1
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Gómez-Viloria I, Nodar Á, Molezuelas-Ferreras M, Olmos-Trigo J, Cifuentes Á, Martínez M, Varga M, Molina-Terriza G. On-Axis Optical Trapping with Vortex Beams: The Role of the Multipolar Decomposition. ACS Photonics 2024; 11:626-633. [PMID: 38405395 PMCID: PMC10885202 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Optical trapping is a well-established, decades old technology with applications in several fields of research. The most common scenario deals with particles that tend to be centered on the brightest part of the optical trap. Consequently, the optical forces keep the particle away from the dark zones of the beam. However, this is not the case when a focused doughnut-shaped beam generates on-axis trapping. In this system, the particle is centered on the intensity minima of the laser beam and the bright annular part lies on the periphery of the particle. Researchers have shown great interest in this phenomenon due to its advantage of reducing light interaction with trapped particles and the intriguing increase in the trapping strength. This work presents experimental and theoretical results that extend the analysis of on-axis trapping with light vortex beams. Specifically, in our experiments, we trap micron-sized spherical silica (SiO2) particles in water and we measure, through the power spectrum density method, the trap stiffness constant κ generated by vortex beams with different topological charge orders. The optical forces are calculated from the exact solutions of the electromagnetic fields provided by the generalized Lorentz-Mie theory. We show a remarkable agreement between the theoretical prediction and the experimental measurements of κ. Moreover, our numerical model gives us information about the electromagnetic fields inside the particle, offering valuable insights into the influence of the electromagnetic fields present in the vortex beam trapping scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker Gómez-Viloria
- Centro
de Fisica de Materiales (CFM), CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Álvaro Nodar
- Centro
de Fisica de Materiales (CFM), CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Martín Molezuelas-Ferreras
- Centro
de Fisica de Materiales (CFM), CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Jorge Olmos-Trigo
- Centro
de Fisica de Materiales (CFM), CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ángel Cifuentes
- Centro
de Fisica de Materiales (CFM), CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Miriam Martínez
- Centro
de Fisica de Materiales (CFM), CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Miguel Varga
- Centro
de Fisica de Materiales (CFM), CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Gabriel Molina-Terriza
- Centro
de Fisica de Materiales (CFM), CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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2
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Zhang Z, Gu M, Cui G, Zhou Y, Ma T, Zhao K, Li Y, Liu C, Cheng C, Ma L. Quarter-Wave Plate Metasurfaces for Generating Multi-Channel Vortex Beams. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2024; 14:374. [PMID: 38392746 PMCID: PMC10892158 DOI: 10.3390/nano14040374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Metasurfaces of quarter-wave plate (QWP) meta-atoms have exhibited high flexibility and versatile functionalities in the manipulation of light fields. However, the generation of multi-channel vortex beams with the QWP meta-atom metasurfaces presents a significant challenge. In this study, we propose dielectric metasurfaces composed of QWP meta-atoms to manipulate multi-channel vortex beams. QWP meta-atoms, systematically arranged in concentric circular rings, are designed to introduce the modulations via the propagation phase and geometric phase, leading to the generation of co- and cross-polarized vortex beams in distinct channels. Theoretical investigations and simulations are employed to analyze the modulation process, confirming the capability of QWP meta-atom metasurfaces for generating the multi-channel vortex beams. This study presents prospective advancements for the compact, integrated, and multifunctional nanophotonic platforms, which have potential applications in classical physics and quantum domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziheng Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (Z.Z.); (M.G.); (G.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.M.); (K.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Manna Gu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (Z.Z.); (M.G.); (G.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.M.); (K.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Guosen Cui
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (Z.Z.); (M.G.); (G.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.M.); (K.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Yuxiang Zhou
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (Z.Z.); (M.G.); (G.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.M.); (K.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Teng Ma
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (Z.Z.); (M.G.); (G.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.M.); (K.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Kaixin Zhao
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (Z.Z.); (M.G.); (G.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.M.); (K.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Yunxiao Li
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (Z.Z.); (M.G.); (G.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.M.); (K.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Chunxiang Liu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (Z.Z.); (M.G.); (G.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.M.); (K.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Chuanfu Cheng
