1
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Bourgeois MR, Pan F, Anyanwu CP, Nixon AG, Beutler EK, Dionne JA, Goldsmith RH, Masiello DJ. Spectroscopy in Nanoscopic Cavities: Models and Recent Experiments. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2024; 75:509-534. [PMID: 38941525 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-083122-125525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
The ability of nanophotonic cavities to confine and store light to nanoscale dimensions has important implications for enhancing molecular, excitonic, phononic, and plasmonic optical responses. Spectroscopic signatures of processes that are ordinarily exceedingly weak such as pure absorption and Raman scattering have been brought to the single-particle limit of detection, while new emergent polaritonic states of optical matter have been realized through coupling material and photonic cavity degrees of freedom across a wide range of experimentally accessible interaction strengths. In this review, we discuss both optical and electron beam spectroscopies of cavity-coupled material systems in weak, strong, and ultrastrong coupling regimes, providing a theoretical basis for understanding the physics inherent to each while highlighting recent experimental advances and exciting future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Bourgeois
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
| | - Feng Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - C Praise Anyanwu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
| | - Austin G Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
| | - Elliot K Beutler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Randall H Goldsmith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David J Masiello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
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2
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Maciel-Escudero C, Yankovich AB, Munkhbat B, Baranov DG, Hillenbrand R, Olsson E, Aizpurua J, Shegai TO. Probing optical anapoles with fast electron beams. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8478. [PMID: 38123545 PMCID: PMC10733292 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43813-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical anapoles are intriguing charge-current distributions characterized by a strong suppression of electromagnetic radiation. They originate from the destructive interference of the radiation produced by electric and toroidal multipoles. Although anapoles in dielectric structures have been probed and mapped with a combination of near- and far-field optical techniques, their excitation using fast electron beams has not been explored so far. Here, we theoretically and experimentally analyze the excitation of optical anapoles in tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanodisks using Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) in Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM). We observe prominent dips in the electron energy loss spectra and associate them with the excitation of optical anapoles and anapole-exciton hybrids. We are able to map the anapoles excited in the WS2 nanodisks with subnanometer resolution and find that their excitation can be controlled by placing the electron beam at different positions on the nanodisk. Considering current research on the anapole phenomenon, we envision EELS in STEM to become a useful tool for accessing optical anapoles appearing in a variety of dielectric nanoresonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Maciel-Escudero
- Materials Physics Center, CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo de Manuel Lardizabal, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
- CIC NanoGUNE BRTA and Department of Electricity and Electronics, Tolosa Hiribidea, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Andrew B Yankovich
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Battulga Munkhbat
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Copenhagen, 2800, Denmark
| | - Denis G Baranov
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia
| | - Rainer Hillenbrand
- CIC NanoGUNE BRTA and Department of Electricity and Electronics, Tolosa Hiribidea, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48011, Spain
| | - Eva Olsson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Javier Aizpurua
- Materials Physics Center, CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo de Manuel Lardizabal, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain.
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo de Manuel Lardizabal, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain.
| | - Timur O Shegai
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden.
