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Zhang J, Yang Y, Li W, Tang Z, Hu Z, Wei H, Zhang J, Yang B. Precise arraying of perovskite single crystals through droplet-assisted self-alignment. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado0873. [PMID: 38985869 PMCID: PMC11235166 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado0873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Patterned arrays of perovskite single crystals can avoid signal cross-talk in optoelectronic devices, while precise crystal distribution plays a crucial role in enhancing device performance and uniformity, optimizing photoelectric characteristics, and improving optical management. Here, we report a strategy of droplet-assisted self-alignment to precisely assemble the perovskite single-crystal arrays (PSCAs). High-quality single-crystal arrays of hybrid methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) and methylammonium lead chloride (MAPbCl3), and cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) can be precipitated under a formic acid vapor environment. The crystals floated within the suspended droplets undergo movement and rotation for precise alignment. The strategy allows us to deposit PSCAs with a pixel size range from 200 to 500 micrometers on diverse substrates, including indium tin oxide, glass, quartz, and poly(dimethylsiloxane), and the area can reach up to 10 centimeters by 10 centimeters. The PSCAs exhibit excellent photodetector performance with a large responsivity of 24 amperes per watt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yifan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Weijun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Zigao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Zhiying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Haotong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
- Optical Functional Theranostics Joint Laboratory of Medicine and Chemistry, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Junhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
- Optical Functional Theranostics Joint Laboratory of Medicine and Chemistry, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Bai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
- Optical Functional Theranostics Joint Laboratory of Medicine and Chemistry, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
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2
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Aminzare M, Li Y, Mahshid S, Dorval Courchesne NM. Mimicking nature to develop halide perovskite semiconductors from proteins and metal carbonates. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15357. [PMID: 38965313 PMCID: PMC11224268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Halide perovskite (HPs) nanostructures have recently gained extensive worldwide attentions because of their remarkable optoelectronic properties and fast developments. However, intrinsic instability against environmental factors-i.e., temperature, humidity, illumination, and oxygen-restricted their real-life applications. HPs are typically synthesized as colloids by employing organic solvents and ligands. Consequently, the precise control and tuning of complex 3D perovskite morphologies are challenging and have hardly been achieved by conventional fabrication methods. Here, we combine the benefits of self-assembly of biomolecules and an ion exchange reaction (IER) approach to customize HPs spatial shapes and composition. Initially, we apply a biomineralization approach, using biological templates (such as biopolymers, proteins, or protein assemblies), modulating the morphology of MCO3 (M = Ca2+, Ba2+) nano/microstructures. We then show that the morphology of the materials can be maintained throughout an IER process to form surface HPs with a wide variety of morphologies. The fabricated core-shell structures of metal carbonates and HPs introduce nano/microcomposites that can be sculpted into a wide diversity of 3D architectures suitable for various potential applications such as sensors, detectors, catalysis, etc. As a prototype, we fabricate disposable humidity sensors with an 11-95% detection range by casting the formed bio-templated nano/micro-composites on paper substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Aminzare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yangshixing Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sara Mahshid
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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3
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Li M, Liu M, Qi F, Lin FR, Jen AKY. Self-Assembled Monolayers for Interfacial Engineering in Solution-Processed Thin-Film Electronic Devices: Design, Fabrication, and Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2138-2204. [PMID: 38421811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Interfacial engineering has long been a vital means of improving thin-film device performance, especially for organic electronics, perovskites, and hybrid devices. It greatly facilitates the fabrication and performance of solution-processed thin-film devices, including organic field effect transistors (OFETs), organic solar cells (OSCs), perovskite solar cells (PVSCs), and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, due to the limitation of traditional interfacial materials, further progress of these thin-film devices is hampered particularly in terms of stability, flexibility, and sensitivity. The deadlock has gradually been broken through the development of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), which possess distinct benefits in transparency, diversity, stability, sensitivity, selectivity, and surface passivation ability. In this review, we first showed the evolution of SAMs, elucidating their working mechanisms and structure-property relationships by assessing a wide range of SAM materials reported to date. A comprehensive comparison of various SAM growth, fabrication, and characterization methods was presented to help readers interested in applying SAM to their works. Moreover, the recent progress of the SAM design and applications in mainstream thin-film electronic devices, including OFETs, OSCs, PVSCs and OLEDs, was summarized. Finally, an outlook and prospects section summarizes the major challenges for the further development of SAMs used in thin-film devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Feng Qi
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Francis R Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Alex K-Y Jen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
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4
