1
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Weiss L, Classens R, Schluck M, Grad E, Dölen Y, van der Woude L, van Midden D, Maassen L, Verrijp K, van Riessen K, van Dinther E, Hagemann PM, Figdor CG, Hammink R. Immunofilaments Are Well Tolerated after Local or Systemic Administration in Mice. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1874-1883. [PMID: 38898947 PMCID: PMC11184597 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The invention of nanosized biomaterials has paved the way for novel therapeutics that can manipulate cells on a nanoscale. Nanosized immunofilaments (IFs) are synthetic filamentous polymers consisting out of polyisocyanopeptides, which have been recently established as a powerful platform to activate specific immune cells in vivo such that they raise an antitumor immune response. However, toxicological effects or immunogenicity toward the IFs have not yet been investigated. In this study, we evaluated potential toxic or immunogenic effects in C57BL/6 mice upon intravenous or subcutaneous injection of nonfunctionalized IFs or immunostimulatory IFs over 30 days. We here present a detailed analysis of the gross pathology, hematological parameters, blood biochemistry, histology, and antibody-response against the IF backbone. Our results demonstrate that IFs do not induce severe acute or chronic toxicity in mice. After 30 days, we only found elevated IgG-titers in intravenously injected but not subcutaneously injected mice. In summary, we demonstrate that IFs can be administered into a living organism without adverse side effects, thereby establishing the safety of IFs as a therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Weiss
- Department
of Medical BioSciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 26, Nijmegen, GA 6525, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Chemical Immunology, Nijmegen, GA 6525, The Netherlands
- Division
of Immunotherapy, Oncode Institute, Radboud
University Medical Center, Nijmegen, GA 6525, The Netherlands
| | - René Classens
- Department
of Medical BioSciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 26, Nijmegen, GA 6525, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Schluck
- Department
of Medical BioSciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 26, Nijmegen, GA 6525, The Netherlands
- Division
of Immunotherapy, Oncode Institute, Radboud
University Medical Center, Nijmegen, GA 6525, The Netherlands
| | - Emilia Grad
- Department
of Medical BioSciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 26, Nijmegen, GA 6525, The Netherlands
| | - Yusuf Dölen
- Department
of Medical BioSciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 26, Nijmegen, GA 6525, The Netherlands
- Division
of Immunotherapy, Oncode Institute, Radboud
University Medical Center, Nijmegen, GA 6525, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke van der Woude
- Department
of Pathology, Radboudum, Geert Grooteplein 10, Nijmegen, GA 6525, The Netherlands
| | - Dominique van Midden
- Department
of Pathology, Radboudum, Geert Grooteplein 10, Nijmegen, GA 6525, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Maassen
- Department
of Medical BioSciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 26, Nijmegen, GA 6525, The Netherlands
| | - Kiek Verrijp
- Department
of Medical BioSciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 26, Nijmegen, GA 6525, The Netherlands
- Division
of Immunotherapy, Oncode Institute, Radboud
University Medical Center, Nijmegen, GA 6525, The Netherlands
| | - Koen van Riessen
- Department
of Medical BioSciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 26, Nijmegen, GA 6525, The Netherlands
| | - Eric van Dinther
- Department
of Medical BioSciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 26, Nijmegen, GA 6525, The Netherlands
| | - Philipp M. Hagemann
- Department
of Medical BioSciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 26, Nijmegen, GA 6525, The Netherlands
| | - Carl G. Figdor
- Department
of Medical BioSciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 26, Nijmegen, GA 6525, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Chemical Immunology, Nijmegen, GA 6525, The Netherlands
- Division
of Immunotherapy, Oncode Institute, Radboud
University Medical Center, Nijmegen, GA 6525, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Hammink
- Department
of Medical BioSciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 26, Nijmegen, GA 6525, The Netherlands
- Division
of Immunotherapy, Oncode Institute, Radboud
University Medical Center, Nijmegen, GA 6525, The Netherlands
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2
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Hou F, Guo Z, Ho MT, Hui Y, Zhao CX. Particle-Based Artificial Antigen-Presenting Cell Systems for T Cell Activation in Adoptive T Cell Therapy. ACS NANO 2024; 18:8571-8599. [PMID: 38483840 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
