticles to one-dimensional (1D) chains, and even three-dimensional (3D) networks. Two numerical simulations were developed to predict aspects of nanostructure formation by accounting for the magnetic interactions between individual magnetic nanoparticles. The first utilized the Boltzmann distribution to determine the equilibrium structure of a nanochain, iteratively predicting the local deviation angle θ of each particle as it attaches to a forming chain. The second simulation illustrates the differences in nanostructure arrangement and dimensionality (0D, 1D, or 3D) that arise from random interactions at various nanoparticle densities. The simulation results closely match the experimental findings, as seen from SEM images, demonstrating their ability to capture the system's structural properties. In addition, magnetic hysteresis measurements of the samples were performed along two orthogonal directions to show the influence of dimensional order on the magnetic behavior. The normalized remanence (MR/MS||) of the FeCo alloys increases as the dimensions of nanostructures are increased. Of the three cases, the FeCo 3D network structures exhibit the highest normalized nanostructure remanence of 0.33 and an increased coercivity to above 200 Oe at 300 K. This combined numerical and experimental investigation aims to shed light on the preparation of FeCo nanostructures with tailorable dimensional order and it opens new avenues for exploring the complex spin textures and coercive behavior of these multi-dimensional nanomagnetic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
| | - Hanyu Alice Zhang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Amal El-Ghazaly
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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6
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Volkov OM, Pylypovskyi OV, Porrati F, Kronast F, Fernandez-Roldan JA, Kákay A, Kuprava A, Barth S, Rybakov FN, Eriksson O, Lamb-Camarena S, Makushko P, Mawass MA, Shakeel S, Dobrovolskiy OV, Huth M, Makarov D. Three-dimensional magnetic nanotextures with high-order vorticity in soft magnetic wireframes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2193. [PMID: 38467623 PMCID: PMC10928081 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46403-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Additive nanotechnology enable curvilinear and three-dimensional (3D) magnetic architectures with tunable topology and functionalities surpassing their planar counterparts. Here, we experimentally reveal that 3D soft magnetic wireframe structures resemble compact manifolds and accommodate magnetic textures of high order vorticity determined by the Euler characteristic, χ. We demonstrate that self-standing magnetic tetrapods (homeomorphic to a sphere; χ = + 2) support six surface topological solitons, namely four vortices and two antivortices, with a total vorticity of + 2 equal to its Euler characteristic. Alternatively, wireframe structures with one loop (homeomorphic to a torus; χ = 0) possess equal number of vortices and antivortices, which is relevant for spin-wave splitters and 3D magnonics. Subsequent introduction of n holes into the wireframe geometry (homeomorphic to an n-torus; χ < 0) enables the accommodation of a virtually unlimited number of antivortices, which suggests their usefulness for non-conventional (e.g., reservoir) computation. Furthermore, complex stray-field topologies around these objects are of interest for superconducting electronics, particle trapping and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksii M Volkov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Oleksandr V Pylypovskyi
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
- Kyiv Academic University, 03142, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Fabrizio Porrati
- Physikalisches Institut, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Florian Kronast
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jose A Fernandez-Roldan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Attila Kákay
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Kuprava
- Physikalisches Institut, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sven Barth
- Physikalisches Institut, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Filipp N Rybakov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box-516, Uppsala, SE-751 20, Sweden
| | - Olle Eriksson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box-516, Uppsala, SE-751 20, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Uppsala University, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Lamb-Camarena
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Währinger Str. 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Vienna Doctoral School in Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavlo Makushko
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mohamad-Assaad Mawass
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4 - 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shahrukh Shakeel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleksandr V Dobrovolskiy
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Währinger Str. 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Huth
- Physikalisches Institut, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
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7
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Fedorov P, Soldatov I, Neu V, Schäfer R, Schmidt OG, Karnaushenko D. Self-assembly of Co/Pt stripes with current-induced domain wall motion towards 3D racetrack devices. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2048. [PMID: 38448405 PMCID: PMC10918081 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Modification of the magnetic properties under the induced strain and curvature is a promising avenue to build three-dimensional magnetic devices, based on the domain wall motion. So far, most of the studies with 3D magnetic structures were performed in the helixes and nanowires, mainly with stationary domain walls. In this study, we demonstrate the impact of 3D geometry, strain and curvature on the current-induced domain wall motion and spin-orbital torque efficiency in the heterostructure, realized via a self-assembly rolling technique on a polymeric platform. We introduce a complete 3D memory unit with write, read and store functionality, all based on the field-free domain wall motion. Additionally, we conducted a comparative analysis between 2D and 3D structures, particularly addressing the influence of heat during the electric current pulse sequences. Finally, we demonstrated a remarkable increase of 30% in spin-torque efficiency in 3D configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Fedorov
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ivan Soldatov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Volker Neu
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rudolf Schäfer
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Materials Science, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany.
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany.
- Nanophysics, Faculty of Physics, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany.