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3
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Bhuyan R, Mony J, Kotov O, Castellanos GW, Gómez Rivas J, Shegai TO, Börjesson K. The Rise and Current Status of Polaritonic Photochemistry and Photophysics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10877-10919. [PMID: 37683254 PMCID: PMC10540218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between molecular electronic transitions and electromagnetic fields can be enlarged to the point where distinct hybrid light-matter states, polaritons, emerge. The photonic contribution to these states results in increased complexity as well as an opening to modify the photophysics and photochemistry beyond what normally can be seen in organic molecules. It is today evident that polaritons offer opportunities for molecular photochemistry and photophysics, which has caused an ever-rising interest in the field. Focusing on the experimental landmarks, this review takes its reader from the advent of the field of polaritonic chemistry, over the split into polariton chemistry and photochemistry, to present day status within polaritonic photochemistry and photophysics. To introduce the field, the review starts with a general description of light-matter interactions, how to enhance these, and what characterizes the coupling strength. Then the photochemistry and photophysics of strongly coupled systems using Fabry-Perot and plasmonic cavities are described. This is followed by a description of room-temperature Bose-Einstein condensation/polariton lasing in polaritonic systems. The review ends with a discussion on the benefits, limitations, and future developments of strong exciton-photon coupling using organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bhuyan
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Mony
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Oleg Kotov
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Gabriel W. Castellanos
- Department
of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir
Institute and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jaime Gómez Rivas
- Department
of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir
Institute and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timur O. Shegai
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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4
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Rodríguez-Álvarez J, Labarta A, Idrobo JC, Dell'Anna R, Cian A, Giubertoni D, Borrisé X, Guerrero A, Perez-Murano F, Fraile Rodríguez A, Batlle X. Imaging of Antiferroelectric Dark Modes in an Inverted Plasmonic Lattice. ACS NANO 2023; 17:8123-8132. [PMID: 37089111 PMCID: PMC10173685 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic lattice nanostructures are of technological interest because of their capacity to manipulate light below the diffraction limit. Here, we present a detailed study of dark and bright modes in the visible and near-infrared energy regime of an inverted plasmonic honeycomb lattice by a combination of Au+ focused ion beam lithography with nanometric resolution, optical and electron spectroscopy, and finite-difference time-domain simulations. The lattice consists of slits carved in a gold thin film, exhibiting hotspots and a set of bright and dark modes. We proposed that some of the dark modes detected by electron energy-loss spectroscopy are caused by antiferroelectric arrangements of the slit polarizations with two times the size of the hexagonal unit cell. The plasmonic resonances take place within the 0.5-2 eV energy range, indicating that they could be suitable for a synergistic coupling with excitons in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides materials or for designing nanoscale sensing platforms based on near-field enhancement over a metallic surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rodríguez-Álvarez
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Amílcar Labarta
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Idrobo
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Rossana Dell'Anna
- Sensors & Devices Center, FBK - Bruno Kessler Foundation, via Sommarive, 18, Povo, TN 38123, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cian
- Sensors & Devices Center, FBK - Bruno Kessler Foundation, via Sommarive, 18, Povo, TN 38123, Italy
| | - Damiano Giubertoni
- Sensors & Devices Center, FBK - Bruno Kessler Foundation, via Sommarive, 18, Povo, TN 38123, Italy
| | - Xavier Borrisé
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Albert Guerrero
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | | | - Arantxa Fraile Rodríguez
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Xavier Batlle
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
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5
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Bourgeois MR, Nixon AG, Chalifour M, Beutler EK, Masiello DJ. Polarization-Resolved Electron Energy Gain Nanospectroscopy With Phase-Structured Electron Beams. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:7158-7165. [PMID: 36036765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Free-electron-based measurements in scanning transmission electron microscopes (STEMs) reveal valuable information on the broadband spectral responses of nanoscale systems with deeply subdiffraction limited spatial resolution. Leveraging recent advances in manipulating the spatial phase profile of the transverse electron wavefront, we theoretically describe interactions between the electron probe and optically stimulated nanophotonic targets in which the probe gains energy while simultaneously transitioning between transverse states with distinct phase profiles. Exploiting the selection rules governing such transitions, we propose phase-shaped electron energy gain nanospectroscopy for probing the 3D polarization-resolved response field of an optically excited target with nanoscale spatial resolution. Considering ongoing instrumental developments, polarized generalizations of STEM electron energy loss and gain measurements hold the potential to become powerful tools for fundamental studies of quantum materials and their interaction with nearby nanostructures supporting localized surface plasmon or phonon polaritons as well as for noninvasive imaging and nanoscale 3D field tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Bourgeois