T cell-based adoptive cell therapy (ACT) has emerged as a promising treatment for various diseases, particularly cancers. Unlike other immunotherapy modalities, ACT involves directly transferring engineered T cells into patients to eradicate diseased cells; hence, it necessitates methods for effectively activating and expanding T cells in vitro. Artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) have been widely developed based on biomaterials, particularly micro- and nanoparticles, and functionalized with T cell stimulatory antibodies to closely mimic the natural T cell-APC interactions. Due to their vast clinical utility, aAPCs have been employed as an off-the-shelf technology for T cell activation in FDA-approved ACTs, and the development of aAPCs is constantly advancing with the emergence of aAPCs with more sophisticated designs and additional functionalities. Here, we review the recent advancements in particle-based aAPCs for T cell activation in ACTs. Following a brief introduction, we first describe the manufacturing processes of ACT products. Next, the design and synthetic strategies for micro- and nanoparticle-based aAPCs are discussed separately to emphasize their features, advantages, and limitations. Then, the impact of design parameters of aAPCs, such as size, shape, ligand density/mobility, and stiffness, on their functionality and biomedical performance is explored to provide deeper insights into the design concepts and principles for more efficient and safer aAPCs. The review concludes by discussing current challenges and proposing future perspectives for the development of more advanced aAPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Hou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Zichao Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Minh Trang Ho
- School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Yue Hui
- School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Chun-Xia Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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3
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Cui H, Zhang L, Shi Y. Biomaterials-mediated ligation of immune cell surface receptors for immunoengineering. IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY TECHNOLOGY 2024; 21:100695. [PMID: 38405432 PMCID: PMC10891334 DOI: 10.1016/j.iotech.2023.100695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
A wide variety of cell surface receptors found on immune cells are essential to the body's immunological defense mechanisms. Cell surface receptors enable immune cells to sense extracellular stimuli and identify pathogens, transmitting activating or inhibitory signals that regulate the immune cell state and coordinate immunological responses. These receptors can dynamically aggregate or disperse due to the fluidity of the cell membrane, particularly during interactions between cells or between cells and pathogens. At the contact surface, cell surface receptors form microclusters, facilitating the recruitment and amplification of downstream signals. The strength of the immune signal is influenced by both the quantity and the specific types of participating receptors. Generally, receptor cross-linking, meaning multivalent ligation of receptors on one cell, leads to greater interface connectivity and more robust signaling. However, intercellular interactions are often spatially restricted by other cellular structures. Therefore, it is essential to comprehend these receptors' features for developing effective immunoengineering approaches. Biomaterials can stimulate and simulate interactions between immune cells and their targets. Biomaterials can activate immune cells to act against pathogenic organisms or cancer cells, thereby offering a valuable immunoengineering toolset for vaccination and immunotherapy. In this review, we systematically summarize biomaterial-based immunoengineering strategies that consider the biology of diverse immune cell surface receptors and the structural attributes of pathogens. By combining this knowledge, we aim to advance the development of rational and effective approaches for immune modulation and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Cui
- Department of Polymer Therapeutics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - L. Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Y. Shi
- Department of Polymer Therapeutics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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4
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Tvingsholm SA, Frej MS, Rafa VM, Hansen UK, Ormhøj M, Tyron A, Jensen AWP, Kadivar M, Bentzen AK, Munk KK, Aasbjerg GN, Ternander JSH, Heeke C, Tamhane T, Schmess C, Funt SA, Kjeldsen JW, Kverneland AH, Met Ö, Draghi A, Jakobsen SN, Donia M, Marie Svane I, Hadrup SR. TCR-engaging scaffolds selectively expand antigen-specific T-cells with a favorable phenotype for adoptive cell therapy. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e006847. [PMID: 37586765 PMCID: PMC10432666 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-006847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) has shown promising results for the treatment of cancer and viral infections. Successful ACT relies on ex vivo expansion of large numbers of desired T-cells with strong cytotoxic capacity and in vivo persistence, which constitutes the greatest challenge to current ACT strategies. Here, in this study, we present a novel technology for ex vivo expansion of antigen-specific T-cells; artificial antigen-presenting scaffolds (Ag-scaffolds) consisting of a dextran-polysaccharide backbone, decorated with combinations of peptide-Major Histocompatibility Complex (pMHC), cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules, enabling coordinated stimulation of antigen-specific T-cells. METHODS The capacity of Ag-scaffolds to expand antigen-specific T-cells was explored in ex vivo cultures with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors and patients with metastatic melanoma. The resulting T-cell