1
|
Schunke C, Schweer P, Engelage E, Austin D, Switzer ED, Rahman TS, Morgenstern K. Increased Selectivity in Photolytic Activation of Nanoassemblies Compared to Thermal Activation in On-Surface Ullmann Coupling. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11665-11674. [PMID: 38661485 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis is a powerful method that has emerged recently to fabricate a large variety of atomically precise nanomaterials on surfaces based on polymerization. It is very successful for thermally activated reactions within the framework of heterogeneous catalysis. As a result, it often lacks selectivity. We propose to use selective activation of specific bonds as a crucial ingredient to synthesize desired molecules with high selectivity. In this approach, thermally nonaccessible products are expected to arise in photolytically activated on-surface reactions with high selectivity. We demonstrate for assembled 2,2'-dibromo biphenyl clusters on Cu(111) that the thermal and photolytic activations yield distinctly different products, combining submolecular resolution of individual product molecules in real-space imaging by scanning tunneling microscopy with chemical identification in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and supported by ab initio calculations. The photolytically activated Ullmann coupling of 2,2'-dibromo biphenyl is highly selective, with only one identified product. It starkly contrasts the thermal reaction, which yields various products because alternate pathways are activated at the reaction temperature. Our study extends on-surface synthesis to a directed formation of thermally inaccessible products by direct bond activation. It promises tailored reactions of nanomaterials within the framework of on-surface synthesis based on the photolytic activation of specific bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schunke
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum D-44801, Germany
| | - Paul Schweer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum D-44801, Germany
| | - Elric Engelage
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum D-44801, Germany
| | - Dave Austin
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Eric D Switzer
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Talat S Rahman
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Karina Morgenstern
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum D-44801, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Merino-Diez N, Amador R, Stolz ST, Passerone D, Widmer R, Gröning O. Asymmetric Molecular Adsorption and Regioselective Bond Cleavage on Chiral PdGa Crystals. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309081. [PMID: 38353319 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Homogenous enantioselective catalysis is nowadays the cornerstone in the manufacturing of enantiopure substances, but its technological implementation suffers from well-known impediments like the lack of endurable catalysts exhibiting long-term stability. The catalytically active intermetallic compound Palladium-Gallium (PdGa), conserving innate bulk chirality on its surfaces, represent a promising system to study asymmetric chemical reactions by heterogeneous catalysis, with prospective relevance for industrial processes. Here, this work investigates the adsorption of 10,10'-dibromo-9,9'-bianthracene (DBBA) on the PdGa:A(1 ¯ 1 ¯ 1 ¯ $\bar{1}\bar{1}\bar{1}$ ) Pd3-terminated surface by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS). A highly enantioselective adsorption of the molecule evolving into a near 100% enantiomeric excess below room temperature is observed. This exceptionally high enantiomeric excess is attributed to temperature activated conversion of the S to the R chiral conformer. Tip-induced bond cleavage of the R conformer shows a very high regioselectivity of the DBBA debromination. The experimental results are interpreted by density functional theory atomistic simulations. This work extends the knowledge of chirality transfer onto the enantioselective adsorption of non-planar molecules and manifests the ensemble effect of PdGa surfaces resulting in robust regioselective debromination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Merino-Diez
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Raymond Amador
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Samuel T Stolz
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Passerone
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Roland Widmer
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Gröning
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ren J, Koy M, Osthues H, Lammers BS, Gutheil C, Nyenhuis M, Zheng Q, Xiao Y, Huang L, Nalop A, Dai Q, Gao HJ, Mönig H, Doltsinis NL, Fuchs H, Glorius F. On-surface synthesis of ballbot-type N-heterocyclic carbene polymers. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1737-1744. [PMID: 37640855 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01310-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are established ligands for metal complexes and surfaces. Here we go beyond monomeric NHCs and report on the synthesis of NHC polymers on gold surfaces, consisting of ballbot-type repeating units bound to single Au adatoms. We designed, synthesized and deposited precursors containing different halogens on gold surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum. Conformational, electronic and charge transport properties were assessed by combining low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy, non-contact atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, first-principles calculations and reactive force field simulations. The confirmed ballbot-type nature of the NHCs explains the high surface mobility of the incommensurate NHC polymers, which is prerequisite for their desired spatial alignment. The delicate balance between mobility and polymerization rate allows essential parameters for controlling polymer directionality to be derived. These polymers open up new opportunities in the fields of nanoelectronics, surface functionalization and catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jindong Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, PR China
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology, Münster, Germany
| | - Maximilian Koy
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Helena Osthues
- Institute for Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Bertram Schulze Lammers
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Gutheil
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Marvin Nyenhuis
- Institute for Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Qi Zheng
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Li Huang
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Arne Nalop
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Qing Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hong-Jun Gao
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Harry Mönig
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
- Center for Nanotechnology, Münster, Germany.
| | - Nikos L Doltsinis
- Institute for Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
- Center for Nanotechnology, Münster, Germany.
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Qin T, Guo D, Xiong J, Li X, Hu L, Yang W, Chen Z, Wu Y, Ding H, Hu J, Xu Q, Wang T, Zhu J. Synthesis of a Porous [14]Annulene Graphene Nanoribbon and a Porous [30]Annulene Graphene Nanosheet on Metal Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306368. [PMID: 37401637 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The electrical and mechanical properties of graphene-based materials can be tuned by the introduction of nanopores, which are sensitively related to the size, morphology, density, and location of nanopores. The synthesis of low-dimensional graphene nanostructures containing well-defined nonplanar nanopores has been challenging due to the intrinsic steric hindrance. Herein, we report the selective synthesis of one-dimensional (1D) graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) containing periodic nonplanar [14]annulene pores on Ag(111) and two-dimensional (2D) porous graphene nanosheet containing periodic nonplanar [30]annulene pores on Au(111), starting from a same precursor. The formation of distinct products on the two substrates originates from the different thermodynamics and kinetics of coupling reactions. The reaction mechanisms were confirmed by a series of control experiments, and the appropriate thermodynamic and kinetic parameters for optimizing the reaction pathways were proposed. In addition, the combined scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed the electronic structures of porous graphene structures, demonstrating the impact of nonplanar pores on the π-conjugation of molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianchen Qin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Dezhou Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Juanjuan Xiong
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Lei Hu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Weishan Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Zijie Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Yulun Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Honghe Ding
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Jun Hu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Qian Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li R, Zhang L, Chen T, Wang D. On-Surface Two-Dimensional Polymerization: Advances, Challenges, and Prospects. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:12521-12532. [PMID: 37651313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) are molecularly thin networks consisting of monomers covalently linked in at least two directions in the molecular plane. Because of the unique structural features and emergent physicochemical properties, 2DPs promise application potentials in catalysis, chemical sensing, and organic electronic devices. On-surface synthesis is of great interest to fabricate 2DPs with atomic precision, and the properties of the 2DPs can be characterized in situ through scanning probe techniques. In this Perspective, we first introduce the recent developments of on-surface 2D polymerization, including the design principle, the synthetic reactions, and the factors affecting the synthesis of 2DPs on surface. Then, we summarize some major challenges in this field, including the fabrication of high-quality 2DPs and the study of the intrinsic electronic properties of 2DPs, and we discuss some of the available solutions to address these issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoning Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Longzhu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang T, Fan Q, Zhu J. Steering On-Surface Reactions by Kinetic and Thermodynamic Strategies. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2251-2262. [PMID: 36821589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis has emerged as a powerful tool to fabricate various functional low-dimensional nanostructures with atomic precision, thus becoming a promising platform for the preparation of next-generation semiconductive, magnetic, and topological nanodevices. With the aid of scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy and noncontact atomic force microscopy, both the chemical structures and physical properties of the obtained products can be well characterized. A major challenge in this field is how to efficiently steer reaction pathways and improve the yield/quality of products. To address this problem, in recent years various kinetic and thermodynamic strategies have been successfully employed to control on-surface reactions. In this Perspective, we discuss these strategies in view of basic reaction steps on surfaces, including molecular adsorption, diffusion, and reaction. We hope this Perspective will help readers to deepen the understanding of the mechanisms of on-surface reactions and rationally design reaction procedures for the fabrication of high-quality functional nanomaterials on surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Qitang Fan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Urade AR, Lahiri I, Suresh KS. Graphene Properties, Synthesis and Applications: A Review. JOM (WARRENDALE, PA. : 1989) 2022; 75:614-630. [PMID: 36267692 PMCID: PMC9568937 DOI: 10.1007/s11837-022-05505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We have evaluated some of the most recent breakthroughs in the synthesis and applications of graphene and graphene-based nanomaterials. This review includes three major categories. The first section consists of an overview of the structure and properties, including thermal, optical, and electrical transport. Recent developments in the synthesis techniques are elaborated in the second section. A number of top-down strategies for the synthesis of graphene, including exfoliation and chemical reduction of graphene oxide, are discussed. A few bottom-up synthesis methods for graphene are also covered, including thermal chemical vapor deposition, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, thermal decomposition of silicon, unzipping of carbon nanotubes, and others. The final section provides the recent innovations in graphene applications and the commercial availability of graphene-based devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha R. Urade
- Centre of Excellence: Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667 India
| | - Indranil Lahiri
- Centre of Excellence: Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667 India
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667 India
| | - K. S. Suresh
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667 India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Design of copper oxide and oxygen codoped graphitic carbon nitride activator for efficient radical and nonradical activation of peroxymonosulfate. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
9
|
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) polymers have garnered widespread interest because of their intriguing physicochemical properties. Envisaged applications in fields including nanodevices, solid-state chemistry, physical organic chemistry, and condensed matter physics, however, demand high-quality and large-scale production. In this perspective, we first introduce exotic band structures of organic frameworks holding honeycomb, kagome, and Lieb lattices. We further discuss how mesoscale ordered 2D polymers can be synthesized by means of choosing suitable monomers and optimizing growth conditions. We describe successful polymerization strategies to introducing a non-benzenoid subunit into a π-conjugated carbon lattice via delicately designed monomer precursors. Also, to obviate transfer and restore the intrinsic properties of π-conjugated polymers, new paradigms of aryl-aryl coupling on inert surfaces are discussed. Recent achievements in the photopolymerization demonstrate the need for monomer design. We conclude the potential applications of these organic networks and project the future possibilities in providing new insights into on-surface polymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianchao Niu
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Chenqiang Hua
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Miao Zhou
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
- School of Physics, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Borin Barin G, Sun Q, Di Giovannantonio M, Du CZ, Wang XY, Llinas JP, Mutlu Z, Lin Y, Wilhelm J, Overbeck J, Daniels C, Lamparski M, Sahabudeen H, Perrin ML, Urgel JI, Mishra S, Kinikar A, Widmer R, Stolz S, Bommert M, Pignedoli C, Feng X, Calame M, Müllen K, Narita A, Meunier V, Bokor J, Fasel R, Ruffieux P. Growth Optimization and Device Integration of Narrow-Bandgap Graphene Nanoribbons. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2202301. [PMID: 35713270 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The electronic, optical, and magnetic properties of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) can be engineered by controlling their edge structure and width with atomic precision through bottom-up fabrication based on molecular precursors. This approach offers a unique platform for all-carbon electronic devices but requires careful optimization of the growth conditions to match structural requirements for successful device integration, with GNR length being the most critical parameter. In this work, the growth, characterization, and device integration of 5-atom wide armchair GNRs (5-AGNRs) are studied, which are expected to have an optimal bandgap as active material in switching devices. 5-AGNRs are obtained via on-surface synthesis under ultrahigh vacuum conditions from Br- and I-substituted precursors. It is shown that the use of I-substituted precursors and the optimization of the initial precursor coverage quintupled the average 5-AGNR length. This significant length increase allowed the integration of 5-AGNRs into devices and the realization of the first field-effect transistor based on narrow bandgap AGNRs that shows switching behavior at room temperature. The study highlights that the optimized growth protocols can successfully bridge between the sub-nanometer scale, where atomic precision is needed to control the electronic properties, and the scale of tens of nanometers relevant for successful device integration of GNRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Borin Barin
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Qiang Sun
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Cheng-Zhuo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiao-Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Juan Pablo Llinas
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Zafer Mutlu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yuxuan Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jan Wilhelm
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jan Overbeck
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Colin Daniels
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Michael Lamparski
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Hafeesudeen Sahabudeen
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mickael L Perrin
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - José I Urgel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Shantanu Mishra
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Amogh Kinikar
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Roland Widmer
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Stolz
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Max Bommert
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Pignedoli
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michel Calame
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Vincent Meunier
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bokor
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Haags A, Yang X, Egger L, Brandstetter D, Kirschner H, Bocquet FC, Koller G, Gottwald A, Richter M, Gottfried JM, Ramsey MG, Puschnig P, Soubatch S, Tautz FS. Momentum space imaging of σ orbitals for chemical analysis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn0819. [PMID: 35867796 PMCID: PMC9307240 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn0819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tracing the modifications of molecules in surface chemical reactions benefits from the possibility to image their orbitals. While delocalized frontier orbitals with π character are imaged routinely with photoemission orbital tomography, they are not always sensitive to local chemical modifications, particularly the making and breaking of bonds at the molecular periphery. For such bonds, σ orbitals would be far more revealing. Here, we show that these orbitals can indeed be imaged in a remarkably broad energy range and that the plane wave approximation, an important ingredient of photoemission orbital tomography, is also well fulfilled for these orbitals. This makes photoemission orbital tomography a unique tool for the detailed analysis of surface chemical reactions. We demonstrate this by identifying the reaction product of a dehalogenation and cyclodehydrogenation reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Haags
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich, Germany
- Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Xiaosheng Yang
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich, Germany
- Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Larissa Egger
- Institut für Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Hans Kirschner
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
| | - François C. Bocquet
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich, Germany
| | - Georg Koller
- Institut für Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Mathias Richter
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Michael G. Ramsey
- Institut für Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Puschnig
- Institut für Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Serguei Soubatch
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich, Germany
| | - F. Stefan Tautz
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich, Germany
- Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Biswas K, Urgel JI, Ajayakumar MR, Ma J, Sánchez-Grande A, Edalatmanesh S, Lauwaet K, Mutombo P, Gallego JM, Miranda R, Jelínek P, Feng X, Écija D. Synthesis and Characterization of peri-Heptacene on a Metallic Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114983. [PMID: 35170842 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of long n-peri-acenes (n-PAs) is challenging as a result of their inherent open-shell radical character, which arises from the presence of parallel zigzag edges beyond a certain n value. They are considered as π-electron model systems to study magnetism in graphene nanostructures; being potential candidates in the fabrication of optoelectronic and spintronic devices. Here, we report the on-surface formation of the largest pristine member of the n-PA family, i.e. peri-heptacene (n=7, 7-PA), obtained on an Au(111) substrate under ultra-high vacuum conditions. Our high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy investigations, complemented by theoretical simulations, provide insight into the chemical structure of this previously elusive compound. In addition, scanning tunneling spectroscopy reveals the antiferromagnetic open-shell singlet ground state of 7-PA, exhibiting singlet-triplet spin-flip inelastic excitations with an effective exchange coupling (Jeff ) of 49 meV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Biswas
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - José I Urgel
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - M R Ajayakumar
- Center for Advancing Electronics and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ji Ma
