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Temperini ME, Polito R, Venanzi T, Baldassarre L, Hu H, Ciracì C, Pea M, Notargiacomo A, Mattioli F, Ortolani M, Giliberti V. An Infrared Nanospectroscopy Technique for the Study of Electric-Field-Induced Molecular Dynamics. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:9808-9815. [PMID: 39089683 PMCID: PMC11328210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Static electric fields play a considerable role in a variety of molecular nanosystems as diverse as single-molecule junctions, molecules supporting electrostatic catalysis, and biological cell membranes incorporating proteins. External electric fields can be applied to nanoscale samples with a conductive atomic force microscopy (AFM) probe in contact mode, but typically, no structural information is retrieved. Here we combine photothermal expansion infrared (IR) nanospectroscopy with electrostatic AFM probes to measure nanometric volumes where the IR field enhancement and the static electric field overlap spatially. We leverage the vibrational Stark effect in the polymer poly(methyl methacrylate) for calibrating the local electric field strength. In the relevant case of membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin, we observe electric-field-induced changes of the protein backbone conformation and residue protonation state. The proposed technique also has the potential to measure DC currents and IR spectra simultaneously, insofar enabling the monitoring of the possible interplay between charge transport and other effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eleonora Temperini
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, I-00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Raffaella Polito
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Tommaso Venanzi
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, I-00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Leonetta Baldassarre
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Huatian Hu
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti 14, I-73010 Arnesano, Italy
| | - Cristian Ciracì
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti 14, I-73010 Arnesano, Italy
| | - Marialilia Pea
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Notargiacomo
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Mattioli
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Michele Ortolani
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, I-00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Valeria Giliberti
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, I-00161 Roma, Italy
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2
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Li P, Bera S, Kumar-Saxena S, Pecht I, Sheves M, Cahen D, Selzer Y. Electron transport through two interacting channels in Azurin-based solid-state junctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2405156121. [PMID: 39110736 PMCID: PMC11331140 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2405156121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The fundamental question of "what is the transport path of electrons through proteins?" initially introduced while studying long-range electron transfer between localized redox centers in proteins in vivo is also highly relevant to the transport properties of solid-state, dry metal-protein-metal junctions. Here, we report conductance measurements of such junctions, Au-(Azurin monolayer ensemble)-Bismuth (Bi) ones, with well-defined nanopore geometry and ~103 proteins/pore. Our results can be understood as follows. (1) Transport is via two interacting conducting channels, characterized by different spatial and time scales. The slow and spatially localized channel is associated with the Cu center of Azurin and the fast delocalized one with the protein's polypeptide matrix. Transport via the slow channel is by a sequential (noncoherent) process and in the second one by direct, off-resonant tunneling. (2) The two channels are capacitively coupled. Thus, with a change in charge occupation of the weakly coupled (metal center) channel, the broad energy level manifold, responsible for off-resonance tunneling, shifts, relative to the electrodes' Fermi levels. In this process, the off-resonance (fast) channel dominates transport, and the slow (redox) channel, while contributing only negligibly directly, significantly affects transport by intramolecular gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping’an Li
- Department of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv69978, Israel
| | - Sudipta Bera
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot76100, Israel
| | - Shailendra Kumar-Saxena
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Israel Pecht
- Department of Regenerative Biology and Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot76100, Israel
| | - Mordechai Sheves
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot76100, Israel
| | - David Cahen
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot76100, Israel
| | - Yoram Selzer
- Department of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv69978, Israel
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3