products were assessed for phenotypic and functional characteristics. RESULTS We identified an optimal Ag-scaffold for expansion of T-cells for ACT, carrying pMHC and interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-21, with which we efficiently expanded both virus-specific and tumor-specific CD8+ T cells from peripheral blood of healthy donors and patients, respectively. The resulting T-cell products were characterized by a high frequency of antigen-specific cells with high self-renewal capacity, low exhaustion, a multifunctional cytokine profile upon antigen-challenge and superior tumor killing capacity. This demonstrates that the coordinated stimuli provided by an optimized stoichiometry of TCR engaging (pMHC) and stimulatory (cytokine) moieties is essential to obtain desired T-cell characteristics. To generate an 'off-the-shelf' multitargeting Ag-scaffold product of relevance to patients with metastatic melanoma, we identified the 30 most frequently recognized shared HLA-A0201-restricted melanoma epitopes in a cohort of 87 patients. By combining these in an Ag-scaffold product, we were able to expand tumor-specific T-cells from 60-70% of patients with melanoma, yielding a multitargeted T-cell product with up to 25% specific and phenotypically and functionally improved T cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the Ag-scaffold represents a promising new technology for selective expansion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells directly from blood, yielding a highly specific and functionally enhanced T-cell product for ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vibeke Mindahl Rafa
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Maria Ormhøj
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alexander Tyron
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Agnete W P Jensen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mohammad Kadivar
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Amalie Kai Bentzen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kamilla K Munk
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gitte N Aasbjerg
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Christina Heeke
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tripti Tamhane
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian Schmess
- NMI Natural and Medical Science Institute, University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Samuel A Funt
- Deptartment of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julie Westerlin Kjeldsen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Anders Handrup Kverneland
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Özcan Met
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arianna Draghi
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Søren Nyboe Jakobsen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marco Donia
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Sine Reker Hadrup
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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5
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Ben-Akiva E, Hickey JW, Meyer RA, Isser A, Shannon SR, Livingston NK, Rhodes KR, Kosmides AK, Warren TR, Tzeng SY, Schneck JP, Green JJ. Shape matters: Biodegradable anisotropic nanoparticle artificial antigen presenting cells for cancer immunotherapy. Acta Biomater 2023; 160:187-197. [PMID: 36812956 PMCID: PMC10335041 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Artificial antigen presenting cells are biomimetic particles that recapitulate the signals presented by natural antigen presenting cells in order to stimulate T cells in an antigen-specific manner using an acellular platform. We have engineered an enhanced nanoscale biodegradable artificial antigen presenting cell by modulating particle shape to achieve a nanoparticle geometry that allows for increased radius of curvature and surface area for T cell contact. The non-spherical nanoparticle artificial antigen presenting cells developed here have reduced nonspecific uptake and improved circulation time compared both to spherical nanoparticles and to traditional microparticle technologies. Additionally, the anisotropic nanoparticle artificial antigen presenting cells efficiently engage with and activate T cells, ultimately leading to a marked anti-tumor effect in a mouse melanoma model that their spherical counterparts were unable to achieve. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC) can activate antigen-specific CD8+ T cells but have largely been limited to microparticle-based platforms and ex vivo T cell expansion. Although more amenable to in vivo use, nanoscale aAPC have traditionally been ineffective due to limited surface area available for T cell interaction. In this work, we engineered non-spherical biodegradable nanoscale aAPC to investigate the role of particle geometry and develop a translatable platform for T cell activation. The non-spherical aAPC developed here have increased surface area and a flatter surface for T cell engagement and, therefore, can more effectively stimulate antigen-specific T cells, resulting in anti-tumor efficacy in a mouse melanoma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elana Ben-Akiva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - John W Hickey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Randall A Meyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Ariel Isser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Sydney R Shannon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Natalie K Livingston
