1
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Hoglund ER, Walker HA, Hussain K, Bao DL, Ni H, Mamun A, Baxter J, Caldwell JD, Khan A, Pantelides ST, Hopkins PE, Hachtel JA. Nonequivalent Atomic Vibrations at Interfaces in a Polar Superlattice. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2402925. [PMID: 38717326 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
In heterostructures made from polar materials, e.g., AlN-GaN-AlN, the nonequivalence of the two interfaces is long recognized as a critical aspect of their electronic properties; in that, they host different 2D carrier gases. Interfaces play an important role in the vibrational properties of materials, where interface states enhance thermal conductivity and can generate unique infrared-optical activity. The nonequivalence of the corresponding interface atomic vibrations, however, is not investigated so far due to a lack of experimental techniques with both high spatial and high spectral resolution. Herein, the nonequivalence of AlN-(Al0.65Ga0.35)N and (Al0.65Ga0.35)N-AlN interface vibrations is experimentally demonstrated using monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM-EELS) and density-functional-theory (DFT) calculations are employed to gain insights in the physical origins of observations. It is demonstrated that STEM-EELS possesses sensitivity to the displacement vector of the vibrational modes as well as the frequency, which is as critical to understanding vibrations as polarization in optical spectroscopies. The combination enables direct mapping of the nonequivalent interface phonons between materials with different phonon polarizations. The results demonstrate the capacity to carefully assess the vibrational properties of complex heterostructures where interface states dominate the functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Hoglund
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Harrison A Walker
- Department of Physics and, Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Kamal Hussain
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - De-Liang Bao
- Department of Physics and, Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Haoyang Ni
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61820, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Abdullah Mamun
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Jefferey Baxter
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Asif Khan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Sokrates T Pantelides
- Department of Physics and, Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Patrick E Hopkins
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Jordan A Hachtel
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
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2
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Matson JR, Alam MN, Varnavides G, Sohr P, Knight S, Darakchieva V, Stokey M, Schubert M, Said A, Beechem T, Narang P, Law S, Caldwell JD. The Role of Optical Phonon Confinement in the Infrared Dielectric Response of III-V Superlattices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305106. [PMID: 38039437 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Polar dielectrics are key materials of interest for infrared (IR) nanophotonic applications due to their ability to host phonon-polaritons that allow for low-loss, subdiffractional control of light. The properties of phonon-polaritons are limited by the characteristics of optical phonons, which are nominally fixed for most "bulk" materials. Superlattices composed of alternating atomically thin materials offer control over crystal anisotropy through changes in composition, optical phonon confinement, and the emergence of new modes. In particular, the modified optical phonons in superlattices offer the potential for so-called crystalline hybrids whose IR properties cannot be described as a simple mixture of the bulk constituents. To date, however, studies have primarily focused on identifying the presence of new or modified optical phonon modes rather than assessing their impact on the IR response. This study focuses on assessing the impact of confined optical phonon modes on the hybrid IR dielectric function in superlattices of GaSb and AlSb. Using a combination of first principles theory, Raman, FTIR, and spectroscopic ellipsometry, the hybrid dielectric function is found to track the confinement of optical phonons, leading to optical phonon spectral shifts of up to 20 cm-1 . These results provide an alternative pathway toward designer IR optical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Matson
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Md Nazmul Alam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Georgios Varnavides
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Patrick Sohr
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Sean Knight
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, 22100, Sweden
- Competence Center for III-Nitride Technology, C3NiT - Janzèn, Linköping University, Linköping, 58183, Sweden
- Terahertz Materials Analysis Center (THeMAC), Linköping University, Linköping, 58183, Sweden
| | - Vanya Darakchieva
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, 22100, Sweden
- Competence Center for III-Nitride Technology, C3NiT - Janzèn, Linköping University, Linköping, 58183, Sweden
- Terahertz Materials Analysis Center (THeMAC), Linköping University, Linköping, 58183, Sweden
| | - Megan Stokey
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Mathias Schubert
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, 22100, Sweden
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Ayman Said
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Thomas Beechem
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Prineha Narang
- Physical Sciences Division, College of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Stephanie Law
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
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3