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Lee JW, Kang SM. Patterning of Metal Halide Perovskite Thin Films and Functional Layers for Optoelectronic Applications. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:184. [PMID: 37462884 PMCID: PMC10354233 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01154-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, metal halide perovskites have received significant attention as materials for next-generation optoelectronic devices owing to their excellent optoelectronic properties. The unprecedented rapid evolution in the device performance has been achieved by gaining an advanced understanding of the composition, crystal growth, and defect engineering of perovskites. As device performances approach their theoretical limits, effective optical management becomes essential for achieving higher efficiency. In this review, we discuss the status and perspectives of nano to micron-scale patterning methods for the optical management of perovskite optoelectronic devices. We initially discuss the importance of effective light harvesting and light outcoupling via optical management. Subsequently, the recent progress in various patterning/texturing techniques applied to perovskite optoelectronic devices is summarized by categorizing them into top-down and bottom-up methods. Finally, we discuss the perspectives of advanced patterning/texturing technologies for the development and commercialization of perovskite optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Wook Lee
- Department of Nano Engineering and Department of Nano Science and Technology, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong Min Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Jastrzebska-Perfect P, Zhu W, Saravanapavanantham M, Li Z, Spector SO, Brenes R, Satterthwaite PF, Ram RJ, Niroui F. On-site growth of perovskite nanocrystal arrays for integrated nanodevices. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3883. [PMID: 37414770 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39488-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite remarkable progress in the development of halide perovskite materials and devices, their integration into nanoscale optoelectronics has been hindered by a lack of control over nanoscale patterning. Owing to their tendency to degrade rapidly, perovskites suffer from chemical incompatibility with conventional lithographic processes. Here, we present an alternative, bottom-up approach for precise and scalable formation of perovskite nanocrystal arrays with deterministic control over size, number, and position. In our approach, localized growth and positioning is guided using topographical templates of controlled surface wettability through which nanoscale forces are engineered to achieve sub-lithographic resolutions. With this technique, we demonstrate deterministic arrays of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals with tunable dimensions down to <50 nm and positional accuracy <50 nm. Versatile, scalable, and compatible with device integration processes, we then use our technique to demonstrate arrays of nanoscale light-emitting diodes, highlighting the new opportunities that this platform offers for perovskites' integration into on-chip nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Jastrzebska-Perfect
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Weikun Zhu
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mayuran Saravanapavanantham
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sarah O Spector
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Roberto Brenes
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Peter F Satterthwaite
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Rajeev J Ram
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Farnaz Niroui
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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6
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Prabhakaran A, Dang Z, Dhall R, Camerin F, Marín-Aguilar S, Dhanabalan B, Castelli A, Brescia R, Manna L, Dijkstra M, Arciniegas MP. Real-Time In Situ Observation of CsPbBr 3 Perovskite Nanoplatelets Transforming into Nanosheets. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37406164 PMCID: PMC10373526 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of nano-objects through heating is an effective strategy for inducing structural modifications and therefore changing the optoelectronic properties of semiconducting materials. Despite its potential, the underlying mechanism of the structural transformations remains elusive, largely due to the challenges associated with their in situ observations. To address these issues, we synthesize temperature-sensitive CsPbBr3 perovskite nanoplatelets and investigate their structural evolution at the nanoscale using in situ heating transmission electron microscopy. We observe the morphological changes that start from the self-assembly of the nanoplatelets into ribbons on a substrate. We identify several paths of merging nanoplates within ribbons that ultimately lead to the formation of nanosheets dispersed randomly on the substrate. These observations are supported by molecular dynamics simulations. We correlate the various paths for merging to the random orientation of the initial ribbons along with the ligand mobility (especially from the edges of the nanoplatelets). This leads to the preferential growth of individual nanosheets and the merging of neighboring ones. These processes enable the creation of structures with tunable emission, ranging from blue to green, all from a single material. Our real-time observations of the transformation of perovskite 2D nanocrystals reveal a route to achieve large-area nanosheets by controlling the initial orientation of the self-assembled objects with potential for large-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarya Prabhakaran
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso, 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Zhiya Dang
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Rohan Dhall
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Fabrizio Camerin
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susana Marín-Aguilar
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andrea Castelli
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Rosaria Brescia
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Liberato Manna
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marjolein Dijkstra
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
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7