- Center for Advancing Electronics and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ana Sánchez-Grande
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Shayan Edalatmanesh
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, 16253, Praha, Czech Republic.,Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Koen Lauwaet
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pingo Mutombo
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, 16253, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - José M Gallego
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Miranda
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, 16253, Praha, Czech Republic.,Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - David Écija
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Biswas K, Urgel JI, Ajayakumar MR, Ma J, Sánchez‐Grande A, Edalatmanesh S, Lauwaet K, Mutombo P, Gallego JM, Miranda R, Jelínek P, Feng X, Écija D. Synthesis and Characterization of
peri
‐Heptacene on a Metallic Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Biswas
- IMDEA Nanoscience C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - José I. Urgel
- IMDEA Nanoscience C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - M. R. Ajayakumar
- Center for Advancing Electronics and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technical University of Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Ji Ma
- Center for Advancing Electronics and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technical University of Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Ana Sánchez‐Grande
- IMDEA Nanoscience C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Shayan Edalatmanesh
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science 16253 Praha Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Palacký University Olomouc 771 46 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Koen Lauwaet
- IMDEA Nanoscience C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Pingo Mutombo
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science 16253 Praha Czech Republic
| | - José M. Gallego
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid CSIC 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Rodolfo Miranda
- IMDEA Nanoscience C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science 16253 Praha Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Palacký University Olomouc 771 46 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technical University of Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - David Écija
- IMDEA Nanoscience C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Márquez IR, Ruíz del Árbol N, Urgel JI, Villalobos F, Fasel R, López MF, Cuerva JM, Martín-Gago JA, Campaña AG, Sánchez-Sánchez C. On-Surface Thermal Stability of a Graphenic Structure Incorporating a Tropone Moiety. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030488. [PMID: 35159831 PMCID: PMC8837919 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis, complementary to wet chemistry, has been demonstrated to be a valid approach for the synthesis of tailored graphenic nanostructures with atomic precision. Among the different existing strategies used to tune the optoelectronic and magnetic properties of these nanostructures, the introduction of non-hexagonal rings inducing out-of-plane distortions is a promising pathway that has been scarcely explored on surfaces. Here, we demonstrate that non-hexagonal rings, in the form of tropone (cycloheptatrienone) moieties, are thermally transformed into phenyl or cyclopentadienone moieties upon an unprecedented surface-mediated retro–Buchner-type reaction involving a decarbonylation or an intramolecular rearrangement of the CO unit, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene R. Márquez
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada (UGR), Unidad de Excelencia de Química UEQ, C. U. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain; (I.R.M.); (F.V.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Nerea Ruíz del Árbol
- ESISNA Group, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (N.R.d.Á.); (M.F.L.); (J.A.M.-G.)
| | - José I. Urgel
- Nanotech@surfaces Group, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; (J.I.U.); (R.F.)
| | - Federico Villalobos
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada (UGR), Unidad de Excelencia de Química UEQ, C. U. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain; (I.R.M.); (F.V.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Roman Fasel
- Nanotech@surfaces Group, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; (J.I.U.); (R.F.)
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - María F. López
- ESISNA Group, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (N.R.d.Á.); (M.F.L.); (J.A.M.-G.)
| | - Juan M. Cuerva
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada (UGR), Unidad de Excelencia de Química UEQ, C. U. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain; (I.R.M.); (F.V.); (J.M.C.)
| | - José A. Martín-Gago
- ESISNA Group, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (N.R.d.Á.); (M.F.L.); (J.A.M.-G.)
| | - Araceli G. Campaña
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada (UGR), Unidad de Excelencia de Química UEQ, C. U. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain; (I.R.M.); (F.V.); (J.M.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.C.); (C.S.-S.)
| | - Carlos Sánchez-Sánchez
- ESISNA Group, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (N.R.d.Á.); (M.F.L.); (J.A.M.-G.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.C.); (C.S.-S.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu L, Zou H, Miao X, Yip HL, Deng W, Cao Y. Stepwise on-surface synthesis of thiophene-based polymeric ribbons by coupling reactions and the carbon-fluorine bond cleavage. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:697-703. [PMID: 34932052 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04039a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The rational synthesis of thiophene-based cross-coupled polymers on surfaces has been attracting more attention recently. Here, we report the stepwise activation of 5,5'-(2,3-difluoro-1,4-phenylene)bis(2-bromothiophene) as a precursor to synthesize thiophene-based polymeric ribbons on the Au(111) surface. Scanning tunneling microscopy studies showed that the precursor adopted different conformations in the self-assembled structure, organometallic species, and covalent polymers. On annealing the sample at a relatively low temperature (150 °C), the conversion of the organometallic structure into a covalent product with straight lines was observed, in which the Br adatoms arranged between the neighboring chains. On further annealing the sample at 270 °C, the detached Br adatoms played a key role in promoting the C-H bond activation. The cross-linked polymer was achieved by a combination of Ullmann and dehydrogenative coupling. When the annealing temperature was up to 390 °C, the C-F bond activation was triggered, which led to the formation of polymeric ribbons resulting from the cyclodehydrogenation of the fluorinated polymer. This study further supplements the reaction mechanism of thiophene-based dehalogenative, dehydrogenative and defluorinative coupling, and provides us a rational way for synthesizing cross-linked functional materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Liu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Hengqi Zou
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Xinrui Miao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Hin-Lap Yip
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China. .,Innovation Center of Printed Photovoltaics, South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Dongguan 523808, P. R. China
| | - Wenli Deng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Baran Ł, Dyk K, Kamiński DM, Stankevič M, Rżysko W, Tarasewicz D, Zientarski T. Influence of the substitution position in the tetratopic building blocks on the self-assembly process. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
17
|
Stolz S, Danese M, Di Giovannantonio M, Urgel JI, Sun Q, Kinikar A, Bommert M, Mishra S, Brune H, Gröning O, Passerone D, Widmer R. Asymmetric Elimination Reaction on Chiral Metal Surfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104481. [PMID: 34613643 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The production of enantiopure materials and molecules is of uttermost relevance in research and industry in numerous contexts, ranging from nonlinear optics to asymmetric synthesis. In the context of the latter, dehalogenation, which is an essential reaction step for a broad class of chemical reactions, is investigated; specifically, dehalogenation of prochiral 5-bromo-7-methylbenz(a)anthracene (BMA) on prototypical, chiral, intermetallic PdGa{111} surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Asymmetric halogen elimination is demonstrated by combining temperature-programmed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning probe microscopy, and density functional theory. On the PdGa{111} surfaces, the difference in debromination temperatures for the two BMA surface enantiomers amounts up to an unprecedented 46 K. The significant dependence of the dehalogenation temperature of the BMA surface enantiomers on the atomic termination of the PdGa{111} surfaces implies that the ensemble effect is pronounced in this reaction step. These findings evidence enantiospecific control and hence promote intrinsically chiral crystals for asymmetric on-surface synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Stolz
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Martina Danese
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - José I Urgel
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Qiang Sun
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Amogh Kinikar
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Max Bommert
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Shantanu Mishra
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Harald Brune
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Gröning
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Passerone
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Roland Widmer
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cirera B, Riss A, Mutombo P, Urgel JI, Santos J, Di Giovannantonio M, Widmer R, Stolz S, Sun Q, Bommert M, Fasel R, Jelínek P, Auwärter W, Martín N, Écija D. On-surface synthesis of organocopper metallacycles through activation of inner diacetylene moieties. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12806-12811. [PMID: 34703567 PMCID: PMC8494042 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03703j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of organometallic complexes is at the heart of modern organic chemistry and catalysis. Recently, on-surface synthesis has emerged as a disruptive paradigm to design previously precluded compounds and nanomaterials. Despite these advances, the field of organometallic chemistry on surfaces is still at its infancy. Here, we introduce a protocol to activate the inner diacetylene moieties of a molecular precursor by copper surface adatoms affording the formation of unprecedented organocopper metallacycles on Cu(111). The chemical structure of the resulting complexes is characterized by scanning probe microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, being complemented by density functional theory calculations and scanning probe microscopy simulations. Our results pave avenues to the engineering of organometallic compounds and steer the development of polyyne chemistry on surfaces. The diacetylene skeletons of DNBD precursors are attacked on Cu(111) by copper adatoms resulting in the synthesis of organocopper metallacycles.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borja Cirera