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Wei Y, Ren X, Yuan Z, Hong J, Wang T, Chen W, Xu Y, Ding J, Lin J, Jiang W, Zhang P, Wu Q. Trauma diagnostic-related target proteins and their detection techniques. Expert Rev Mol Med 2024; 26:e7. [PMID: 38602081 PMCID: PMC11062145 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2024.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Trauma is a significant health issue that not only leads to immediate death in many cases but also causes severe complications, such as sepsis, thrombosis, haemorrhage, acute respiratory distress syndrome and traumatic brain injury, among trauma patients. Target protein identification technology is a vital technique in the field of biomedical research, enabling the study of biomolecular interactions, drug discovery and disease treatment. It plays a crucial role in identifying key protein targets associated with specific diseases or biological processes, facilitating further research, drug design and the development of treatment strategies. The application of target protein technology in biomarker detection enables the timely identification of newly emerging infections and complications in trauma patients, facilitating expeditious medical interventions and leading to reduced post-trauma mortality rates and improved patient prognoses. This review provides an overview of the current applications of target protein identification technology in trauma-related complications and provides a brief overview of the current target protein identification technology, with the aim of reducing post-trauma mortality, improving diagnostic efficiency and prognostic outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- YiLiu Wei
- Department of Trauma Center & Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 350004 Fuzhou, China
- Department of Trauma Center and Emergency Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 350004 Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaohan Ren
- Institute of Applied Genomics, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhitao Yuan
- Institute of Applied Genomics, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Hong
- Department of Trauma Center & Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 350004 Fuzhou, China
- Department of Trauma Center and Emergency Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 350004 Fuzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Applied Genomics, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
| | - Weizhi Chen
- Department of Trauma Center & Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 350004 Fuzhou, China
- Department of Trauma Center and Emergency Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 350004 Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Xu
- Institute of Applied Genomics, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinwang Ding
- Institute of Applied Genomics, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Institute of Applied Genomics, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenqian Jiang
- Institute of Applied Genomics, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, 350108 Fuzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127 Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaoyi Wu
- Department of Trauma Center & Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 350004 Fuzhou, China
- Department of Trauma Center and Emergency Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 350004 Fuzhou, China
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4
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He H, Zhou L, Guo Z, Li P, Gao S, Liu Z. Dual Biomimetic Recognition-Driven Plasmonic Nanogap-Enhanced Raman Scattering for Ultrasensitive Protein Fingerprinting and Quantitation. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9664-9671. [PMID: 36413654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein assays with fingerprints and high sensitivity are essential for biomedical research and applications. However, the prevailing methods mainly rely on indirect or labeled immunoassays, failing to provide fingerprint information. Herein, we report a dual biomimetic recognition-driven plasmonic nanogap-enhanced Raman scattering (DBR-PNERS) strategy for ultrasensitive protein fingerprinting and quantitation. A pair of molecularly imprinted nanoantennas were rationally engineered for specifically trapping a target protein into well-defined plasmonic nanogaps through dual-terminal recognition for ultrahigh Raman signal amplification. Meanwhile, a Raman-active small molecule was embedded into the nanoantenna as an internal standard to provide a ratiometric assay for robust quantitation. DBR-PNERS exhibited several significant merits over existing approaches, including fingerprinting, ultrahigh sensitivity, quantitation robustness, speed, sample consumption, and so on. Therefore, it can be a promising tool for a protein assay and holds a great perspective in important applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui He
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lingli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhanchen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Song Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
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5
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Dai B, Xu Y, Wang T, Wang S, Tang L, Tang J. Recent Advances in Agglomeration Detection and Dual-Function Application of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS). J Biomed Nanotechnol 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2022.3356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been widely utilized in early detection of disease biomarkers, cell imaging, and trace contamination detection, owing to its ultra-high sensitivity. However, it is also subject to certain application restrictions in virtue of its expensive
detection equipment and long-term stability of SERS-active substrate. Recently, great progress has been made in SERS technology, represented by agglomeration method. Dual readout signal detection methods are combined with SERS, including electrochemical detection, fluorescence detection, etc.,