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8
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Fullerton J, McCray ARC, Petford-Long AK, Phatak C. Understanding the Effect of Curvature on the Magnetization Reversal of Three-Dimensional Nanohelices. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2481-2487. [PMID: 38373326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Comprehending the interaction between geometry and magnetism in three-dimensional (3D) nanostructures is important to understand the fundamental physics of domain wall (DW) formation and pinning. Here, we use focused-electron-beam-induced deposition to fabricate magnetic nanohelices with increasing helical curvature with height. Using electron tomography and Lorentz transmission electron microscopy, we reconstruct the 3D structure and magnetization of the nanohelices. The surface curvature, helical curvature, and torsion of the nanohelices are then quantified from the tomographic reconstructions. Furthermore, by using the experimental 3D reconstructions as inputs for micromagnetic simulations, we can reveal the influence of surface and helical curvature on the magnetic reversal mechanism. Hence, we can directly correlate the magnetic behavior of a 3D nanohelix to its experimental structure. These results demonstrate how the control of geometry in nanohelices can be utilized in the stabilization of DWs and control of the response of the nanostructure to applied magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Fullerton
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Arthur R C McCray
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Applied Physics Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amanda K Petford-Long
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charudatta Phatak
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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9
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Bittencourt GHR, Carvalho-Santos VL, Altbir D, Chubykalo-Fesenko O, Moreno R. Tuning domain wall oscillation frequency in bent nanowires through a mechanical analogy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 35:065709. [PMID: 38009501 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad0a4b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a theoretical model for domain wall (DW) oscillations in a curved magnetic nanowire with a constant curvature under the action of a uniaxial magnetic field. Our results show that the DW dynamics can be described as that of the mechanical pendulum, and both the NW curvature and the external magnetic field influence its oscillatory frequency. A comparison between our theoretical approach and experimental data in the literature shows an excellent agreement. The results presented here can be used to design devices demanding the proper control of the DW oscillatory motion in NWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H R Bittencourt
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - V L Carvalho-Santos
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - D Altbir
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, CEDENNA, 9170124, Santiago, Chile
- Universidad Diego Portales, Ejército 441, Santiago, Chile
| | - O Chubykalo-Fesenko
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - R Moreno
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola, IFEG (UNC-CONICET), Medina Allende s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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10
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Kumar D, Chung HJ, Chan J, Jin T, Lim ST, Parkin SSP, Sbiaa R, Piramanayagam SN. Ultralow Energy Domain Wall Device for Spin-Based Neuromorphic Computing. ACS NANO 2023; 17:6261-6274. [PMID: 36944594 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Neuromorphic computing (NC) is gaining wide acceptance as a potential technology to achieve low-power intelligent devices. To realize NC, researchers investigate various types of synthetic neurons and synaptic devices, such as memristors and spintronic devices. In comparison, spintronics-based neurons and synapses have potentially higher endurance. However, for realizing low-power devices, domain wall (DW) devices that show DW motion at low energies─typically below pJ/bit─are favored. Here, we demonstrate DW motion at current densities as low as 106 A/m2 by engineering the β-W spin-orbit coupling (SOC) material. With our design, we achieve ultralow pinning fields and current density reduction by a factor of 104. The energy required to move the DW by a distance of about 18.6 μm is 0.4 fJ, which translates into the energy consumption of 27 aJ/bit for a bit-length of 1 μm. With a meander DW device configuration, we have established a controlled DW motion for synapse applications and have shown the direction to make ultralow energy spin-based neuromorphic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durgesh Kumar
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
| | - Hong Jing Chung
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, 138634, Singapore
| | - JianPeng Chan
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
| | - Tianli Jin
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
| | - Sze Ter Lim
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, 138634, Singapore
| | - Stuart S P Parkin
- Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Rachid Sbiaa
- Department of Physics, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 36, PC 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - S N Piramanayagam
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
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11
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Escalante-Quiceno AT, Novotný O, Neuman J, Magén C, De Teresa JM. Long-Term Performance of Magnetic Force Microscopy Tips Grown by Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2879. [PMID: 36991589 PMCID: PMC10052145 DOI: 10.3390/s23062879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution micro- and nanostructures can be grown using Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition (FEBID), a direct-write, resist-free nanolithography technology which allows additive patterning, typically with sub-100 nm lateral resolution, and down to 10 nm in optimal conditions. This technique has been used to grow magnetic tips for use in Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM). Due to their high aspect ratio and good magnetic behavior, these FEBID magnetic tips provide several advantages over commercial magnetic tips when used for simultaneous topographical and magnetic measurements. Here, we report a study of the durability of these excellent candidates for high-resolution MFM measurements. A batch of FEBID-grown magnetic tips was subjected to a systematic analysis of MFM magnetic contrast for 30 weeks, using magnetic storage tape as a test specimen. Our results indicate that these FEBID magnetic tips operate effectively over a long period of time. The magnetic signal was well preserved, with a maximum reduction of 60% after 21 weeks of recurrent use. No significant contrast degradation was observed after 30 weeks in storage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Neuman
- NenoVision s.r.o., 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - César Magén