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (Z.Z.); (M.G.); (G.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.M.); (K.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Physics, Changzhi University, Changzhi 046011, China
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3
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de Oliveira M, Piccardo M, Eslami S, Aglieri V, Toma A, Ambrosio A. Radially and Azimuthally Pure Vortex Beams from Phase-Amplitude Metasurfaces. ACS Photonics 2023; 10:290-297. [PMID: 36691429 PMCID: PMC9853941 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To exploit the full potential of the transverse spatial structure of light using the Laguerre-Gaussian basis, it is necessary to control the azimuthal and radial components of the photons. Vortex phase elements are commonly used to generate these modes of light, offering precise control over the azimuthal index but neglecting the radially dependent amplitude term, which defines their associated corresponding transverse profile. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the generation of high-purity Laguerre-Gaussian beams with a single-step on-axis transformation implemented with a dielectric phase-amplitude metasurface. By vectorially structuring the input beam and projecting it onto an orthogonal polarization basis, we can sculpt any vortex beam in phase and amplitude. We characterize the azimuthal and radial purities of the generated vortex beams, reaching a purity of 98% for a vortex beam with l =50 and p = 0. Furthermore, we comparatively show that the purity of the generated vortex beams outperforms those generated with other well-established phase-only metasurface approaches. In addition, we highlight the formation of "ghost" orbital angular momentum orders from azimuthal gratings (analogous to ghost orders in ruled gratings), which have not been widely studied to date. Our work brings higher-order vortex beams and their unlimited potential within reach of wide adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael de Oliveira
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Physics
Department, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Piccardo
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sahand Eslami
- Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Aglieri
- Clean
Room Facility, Fondazione Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Toma
- Clean
Room Facility, Fondazione Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio Ambrosio
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milan, Italy
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4
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Petrov NI. Nonparaxial Propagation of Bessel Correlated Vortex Beams in Free Space. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 14:38. [PMID: 36677099 PMCID: PMC9865740 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The nonparaxial propagation of partially coherent beams carrying vortices in free space is investigated using the method of decomposition of the incident field into coherent diffraction-free modes. Modified Bessel correlated vortex beams with the wavefront curvature are introduced. Analytical expressions are presented to describe the intensity distribution and the degree of coherence at different distances. The evolution of the intensity distribution during beam propagation for various source parameters is analyzed. The effects of nonparaxiality in the propagation of tightly focused coherent vortex beams are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai I Petrov
- Scientific and Technological Centre of Unique Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117342 Moscow, Russia
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5
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Bourgeois MR, Nixon AG, Chalifour M, Beutler EK, Masiello DJ. Polarization-Resolved Electron Energy Gain Nanospectroscopy With Phase-Structured Electron Beams. Nano Lett 2022; 22:7158-7165. [PMID: 36036765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Free-electron-based measurements in scanning transmission electron microscopes (STEMs) reveal valuable information on the broadband spectral responses of nanoscale systems with deeply subdiffraction limited spatial resolution. Leveraging recent advances in manipulating the spatial phase profile of the transverse electron wavefront, we theoretically describe interactions between the electron probe and optically stimulated nanophotonic targets in which the probe gains energy while simultaneously transitioning between transverse states with distinct phase profiles. Exploiting the selection rules governing such transitions, we propose phase-shaped electron energy gain nanospectroscopy for probing the 3D polarization-resolved response field of an optically excited target with nanoscale spatial resolution. Considering ongoing instrumental developments, polarized generalizations of STEM electron energy loss and gain measurements hold the potential to become powerful tools for fundamental studies of quantum materials and their interaction with nearby nanostructures supporting localized surface plasmon or phonon polaritons as well as for noninvasive imaging and nanoscale 3D field tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Bourgeois
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Austin G Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Matthieu Chalifour
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Elliot K Beutler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David J Masiello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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6