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Kelly R Rhodes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Alyssa K Kosmides
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Tiarra R Warren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Stephany Y Tzeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Jonathan P Schneck
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| | - Jordan J Green
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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6
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Wauters A, Scheerstra JF, Vermeijlen IG, Hammink R, Schluck M, Woythe L, Wu H, Albertazzi L, Figdor CG, Tel J, Abdelmohsen LKEA, van Hest JCM. Artificial Antigen-Presenting Cell Topology Dictates T Cell Activation. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15072-15085. [PMID: 35969506 PMCID: PMC9527792 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanosized artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs), synthetic immune cell mimics that aim to activate T cells ex or in vivo, offer an effective alternative to cellular immunotherapies. However, comprehensive studies that delineate the effect of nano-aAPC topology, including nanoparticle morphology and ligand density, are lacking. Here, we systematically studied the topological effects of polymersome-based aAPCs on T cell activation. We employed an aAPC library created from biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(d,l-lactide) (PEG-PDLLA) polymersomes with spherical or tubular shape and variable sizes, which were functionalized with αCD3 and αCD28 antibodies at controlled densities. Our results indicate that high ligand density leads to enhancement in T cell activation, which can be further augmented by employing polymersomes with larger size. At low ligand density, the effect of both polymersome shape and size was more pronounced, showing that large elongated polymersomes better activate T cells compared to their spherical or smaller counterparts. This study demonstrates the capacity of polymersomes as aAPCs and highlights the role of topology for their rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies
C. Wauters
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department
of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Division
of Immunotherapy, Oncode Institute, Radboud
University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jari F. Scheerstra
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Irma G. Vermeijlen
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Hammink
- Department
of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Division
of Immunotherapy, Oncode Institute, Radboud
University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Schluck
- Department
of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Division
of Immunotherapy, Oncode Institute, Radboud
University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Woythe
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems
(ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hanglong Wu
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Albertazzi
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems
(ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Carl G. Figdor
- Department
of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Division
of Immunotherapy, Oncode Institute, Radboud
University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Chemical Immunology, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jurjen Tel
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems
(ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory
of Immunoengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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7
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Kristyanto H, Holborough-Kerkvliet MD, Lelieveldt L, Bartels Y, Hammink R, van Schie KAJ, Toes REM, Bonger KM, Scherer HU. Multifunctional, Multivalent PIC Polymer Scaffolds for Targeting Antigen-Specific, Autoreactive B Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:1486-1493. [PMID: 35259296 PMCID: PMC9006213 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Multivalent scaffolds
that carry multiple molecules with immunophenotyping
or immunomodulatory properties are invaluable tools for studying and
modulating specific functions of human immune responses. So far, streptavidin–biotin-based
tetramers have been widely used for B-cell immunophenotyping purposes.
However, the utility of these tetramers is limited by their tetravalency,
the inherent immunogenicity of streptavidin (a bacterial protein that
can potentially be recognized by B cells), and the limited feasibility
to functionalize these reagents. This has rendered tetramers suboptimal
for studying rare, in particular, antigen-specific B-cell populations
in the context of clinical applications. Here, we used polyisocyanopeptides
(PICs), multivalent polymeric scaffolds functionalized with around
50 peptide antigens, to detect autoreactive B cells in the peripheral
blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. To explore the potential
immunomodulatory functionalities, we functionalized PICs with autoantigenic
peptides and a trisaccharide CD22 ligand to inhibit autoreactive B-cell
activation through interference with the B-cell receptor activation
pathway, as evidenced by reduced phospho-Syk expression upon PIC binding.