- IMDEA Nanoscience C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Alexander Riss
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich D-85748 Garching Germany
| | - Pingo Mutombo
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science 16253 Praha Czech Republic
| | - José I Urgel
- IMDEA Nanoscience C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain .,Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - José Santos
- IMDEA Nanoscience C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain .,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland.,Istituto di Struttura della Materia - CNR (ISM-CNR) via Fosso del Cavaliere 100 00133 Roma Italy
| | - Roland Widmer
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Samuel Stolz
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland.,Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Qiang Sun
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Max Bommert
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science 16253 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich D-85748 Garching Germany
| | - Nazario Martín
- IMDEA Nanoscience C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain .,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - David Écija
- IMDEA Nanoscience C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Han D, Zhu J. Surface-assisted fabrication of low-dimensional carbon-based nanoarchitectures. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:343001. [PMID: 34111858 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac0a1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis, as an alternative to traditional in-solution synthesis, has become an emerging research field and attracted extensive attention over the past decade due to its ability to fabricate nanoarchitectures with exotic properties. Compared to wet chemistry, the on-surface synthesis conducted on atomically flat solid surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum exhibits unprecedented characteristics and advantages, opening novel reaction pathways for chemical synthesis. Various low-dimensional nanostructures have been fabricated on solid surfaces (mostly metal surfaces) based on this newly developed approach. This paper reviews the classic and latest works regarding carbon-based low-dimensional nanostructures since the arrival of on-surface synthesis era. These nanostructures are categorized into zero-, one- and two-dimensional classes and each class is composed of numerous sub-nanostructures. For certain specific nanostructures, comprehensive reports are given, including precursor design, substrate choice, synthetic strategies and so forth. We hope that our review will shed light on the fabrication of some significant nanostructures in this young and promising scientific area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Houtsma RSK, de la Rie J, Stöhr M. Atomically precise graphene nanoribbons: interplay of structural and electronic properties. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:6541-6568. [PMID: 34100034 PMCID: PMC8185524 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01541e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons hold great promise for future applications in nanoelectronic devices, as they may combine the excellent electronic properties of graphene with the opening of an electronic band gap - not present in graphene but required for transistor applications. With a two-step on-surface synthesis process, graphene nanoribbons can be fabricated with atomic precision, allowing precise control over width and edge structure. Meanwhile, a decade of research has resulted in a plethora of graphene nanoribbons having various structural and electronic properties. This article reviews not only the on-surface synthesis of atomically precise graphene nanoribbons but also how their electronic properties are ultimately linked to their structure. Current knowledge and considerations with respect to precursor design, which eventually determines the final (electronic) structure, are summarized. Special attention is dedicated to the electronic properties of graphene nanoribbons, also in dependence on their width and edge structure. It is exactly this possibility of precisely changing their properties by fine-tuning the precursor design - offering tunability over a wide range - which has generated this vast research interest, also in view of future applications. Thus, selected device prototypes are presented as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Koen Houtsma
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Joris de la Rie
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Meike Stöhr
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mishra S, Yao X, Chen Q, Eimre K, Gröning O, Ortiz R, Di Giovannantonio M, Sancho-García JC, Fernández-Rossier J, Pignedoli CA, Müllen K, Ruffieux P, Narita A, Fasel R. Large magnetic exchange coupling in rhombus-shaped nanographenes with zigzag periphery. Nat Chem 2021; 13:581-586. [PMID: 33972756 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanographenes with zigzag edges are predicted to manifest non-trivial π-magnetism resulting from the interplay of concurrent electronic effects, such as hybridization of localized frontier states and Coulomb repulsion between valence electrons. This provides a chemically tunable platform to explore quantum magnetism at the nanoscale and opens avenues towards organic spintronics. The magnetic stability in nanographenes is thus far greatly limited by the weak magnetic exchange coupling, which remains below the room-temperature thermal energy. Here, we report the synthesis of large rhombus-shaped nanographenes with zigzag peripheries on gold and copper surfaces. Single-molecule scanning probe measurements show an emergent magnetic spin singlet ground state with increasing nanographene size. The magnetic exchange coupling in the largest nanographene (C70H22, containing five benzenoid rings along each edge), determined by inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy, exceeds 100 meV or 1,160 K, which outclasses most inorganic nanomaterials and survives on a metal electrode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Mishra
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Xuelin Yao
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kristjan Eimre
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Gröning
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo Ortiz
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Alicante, Sant Vicent del Raspeig, Spain.,Department of Chemical Physics, University of Alicante, Sant Vicent del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Carlo A Pignedoli
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany. .,Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Roman Fasel
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland. .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Song H, Liu Z, Guan Z, Yang F, Xia D, Li D. Efficient persulfate non-radical activation of electron-rich copper active sites induced by oxygen on graphitic carbon nitride. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:143127. [PMID: 33162135 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) non-radical reactions possess high catalytic activity for specific pollutants under complex water environments. However, the synthesis of high-performance catalysts and the discussion of non-radical reaction mechanisms are still unsatisfactory. Here, a novel and efficient non-radical catalyst (O-CuCN) was successfully assembled using the scheme of Copper (Cu) and oxygen (O) co-doping. The O element with great electronegativity induces graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) to act as a medium to change the phase properties and electron density distribution of g-C3N4, and provides a support for the targeting of Cu. Cu is introduced into g-C3N4 as an active site in the phase structure, and an electron-rich center with the Cu site is formed, which forms a metastable intermediate after the adsorption of PMS by Cu as the active site. The new catalyst O-CuCN has outstanding activity in the PMS system, and its degradation rate for bisphenol A (BPA) is increased by more than 20 times compared to that of g-C3N4, and it has excellent environmental tolerance and stability. This work demonstrates that the formation of metastable intermediates and the initiation of effective non-radical reactions can be achieved by constructing differentiated electron density structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Song
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, PR China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, PR China
| | - Zeyu Guan
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, PR China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, PR China
| | - Dongsheng Xia
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, PR China
| | - Dongya Li
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, PR China; Engineering Research Center Clean Production of Textile Dyeing and Printing, Ministry of Education, 430073, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Copper-oxygen synergistic electronic reconstruction on g-C3N4 for efficient non-radical catalysis for peroxydisulfate and peroxymonosulfate. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
24
|
Barcelon JE, Smerieri M, Carraro G, Wojciechowski P, Vattuone L, Rocca M, Nappini S, Píš I, Magnano E, Bondino F, Vaghi L, Papagni A, Savio L. Morphological characterization and electronic properties of pristine and oxygen-exposed graphene nanoribbons on Ag(110). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:7926-7937. [PMID: 33403374 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04051g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are at the frontier of research on graphene materials since the 1D quantum confinement of electrons allows for the opening of an energy gap. GNRs of uniform and well-defined size and shape can be grown using the bottom-up approach, i.e. by surface assisted polymerization of aromatic hydrocarbons. Since the electronic properties of the nanostructures depend on their width and on their edge states, by careful choice of the precursor molecule it is possible to design GNRs with tailored properties. A key issue for their application in nanoelectronics is their stability under operative conditions. Here, we characterize pristine and oxygen-exposed 1.0 nm wide GNRs with a well-defined mixed edge-site sequence (two zig-zag and one armchair) synthesized on Ag(110) from 1,6-dibromo-pyrene precursors. The energy gap and the presence of quantum confined states are investigated by scanning tunneling spectroscopy. The effect of oxygen exposure under ultra-high vacuum conditions is inferred from scanning tunneling microscopy images and photoemission spectra. Our results demonstrate that oxygen exposure deeply affects the overall system by interacting both with the nanoribbons and with the substrate; this factor must be considered for supported GNRs under operative conditions.