establishing a new fantastic viewpoint for application of SERS. In this review, we have made a comprehensive report on development of agglomeration detection and dual-function detection methods based on SERS. The synthesis methods for plasmonic materials and mainstream SERS enhancement mechanism
are also summarized. Finally, the key facing challenges are discussed and prospects are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailin Dai
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Advanced Packaging Material and Technology, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, P. R. China
| | - Yue Xu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Advanced Packaging Material and Technology, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Advanced Packaging Material and Technology, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, P. R. China
| | - Shasha Wang
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Li Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Advanced Packaging Material and Technology, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Advanced Packaging Material and Technology, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, P. R. China
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6
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Barr KB, Chiang N, Bertozzi AL, Gilles J, Osher SJ, Weiss PS. Extraction of Hidden Science from Nanoscale Images. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:3-13. [PMID: 35633819 PMCID: PMC9135097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c08712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Scanning probe microscopies and spectroscopies enable investigation of surfaces and even buried interfaces down to the scale of chemical-bonding interactions, and this capability has been enhanced with the support of computational algorithms for data acquisition and image processing to explore physical, chemical, and biological phenomena. Here, we describe how scanning probe techniques have been enhanced by some of these recent algorithmic improvements. One improvement to the data acquisition algorithm is to advance beyond a simple rastering framework by using spirals at constant angular velocity then switching to constant linear velocity, which limits the piezo creep and hysteresis issues seen in traditional acquisition methods. One can also use image-processing techniques to model the distortions that appear from tip motion effects and to make corrections to these images. Another image-processing algorithm we discuss enables researchers to segment images by domains and subdomains, thereby highlighting reactive and interesting disordered sites at domain boundaries. Lastly, we discuss algorithms used to examine the dipole direction of individual molecules and surface domains, hydrogen bonding interactions, and molecular tilt. The computational algorithms used for scanning probe techniques are still improving rapidly and are incorporating machine learning at the next level of iteration. That said, the algorithms are not yet able to perform live adjustments during data recording that could enhance the microscopy and spectroscopic imaging methods significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher B Barr
- California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Naihao Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston Texas 77204, United States
| | - Andrea L Bertozzi
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jérôme Gilles
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Stanley J Osher
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Paul S Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, and Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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7
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Fereiro JA, Pecht I, Sheves M, Cahen D. Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopic Analysis of Bias-Induced Structural Changes in a Solid-State Protein Junction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2008218. [PMID: 33783130 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202008218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A central issue in protein electronics is how far the structural stability of the protein is preserved under the very high electrical field that it will experience once a bias voltage is applied. This question is studied on the redox protein Azurin in the solid-state Au/protein/Au junction by monitoring protein vibrations during current transport under applied bias, up to ≈1 GV m-1 , by electrical detection of inelastic electron transport effects. Characteristic vibrational modes, such as CH stretching, amide (NH) bending, and AuS (of the bonds that connect the protein to an Au electrode), are not found to change noticeably up to 1.0 V. At >1.0 V, the NH bending and CH stretching inelastic features have disappeared, while the AuS features persist till ≈2 V, i.e., the proteins remain Au bound. Three possible causes for the disappearance of the NH and CH inelastic features at high bias, namely, i) resonance transport, ii) metallic filament formation, and iii) bond rupture leading to structural changes in the protein are proposed and tested. The results support the last option and indicate that spectrally resolved inelastic features can serve to monitor in operando structural stability of biological macromolecules while they serve as electronic current conduit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry A Fereiro