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Yang L, Huang J, Tan Y, Lu W, Li Z, Pan A. All-inorganic lead halide perovskite nanocrystals applied in advanced display devices. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1969-1989. [PMID: 37039776 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00062a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Advanced display devices are in greater demand due to their large color gamut, high color purity, ultrahigh visual resolution, and small size pixels. All-inorganic lead halide perovskite (AILHP) nanocrystals (NCs) possess inherent advantages such as narrow emission width, saturated color, and flexible integration, and have been developed as functional films, light sources, backlight components, and display panels. However, some drawbacks still restrict the practical application of advanced display devices based on AILHP NCs, including working stability, large-scale synthesis, and cost. In this review, we focus on AILHP NCs, review the recent progress in materials synthesis, stability improvement, patterning techniques, and device application. We also highlight the important role of materials systems in creating advanced display devices, followed by the challenges and opportunities in industrial processes. This review provides beneficial inspiration for the future development of AILHP NCs in colorful and white backlight, as well as high resolution full-color displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuli Yang
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, Hunan Institute of Optoelectronic Integration, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, Hunan Institute of Optoelectronic Integration, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Yike Tan
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, Hunan Institute of Optoelectronic Integration, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Lu
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, Hunan Institute of Optoelectronic Integration, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Ziwei Li
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, Hunan Institute of Optoelectronic Integration, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Anlian Pan
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, Hunan Institute of Optoelectronic Integration, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
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8
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Hou Y, Li J, Yoon J, Knoepfel AM, Yang D, Zheng L, Ye T, Ghosh S, Priya S, Wang K. Retina-inspired narrowband perovskite sensor array for panchromatic imaging. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade2338. [PMID: 37058567 PMCID: PMC10104461 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade2338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The retina is the essential part of the human visual system that receives light, converts it to neural signal, and transmits to brain for visual recognition. The red, green, and blue (R/G/B) cone retina cells are natural narrowband photodetectors (PDs) sensitive to R/G/B lights. Connecting with these cone cells, a multilayer neuro-network in the retina provides neuromorphic preprocessing before transmitting to brain. Inspired by this sophistication, we develop the narrowband (NB) imaging sensor combining R/G/B perovskite NB sensor array (mimicking the R/G/B photoreceptors) with a neuromorphic algorithm (mimicking the intermediate neural network) for high-fidelity panchromatic imaging. Compared to commercial sensors, we use perovskite "intrinsic" NB PD to exempt the complex optical filter array. In addition, we use an asymmetric device configuration to collect photocurrent without external bias, enabling a power-free photodetection feature. These results display a promising design for efficient and intelligent panchromatic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Hou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Junde Li
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Jungjin Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Abbey Marie Knoepfel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Luyao Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Swaroop Ghosh
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Shashank Priya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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9
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Xu Z, Han X, Wu W, Li F, Wang R, Lu H, Lu Q, Ge B, Cheng N, Li X, Yao G, Hong H, Liu K, Pan C. Controlled on-chip fabrication of large-scale perovskite single crystal arrays for high-performance laser and photodetector integration. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:67. [PMID: 36882401 PMCID: PMC9992671 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites possess intriguing optoelectronic properties, however, the lack of precise control of on-chip fabrication of the large-scale perovskite single crystal arrays restricts its application in integrated devices. Here, we report a space confinement and antisolvent-assisted crystallization method for the homogeneous perovskite single crystal arrays spanning 100 square centimeter areas. This method enables precise control over the crystal arrays, including different array shapes and resolutions with less than 10%-pixel position variation, tunable pixel dimensions from 2 to 8 μm as well as the in-plane rotation of each pixel. The crystal pixel could serve as a high-quality whispering gallery mode (WGM) microcavity with a quality factor of 2915 and a threshold of 4.14 μJ cm-2. Through directly on-chip fabrication on the patterned electrodes, a vertical structured photodetector array is demonstrated with stable photoswitching behavior and the capability to image the input patterns, indicating the potential application in the integrated systems of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangsheng Xu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xun Han
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China.
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Wenqiang Wu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Fangtao Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
| | - Ru Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Hui Lu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiuchun Lu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Binghui Ge
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Ningyan Cheng
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Guangjie Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Centre for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hao Hong
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Centre for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Kaihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Centre for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Caofeng Pan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China.