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Austin G Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Matthieu Chalifour
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Elliot K Beutler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David J Masiello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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6
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Wang X, Chang K, Liu W, Wang H, Chen J, Liu K, Chen J, Chen K. Enhanced near-field coupling and tunable topological transitions in hyperbolic van der Waals metasurfaces for optical nanomanipulation. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:7075-7082. [PMID: 35475504 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr08490a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbolic metasurfaces based on van der Waals (vdW) materials support propagation of extremely anisotropic polaritons towards nanoscale light compression and manipulation, and thus have great potential in the applications of planar hyperlenses, nanolasing, quantum optics, and ultrasensitive infrared spectroscopy. Two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) subwavelength gratings as vdW metasurfaces can manipulate the propagation of hyperbolic polaritons at the level of single atomic layers, possessing a higher degree of field confinement and lower losses than conventional media. However, active manipulation of hyperbolic polaritonic waves in h-BN midinfrared metasurfaces remains elusive. Herein, we provide an effective strategy for tunable topological transitions in mid-infrared hyperbolic vdW metasurfaces (HMSs) via enhanced plasmon-phonon polaritons coupling. They are composed of in-plane heterostructures of thin-layer h-BN and monolayer graphene strips (iHBNG) as meta-atoms. The graphene-plasmon-enhanced near-field coupling enables a large tunability of light fields by tailoring the chemical potentials of graphene without frequency shift, which involves topological transitions of polaritonic modes, unidirectional polariton propagation, and local-density-of-state enhancement. Simulated visual near-field distributions of iHBNG metasurfaces reveal the unique transformations of hyperbolic polariton propagations, distinguished from that of individual h-BN and graphene metasurfaces. Our findings provide a platform of optical nanomanipulation towards emerging on-chip polaritonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Wang
- Center for the Physics of Low-Dimensional Materials, School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Kaili Chang
- Center for the Physics of Low-Dimensional Materials, School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Weitao Liu
- Center for the Physics of Low-Dimensional Materials, School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Hongqin Wang
- Center for the Physics of Low-Dimensional Materials, School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Junying Chen
- Center for the Physics of Low-Dimensional Materials, School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Kaihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mvaesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jianing Chen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Center for the Physics of Low-Dimensional Materials, School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
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7
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Bourgeois MR, Beutler EK, Khorasani S, Panek N, Masiello DJ. Nanometer-Scale Spatial and Spectral Mapping of Exciton Polaritons in Structured Plasmonic Cavities. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:197401. [PMID: 35622035 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.197401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exciton polaritons (EPs) are ubiquitous light-matter excitations under intense investigation as test beds of fundamental physics and as components for all-optical computing. Owing to their unique attributes and facile experimental tunability, EPs potentially enable strong nonlinearities, condensation, and superfluidity at room temperature. However, the diffraction limit of light and the momentum content of fast electron probes preclude the characterization of EPs in nanoscale structured cavities exhibiting energy-momentum dispersion. Here we present fully relativistic analytical theory and companion numerical simulations showing that these limitations can be overcome to measure EPs in periodic nanophotonic cavities on their natural energy, momentum, and length scales via lattice electron energy gain spectroscopy. With the combined high momentum resolution of light and nanoscale spatial resolution of focused electron beams, lattice electron energy gain spectroscopy can expose deeply subwavelength EP features using currently available monochromated, aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Bourgeois
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Elliot K Beutler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Siamak Khorasani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Nicole Panek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - David J Masiello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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8
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OUP accepted manuscript. Microscopy (Oxf) 2022; 71:i174-i199. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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9