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Israel Pecht
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Mordechai Sheves
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - David Cahen
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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8
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El-Khoury PZ, Schultz ZD. From SERS to TERS and Beyond: Molecules as Probes of Nanoscopic Optical Fields. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2020; 124:27267-27275. [PMID: 34306295 PMCID: PMC8297906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c08337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the interaction between molecules and plasmonic nanostructures is important for several exciting developments in (bio)molecular sensing and imaging, catalysis, as well as energy conversion. While much of the focus has been on the nanostructures that generate enhanced and nano-confined optical fields, we herein highlight recent work from our groups that uses the molecular response in surface and tip enhanced Raman scattering (SERS and TERS, respectively) to investigate different aspects of the local fields. TERS provides access to ultra-confined volumes, and as a result can further explore and explain ensemble-averaged SERS measurements. Exciting and distinct molecular behaviors are observed in the quantum limit of plasmons, including molecular charging, chemical conversion, and optical rectification. Evidence of multipolar Raman scattering from molecules additionally provides insights into the inhomogeneous electric fields that drive SERS and TERS and their spatial and temporal gradients. The time scales of these processes show evidence of cooperative nanoscale phenomena that altogether contribute to SERS and TERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Z El-Khoury
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Zachary D Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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9
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Schultz JF, Mahapatra S, Li L, Jiang N. The Expanding Frontiers of Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:1313-1340. [PMID: 32419485 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820932229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental understanding of chemistry and physical properties at the nanoscale enables the rational design of interface-based systems. Surface interactions underlie numerous technologies ranging from catalysis to organic thin films to biological systems. Since surface environments are especially prone to heterogeneity, it becomes crucial to characterize these systems with spatial resolution sufficient to localize individual active sites or defects. Spectroscopy presents as a powerful means to understand these interactions, but typical light-based techniques lack sufficient spatial resolution. This review describes the growing number of applications for the nanoscale spectroscopic technique, tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), with a focus on developments in areas that involve measurements in new environmental conditions, such as liquid, electrochemical, and ultrahigh vacuum. The expansion into unique environments enables the ability to spectroscopically define chemistry at the spatial limit. Through the confinement and enhancement of light at the apex of a plasmonic scanning probe microscopy tip, TERS is able to yield vibrational fingerprint information of molecules and materials with nanoscale resolution, providing insight into highly localized chemical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, 14681University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Sayantan Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry, 14681University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Linfei Li
- Department of Chemistry, 14681University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, 14681University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
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10
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Schultz JF, Li S, Jiang S, Jiang N. Optical scanning tunneling microscopy based chemical imaging and spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:463001. [PMID: 32702674 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aba8c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Through coupling optical processes with the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), single-molecule chemistry and physics have been investigated at the ultimate spatial and temporal limit. Electrons and photons can be used to drive interactions and reactions in chemical systems and simultaneously probe their characteristics and consequences. In this review we introduce and review methods to couple optical imaging and spectroscopy with scanning tunneling microscopy. The integration of the STM and optical spectroscopy provides new insights into individual molecular adsorbates, surface-supported molecular assemblies, and two-dimensional materials with subnanoscale resolution, enabling the fundamental study of chemistry at the spatial and temporal limit. The inelastic scattering of photons by molecules and materials, that results in unique and sensitive vibrational fingerprints, will be considered with tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. STM-induced luminescence examines the intrinsic luminescence of organic adsorbates and their energy transfer and charge transfer processes with their surroundings. We also provide a survey of recent efforts to probe the dynamics of optical excitation at the molecular level with scanning tunneling microscopy in the context of light-induced photophysical and photochemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States of America