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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10
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Zhou D, Zhao P, Zhang J, Jiang X, Qin S, Zhang X, Jiang R, Deng Y, Jiang H, Zhan G, Luo Y, Ma H, Wang L. Lithographic Multicolor Patterning on Hybrid Perovskites for Nano-Optoelectronic Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2205227. [PMID: 36285770 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin hybrid perovskites, with exotic properties and two-dimensional geometry, exhibit great potential in nanoscale optical and optoelectronic devices. However, it is still challenging for them to be compatible with high-resolution patterning technology toward miniaturization and integration applications, as they can be readily damaged by the organic solvents used in standard lithography processes. Here, a flexible three-step method is developed to make high-resolution multicolor patterning on hybrid perovskite, particularly achieved on a single nanosheet. The process includes first synthesis of precursor PbI2 , then e-beam lithography and final conversion to target perovskite. The patterns with linewidth around 150 nm can be achieved, which can be applied in miniature optoelectronic devices and high-resolution displays. As an example, the channel length of perovskite photodetectors can be down to 126 nm. Through deterministic vapor-phase anion exchange, a perovskite nanosheet can not only gradually alter the color of the same pattern in a wide wavelength range, but also display different colors simultaneously. The authors are optimistic that the method can be applied for unlimited perovskite types and device configurations for their high-integrated miniature applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Zhou
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Peiyi Zhao
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Junran Zhang
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xiaohong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Sichen Qin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Ran Jiang
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yifan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Hanjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Guixiang Zhan
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Huifang Ma
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
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11
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Kwon JI, Park G, Lee GH, Jang JH, Sung NJ, Kim SY, Yoo J, Lee K, Ma H, Karl M, Shin TJ, Song MH, Yang J, Choi MK. Ultrahigh-resolution full-color perovskite nanocrystal patterning for ultrathin skin-attachable displays. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd0697. [PMID: 36288304 PMCID: PMC9604611 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add0697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High-definition red/green/blue (RGB) pixels and deformable form factors are essential for the next-generation advanced displays. Here, we present ultrahigh-resolution full-color perovskite nanocrystal (PeNC) patterning for ultrathin wearable displays. Double-layer transfer printing of the PeNC and organic charge transport layers is developed, which prevents internal cracking of the PeNC film during the transfer printing process. This results in RGB pixelated PeNC patterns of 2550 pixels per inch (PPI) and monochromic patterns of 33,000 line pairs per inch with 100% transfer yield. The perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) with transfer-printed active layers exhibit outstanding electroluminescence characteristics with remarkable external quantum efficiencies (15.3, 14.8, and 2.5% for red, green, and blue, respectively), which are high compared to the printed PeLEDs reported to date. Furthermore, double-layer transfer printing enables the fabrication of ultrathin multicolor PeLEDs that can operate on curvilinear surfaces, including human skin, under various mechanical deformations. These results highlight that PeLEDs are promising for high-definition full-color wearable displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Ik Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuri Park
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Heon Lee
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Center for Future Semiconductor Technology (FUST), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hong Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Nak Jun Sung
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Young Kim
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Yoo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghoon Lee
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjong Ma
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Karl
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Center for Future Semiconductor Technology (FUST), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- UNIST Central Research Facilities, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Hoon Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Center for Future Semiconductor Technology (FUST), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoong Yang
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
- Energy Science and Engineering Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Kee Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Center for Future Semiconductor Technology (FUST), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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12
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Abstract
Due to their many varieties of excellent optoelectric properties, perovskites have attracted large numbers of researchers in the past few years. For the hybrid perovskites, a long diffusion length, long carrier lifetime, and high μτ product are particularly noticeable. However, some disadvantages, including high toxicity and instability, restrict their further large-scale application. By contrast, all-inorganic perovskites not only have remarkable optoelectric properties but also feature high structure stability due to the lack of organic compositions. Benefiting from these, all-inorganic perovskites have been extensively explored and studied. Compared with the thin film type, all-inorganic perovskite single crystals (PSCs) with fewer grain boundaries and crystalline defects have better optoelectric properties. Nevertheless, it is important to note that only a few reports to date have presented a summary of all-inorganic PSCs. In this review, we firstly make a summary and propose a classification method according to the crystal structure. Then, based on the structure classification, we introduce several representative materials and focus on their corresponding growth methods. Finally, applications for detectors of all-inorganic PSCs are listed and summarized. At the end of the review, based on the current research situation and trends, some perspectives and advice are proposed.