Collapse
|
25
|
Jin L, Bilbao N, Lv Y, Wang XY, Soltani P, Mali KS, Narita A, De Feyter S, Müllen K, Chen Z. 2D self-assembly and electronic characterization of oxygen-boron-oxygen-doped chiral graphene nanoribbons. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6031-6034. [PMID: 34032226 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01901e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), quasi-one-dimensional strips of graphene, exhibit a nonzero bandgap due to quantum confinement and edge effects. In the past decade, different types of GNRs with atomically precise structures have been synthesized by a bottom-up approach and have attracted attention as a novel class of semiconducting materials for applications in electronics and optoelectronics. We report the large-scale, inexpensive growth of high-quality oxygen-boron-oxygen-doped chiral GNRs with a defined structure using chemical vapor deposition. For the first time, a regular 2D self-assembly of such GNRs has been demonstrated, which results in a unique orthogonal network of GNRs. Stable and large-area GNR films with an optical bandgap of ∼1.9 eV were successfully transferred onto insulating substrates. This ordered network structure of semiconducting GNRs holds promise for controlled device integration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Nerea Bilbao
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan, 200 F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium.
| | - Yang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiao-Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Paniz Soltani
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz D-55128, Germany.
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan, 200 F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium.
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz D-55128, Germany.
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan, 200 F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium.
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz D-55128, Germany. and Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 4-6, Cologne, Germany
| | - Zongping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China. and Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz D-55128, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shiotari A, Hamada I, Nakae T, Mori S, Okujima T, Uno H, Sakaguchi H, Hamamoto Y, Morikawa Y, Sugimoto Y. Manipulable Metal Catalyst for Nanographene Synthesis. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8339-8345. [PMID: 33090808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Performing bottom-up synthesis by using molecules adsorbed on a surface is an effective method to yield functional polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nanocarbon materials. The intramolecular cyclodehydrogenation of hydrocarbons is a critical process in this synthesis; however, thus far, its elementary steps have not been elucidated thoroughly. In this study, we utilize the metal tip of a low-temperature noncontact atomic force microscope as a manipulable metal surface to locally activate dehydrogenation for PAH-forming cyclodehydrogenation. This method leads to the dissociation of a H atom of an intermediate to yield the cyclodehydrogenated product in a target-selective and reproducible manner. We demonstrate the metal-tip-catalyzed dehydrogenation for both benzenoid and nonbenzonoid PAHs, suggesting its universal applicability as a catalyst for nanographene synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akitoshi Shiotari
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, 277-8561 Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Ikutaro Hamada
- Department of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 565-0871 Suita, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakae
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, 611-0011 Uji, Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, 790-8577 Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Okujima
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 790-8577 Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Uno
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 790-8577 Matsuyama, Japan
| | | | - Yuji Hamamoto
- Department of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 565-0871 Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshitada Morikawa
- Department of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 565-0871 Suita, Japan
- Research Center for Ultra-Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 565-0871 Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sugimoto
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, 277-8561 Kashiwa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Stolz S, Di Giovannantonio M, Urgel JI, Sun Q, Kinikar A, Borin Barin G, Bommert M, Fasel R, Widmer R. Reversible Dehalogenation in On‐Surface Aryl–Aryl Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Stolz
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Institute of Physics École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Laboratory of Nanostructures at Surfaces 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - José I. Urgel
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Qiang Sun
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Amogh Kinikar
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Gabriela Borin Barin
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Max Bommert
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bern 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Roland Widmer
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Stolz S, Di Giovannantonio M, Urgel JI, Sun Q, Kinikar A, Borin Barin G, Bommert M, Fasel R, Widmer R. Reversible Dehalogenation in On-Surface Aryl-Aryl Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14106-14110. [PMID: 32338418 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the emerging field of on-surface synthesis, dehalogenative aryl-aryl coupling is unarguably the most prominent tool for the fabrication of covalently bonded carbon-based nanomaterials. Despite its importance, the reaction kinetics are still poorly understood. Here we present a comprehensive temperature-programmed x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigation of reaction kinetics and energetics in the prototypical on-surface dehalogenative polymerization of 4,4''-dibromo-p-terphenyl into poly(para-phenylene) on two coinage metal surfaces, Cu(111) and Au(111). We find clear evidence for reversible dehalogenation on Au(111), which is inhibited on Cu(111) owing to the formation of organometallic intermediates. The incorporation of reversible dehalogenation in the reaction rate equations leads to excellent agreement with experimental data and allows extracting the relevant energy barriers. Our findings deepen the mechanistic understanding and call for its reassessment for surface-confined aryl-aryl coupling on the most frequently used metal substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Stolz
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratory of Nanostructures at Surfaces, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - José I Urgel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Qiang Sun
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Amogh Kinikar
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Gabriela Borin Barin
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Max Bommert
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roland Widmer
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Que Y, Liu B, Zhuang Y, Xu C, Wang K, Xiao X. On-Surface Synthesis of Graphene Nanoribbons on Two-Dimensional Rare Earth-Gold Intermetallic Compounds. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5044-5050. [PMID: 32510955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate two reliable routes for the fabrication of armchair-edge graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) on TbAu2/Au(111), belonging to a class of two-dimensional ferromagnetic rare earth-gold intermetallic compounds. On-surface synthesis directly on TbAu2 leads to the formation of GNRs, which are short and interconnected with each other. In contrast, the intercalation approach-on-surface synthesis of GNRs directly on Au(111) followed by rare earth intercalation-yields GNRs on TbAu2/Au(111), where both the ribbons and TbAu2 are of high quality comparable with those directly grown on clean Au(111). Besides, the as-grown ribbons retain the same band gap while changing from p-doping to weak n-doping mainly due to a change in the work function of the substrate after the rare earth intercalation. The intercalation approach might also be employed to fabricate other types of GNRs on various rare earth intermetallic compounds, providing platforms to tailor the electronic and magnetic properties of GNRs on magnetic substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yande Que
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Chaoqiang Xu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kedong Wang
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Xiao
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
In the past decade, on-surface chemistry has provided fascinating concepts for the construction of covalently bonded molecular nanostructures and the exploration of new synthetic pathways that may be different from chemical synthesis in solution. Although the intermolecular reaction of precursor molecules may lead to the formation of the desired low-dimensional molecular architectures, it remains challenging to realize defect-free syntheses over large areas. Recently, intramolecular on-surface reactions have attracted increasing attention because they offer promising ways to synthesize functional organic molecules, especially those with extended conjugated π-systems. In this Perspective, we summarize the recent achievements in the field of on-surface intramolecular reactions and discuss future prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Bin Dong
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Su J, Wu X, Song S, Telychko M, Lu J. Substrate induced strain for on-surface transformation and synthesis. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:7500-7508. [PMID: 32227066 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01270j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Intermolecular strain has long been used to steer and promote chemical reactions towards desired products in wet chemical synthesis. However, similar protocols have not been adopted for the on-surface synthesis on solid substrates due to the complexity of reaction processes. Recent advances in the sub-molecular resolution with scanning probe microscopy allow us to capture on-surface reaction pathways and to gain substantial insights into the role of strain in chemical reactions. The primary focus of this review is to highlight the recent findings on strain-induced on-surface reactions. Such substrate-induced processes can be applied to alter the chemical reactivity and to drive on-surface chemical reactions in different manners, which provides a promising alternative approach for on-surface synthesis. This review aims to shed light on the utilization of substrate-induced strain for on-surface transformation and synthesis of atomically-precise novel functional nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Su