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Schultz JF, Krylyuk S, Schwartz JJ, Davydov AV, Centrone A. Isotopic effects on in-plane hyperbolic phonon polaritons in MoO 3. NANOPHOTONICS 2024; 13:10.1515/nanoph-2023-0717. [PMID: 38846933 PMCID: PMC11155493 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2023-0717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs), hybrids of light and lattice vibrations in polar dielectric crystals, empower nanophotonic applications by enabling the confinement and manipulation of light at the nanoscale. Molybdenum trioxide (α-MoO3) is a naturally hyperbolic material, meaning that its dielectric function deterministically controls the directional propagation of in-plane HPhPs within its reststrahlen bands. Strategies such as substrate engineering, nano- and heterostructuring, and isotopic enrichment are being developed to alter the intrinsic die ectric functions of natural hyperbolic materials and to control the confinement and propagation of HPhPs. Since isotopic disorder can limit phonon-based processes such as HPhPs, here we synthesize isotopically enriched 92MoO3 (92Mo: 99.93 %) and 100MoO3 (100Mo: 99.01 %) crystals to tune the properties and dispersion of HPhPs with respect to natural α-MoO3, which is composed of seven stable Mo isotopes. Real-space, near-field maps measured with the photothermal induced resonance (PTIR) technique enable comparisons of inplane HPhPs in α-MoO3 and isotopically enriched analogues within a reststrahlen band (≈820 cm-1 to ≈ 972 cm-1). Results show that isotopic enrichment (e.g., 92MoO3 and 100MoO3) alters the dielectric function, shifting the HPhP dispersion (HPhP angular wavenumber × thickness vs IR frequency) by ≈-7% and ≈ +9 %, respectively, and changes the HPhP group velocities by ≈ ±12 %, while the lifetimes (≈ 3 ps) in 92MoO3 were found to be slightly improved (≈ 20 %). The latter improvement is attributed to a decrease in isotopic disorder. Altogether, isotopic enrichment was found to offer fine control over the properties that determine the anisotropic in-plane propagation of HPhPs in α-MoO3, which is essential to its implementation in nanophotonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F. Schultz
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Sergiy Krylyuk
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Schwartz
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA; and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Albert V. Davydov
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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4
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Xu S, Qian L, Sun M, Zheng G. Weyl semimetal mediated epsilon-near-zero hybrid polaritons and the induced nonreciprocal radiation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:32336-32344. [PMID: 37902035 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04183b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Polaritonic excitation and management in ultra-thin polar crystals has recently received significant attention and holds new promise for epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) modes. However, manipulation of the ENZ mode via anisotropic magneto-optic (MO) material remains elusive. Herein, we provide an effective strategy for constructing an ENZ polar thin film with dependence on Weyl semimetals (WSM). The thermal radiation of the proposed device is explored with electromagnetic (EM) simulations that utilize the anisotropic rigorous coupled-wave analysis (aRCWA) method. Strong coupling of the ENZ mode to WSM polaritons has been demonstrated, and the structural parameters hold tolerance on the order of hundreds of nanometers, which is highly favorable for low-cost fabrication and high-performance application. By changing both the azimuthal angle (ϕ) and angle of incidence (θ), the nonreciprocity (η) can be effectively influenced. The distribution of η is symmetrical with ϕ = 180°, η = 0 when ϕ = 90° and ϕ = 270°. The mechanism of this proposal is owing to the hybrid polaritons supported by the polar thin film and nonreciprocal radiation of WSM, which is validated by examining the amplitude distribution of the magnetic field. The nonreciprocal emitter described herein allows simultaneous control of spectral distribution and polarization of radiation, which will facilitate the active design and application of mid-infrared (MIR) thermal emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicheng Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Detection of Atmosphere and Ocean, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Liming Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Detection of Atmosphere and Ocean, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Mengran Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Detection of Atmosphere and Ocean, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Gaige Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Detection of Atmosphere and Ocean, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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5
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Giri A, Walton SG, Tomko J, Bhatt N, Johnson MJ, Boris DR, Lu G, Caldwell JD, Prezhdo OV, Hopkins PE. Ultrafast and Nanoscale Energy Transduction Mechanisms and Coupled Thermal Transport across Interfaces. ACS NANO 2023; 17:14253-14282. [PMID: 37459320 PMCID: PMC10416573 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
The coupled interactions among the fundamental carriers of charge, heat, and electromagnetic fields at interfaces and boundaries give rise to energetic processes that enable a wide array of technologies. The energy transduction among these coupled carriers results in thermal dissipation at these surfaces, often quantified by the thermal boundary resistance, thus driving the functionalities of the modern nanotechnologies that are continuing to provide transformational benefits in computing, communication, health care, clean energy, power recycling, sensing, and manufacturing, to name a few. It is the purpose of this Review to summarize recent works that have been reported on ultrafast and nanoscale energy transduction and heat transfer mechanisms across interfaces when different thermal carriers couple near or across interfaces. We review coupled heat transfer mechanisms at interfaces of solids, liquids, gasses, and plasmas that drive the resulting interfacial heat transfer and temperature gradients due to energy and momentum coupling among various combinations of electrons, vibrons, photons, polaritons (plasmon polaritons and phonon polaritons), and molecules. These interfacial thermal transport processes with coupled energy carriers involve relatively recent research, and thus, several opportunities exist to further develop these nascent fields, which we comment on throughout the course of this Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Giri
- Department
of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Scott G. Walton
- Plasma
Physics Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 22032, United States
| | - John Tomko
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Niraj Bhatt
- Department
of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Michael J. Johnson
- Plasma
Physics Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 22032, United States
| | - David R. Boris
- Plasma
Physics Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 22032, United States
| | - Guanyu Lu
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Joshua D. Caldwell