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13
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Micro-to-Nanometer Scale Patterning of Perovskite Inks via Controlled Self-Assemblies. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15041521. [PMID: 35208061 PMCID: PMC8878448 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, perovskite materials have gained intensive interest due to their remarkable material properties in optoelectronics and photodetectors. This review highlights recent advances in micro-to-nanometer scale patterning of perovskite inks, placing an undue emphasis on recently developed approaches to harness spatially ordered and crystallographically oriented structures with unprecedented regularity via controlled self-assemblies, including blade coating, inkjet printing, and nanoimprinting. Patterning of the perovskite elements at the micro- or nanometer scale might be a key parameter for their integration in a real system. Nowadays, unconventional approaches based on irreversible solution evaporation hold an important position in the structuring and integration of perovskite materials. Herein, easier type patterning techniques based on evaporations of polymer solutions and the coffee ring effect are systematically reviewed. The recent progress in the potential applications of the patterned perovskite inks is also introduced.
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14
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Li S, She Y, Ding H, Yang J, Peng J, Wu M, Kong X, Han D, Pan N, Wang X. In Situ Low-Temperature Growth and Superior Luminescent Property of Well-Aligned, High-Quality Cubic CsPbBr 3 Micrometer-Scale Single Crystal Arrays on Transparent Conductive Substrates. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:1114-1122. [PMID: 35080395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Direct assembly of high-quality single-crystal perovskite microarrays on transparent conductive substrates and carrier injection layers is vital to realize high-performance optoelectronic devices. Although cubic-phase CsPbBr3 is considered to have a higher structural and optical quality than the orthorhombic one, obtaining a well-aligned assembly directly on the aforementioned substrates is still challenging. Here we developed a solvent-assisted crystallization strategy with the assistance of surface modifiers, through which the in situ low-temperature growth of well-aligned cubic single-crystal CsPbBr3 microarray with a preferential out-of-plane [100] orientation is achieved for the first time on commercial transparent conductive substrates. As compared with the control orthorhombic samples, the cubic CsPbBr3 single crystals possess superior properties including a higher photoluminescence internal quantum efficiency, fewer defect states, a weaker scattering by phonons, and an appearance of lasing. The results presented here can pave the way for future design and applications of optoelectronic devices based on perovskite microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhi She
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Huaiyi Ding
- Department of Physics, Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for Optoelectronics Device Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, P. R. China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jing Peng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xiangdong Kong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Dengbao Han
- Hefei Innovation Research Institute, Beihang University, Hefei, Anhui 230013, P. R. China
| | - Nan Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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15
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Sun K, Tan D, Fang X, Xia X, Lin D, Song J, Lin Y, Liu Z, Gu M, Yue Y, Qiu J. Three-dimensional direct lithography of stable perovskite nanocrystals in glass. Science 2022; 375:307-310. [PMID: 35050658 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj2691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Material composition engineering and device fabrication of perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) in solution can introduce organic contamination and entail several synthetic, processing, and stabilization steps. We report three-dimensional (3D) direct lithography of PNCs with tunable composition and bandgap in glass. The halide ion distribution was controlled at the nanoscale with ultrafast laser-induced liquid nanophase separation. The PNCs exhibit notable stability against ultraviolet irradiation, organic solution, and high temperatures (up to 250°C). Printed 3D structures in glass were used for optical storage, micro-light emitting diodes, and holographic displays. The proposed mechanisms of both PNC formation and composition tunability were verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Xinyuan Fang
- Institute of Photonic Chips, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Centre for Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xintao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dajun Lin
- Institute of Photonic Chips, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Centre for Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Song
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yonghong Lin
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhaojun Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Min Gu
- Institute of Photonic Chips, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Centre for Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanzheng Yue
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jianrong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
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16
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Abstract