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kitao T, MacLean MWA, Nakata K, Takayanagi M, Nagaoka M, Uemura T. Scalable and Precise Synthesis of Armchair-Edge Graphene Nanoribbon in Metal-Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5509-5514. [PMID: 32148033 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), narrow and straight-edged stripes of graphene, attract a great deal of attention because of their excellent electronic and magnetic properties. As of yet, there is no fabrication method for GNRs to satisfy both precision at the atomic scale and scalability, which is critical for fundamental research and future technological development. Here, we report a methodology for bulk-scale synthesis of GNRs with atomic precision utilizing a metal-organic framework (MOF). The GNR was synthesized by the polymerization of perylene (PER) or its derivative within the nanochannels of the MOF. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that PER was uniaxially aligned along the nanochannels of the MOF through host-guest interactions, which allowed for regulated growth of the nanoribbons. A series of characterizations of the GNR, including NMR, UV/vis/NIR, and Raman spectroscopy measurements, confirmed the formation of the GNR with well-controlled edge structure and width.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kitao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Michael W A MacLean
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakata
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Takayanagi
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.,The Center for Data Science Education and Research, Shiga University, 1-1-1 Banba, Hikone, Shiga 522-8522, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
| | - Masataka Nagaoka
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.,Department of Complex Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Uemura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lu H, E W, Cai L, Ma Z, Xu W, Yang X. Dissymmetric On-Surface Dehalogenation Reaction Steered by Preformed Self-Assembled Structure. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:1867-1872. [PMID: 32073272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ullmann coupling of 4,4″-dibromo-p-terphenyl (DBTP) thermally catalyzed on a Ag(111) surface was studied by scanning tunneling microscopy. Detailed experimental measurement shows that the Ullmann coupling reaction pathways of DBTP molecules can be controlled by pre-self-assembly, and the dissymmetric dehalogenation reaction is realized. Moreover, self-assembly of the reactants in a rectangular network undergoes a dissymmetric debromination transfer to a newly observed rhombic network formed by organometallic dimers prior to the formation of longer symmetric organometallic intermediates on a Ag(111) surface, while the ladder assembled phase is more likely to induce the symmetric debromination reaction and converts into the symmetric organometallic intermediate. These findings help us to understand the essentials of the dissymmetric dehalogenation reaction that originated from a symmetric compound and pave new avenues for advancing the emerging field of on-surface synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wenlong E
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Cai
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Zhibo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Xueming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Road, Guangdong, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhou X, Yu G. Modified Engineering of Graphene Nanoribbons Prepared via On-Surface Synthesis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905957. [PMID: 31830353 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
1D graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) have a bright future in the fabrication of next-generation nanodevices because of their nontrivial electronic properties and tunable bandgaps. To promote the application of GNRs, preparation strategies of miscellaneous GNRs have to be developed. The GNRs prepared by top-down approaches are accompanied by uncontrolled edges and structures. In order to overcome the difficulties, bottom-up methods are widely used in the growth of various GNRs due to controllability of GNRs' features. Among those bottom-up methods, the on-surface synthesis is a promising approach to prepare GNRs with distinct widths, edge/backbone structures, and so forth. Therefore, modified engineering of the GNRs prepared via on-surface synthesis is of great significance in controllable preparation of GNRs and their potential applications. In the past decade, there have been a lot of reports on controllable preparation of GNRs using on-surface synthesis approach. Herein, the advances of GNRs grown via on-surface growth strategy are described. Several growth parameters, the latest advances in the modification of the GNR structure and width, the GNR doping/co-doping with heteroatoms, a variety of GNR heterojunctions, and the device application of GNRs are reviewed. Finally, the opportunities and challenges are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiahong Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Yu X, Cai L, Bao M, Sun Q, Ma H, Yuan C, Xu W. On-surface synthesis of graphyne nanowires through stepwise reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:1685-1688. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07421j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We have achieved on-surface synthesis of graphyne nanowires through stepwise reactions involving two different types of dehalogenative homocoupling reactions (i.e., C(sp3)–Br and C(sp2)–Br).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Cai
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- P. R. China
| | - Meiling Bao
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- P. R. China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- P. R. China
| | - Honghong Ma
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- P. R. China
| | - Chunxue Yuan
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ohtomo M, Hayashi H, Hayashi K, Jippo H, Zhu J, Hayashi R, Yamaguchi J, Ohfuchi M, Yamada H, Sato S. Effect of Edge Functionalization on the Bottom-Up Synthesis of Nano-Graphenes. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:3366-3372. [PMID: 31596042 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the effect of edge functionalization on the on-surface Ullmann coupling of nano-carbon materials. Unlike 10,10'-Dibromo-9,9'-bianthryl (DBBA), which is widely known to form anthracene polymers and armchair-edge graphene nanoribbons on Au(111), newly-developed precursor named 5-bromo-11(10-bromoanthracene-9-yl)anthra[2,3-b : 7,6-b']dithiophene (BABAT) with isomers, which has similar structure as DBBA with one anthracene substituted with anthradithiophene, was found to make intramolecular C-C bonding instead of long anthracene polymers after annealing at 200 °C on Au(111). The mechanism was investigated using first-principle density functional theory, which revealed that on-surface polymerization is not kinetically preferred in case of BABAT. The reaction rate of intramolecular C-C bonding of BABAT is ∼206 times faster than that of DBBA. The intramolecular C-C bonding in DBBA biradicals, on the other hand, do not take place because of faster reverse reaction. By referring to electron density of BABAT biradicals, it was concluded that thiophene functionalization modifies distribution of electron density in BABAT radicals and facilitates electrophilic addition, leading to intramolecular C-C bonding after 200 °C annealing. These results indicate that the design of radical moiety is particularly important in the on-surface Ullmann-type coupling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Ohtomo
- Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd., Fujitsu Ltd., 10-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0197, Japan
| | - Hironobu Hayashi
- Graduate School of Science and Techonlogy, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Hayashi
- Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd., Fujitsu Ltd., 10-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0197, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Jippo
- Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd., Fujitsu Ltd., 10-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0197, Japan
| | - Juanjuan Zhu
- Graduate School of Science and Techonlogy, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Hayashi
- Graduate School of Science and Techonlogy, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Junichi Yamaguchi
- Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd., Fujitsu Ltd., 10-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0197, Japan
| | - Mari Ohfuchi
- Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd., Fujitsu Ltd., 10-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0197, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Techonlogy, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sato
- Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd., Fujitsu Ltd., 10-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0197, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Effect of backbone aspect ratio on the surface-confined self-assembly of tetratopic molecular building blocks. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.123632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
39
|
Ammon M, Haller M, Sorayya S, Maier S. On-Surface Synthesis of Porous Carbon Nanoribbons on Silver: Reaction Kinetics and the Influence of the Surface Structure. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2333-2339. [PMID: 31400291 PMCID: PMC6771863 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We report on the influence of the surface structure and the reaction kinetics in the bottom-up fabrication of porous nanoribbons on silver surfaces using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. The porous carbon nanoribbons are fabricated by the polymerization of 1,3,5-tris(3-bromophenyl)benzene directly on the Ag surface using an Ullmann-type reaction in combination with dehydrogenative coupling reactions. We demonstrate the successful on-surface synthesis of porous nanoribbons on Ag(111) and Ag(100) even though the self-assemblies of the intermediate organometallic structures and covalently-linked polymer chains are different on both surfaces. Furthermore, we present the formation of isolated porous nanoribbons by kinetic control. Our results give valuable insights into the role of substrate-induced templating effects and the reaction kinetics in the on-surface synthesis of conformationally flexible molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Ammon
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Haller
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Shadi Sorayya
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Maier
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Reaction selectivity of homochiral versus heterochiral intermolecular reactions of prochiral terminal alkynes on surfaces. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4122. [PMID: 31511503 PMCID: PMC6739358 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling selectivity between homochiral and heterochiral reaction pathways on surfaces remains a great challenge. Here, competing reactions of a prochiral alkyne on Ag(111): two-dimensional (2D) homochiral Glaser coupling and heterochiral cross-coupling with a Bergman cyclization step have been examined. We demonstrate control strategies in steering the reactions between the homochiral and heterochiral pathways by tuning the precursor substituents and the kinetic parameters, as confirmed by high-resolution scanning probe microscopy (SPM). Control experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the template effect of organometallic chains obtained under specific kinetic conditions enhances Glaser coupling between homochiral molecules. In contrast, for the reaction of free monomers, the kinetically favorable reaction pathway is the cross-coupling between two heterochiral molecules (one of them involving cyclization). This work demonstrates the application of kinetic control to steer chiral organic coupling pathways at surfaces. Controlling selectivity between homochiral and heterochiral reaction pathways on surfaces is intriguing but challenging. Here, the authors demonstrate strategies in steering the reactions of prochiral terminal alkynes between the homochiral and heterochiral pathways by tuning the precursor substituents and the kinetic parameters.