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Zhao J, Xue S, Ji R, Li B, Li J. Localized surface plasmon resonance for enhanced electrocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12070-12097. [PMID: 34533143 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00237f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrocatalysis plays a vital role in energy conversion and storage in modern society. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) is a highly attractive approach to enhance the electrocatalytic activity and selectivity with solar energy. LSPR excitation can induce the transfer of hot electrons and holes, electromagnetic field enhancement, lattice heating, resonant energy transfer and scattering, in turn boosting a variety of electrocatalytic reactions. Although the LSPR-mediated electrocatalysis has been investigated, the underlying mechanism has not been well explained. Moreover, the efficiency is strongly dependent on the structure and composition of plasmonic metals. In this review, the currently proposed mechanisms for plasmon-mediated electrocatalysis are introduced and the preparation methods to design supported plasmonic nanostructures and related electrodes are summarized. In addition, we focus on the characterization strategies used for verifying and differentiating LSPR mechanisms involved at the electrochemical interface. Following that are highlights of representative examples of direct plasmonic metal-driven and indirect plasmon-enhanced electrocatalytic reactions. Finally, this review concludes with a discussion on the remaining challenges and future opportunities for coupling LSPR with electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Song Xue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Rongrong Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Bing Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Jinghong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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10
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Konečná A, Li J, Edgar JH, García de Abajo FJ, Hachtel JA. Revealing Nanoscale Confinement Effects on Hyperbolic Phonon Polaritons with an Electron Beam. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2103404. [PMID: 34453472 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) enable the direct manipulation of mid-infrared light at nanometer scales, many orders of magnitude below the free-space light wavelength. High-resolution monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) facilitates measurement of excitations with energies extending into the mid-infrared while maintaining nanoscale spatial resolution, making it ideal for detecting HPhPs. The electron beam is a precise source and probe of HPhPs, which allows the observation of nanoscale confinement in HPhP structures and directly extract hBN polariton dispersions for both modes in the bulk of the flake and modes along the edge. The measurements reveal technologically important nontrivial phenomena, such as localized polaritons induced by environmental heterogeneity, enhanced and suppressed excitation due to 2D interference, and strong modification of high-momenta excitations such as edge-confined polaritons by nanoscale heterogeneity on edge boundaries. The work opens exciting prospects for the design of real-world optical mid-infrared devices based on hyperbolic polaritons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Konečná
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, 612 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jiahan Li
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Campanys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Jordan A Hachtel
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
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11
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Konečná A, Iyikanat F, García de Abajo FJ. Theory of Atomic-Scale Vibrational Mapping and Isotope Identification with Electron Beams. ACS NANO 2021; 15:9890-9899. [PMID: 34006088 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy and spectroscopy currently enable the acquisition of spatially resolved spectral information from a specimen by focusing electron beams down to a sub-angstrom spot and then analyzing the energy of the inelastically scattered electrons with few-meV energy resolution. This technique has recently been used to experimentally resolve vibrational modes in 2D materials emerging at mid-infrared frequencies. Here, on the basis of first-principles theory, we demonstrate the possibility of identifying single isotope atom impurities in a nanostructure through the trace that they leave in the spectral and spatial characteristics of the vibrational modes. Specifically, we examine a hexagonal boron nitride molecule as an example of application, in which the presence of a single isotope impurity is revealed through changes in the electron spectra, as well as in the space-, energy-, and momentum-resolved inelastic electron signal. We compare these results with conventional far-field spectroscopy, showing that electron beams offer superior spatial resolution combined with the ability to probe the complete set of vibrational modes, including those that are optically dark. Our study is relevant for the atomic-scale characterization of vibrational modes in materials of interest, including a detailed mapping of isotope distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Konečná
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fadil Iyikanat
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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12
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García
de Abajo FJ, Di Giulio V. Optical Excitations with Electron Beams: Challenges and Opportunities. ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:945-974. [PMID: 35356759 PMCID: PMC8939335 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.0c01950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Free electron beams such as those employed in electron microscopes have evolved into powerful tools to investigate photonic nanostructures with an unrivaled combination of spatial and spectral precision through the analysis of electron energy losses and cathodoluminescence light emission. In combination with ultrafast optics, the emerging field of ultrafast electron microscopy utilizes synchronized femtosecond electron and light pulses that are aimed at the sampled structures, holding the promise to bring simultaneous sub-Å-sub-fs-sub-meV space-time-energy resolution to the study of material and optical-field dynamics. In addition, these advances enable the manipulation of the wave function of individual free electrons in unprecedented ways, opening sound prospects to probe and control quantum excitations at the nanoscale. Here, we provide an overview of photonics research based on free electrons, supplemented by original theoretical insights and discussion of several stimulating challenges and opportunities. In particular, we show that the excitation probability by a single electron is independent of its wave function, apart from a classical average over the transverse beam density profile, whereas the probability for two or more modulated electrons depends on their relative spatial arrangement, thus reflecting the quantum nature of their interactions. We derive first-principles analytical expressions that embody these results and have general validity for arbitrarily shaped electrons and any type of electron-sample interaction. We conclude with some perspectives on various exciting directions that include disruptive approaches to noninvasive spectroscopy and microscopy, the possibility of sampling the nonlinear optical response at the nanoscale, the manipulation of the density matrices associated with free electrons and optical sample modes, and appealing applications in optical modulation of electron beams, all of which could potentially revolutionize the use of free electrons in photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Javier García
de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- E-mail:
| | - Valerio Di Giulio
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Li Y, Qi R, Shi R, Li N, Gao P. Manipulation of surface phonon polaritons in SiC nanorods. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2020; 65:820-826. [PMID: 36659200 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Surface phonon polaritons (SPhPs) are potentially very attractive for subwavelength control and manipulation of light at the infrared to terahertz wavelengths. Probing their propagation behavior in nanostructures is crucial to guide rational device design. Here, aided by monochromatic scanning transmission electron microscopy-electron energy loss spectroscopy technique, we measure the dispersion relation of SPhPs in individual SiC nanorods and reveal the effects of size and shape. We find that the SPhPs can be modulated by the geometric shape and size of SiC nanorods. The energy of SPhPs shows red-shift with decreasing radius and the surface optical phonon is mainly concentrated on the surface with large radius. Therefore, the fields can be precisely confined in specific positions by varying the size of the nanorod, allowing effective tuning at nanometer scale. The findings of this work are in agreement with dielectric response theory and numerical simulation, and provide novel strategies for manipulating light in polar dielectrics through shape and size control, enabling the design of novel nanoscale phonon-photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehui Li
- International Center for Quantum Materials, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruishi Qi
- International Center for Quantum Materials, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruochen Shi
- International Center for Quantum Materials, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ning Li
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Peng Gao
- International Center for Quantum Materials, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China.
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14
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Tizei LHG, Mkhitaryan V, Lourenço-Martins H, Scarabelli L, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Tencé M, Blazit JD, Li X, Gloter A, Zobelli A, Schmidt FP, Liz-Marzán LM, García de Abajo FJ, Stéphan O, Kociak M. Tailored Nanoscale Plasmon-Enhanced Vibrational Electron Spectroscopy. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:2973-2979. [PMID: 31967839 PMCID: PMC7227010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Atomic vibrations and phonons are an excellent source of information on nanomaterials that we can access through a variety of methods including Raman scattering, infrared spectroscopy, and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). In the presence of a plasmon local field, vibrations are strongly modified and, in particular, their dipolar strengths are highly enhanced, thus rendering Raman scattering and infrared spectroscopy extremely sensitive techniques. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that the interaction between a relativistic electron and vibrational modes in nanostructures is fundamentally modified in the presence of plasmons. We finely tune the energy of surface plasmons in metallic nanowires in the vicinity of hexagonal boron nitride, making it possible to monitor and disentangle both strong phonon-plasmon coupling and plasmon-driven phonon enhancement at the nanometer scale. Because of the near-field character of the electron beam-phonon interaction, optically inactive phonon modes are also observed. Besides increasing our understanding of phonon physics, our results hold great potential for investigating sensing mechanisms and chemistry in complex nanomaterials down to the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz H. G. Tizei
- Laboratoire
de Physique des Solides, Université
Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Vahagn Mkhitaryan
- The
Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Hugo Lourenço-Martins
- Laboratoire
de Physique des Solides, Université
Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Leonardo Scarabelli
- CIC
biomaGUNE and Ciber-BBN, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National
Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National
Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Marcel Tencé
- Laboratoire
de Physique des Solides, Université
Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Jean-Denis Blazit
- Laboratoire
de Physique des Solides, Université
Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Laboratoire
de Physique des Solides, Université
Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Alexandre Gloter
- Laboratoire
de Physique des Solides, Université
Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Alberto Zobelli
- Laboratoire
de Physique des Solides, Université
Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | | | - Luis M. Liz-Marzán
- CIC
biomaGUNE and Ciber-BBN, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - F. Javier García de Abajo
- The
Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avanats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Odile Stéphan
- Laboratoire
de Physique des Solides, Université
Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Mathieu Kociak
- Laboratoire
de Physique des Solides, Université
Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
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15
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Aizpurua J, Asua JM, Muiño RD, Grande HJ, Liz-Marzán LM, Pitarke JM, Sánchez-Portal D. San Sebastian, a City of (Nano)Science and Technology. ACS NANO 2019; 13:12254-12256. [PMID: 31736298 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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16
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Yankovich AB, Munkhbat B, Baranov DG, Cuadra J, Olsén E, Lourenço-Martins H, Tizei LHG, Kociak M, Olsson E, Shegai T. Visualizing Spatial Variations of Plasmon-Exciton Polaritons at the Nanoscale Using Electron Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:8171-8181. [PMID: 31639311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polaritons are compositional light-matter quasiparticles that have enabled remarkable breakthroughs in quantum and nonlinear optics, as well as in material science. Recently, plasmon-exciton polaritons (plexcitons) have been realized in hybrid material systems composed of transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) materials and metal nanoparticles, expanding polaritonic concepts to room temperature and nanoscale systems that also benefit from the exotic properties of TMDC materials. Despite the enormous progress in understanding TMDC-based plexcitons using optical-based methods, experimental evidence of plexcitons formation has remained indirect and mapping their nanometer-scale characteristics has remained an open challenge. Here, we demonstrate that plexcitons generated by a hybrid system composed of an individual silver nanoparticle and a few-layer WS2 flake can be spectroscopically mapped with nanometer spatial resolution using electron energy loss spectroscopy in a scanning transmission electron microscope. Experimental anticrossing measurements using the absorption-dominated extinction signal provide the ultimate evidence for plexciton hybridization in the strong coupling regime. Spatially resolved EELS maps reveal the existence of unexpected nanoscale variations in the deep-subwavelength nature of plexcitons generated by this system. These findings pioneer new possibilities for in-depth studies of the local atomic structure dependence of polariton-related phenomena in TMDC hybrid material systems with nanometer spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Yankovich
- Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Battulga Munkhbat
- Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Denis G Baranov
- Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Jorge Cuadra
- Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Erik Olsén
- Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Hugo Lourenço-Martins
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides , Paris-Sud Université, CNRS UMR 8502 , Orsay , France
| | - Luiz H G Tizei
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides , Paris-Sud Université, CNRS UMR 8502 , Orsay , France
| | - Mathieu Kociak
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides , Paris-Sud Université, CNRS UMR 8502 , Orsay , France
| | - Eva Olsson
- Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Timur Shegai
- Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 , Gothenburg , Sweden
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17
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Zachman MJ, Hachtel JA, Idrobo JC, Chi M. Emerging Electron Microscopy Techniques for Probing Functional Interfaces in Energy Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Zachman
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Jordan A. Hachtel
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Juan Carlos Idrobo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Miaofang Chi
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
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18
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Zachman MJ, Hachtel JA, Idrobo JC, Chi M. Emerging Electron Microscopy Techniques for Probing Functional Interfaces in Energy Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1384-1396. [PMID: 31081976 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Interfaces play a fundamental role in many areas of chemistry. However, their localized nature requires characterization techniques with high spatial resolution in order to fully understand their structure and properties. State-of-the-art atomic resolution or in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy are indispensable tools for characterizing the local structure and chemistry of materials with single-atom resolution, but they are not able to measure many properties that dictate function, such as vibrational modes or charge transfer, and are limited to room-temperature samples containing no liquids. Here, we outline emerging electron microscopy techniques that are allowing these limitations to be overcome and highlight several recent studies that were enabled by these techniques. We then provide a vision for how these techniques can be paired with each other and with in situ methods to deliver new insights into the static and dynamic behavior of functional interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Zachman
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Jordan A Hachtel
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Idrobo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Miaofang Chi
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
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