Biological visual system can efficiently handle optical information within the retina and visual cortex of the brain, which suggests an alternative approach for the upgrading of the current low-intelligence, large energy consumption, and complex circuitry of the artificial vision system for high-performance edge computing applications. In recent years, retinomorphic machine vision based on the integration of optoelectronic image sensors and processors has been regarded as a promising candidate to improve this phenomenon. This novel intelligent machine vision technology can perform information preprocessing near or even within the sensor in the front end, thereby reducing the transmission of redundant raw data and improving the efficiency of the back-end processor for high-level computing tasks. In this contribution, we try to present a comprehensive review on the recent progress achieved in this emergent field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- School of Microelectronics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Gang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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17
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Liang J, Wang K, Du Y, Zhang C, Yan Y, Zhao YS. Screen-Overprinted Perovskite RGB Microdisk Arrays Based on Wet-Solute-Chemical Dynamics for Full-Color Laser Displays. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:1774-1782. [PMID: 34968027 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Owing to outstanding optoelectronic properties, halide perovskites are great candidates for novel laser display applications. However, the realization of their practical flat-panel display applications is challenging because of the incapacity to controllably assemble different halide perovskite microlaser arrays onto an identical substrate as pixelated full-color panels due to intrinsic fragile crystal lattices. Here, perovskite red-green-blue (RGB) microdisk arrays are reported, acting as flat-panels for full-color laser displays. A universal screen-overprinting technology is developed to integrate full-color perovskite microdisk arrays on a prepatterned template, which is on the basis of wet-solute-chemical dynamics involving a combination of surface tailoring and solvent selection. Via such an overprinting method, perovskite RGB microlaser matrices with precise localizations and well-defined dimensions were fabricated on an identical substrate, and each set of RGB microlaser served as a pixel for full-color display panels. On this basis, static and dynamic laser displays have been demonstrated with as-prepared full-color panels. These results will provide novel design concepts and device structures for future full-color laser display applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuxiang Du
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chunhuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yongli Yan
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yong Sheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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18
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Gao Y, Li X, Liu W, Xing X, Long H, Wang K, Wang B, Lu P. Highly Tunable Enhancement and Switching of Nonlinear Emission from All-Inorganic Lead Halide Perovskites via Electric Field. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:10230-10237. [PMID: 34859670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate a highly tunable enhancement and switching of nonlinear emission from all-inorganic metal halide perovskites based on an asymmetrically biased metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structure. We achieve 2 orders of magnitude enhancement of the two-photon-pumped photoluminescence (TPL) from CsPbBr3 microplates with the MIS structure, due to comprehensive effects including localized field effect, trap-filling effect, and collection enhancement. In particular, taking advantage of electric-field-induced passivation/activation of Br vacancies, we realize highly tunable TPL enhancement, ranging from ∼61.2-fold to ∼370.3-fold. Moreover, we demonstrate an efficient modulation of the two-photon-pumped lasing from the MIS structure, which exhibits electric field induced switching with a high on/off ratio of 67:1. This work has opened new avenues for steering carrier transport and nonlinear emission in lead halide perovskites, which shows great promise for realizing high-efficiency and tunable nonlinear nanophotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiangyuan Xing
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hua Long
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Peixiang Lu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
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19
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Tian K, Lu Y, Liu R, Loh XJ, Young DJ. Low-Threshold Amplified Spontaneous Emission from Air-Stable CsPbBr 3 Perovskite Films Containing Trace Amounts of Polyethylene Oxide. Chempluschem 2021; 86:1537-1543. [PMID: 34806844 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Organic additives can enhance the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) performance of inorganic cesium lead halide perovskites (CsPbBr3 ) but volatility, potential hygroscopicity and oxidative degradation of these additives jeopardizes the thermal stability and shelf-life of blended CsPbBr3 films. To address this problem, we have fabricated perovskite films in a two-step solution protocol involving as little added polyethylene oxide (PEO) as possible. These films exhibited enhanced crystallization, improved photoluminescence (PL) intensity and prolonged lifetimes. Their hierarchical morphology and surface passivation lowered the ASE threshold from 278 to 176 μЈ/cm2 under one-photon nanosecond laser excitation. The proportion of added PEO was 0.3 wt% and was subsequently almost fully removed, thereby reducing its adverse influence on the stability of resulting films under continuous pulsed laser excitation. Stable ASE spectra could be stimulated after storage in air for 10 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Tian
- Jiuquan Vocational Technical College, Jiuquan, 735000, P. R. China
| | - Yannan Lu
- College of Engineering, Information Technology and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory, 0909, Australia
| | - Ruqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P.R. China
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - David James Young
- College of Engineering, Information Technology and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory, 0909, Australia
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20