Given the possibilities to functionalize PICs, our data demonstrate
that the modular and versatile character of PIC scaffolds makes them
promising candidates for future clinical applications in B-cell-mediated
diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendy Kristyanto
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lianne Lelieveldt
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Bartels
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Hammink
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Division of Immunotherapy, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Karin A J van Schie
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rene E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberly M Bonger
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Ulrich Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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8
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Wang C, Chen X, Su Y, Wang H, Li D. Precise Regulating T Cell Activation Signaling with Spatial Controllable Positioning of Receptors on DNA Origami. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjac.2022.100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Praveen TK, Gangadharappa HV, Abu Lila AS, Moin A, Mehmood K, Krishna KL, Hussain T, Alafanan A, Shakil S, Rizvi SMD. Inflammation targeted nanomedicines: patents and applications in cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:645-663. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Zhang T, Yang Y, Huang L, Liu Y, Chong G, Yin W, Dong H, Li Y, Li Y. Biomimetic and Materials-Potentiated Cell Engineering for Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040734. [PMID: 35456568 PMCID: PMC9024915 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer immunotherapy, immune cells are the main force for tumor eradication. However, they appear to be dysfunctional due to the taming of the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. Recently, many materials-engineered strategies are proposed to enhance the anti-tumor effect of immune cells. These strategies either utilize biomimetic materials, as building blocks to construct inanimate entities whose functions are similar to natural living cells, or engineer immune cells with functional materials, to potentiate their anti-tumor effects. In this review, we will summarize these advanced strategies in different cell types, as well as discussing the prospects of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (T.Z.); (Y.Y.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (W.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yushan Yang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (T.Z.); (Y.Y.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (W.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Li Huang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (T.Z.); (Y.Y.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (W.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ying Liu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (T.Z.); (Y.Y.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (W.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Gaowei Chong
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (T.Z.); (Y.Y.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (W.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Weimin Yin
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (T.Z.); (Y.Y.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (W.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Haiqing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Correspondence: (H.D.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-021-659-819-52 (H.D. & Y.L.)
| | - Yan Li
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (T.Z.); (Y.Y.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (W.Y.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (H.D.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-021-659-819-52 (H.D. & Y.L.)
| | - Yongyong Li
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (T.Z.); (Y.Y.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (W.Y.); (Y.L.)
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11
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Woythe L, Madhikar P, Feiner-Gracia N, Storm C, Albertazzi L. A Single-Molecule View at Nanoparticle Targeting Selectivity: Correlating Ligand Functionality and Cell Receptor Density. ACS NANO 2022; 16:3785-3796. [PMID: 35274534 PMCID: PMC8945370 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-functionalized nanoparticles (NPs) are commonly used to increase the targeting selectivity toward cells of interest. At a molecular level, the number of functional antibodies on the NP surface and the density of receptors on the target cell determine the targeting interaction. To rationally develop selective NPs, the single-molecule quantitation of both parameters is highly desirable. However, techniques able to count molecules with a nanometric resolution are scarce. Here, we developed a labeling approach to quantify the number of functional cetuximabs conjugated to NPs and the expression of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) in breast cancer cells using direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM). The single-molecule resolution of dSTORM allows quantifying molecules at the nanoscale, giving a detailed insight into the distributions of individual NP ligands and cell receptors. Additionally, we predicted the fraction of accessible antibody-conjugated NPs using a geometrical model, showing that the total number exceeds the accessible number of antibodies. Finally, we correlated the NP functionality, cell receptor density, and NP uptake to identify the highest cell uptake selectivity regimes. We conclude that single-molecule functionality mapping using dSTORM provides a molecular understanding of NP targeting, aiding the rational design of selective nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Woythe