| | - Shaowei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States of America
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Song Jiang
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States of America
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11
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Kato R, Taguchi K, Yadav R, Umakoshi T, Verma P. One-side metal-coated pyramidal cantilever tips for highly reproducible tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:335207. [PMID: 32375128 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab90b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) has been recognized as a useful tool for nanoscale chemical analysis, and it can further reach down to the sub-nanometer scale in the gap-mode configuration. Using an atomic force microscopy (AFM) in gap-mode TERS for position control of a metallic tip, a unique and correlative analysis can be even realized at the single molecule level. However, one of crucial issues in AFM-based gap-mode TERS is the fabrication of reliable and reproducible cantilver metallic tips. Here, we propose a simple, cost-effective fabrication method of metal-coated tips for AFM-based gap-mode TERS by means of the physical vapor deposition technique in a reproducible way. Our plamonic tips have extremely smooth silver layers on one side of the pyramidal tip, which is totally different from the regular metallic tips that hold granular metallic structures randomly arranged on their bodies. Importantly, all fabricated tips exhibited a reasonably high enhancement factor of more than 104, which indicates that the reproducibility of our plasmonic tip is virtually 100% in the gap-mode configuration. The excellent reproducibility of gap-mode TERS measurement holds great promise for rendering AFM-based TERS as a powerful analytical technique in a broad range of fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kato
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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12
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Sloan-Dennison S, Zoltowski CM, El-Khoury PZ, Schultz ZD. Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Selectivity in Proteins Arises from Electron Capture and Resonant Enhancement of Radical Species. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2020; 124:9548-9558. [PMID: 32542105 PMCID: PMC7295139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plasmon-enhanced Raman scattering is a powerful approach to detecting and characterizing proteins in live and dynamic biological systems. However, the selective detection/enhancement of specific residues as well as spectral diffusion and fluctuations have complicated the interpretation of enhanced Raman spectra and images of biological matter. In this work, we demonstrate that the amino acid tryptophan (Trp) can capture an electron from an excited plasmon, which generates a radical anion that is resonantly enhanced: a visible excited electronic state slides into resonance upon charging. This surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) mechanism explains the persistence of Trp signatures in the SERS and TERS spectra of proteins. Evidence for this picture includes the observation of visible resonances in the UV-Vis extinction spectrum, changes in the ground state vibrational spectrum, and plasmon-resonance dependent behavior. DFT calculations support the experimental observations. The behavior observed from the free Trp molecule is shown to explain the SERS spectrum of the Trp-cage protein. In effect, resonant Raman scattering from radicals formed through plasmonic excitation represents an under-investigated mechanism that may be exploited for chemical sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian Sloan-Dennison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Chelsea M. Zoltowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Patrick Z. El-Khoury
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Zachary D. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
- corresponding author
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13
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Wu Y, Choi N, Chen H, Dang H, Chen L, Choo J. Performance Evaluation of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering-Polymerase Chain Reaction Sensors for Future Use in Sensitive Genetic Assays. Anal Chem 2020; 92:2628-2634. [PMID: 31939280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay platform for the sensitive and rapid detection of a DNA marker (pagA) of Bacillus anthracis. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) has been recently considered a gold standard for the quantitative evaluation of a target gene, but it still suffers from the problem of a long thermocycling time. To address this issue, we developed a conceptually new SERS-PCR platform and evaluated its performance by sequentially measuring the Raman signals of B. anthracis DNA after the completion of different thermocycling numbers. According to our experimental data, SERS-PCR has lower limits of detection (LODs) than RT-qPCR under the small cycle number of 20. Particularly, it was impossible to detect a target DNA amplicon using RT-qPCR before the number of cycles reached 15, but SERS-PCR enabled DNA detection after only five cycles with an LOD value of 960 pM. In addition, the dynamic range for SERS-PCR (0.1-1000 pM) is wider than that for RT-qPCR (150-1000 pM) under the same condition. We believe that this SERS-PCR technique has a strong potential to be a powerful tool for the rapid and sensitive diagnosis of infectious diseases in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Wu