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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12
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Corona RM, Saavedra E, Castillo-Sepulveda S, Escrig J, Altbir D, Carvalho-Santos VL. Curvature-induced stabilization and field-driven dynamics of magnetic hopfions in toroidal nanorings. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:165702. [PMID: 36689765 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acb557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Three dimensional magnetic textures are a cornerstone in magnetism research. In this work, we analyze the stabilization and dynamic response of a magnetic hopfion hosted in a toroidal nanoring with intrinsic Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction simulating FeGe. Our results evidence that unlike their planar counterparts, where perpendicular magnetic anisotropies are necessary to stabilize hopfions, the shape anisotropy originated on the torus symmetry naturally yields the nucleation of these topological textures. We also analyze the magnetization dynamical response by applying a magnetic field pulse to differentiate among several magnetic patterns. Finally, to understand the nature of spin wave modes, we analyze the spatial distributions of the resonant mode amplitudes and phases and describe the differences among bulk and surface modes. Importantly, hopfions lying in toroidal nanorings present a non-circularly symmetric poloidal resonant mode, which is not observed in other systems hosting hopfions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Corona
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Departamento de Física, Avda. Víctor Jara 3493, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
| | - E Saavedra
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Departamento de Física, Avda. Víctor Jara 3493, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
| | - S Castillo-Sepulveda
- Departamento de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Avda. Pedro de Valdivia 425, Providencia, Chile
| | - J Escrig
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Departamento de Física, Avda. Víctor Jara 3493, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
| | - D Altbir
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Departamento de Física, Avda. Víctor Jara 3493, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
| | - V L Carvalho-Santos
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Física, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
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13
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Fowlkes J, Winkler R, Rack PD, Plank H. 3D Nanoprinting Replication Enhancement Using a Simulation-Informed Analytical Model for Electron Beam Exposure Dose Compensation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:3148-3175. [PMID: 36713724 PMCID: PMC9878664 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
3D nanoprinting, using focused electron beam-induced deposition, is prone to a common structural artifact arising from a temperature gradient that naturally evolves during deposition, extending from the electron beam impact region (BIR) to the substrate. Inelastic electron energy loss drives the Joule heating and surface temperature variations lead to precursor surface concentration variations due, in most part, to temperature-dependent precursor surface desorption. The result is unwanted curvature when prescribing linear segments in 3D objects, and thus, complex geometries contain distortions. Here, an electron dose compensation strategy is presented to offset deleterious heating effects; the Decelerating Beam Exposure Algorithm, or DBEA, which corrects for nanowire bending a priori, during computer-aided design, uses an analytical solution derived from information gleaned from 3D nanoprinting simulations. Electron dose modulation is an ideal solution for artifact correction because variations in electron dose have no influence on temperature. Thus, the generalized compensation strategy revealed here will help advance 3D nanoscale printing fidelity for focused electron beam-induced deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason
D. Fowlkes
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Robert Winkler
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Direct-Write Fabrication of 3D Nano-Probes
(DEFINE), Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, 8010Graz, Austria
| | - Philip D. Rack
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
| | - Harald Plank
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Direct-Write Fabrication of 3D Nano-Probes
(DEFINE), Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, 8010Graz, Austria
- Institute
of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, 8010Graz, Austria
- Graz
Centre for Electron Microscopy, 8010Graz, Austria
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14
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Bhattacharya D, Chen Z, Jensen CJ, Liu C, Burks EC, Gilbert DA, Zhang X, Yin G, Liu K. 3D Interconnected Magnetic Nanowire Networks as Potential Integrated Multistate Memristors. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:10010-10017. [PMID: 36480011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Interconnected magnetic nanowire (NW) networks offer a promising platform for three-dimensional (3D) information storage and integrated neuromorphic computing. Here we report discrete propagation of magnetic states in interconnected Co nanowire networks driven by magnetic field and current, manifested in distinct magnetoresistance (MR) features. In these networks, when only a few interconnected NWs were measured, multiple MR kinks and local minima were observed, including a significant minimum at a positive field during the descending field sweep. Micromagnetic simulations showed that this unusual feature was due to domain wall (DW) pinning at the NW intersections, which was confirmed by off-axis electron holography imaging. In a complex network with many intersections, sequential switching of nanowire sections separated by interconnects was observed, along with stochastic characteristics. The pinning/depinning of the DWs can be further controlled by the driving current density. These results illustrate the promise of such interconnected networks as integrated multistate memristors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhijie Chen
- Physics Department, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.20057, United States
| | | | - Chen Liu
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science & Technology, Thuwal23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Edward C Burks
- Physics Department, University of California, Davis, California95618, United States
| | - Dustin A Gilbert
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
| | - Xixiang Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science & Technology, Thuwal23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gen Yin
- Physics Department, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.20057, United States
| | - Kai Liu
- Physics Department, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.20057, United States
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