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Chen J, Zhou Y, Fu Y, Pan J, Mohammed OF, Bakr OM. Oriented Halide Perovskite Nanostructures and Thin Films for Optoelectronics. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12112-12180. [PMID: 34251192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oriented semiconductor nanostructures and thin films exhibit many advantageous properties, such as directional exciton transport, efficient charge transfer and separation, and optical anisotropy, and hence these nanostructures are highly promising for use in optoelectronics and photonics. The controlled growth of these structures can facilitate device integration to improve optoelectronic performance and benefit in-depth fundamental studies of the physical properties of these materials. Halide perovskites have emerged as a new family of promising and cost-effective semiconductor materials for next-generation high-power conversion efficiency photovoltaics and for versatile high-performance optoelectronics, such as light-emitting diodes, lasers, photodetectors, and high-energy radiation imaging and detectors. In this Review, we summarize the advances in the fabrication of halide perovskite nanostructures and thin films with controlled dimensionality and crystallographic orientation, along with their applications and performance characteristics in optoelectronics. We examine the growth methods, mechanisms, and fabrication strategies for several technologically relevant structures, including nanowires, nanoplates, nanostructure arrays, single-crystal thin films, and highly oriented thin films. We highlight and discuss the advantageous photophysical properties and remarkable performance characteristics of oriented nanostructures and thin films for optoelectronics. Finally, we survey the remaining challenges and provide a perspective regarding the opportunities for further progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering (PSE) and KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.,School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering (PSE) and KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yongping Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jun Pan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering (PSE) and KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osman M Bakr
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering (PSE) and KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Helmbrecht L, Futscher MH, Muscarella LA, Ehrler B, Noorduin WL. Ion Exchange Lithography: Localized Ion Exchange Reactions for Spatial Patterning of Perovskite Semiconductors and Insulators. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005291. [PMID: 33843089 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Patterning materials with different properties in a single film is a fundamental challenge and essential for the development of next-generation (opto)electronic functional components. This work introduces the concept of ion exchange lithography and demonstrates spatially controlled patterning of electrically insulating films and semiconductors with tunable optoelectronic properties. In ion exchange lithography, a reactive nanoparticle "canvas" is locally converted by printing ion exchange "inks." To demonstrate the proof of principle, a canvas of insulating nanoporous lead carbonate is spatioselectively converted into semiconducting lead halide perovskites by contact printing an ion exchange precursor ink of methylammonium and formamidinium halides. By selecting the composition of the ink, the photoluminescence wavelength of the perovskite semiconductors is tunable over the entire visible spectrum. A broad palette of conversion inks can be applied on the reactive film by printing with customizable stamp designs, spray-painting with stencils, and painting with a brush to inscribe well-defined patterns with tunable optoelectronic properties in the same canvas. Moreover, the optoelectronic properties of the converted canvas are exploited to fabricate a green light-emitting diode (LED), demonstrating the functionality potential of ion exchange lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruno Ehrler
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam, 1098 XG, The Netherlands
| | - Willem L Noorduin
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam, 1098 XG, The Netherlands
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1090 GD, The Netherlands
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22
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Kim G, An S, Hyeong SK, Lee SK, Kim M, Shin N. In Situ Vapor-Phase Halide Exchange of Patterned Perovskite Thin Films. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006737. [PMID: 33619846 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) exhibit optoelectronic properties that are dependent on their ionic composition, and the feasible exploitation of these properties for device applications requires the ability to control the ionic composition integrated with the patterning process. Herein, the halide exchange process of MHP thin films directly combined with the patterning process via a vapor transport method is demonstrated. Specifically, the patterned arrays of CH3 NH3 PbBr3 (MAPbBr3 ) are obtained by stepwise conversion from polymer-templated PbI2 thin films to CH3 NH3 PbI3 (MAPbI3 ), followed by halide exchange via precursor switching from CH3 NH3 I to CH3 NH3 Br. It is confirmed that the phase transformation from MAPbI3 patterns to MAPbBr3 shows time- and position-dependences on the substrate during halide exchange following the solid-solution model with Avrami kinetics. The photodetectors fabricated from the completely exchanged MAPbBr3 patterns display exceptional air stability and reversible detectivity from "apparent death" upon removing the adsorbed impurities, thereby suggesting the superior structural stability of perovskite patterns prepared through vapor-phase halide exchange. The results demonstrate the potential of chemical vapor deposition patterning of MHP materials in multicomponent optoelectronic device systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geemin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol An
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Ki Hyeong