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Interdisciplinary
Materials Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Vanderbilt
Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Oleg V. Prezhdo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Patrick E. Hopkins
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Department
of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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6
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Hoglund ER, Bao DL, O'Hara A, Makarem S, Piontkowski ZT, Matson JR, Yadav AK, Haislmaier RC, Engel-Herbert R, Ihlefeld JF, Ravichandran J, Ramesh R, Caldwell JD, Beechem TE, Tomko JA, Hachtel JA, Pantelides ST, Hopkins PE, Howe JM. Emergent interface vibrational structure of oxide superlattices. Nature 2022; 601:556-561. [PMID: 35082421 PMCID: PMC8791828 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04238-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
As the length scales of materials decrease, the heterogeneities associated with interfaces become almost as important as the surrounding materials. This has led to extensive studies of emergent electronic and magnetic interface properties in superlattices1–9. However, the interfacial vibrations that affect the phonon-mediated properties, such as thermal conductivity10,11, are measured using macroscopic techniques that lack spatial resolution. Although it is accepted that intrinsic phonons change near boundaries12,13, the physical mechanisms and length scales through which interfacial effects influence materials remain unclear. Here we demonstrate the localized vibrational response of interfaces in strontium titanate–calcium titanate superlattices by combining advanced scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging and spectroscopy, density functional theory calculations and ultrafast optical spectroscopy. Structurally diffuse interfaces that bridge the bounding materials are observed and this local structure creates phonon modes that determine the global response of the superlattice once the spacing of the interfaces approaches the phonon spatial extent. Our results provide direct visualization of the progression of the local atomic structure and interface vibrations as they come to determine the vibrational response of an entire superlattice. Direct observation of such local atomic and vibrational phenomena demonstrates that their spatial extent needs to be quantified to understand macroscopic behaviour. Tailoring interfaces, and knowing their local vibrational response, provides a means of pursuing designer solids with emergent infrared and thermal responses. The vibrational states emerging at the interface in oxide superlattices are characterized theoretically and at atomic resolution, showing the impact of material length scales on structure and vibrational response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Hoglund
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - De-Liang Bao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andrew O'Hara
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sara Makarem
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Joseph R Matson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ajay K Yadav
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkley, Berkley, CA, USA
| | - Ryan C Haislmaier
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Roman Engel-Herbert
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jon F Ihlefeld
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jayakanth Ravichandran
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkley, Berkley, CA, USA
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Thomas E Beechem
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,School of Mechanical Engineering and the Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - John A Tomko
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jordan A Hachtel
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
| | - Sokrates T Pantelides
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Patrick E Hopkins
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. .,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - James M Howe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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7
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Gubbin CR, De Liberato S. Polaritonic quantization in nonlocal polar materials. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:024111. [PMID: 35032993 DOI: 10.1063/5.0076234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Reststrahlen region, between the transverse and longitudinal phonon frequencies, polar dielectric materials respond metallically to light, and the resulting strong light-matter interactions can lead to the formation of hybrid quasiparticles termed surface phonon polaritons. Recent works have demonstrated that when an optical system contains nanoscale polar elements, these excitations can acquire a longitudinal field component as a result of the material dispersion of the lattice, leading to the formation of secondary quasiparticles termed longitudinal-transverse polaritons. In this work, we build on previous macroscopic electromagnetic theories, developing a full second-quantized theory of longitudinal-transverse polaritons. Beginning from the Hamiltonian of the light-matter system, we treat distortion to the lattice, introducing an elastic free energy. We then diagonalize the Hamiltonian, demonstrating that the equations of motion for the polariton are equivalent to those of macroscopic electromagnetism and quantize the nonlocal operators. Finally, we demonstrate how to reconstruct the electromagnetic fields in terms of the polariton states and explore polariton induced enhancements of the Purcell factor. These results demonstrate how nonlocality can narrow, enhance, and spectrally tune near-field emission with applications in mid-infrared sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Gubbin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Simone De Liberato
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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8