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Lai J, Ma J, Fan Z, Song X, Yu P, Liu Z, Zhang P, Shi Y, Cheng J, Sun D. Direct Light Orbital Angular Momentum Detection in Mid-Infrared Based on the Type-II Weyl Semimetal TaIrTe 4. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2201229. [PMID: 35605244 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The direct photocurrent detection capability of light orbital angular momentum (OAM) has recently been realized with topological Weyl semimetals, but it is limited to the near-infrared wavelength range. The extension of the direct OAM detection capability to the mid-infrared band, which is a wave band that plays an important role in a vast range of applications, has not yet been realized. This is because the photocurrent responses of most photodetectors are neither sensitive to the phase information nor efficient in the mid-infrared region. In this study, a photodetector based on the type-II Weyl semimetal tantalum iridium telluride (TaIrTe4 ) is designed with peculiar electrode geometries to directly detect the topological charge of the OAM using the orbital photogalvanic effect (OPGE). The results indicate that the helical phase gradient of light can be distinguished by a current winding around the optical beam axis, with a magnitude proportional to its quantized OAM mode number. The topologically enhanced responses in the mid-infrared region of TaIrTe4 further help overcome the low responsivity issues and finally render direct OAM detection capability. This study enables on-chip-integrated OAM detection, and thus OAM-sensitive focal plane arrays in the mid-infrared region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Lai
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Junchao Ma
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zipu Fan
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaoming Song
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Peng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Centre for Programmed Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Pei Zhang
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jinluo Cheng
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Dong Sun
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100871, China
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7
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Ullah N, Zhao R, Huang L. Recent Advancement in Optical Metasurface: Fundament to Application. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:1025. [PMID: 35888842 PMCID: PMC9322754 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have gained growing interest in recent years due to their simplicity in manufacturing and lower insertion losses. Meanwhile, they can provide unprecedented control over the spatial distribution of transmitted and reflected optical fields in a compact form. The metasurfaces are a kind of planar array of resonant subwavelength components that, depending on the intended optical wavefronts to be sculpted, can be strictly periodic or quasi-periodic, or even aperiodic. For instance, gradient metasurfaces, a subtype of metasurfaces, are designed to exhibit spatially changing optical responses, which result in spatially varying amplitudes of scattered fields and the associated polarization of these fields. This paper starts off by presenting concepts of anomalous reflection and refraction, followed by a brief discussion on the Pancharatanm-Berry Phase (PB) and Huygens' metasurfaces. As an introduction to wavefront manipulation, we next present their key applications. These include planar metalens, cascaded meta-systems, tunable metasurfaces, spectrometer retroreflectors, vortex beams, and holography. The review concludes with a summary, preceded by a perspective outlining our expectations for potential future research work and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naqeeb Ullah
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (N.U.); (R.Z.)
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Ruizhe Zhao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (N.U.); (R.Z.)
| | - Lingling Huang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (N.U.); (R.Z.)
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8
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Liu C, Hu C, Wei D, Chen M, Shi J, Wang H, Xie C, Zhang X. Generating Convergent Laguerre-Gaussian Beams Based on an Arrayed Convex Spiral Phaser Fabricated by 3D Printing. Micromachines (Basel) 2020; 11:mi11080771. [PMID: 32823759 PMCID: PMC7464947 DOI: 10.3390/mi11080771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A convex spiral phaser array (CSPA) is designed and fabricated to generate typical convergent Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) beams. A type of 3D printing technology based on the two-photon absorption effect is used to make the CSPAs with different featured sizes, which present a structural integrity and fabricating accuracy of ~200 nm according to the surface topography measurements. The light field vortex characteristics of the CSPAs are evaluated through illuminating them by lasers with different central wavelength such as 450 nm, 530 nm and 650 nm. It should be noted that the arrayed light fields out from the CSPA are all changed from a clockwise vortex orientation to a circular distribution at the focal plane and then a counterclockwise vortex orientation. The circular light field is distributed 380-400 μm away from the CSPA, which is close to the 370 μm of the focal plane design. The convergent LG beams can be effectively shaped by the CASPs produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Science & Technology on Multispectral Information Processing, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (C.L.); (C.H.); (D.W.); (M.C.); (J.S.)
- School of Artificial Intelligence & Automation, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chai Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Science & Technology on Multispectral Information Processing, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (C.L.); (C.H.); (D.W.); (M.C.); (J.S.)