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Jeollabuk-do, 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoung-Ki Lee
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Jeollabuk-do, 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungwoong Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Naechul Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
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23
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Pan X, Zhang J, Zhou H, Liu R, Wu D, Wang R, Shen L, Tao L, Zhang J, Wang H. Single-Layer ZnO Hollow Hemispheres Enable High-Performance Self-Powered Perovskite Photodetector for Optical Communication. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:70. [PMID: 34138321 PMCID: PMC8187591 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The carrier transport layer with reflection reduction morphology has attracted extensive attention for improving the utilization of light. Herein, we introduced single-layer hollow ZnO hemisphere arrays (ZHAs) behaving light trapping effect as the electron transport layer in perovskite photodetectors (PDs). The single-layer hollow ZHAs can not only reduce the reflection, but also widen the angle of the effective incident light and especially transfer the distribution of the optical field from the ZnO/FTO interface to the perovskite active layer confirmed by the 3D finite-difference time-domain simulation. These merits benefit for the generation, transport and separation of carriers, improving the light utilization efficiency. Finally, our optimized FTO/ZHA/CsPbBr3/carbon structure PDs showed high self-powered performance with a linear dynamic range of 120.3 dB, a detectivity of 4.2 × 1012 Jones, rise/fall time of 13/28 µs and the f-3 dB of up to 28 kHz. Benefiting from the high device performance, the PD was demonstrated to the application in the directional transmission of encrypted files as the signal receiving port with super high accuracy. This work uniquely utilizes the features of high-performance self-powered perovskite PDs in optical communication, paving the path to wide applications of all-inorganic perovskite PDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyan Pan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ferro and Piezoelectric Materials and Devices, School of Microelectronics and Faculty of Physics and Electronic Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ferro and Piezoelectric Materials and Devices, School of Microelectronics and Faculty of Physics and Electronic Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ferro and Piezoelectric Materials and Devices, School of Microelectronics and Faculty of Physics and Electronic Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ronghuan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ferro and Piezoelectric Materials and Devices, School of Microelectronics and Faculty of Physics and Electronic Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingjun Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ferro and Piezoelectric Materials and Devices, School of Microelectronics and Faculty of Physics and Electronic Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ferro and Piezoelectric Materials and Devices, School of Microelectronics and Faculty of Physics and Electronic Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangping Shen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ferro and Piezoelectric Materials and Devices, School of Microelectronics and Faculty of Physics and Electronic Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Tao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ferro and Piezoelectric Materials and Devices, School of Microelectronics and Faculty of Physics and Electronic Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ferro and Piezoelectric Materials and Devices, School of Microelectronics and Faculty of Physics and Electronic Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ferro and Piezoelectric Materials and Devices, School of Microelectronics and Faculty of Physics and Electronic Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Du JS, Shin D, Stanev TK, Musumeci C, Xie Z, Huang Z, Lai M, Sun L, Zhou W, Stern NP, Dravid VP, Mirkin CA. Halide perovskite nanocrystal arrays: Multiplexed synthesis and size-dependent emission. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/39/eabc4959. [PMID: 32967836 PMCID: PMC7531881 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc4959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Halide perovskites have exceptional optoelectronic properties, but a poor understanding of the relationship between crystal dimensions, composition, and properties limits their use in integrated devices. We report a new multiplexed cantilever-free scanning probe method for synthesizing compositionally diverse and size-controlled halide perovskite nanocrystals spanning square centimeter areas. Single-particle photoluminescence studies reveal multiple independent emission modes due to defect-defined band edges with relative intensities that depend on crystal size at a fixed composition. Smaller particles, but ones with dimensions that exceed the quantum confinement regime, exhibit blue-shifted emission due to reabsorption of higher-energy modes. Six different halide perovskites have been synthesized, including a layered Ruddlesden-Popper phase, and the method has been used to prepare functional solar cells based on single nanocrystals. The ability to pattern arrays of multicolor light-emitting nanocrystals opens avenues toward the development of optoelectronic devices, including optical displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshan S Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Donghoon Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Teodor K Stanev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Chiara Musumeci
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Zhuang Xie
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Ziyin Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Minliang Lai
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Wenjie Zhou
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Nathaniel P Stern
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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