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Zhou Q, Zhang P, Chen XW. General Framework of Canonical Quasinormal Mode Analysis for Extreme Nano-optics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:267401. [PMID: 35029493 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.267401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Optical phenomena associated with an extremely localized field should be understood with considerations of nonlocal and quantum effects, which pose a hurdle to conceptualize the physics with a picture of eigenmodes. Here we first propose a generalized Lorentz model to describe general nonlocal media under linear mean-field approximation and formulate source-free Maxwell's equations as a linear eigenvalue problem to define the quasinormal modes. Then we introduce an orthonormalization scheme for the modes and establish a canonical quasinormal mode framework for general nonlocal media. Explicit formalisms for metals described by a quantum hydrodynamic model and polar dielectrics with nonlocal response are exemplified. The framework enables for the first time a direct modal analysis of mode transition in the quantum tunneling regime and provides physical insights beyond usual far-field spectroscopic analysis. Applied to nonlocal polar dielectrics, the framework also unveils the important roles of longitudinal phonon polaritons in optical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhou
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Quantum Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Pu Zhang
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Quantum Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xue-Wen Chen
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Quantum Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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9
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Vasanelli A, Huppert S, Haky A, Laurent T, Todorov Y, Sirtori C. Semiconductor Quantum Plasmonics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:187401. [PMID: 33196216 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.187401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the frontier between classical and quantum plasmonics in highly doped semiconductor layers. The choice of a semiconductor platform instead of metals for our study permits an accurate description of the quantum nature of the electrons constituting the plasmonic response, which is a crucial requirement for quantum plasmonics. Our quantum model allows us to calculate the collective plasmonic resonances from the electronic states determined by an arbitrary one-dimensional potential. Our approach is corroborated with experimental spectra, realized on a single quantum well, in which higher order longitudinal plasmonic modes are present. We demonstrate that their energy depends on the plasma energy, as is also the case for metals, but also on the size confinement of the constituent electrons. This work opens the way toward the applicability of quantum engineering techniques for semiconductor plasmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Vasanelli
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Simon Huppert
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS-UMR7162, Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Andrew Haky
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thibault Laurent
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS-UMR7162, Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Yanko Todorov
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Carlo Sirtori
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
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10
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Taboada-Gutiérrez J, Álvarez-Pérez G, Duan J, Ma W, Crowley K, Prieto I, Bylinkin A, Autore M, Volkova H, Kimura K, Kimura T, Berger MH, Li S, Bao Q, Gao XPA, Errea I, Nikitin AY, Hillenbrand R, Martín-Sánchez J, Alonso-González P. Broad spectral tuning of ultra-low-loss polaritons in a van der Waals crystal by intercalation. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:964-968. [PMID: 32284598 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0665-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Phonon polaritons-light coupled to lattice vibrations-in polar van der Waals crystals are promising candidates for controlling the flow of energy on the nanoscale due to their strong field confinement, anisotropic propagation and ultra-long lifetime in the picosecond range1-5. However, the lack of tunability of their narrow and material-specific spectral range-the Reststrahlen band-severely limits their technological implementation. Here, we demonstrate that intercalation of Na atoms in the van der Waals semiconductor α-V2O5 enables a broad spectral shift of Reststrahlen bands, and that the phonon polaritons excited show ultra-low losses (lifetime of 4 ± 1 ps), similar to phonon polaritons in a non-intercalated crystal (lifetime of 6 ± 1 ps). We expect our intercalation method to be applicable to other van der Waals crystals, opening the door for the use of phonon polaritons in broad spectral bands in the mid-infrared domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Taboada-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), El Entrego, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez-Pérez
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), El Entrego, Spain
| | - Jiahua Duan
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), El Entrego, Spain
| | - Weiliang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kyle Crowley
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Iván Prieto
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Andrei Bylinkin
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA and Department of Electricity and Electronics, UPV/EHU, Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marta Autore
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA and Department of Electricity and Electronics, UPV/EHU, Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Halyna Volkova
- Centre des Matériaux, CNRS UMR 7633-PSL University, MINES ParisTech, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Kenta Kimura
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kimura
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - M-H Berger
- Centre des Matériaux, CNRS UMR 7633-PSL University, MINES ParisTech, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Shaojuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qiaoliang Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xuan P A Gao
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ion Errea
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
- Fisika Aplikatua 1 Saila, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alexey Y Nikitin
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Rainer Hillenbrand
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA and Department of Electricity and Electronics, UPV/EHU, Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Javier Martín-Sánchez
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), El Entrego, Spain.
| | - Pablo Alonso-González
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), El Entrego, Spain.
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