Collapse
|
41
|
Yang X, Egger L, Hurdax P, Kaser H, Lüftner D, Bocquet FC, Koller G, Gottwald A, Tegeder P, Richter M, Ramsey MG, Puschnig P, Soubatch S, Tautz FS. Identifying surface reaction intermediates with photoemission tomography. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3189. [PMID: 31320632 PMCID: PMC6639300 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The determination of reaction pathways and the identification of reaction intermediates are key issues in chemistry. Surface reactions are particularly challenging, since many methods of analytical chemistry are inapplicable at surfaces. Recently, atomic force microscopy has been employed to identify surface reaction intermediates. While providing an excellent insight into the molecular backbone structure, atomic force microscopy is less conclusive about the molecular periphery, where adsorbates tend to react with the substrate. Here we show that photoemission tomography is extremely sensitive to the character of the frontier orbitals. Specifically, hydrogen abstraction at the molecular periphery is easily detected, and the precise nature of the reaction intermediates can be determined. This is illustrated with the thermally induced reaction of dibromo-bianthracene to graphene which is shown to proceed via a fully hydrogenated bisanthene intermediate. We anticipate that photoemission tomography will become a powerful companion to other techniques in the study of surface reaction pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosheng Yang
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Experimental Physics IV A, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Larissa Egger
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Philipp Hurdax
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Hendrik Kaser
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Lüftner
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - François C Bocquet
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Georg Koller
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Petra Tegeder
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Richter
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael G Ramsey
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Puschnig
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Serguei Soubatch
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
| | - F Stefan Tautz
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Experimental Physics IV A, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nieckarz D, Szabelski P. Surface-Confined Self-Assembly of Asymmetric Tetratopic Molecular Building Blocks. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:1850-1859. [PMID: 31095854 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Surface-confined self-assembly of functional molecular building blocks has recently been widely used to create low-dimensional, also covalent, superstructures with tailorable geometry and physicochemical properties. In this contribution, using the lattice Monte Carlo simulation method, we demonstrate how the structure-property relation can be established for the 2D self-assembly of a model tetrapod molecule with reduced symmetry. To that end, a rigid functional unit comprising a few interconnected segments arranged in different tetrapod shapes was used and its self-assembly on a triangular lattice representing a (111) crystal surface was simulated. The results of our calculations show strong dependence of the structure formation on the molecular symmetry, in particular on the (pro)chiral nature of the building block. The simulations predicted the formation of unusual ordered racemic networks with unique aperiodic spatial distribution of the surface enantiomers. Molecular symmetry was also found to have significant influence on the enantiopure self-assembly which resulted in the Kagome and brickwall networks and other less ordered extended superstructures with parallelogram pores. The theoretical findings of this contribution can be relevant to designing and on-surface synthesis of molecular superstructures with predefined geometries and functions. In particular, the predicted molecular architectures can stimulate experimental efforts to fabricate and explore new nanostructures, for example graphitic, having the composition and geometry proposed in our study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damian Nieckarz
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Maria-Curie Skłodowska University, Pl. M.C. Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Szabelski
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Maria-Curie Skłodowska University, Pl. M.C. Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sánchez‐Sánchez C, Dienel T, Nicolaï A, Kharche N, Liang L, Daniels C, Meunier V, Liu J, Feng X, Müllen K, Sánchez‐Valencia JR, Gröning O, Ruffieux P, Fasel R. On‐Surface Synthesis and Characterization of Acene‐Based Nanoribbons Incorporating Four‐Membered Rings. Chemistry 2019; 25:12074-12082. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sánchez‐Sánchez
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC) Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Thomas Dienel
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Adrien Nicolaï
- Department of Physics Applied Physics, and Astronomy Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy 12180 New York USA
- Current address: Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne UMR 6303 CNRS-Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté 9 Av. A. Savary, BP 47 870 21078 Dijon Cedex France
| | - Neerav Kharche
- Department of Physics Applied Physics, and Astronomy Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy 12180 New York USA
| | - Liangbo Liang
- Department of Physics Applied Physics, and Astronomy Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy 12180 New York USA
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge 37831 Tennessee USA
| | - Colin Daniels
- Department of Physics Applied Physics, and Astronomy Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy 12180 New York USA
| | - Vincent Meunier
- Department of Physics Applied Physics, and Astronomy Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy 12180 New York USA
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Department of, Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Department of, Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Juan Ramón Sánchez‐Valencia
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Current address: Nanotechnology on Surfaces Laboratory Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla c/Américo Vespucio 49 41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - Oliver Gröning
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Li J, Lampart S, Siegel JS, Ernst K, Wäckerlin C. Graphene Grown from Flat and Bowl Shaped Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Cu(111). Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2354-2359. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Li
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstr. 129 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Samuel Lampart
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Jay S. Siegel
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and TechnologyTianjin University 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin- 3000072 China
| | - Karl‐Heinz Ernst
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstr. 129 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences Cukrovarnická 10 162 00 Praha 6 Czech Republic
| | - Christian Wäckerlin
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstr. 129 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences Cukrovarnická 10 162 00 Praha 6 Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Leng X, Li W, Liu X, Wang L. Direct observation of copper-induced role on Ullmann reaction by scanning tunneling microscopy. Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
46
|
Jacobse PH, Simonov KA, Mangnus MJJ, Svirskiy GI, Generalov AV, Vinogradov AS, Sandell A, Mårtensson N, Preobrajenski AB, Swart I. One Precursor but Two Types of Graphene Nanoribbons: On-Surface Transformations of 10,10'-Dichloro-9,9'-bianthryl on Ag(111). THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2019; 123:8892-8901. [PMID: 31001369 PMCID: PMC6463537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis has emerged in the last decade as a method to create graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) with atomic precision. The underlying premise of this bottom-up strategy is that precursor molecules undergo a well-defined sequence of inter- and intramolecular reactions, leading to the formation of a single product. As such, the structure of the GNR is encoded in the precursors. However, recent examples have shown that not only the molecule, but also the coinage metal surface on which the reaction takes place, plays a decisive role in dictating the nanoribbon structure. In this work, we use scanning probe microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate the behavior of 10,10'-dichloro-9,9'-bianthryl (DCBA) on Ag(111). Our study shows that Ag(111) can induce the formation of both seven-atom wide armchair GNRs (7-acGNRs) and 3,1-chiral GNRs (3,1-cGNRs), demonstrating that a single molecule on a single surface can react to different nanoribbon products. We additionally show that coadsorbed dibromoperylene can promote surface-assisted dehydrogenative coupling in DCBA, leading to the exclusive formation of 3,1-cGNRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Jacobse
- Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, PO Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantin A. Simonov
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mark J. J. Mangnus
- Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, PO Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gleb I. Svirskiy
- V.A.