- School of Artificial Intelligence & Automation, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Innovation Insititute, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Dong Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Science & Technology on Multispectral Information Processing, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (C.L.); (C.H.); (D.W.); (M.C.); (J.S.)
- School of Artificial Intelligence & Automation, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mingce Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Science & Technology on Multispectral Information Processing, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (C.L.); (C.H.); (D.W.); (M.C.); (J.S.)
- School of Artificial Intelligence & Automation, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiashuo Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Science & Technology on Multispectral Information Processing, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (C.L.); (C.H.); (D.W.); (M.C.); (J.S.)
- School of Artificial Intelligence & Automation, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Haiwei Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (H.W.); (C.X.)
| | - Changsheng Xie
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (H.W.); (C.X.)
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science & Technology on Multispectral Information Processing, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (C.L.); (C.H.); (D.W.); (M.C.); (J.S.)
- School of Artificial Intelligence & Automation, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (H.W.); (C.X.)
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9
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Yu P, Li J, Li X, Schütz G, Hirscher M, Zhang S, Liu N. Generation of Switchable Singular Beams with Dynamic Metasurfaces. ACS Nano 2019; 13:7100-7106. [PMID: 31083965 PMCID: PMC6595502 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Singular beams have attracted great attention due to their optical properties and broad applications from light manipulation to optical communications. However, there has been a lack of practical schemes with which to achieve switchable singular beams with sub-wavelength resolution using ultrathin and flat optical devices. In this work, we demonstrate the generation of switchable vector and vortex beams utilizing dynamic metasurfaces at visible frequencies. The dynamic functionality of the metasurface pixels is enabled by the utilization of magnesium nanorods, which possess plasmonic reconfigurability upon hydrogenation and dehydrogenation. We show that switchable vector beams of different polarization states and switchable vortex beams of different topological charges can be implemented through simple hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of the same metasurfaces. Furthermore, we demonstrate a two-cascade metasurface scheme for holographic pattern switching, taking inspiration from orbital angular momentum-shift keying. Our work provides an additional degree of freedom to develop high-security optical elements for anti-counterfeiting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yu
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jianxiong Li
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Xin Li
- Beijing
Engineering Research Center for Mixed Reality and Advanced Display,
School of Optoelectronics, Beijing Institute
of Technology, South Zhongguancun Street 5, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Gisela Schütz
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Hirscher
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Shuang Zhang
- School
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Na Liu
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Kirchhoff
Institute for Physics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Abstract
Topological concepts play an important role in, and provide unique insights into, many physical phenomena. In particular topological defects have become an active area of research due to their relevance to diverse systems including condensed matter and the early universe. These defects arise in systems during phase transitions or symmetry-breaking operations that lead to a specific configuration of the order parameter that is stable against external perturbations. In this work, we experimentally show that excitations or defects carrying magnetic charge in artificial spin ices introduce a topological defect in incident coherent electron waves. This results in the formation of a localized electron vortex beam carrying orbital angular momentum that is directly correlated with the magnetic charge. This work provides unique insight into the interaction of electrons with magnetically charged excitations and the effect on their topology thereby opening new possibilities to explore exotic scattering and quantum effects in nanoscale condensed-matter systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charudatta Phatak
- Materials Science Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Amanda Petford-Long
- Materials Science Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
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11
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Forbes A. Controlling light's helicity at the source: orbital angular momentum states from lasers. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2017; 375:rsta.2015.0436. [PMID: 28069767 PMCID: PMC5247480 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Optical modes that carry orbital angular momentum (OAM) are routinely produced external to the laser cavity and have found a variety of applications, thus increasing the demand for integrated solutions for their production. Yet such modes are notoriously difficult to produce from lasers due to the strict symmetry requirements for their creation, together with the need to break the degeneracy in helicity. Here, we review the progress made since 1992 in producing such twisted light modes directly at the source, from gas to solid-state lasers, bulk to integrated on-chip solutions, through to generic devices for on-demand OAM in both scalar and vector forms.This article is part of the themed issue 'Optical orbital angular momentum'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Forbes
- School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
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