- Department of Chemistry , Chung-Ang University , Seoul 06974 , South Korea
| | - Namhyun Choi
- Department of Bionano Technology , Hanyang University , Ansan 15588 , South Korea
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Chung-Ang University , Seoul 06974 , South Korea
| | - Hajun Dang
- Department of Chemistry , Chung-Ang University , Seoul 06974 , South Korea
| | - Lingxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation , Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yantai 264003 , China
| | - Jaebum Choo
- Department of Chemistry , Chung-Ang University , Seoul 06974 , South Korea
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14
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Liu P, Chen X, Ye H, Jensen L. Resolving Molecular Structures with High-Resolution Tip-Enhanced Raman Scattering Images. ACS NANO 2019; 13:9342-9351. [PMID: 31313907 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b03980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational modes of a single molecule can be visualized by tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy with atomic resolution. However, the exact vibrations associated with these Raman scattering images are still in debate due to the lack of theoretical interpretation. In this work, we systematically study the Raman scattering images of a single Co(II)-tetraphenylporphyrin molecule. The stable structure whose Raman scattering images consistently match experimental results is discovered. Furthermore, we elucidate the effects of near-field localizations and field gradient on the resolution in Raman scattering images. The approach of locally integrated Raman polarizability density employed in this work provides an intuitive explanation of the origin of the experimental Raman scattering images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchong Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Hepeng Ye
- Department of Chemistry , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Lasse Jensen
- Department of Chemistry , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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15
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High-resolution tip-enhanced Raman scattering probes sub-molecular density changes. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2567. [PMID: 31189893 PMCID: PMC6561954 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) exhibits new selection rule and sub-nanometer spatial resolution, which is attributed to the plasmonic near-field confinement. Despite recent advances in simulations of TERS spectra under highly confined fields, a simply physical mechanism has remained elusive. In this work we show that single-molecule TERS images can be explained by local sub-molecular density changes induced by the confined near-field during the Raman process. The local sub-molecular density changes determine the spatial resolution in TERS and the gradient-based selection rule. Using this approach we find that the four-fold symmetry of meso-tetrakis(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)porphyrin (H2TBPP) TERS images observed in experiments arises from the combination of degenerate normal modes localized in the functional side groups rather than the porphyrin ring as previously considered. As an illustration of the potential of the method, we demonstrate how this new theory can be applied to microscopic structure characterization. Despite recent advances in simulations of tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) under highly confined fields, a simply physical mechanism has remained elusive. Here, the authors show that single molecule TERS images can be explained by local sub-molecular density changes induced by the confined near-field during the Raman process.
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16
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Zhou S, He H, Guo W, Zhu H, Xue F, Cheng M, Lin J, Wang L, Wang S. Structural design of a high sensitivity biomass cellulose-based colorimetric sensor and its in situ visual recognition mechanism for Cu 2. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 219:95-104. [PMID: 31151550 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel biomass cellulose-based colorimetric sensor (DAC-PDH) was prepared by a Schiff base reaction between the aldehyde groups of dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) and the amino groups of 2,6-pyridine dihydrazide (PDH). The as-prepared sensor (DAC-PDH) showed selective recognition of Cu2+ and a visual colour change from white to green. The visual limit of detection for Cu2+ was 10-7 mol/L. Furthermore, DAC-PDH responded to Cu2+ within 30 s by the method of dynamic condition. The sensor possessed the properties of a high density of functional groups (CO, NH, NH2), a large external surface area, a short transit distance and flexibility; thus, Cu2+ can be rapidly absorbed and enriched on the DAC-PDH through multi-dentate ligand chelation between Cu2+ and the carbonyl groups (CO) and the amino groups (NH, NH2) of DAC-PDH. The as-prepared DAC-PDH colorimetric sensor exhibits promising prospects for in situ identification of Cu2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shile Zhou
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Hui He
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China.
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Hongxiang Zhu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China.