Fock Institute of Physics, St. Petersburg
State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Alexander S. Vinogradov
- V.A.
Fock Institute of Physics, St. Petersburg
State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anders Sandell
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nils Mårtensson
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Ingmar Swart
- Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, PO Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Clair S, de Oteyza DG. Controlling a Chemical Coupling Reaction on a Surface: Tools and Strategies for On-Surface Synthesis. Chem Rev 2019; 119:4717-4776. [PMID: 30875199 PMCID: PMC6477809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis is appearing as an extremely promising research field aimed at creating new organic materials. A large number of chemical reactions have been successfully demonstrated to take place directly on surfaces through unusual reaction mechanisms. In some cases the reaction conditions can be properly tuned to steer the formation of the reaction products. It is thus possible to control the initiation step of the reaction and its degree of advancement (the kinetics, the reaction yield); the nature of the reaction products (selectivity control, particularly in the case of competing processes); as well as the structure, position, and orientation of the covalent compounds, or the quality of the as-formed networks in terms of order and extension. The aim of our review is thus to provide an extensive description of all tools and strategies reported to date and to put them into perspective. We specifically define the different approaches available and group them into a few general categories. In the last part, we demonstrate the effective maturation of the on-surface synthesis field by reporting systems that are getting closer to application-relevant levels thanks to the use of advanced control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Clair
- Aix
Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, Marseille, France
| | - Dimas G. de Oteyza
- Donostia
International Physics Center, San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Centro
de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU-MPC, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sánchez-Sánchez C, Martínez JI, Ruiz del Arbol N, Ruffieux P, Fasel R, López MF, de Andres PL, Martín-Gago JÁ. On-Surface Hydrogen-Induced Covalent Coupling of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons via a Superhydrogenated Intermediate. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3550-3557. [PMID: 30623650 PMCID: PMC6459369 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The activation, hydrogenation, and covalent coupling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are processes of great importance in fields like chemistry, energy, biology, or health, among others. So far, they are based on the use of catalysts which drive and increase the efficiency of the thermally- or light-induced reaction. Here, we report on the catalyst-free covalent coupling of nonfunctionalized PAHs adsorbed on a relatively inert surface in the presence of atomic hydrogen. The underlying mechanism has been characterized by high-resolution scanning tunnelling microscopy and rationalized by density functional theory calculations. It is based on the formation of intermediate radical-like species upon hydrogen-induced molecular superhydrogenation which favors the covalent binding of PAHs in a thermally activated process, resulting in large coupled molecular nanostructures. The mechanism proposed in this work opens a door toward the direct formation of covalent, PAH-based, bottom-up synthesized nanoarchitectures on technologically relevant inert surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sánchez-Sánchez
- ESISNA group, Materials Science Factory, Institute of Material Science of Madrid (ICMM-CSIC). Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid (Spain)
| | - José Ignacio Martínez
- ESISNA group, Materials Science Factory, Institute of Material Science of Madrid (ICMM-CSIC). Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid (Spain)
| | - Nerea Ruiz del Arbol
- ESISNA group, Materials Science Factory, Institute of Material Science of Madrid (ICMM-CSIC). Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid (Spain)
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology,nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Ueberlandstrasse 129, 8600 Duebendorf (Switzerland)
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology,nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Ueberlandstrasse 129, 8600 Duebendorf (Switzerland)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern (Switzerland)
| | - María Francisca López
- ESISNA group, Materials Science Factory, Institute of Material Science of Madrid (ICMM-CSIC). Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid (Spain)
| | - Pedro L. de Andres
- ESISNA group, Materials Science Factory, Institute of Material Science of Madrid (ICMM-CSIC). Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid (Spain)
| | - José Ángel Martín-Gago
- ESISNA group, Materials Science Factory, Institute of Material Science of Madrid (ICMM-CSIC). Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid (Spain)
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Pigot C, Dumur F. Recent Advances of Hierarchical and Sequential Growth of Macromolecular Organic Structures on Surface. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12040662. [PMID: 30813327 PMCID: PMC6416628 DOI: 10.3390/ma12040662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of macromolecular organic structures on surfaces is one major concern in materials science. Nanoribbons, linear polymers, and porous nanostructures have gained a lot of interest due to their possible applications ranging from nanotemplates, catalysis, optoelectronics, sensors, or data storage. During decades, supramolecular chemistry has constituted an unavoidable approach for the design of well-organized structures on surfaces displaying a long-range order. Following these initial works, an important milestone has been established with the formation of covalent bonds between molecules. Resulting from this unprecedented approach, various nanostructures of improved thermal and chemical stability compared to those obtained by supramolecular chemistry and displaying unique and unprecedented properties have been developed. However, a major challenge exists: the growth control is very delicate and a thorough understanding of the complex mechanisms governing the on-surface chemistry is still needed. Recently, a new approach consisting in elaborating macromolecular structures by combining consecutive steps has been identified as a promising strategy to elaborate organic structures on surface. By designing precursors with a preprogrammed sequence of reactivity, a hierarchical or a sequential growth of 1D and 2D structures can be realized. In this review, the different reaction combinations used for the design of 1D and 2D structures are reported. To date, eight different sequences of reactions have been examined since 2008, evidencing the intense research activity existing in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Pigot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France.
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ohtomo M, Jippo H, Hayashi H, Yamaguchi J, Ohfuchi M, Yamada H, Sato S. Interpolymer Self-Assembly of Bottom-up Graphene Nanoribbons Fabricated from Fluorinated Precursors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:31623-31630. [PMID: 30148601 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Interpolymer self-assembly of bottom-up graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) has been realized by using fluorinated anthracene trimer precursors (HFH-DBTA) deposited onto heated Au(111) substrate. Whereas polymers derived from conventional precursor [10,10'-dibromo-9,9'-bianthryl (DBBA)] are adsorbed on Au(111) without apparent close packing, poly-HFH polymers derived from HFH-DBTA are densely self-assembled and require a long annealing time for cyclo-dehydrogenation because of the steric hindrance. First-principles calculations based on density functional theory revealed that the partially fluorinated edges of HFH-DBTA make molecular-substrate interaction weaker than that of DBBA, accelerate desorption, and leave islands of accumulated and locally aligned polymers. The partially fluorinated precursors also induce templating effects in interpolymer stacking because of H-F hydrogen bonding and F-F repulsion. The statistical analysis revealed that 84% of GNRs is parallel to the adjacent GNRs in the case of HFH-DBTA precursors. Field-effect transistors (FETs) were fabricated using such locally aligned multiple GNRs as channels. It has been found that on average, the on-current of the FETs is three times larger than that of FETs using less-aligned GNR channels made from the conventional DBBA precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Ohtomo
- Fujitsu Laboratory Ltd. and Fujitsu Limited , 10-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya , Atsugi , Kanagawa 243-0197 , Japan
| | - Hideyuki Jippo
- Fujitsu Laboratory Ltd. and Fujitsu Limited , 10-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya , Atsugi , Kanagawa 243-0197 , Japan
| | - Hironobu Hayashi
- Graduate School of Materials Science , Nara Institute of Science and Technology , 8916-5 Takayama-cho , Ikoma , Nara 630-0192 , Japan
| | - Junichi Yamaguchi
- Fujitsu Laboratory Ltd. and Fujitsu Limited , 10-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya , Atsugi , Kanagawa 243-0197 , Japan
| | - Mari Ohfuchi
- Fujitsu Laboratory Ltd. and Fujitsu Limited , 10-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya , Atsugi , Kanagawa 243-0197 , Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Graduate School of Materials Science , Nara Institute of Science and Technology , 8916-5 Takayama-cho , Ikoma , Nara 630-0192 , Japan
| | - Shintaro Sato
- Fujitsu Laboratory Ltd. and Fujitsu Limited , 10-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya , Atsugi , Kanagawa 243-0197 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|