| | - Fei Xue
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Meixiao Cheng
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Jiehan Lin
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Shuangfei Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
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17
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Bruzas I, Lum W, Gorunmez Z, Sagle L. Advances in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates for lipid and protein characterization: sensing and beyond. Analyst 2019; 143:3990-4008. [PMID: 30059080 DOI: 10.1039/c8an00606g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has become an essential ultrasensitive analytical tool for biomolecular analysis of small molecules, macromolecular proteins, and even cells. SERS enables label-free, direct detection of molecules through their intrinsic Raman fingerprint. In particular, protein and lipid bilayers are dynamic three-dimensional structures that necessitate label-free methods of characterization. Beyond direct detection and quantitation, the structural information contained in SERS spectra also enables deeper biophysical characterization of biomolecules near metallic surfaces. Therefore, SERS offers enormous potential for such systems, although making measurements in a nonperturbative manner that captures the full range of interactions and activity remains a challenge. Many of these challenges have been overcome through advances in SERS substrate development, which have expanded the applications and targets of SERS for direct biomolecular quantitation and biophysical characterization. In this review, we will first discuss different categories of SERS substrates including solution-phase, solid-supported, tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), and single-molecule substrates for biomolecular analysis. We then discuss detection of protein and biological lipid membranes. Lastly, biophysical insights into proteins, lipids and live cells gained through SERS measurements of these systems are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Bruzas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 301 Clifton Court, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
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18
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Lin D, Lin YC, Yang SW, Zhou L, Leong WK, Feng SY, Kong KV. Organometallic-Constructed Tip-Based Dual Chemical Sensing by Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Diabetes Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:41902-41908. [PMID: 30387600 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) is capable of probing specific molecular information with high sensitivity, but dual chemical sensing remains a challenge. Another major hindrance to TERS chemical detection in biosamples such as blood is the interference from the strong absorptions of biomolecules. Herein, we report the preparation of an organometallic-conjugated TERS tip. We demonstrate that organometallic chemistry can be perfectly coupled with TERS for dual-molecule sensing. The unique Raman signals generated by the organometallic compound circumvent signal interference from the biomolecules in blood, allowing the rapid analysis of two important molecules (glucose and thiol) in ultralow volume (50 nL) samples. This enabled a correlation between the thiol and glucose levels in the blood of nondiabetic and diabetic patients to be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Lin
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology , Fujian Normal University , Fuzhou 350007 , China
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine , Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Fuzhou 350122 , China
| | - Yi-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Shang-Wei Yang
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Lan Zhou
- Department of Urology, Shanghai East Hospital , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200000 , China
| | - Weng Kee Leong
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry , Nanyang Technological University , 639798 , Singapore
| | - Shang-Yuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology , Fujian Normal University , Fuzhou 350007 , China
| | - Kien Voon Kong
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
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Kayser B, Fereiro JA, Guo C, Cohen SR, Sheves M, Pecht I, Cahen D. Transistor configuration yields energy level control in protein-based junctions. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:21712-21720. [PMID: 30431054 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr06627b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of proteins as functional components in electronic junctions has received much interest recently due to their diverse bio-chemical and physical properties. However, information regarding the energies of the frontier orbitals involved in their electron transport (ETp) has remained elusive. Here we employ a new method to quantitatively determine the energy position of the molecular orbital, nearest to the Fermi level (EF) of the electrode, in the electron transfer protein Azurin. The importance of the Cu(ii) redox center of Azurin is demonstrated by measuring gate-controlled conductance switching which is absent if Azurin's copper ions are removed. Comparing different electrode materials, a higher conductance and a lower gate-induced current onset is observed for the material with smaller work function, indicating that ETp via Azurin is LUMO-mediated. We use the difference in work function to calibrate the difference in gate-induced current onset for the two electrode materials, to a specific energy level shift and find that ETp via Azurin is near resonance. Our results provide a basis for mapping and studying the role of energy level positions in (bio)molecular junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Kayser
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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20
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Nguyen D, Kang G, Chiang N, Chen X, Seideman T, Hersam MC, Schatz GC, Van Duyne RP. Probing Molecular-Scale Catalytic Interactions between Oxygen and Cobalt Phthalocyanine Using Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5948-5954. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Romero-Muñiz C, Ortega M, Vilhena JG, Díez-Pérez I, Cuevas JC, Pérez R, Zotti LA. Ab initio electronic structure calculations of entire blue copper azurins. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:30392-30402. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06862c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a theoretical study of the blue-copper azurin extracted from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and several of its single amino acid mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Romero-Muñiz
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- E-28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - María Ortega
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- E-28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - J. G. Vilhena
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- E-28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Department of Physics
| | - I. Díez-Pérez
- Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry & Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB)
- University of Barcelona
- Barcelona 08028
- Spain
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Juan Carlos Cuevas
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- E-28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC)
| | - Rubén Pérez
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- E-28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC)
| | - Linda A. Zotti
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- E-28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC)
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