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
(ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Pranav Madhikar
- Department
of Applied Physics, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Feiner-Gracia
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
(ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Storm
- Department
of Applied Physics, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Albertazzi
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08036, Spain
- E-mail:
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12
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Schluck M, Eggermont LJ, Weiden J, Popelier C, Weiss L, Pilzecker B, Kolder S, Heinemans A, Rodriguez Mogeda C, Verdoes M, Figdor CG, Hammink R. Dictating Phenotype, Function, and Fate of Human T Cells with Co‐Stimulatory Antibodies Presented by Filamentous Immune Cell Mimics. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202200019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Schluck
- Department of Tumor Immunology Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Geert Grooteplein 26 Nijmegen GA 6525 The Netherlands
| | - Loek J. Eggermont
- Department of Tumor Immunology Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Geert Grooteplein 26 Nijmegen GA 6525 The Netherlands
| | - Jorieke Weiden
- Department of Tumor Immunology Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Geert Grooteplein 26 Nijmegen GA 6525 The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn Popelier
- Department of Tumor Immunology Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Geert Grooteplein 26 Nijmegen GA 6525 The Netherlands
| | - Lea Weiss
- Department of Tumor Immunology Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Geert Grooteplein 26 Nijmegen GA 6525 The Netherlands
| | - Bas Pilzecker
- Department of Tumor Immunology Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Geert Grooteplein 26 Nijmegen GA 6525 The Netherlands
| | - Sigrid Kolder
- Department of Tumor Immunology Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Geert Grooteplein 26 Nijmegen GA 6525 The Netherlands
| | - Anne Heinemans
- Department of Tumor Immunology Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Geert Grooteplein 26 Nijmegen GA 6525 The Netherlands
| | - Carla Rodriguez Mogeda
- Department of Tumor Immunology Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Geert Grooteplein 26 Nijmegen GA 6525 The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumor Immunology Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Geert Grooteplein 26 Nijmegen GA 6525 The Netherlands
| | - Carl G. Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Geert Grooteplein 26 Nijmegen GA 6525 The Netherlands
| | - Roel Hammink
- Department of Tumor Immunology Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Geert Grooteplein 26 Nijmegen GA 6525 The Netherlands
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13
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Volovat SR, Ursulescu CL, Moisii LG, Volovat C, Boboc D, Scripcariu D, Amurariti F, Stefanescu C, Stolniceanu CR, Agop M, Lungulescu C, Volovat CC. The Landscape of Nanovectors for Modulation in Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:397. [PMID: 35214129 PMCID: PMC8875018 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy represents a promising strategy for the treatment of cancer, which functions via the reprogramming and activation of antitumor immunity. However, adverse events resulting from immunotherapy that are related to the low specificity of tumor cell-targeting represent a limitation of immunotherapy's efficacy. The potential of nanotechnologies is represented by the possibilities of immunotherapeutical agents being carried by nanoparticles with various material types, shapes, sizes, coated ligands, associated loading methods, hydrophilicities, elasticities, and biocompatibilities. In this review, the principal types of nanovectors (nanopharmaceutics and bioinspired nanoparticles) are summarized along with the shortcomings in nanoparticle delivery and the main factors that modulate efficacy (the EPR effect, protein coronas, and microbiota). The mechanisms by which nanovectors can target cancer cells, the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), and the peripheral immune system are also presented. A possible mathematical model for the cellular communication mechanisms related to exosomes as nanocarriers is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona-Ruxandra Volovat
- Department of Medical Oncology-Radiotherapy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iaşi, Romania; (S.-R.V.); (D.B.); (F.A.)
| | - Corina Lupascu Ursulescu
- Department of Radiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iaşi, Romania; (C.L.U.); (L.G.M.); (C.C.V.)
| | - Liliana Gheorghe Moisii
- Department of Radiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iaşi, Romania; (C.L.U.); (L.G.M.); (C.C.V.)
| | - Constantin Volovat
- Department of Medical Oncology-Radiotherapy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iaşi, Romania; (S.-R.V.); (D.B.); (F.A.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, “Euroclinic” Center of Oncology, 2 Vasile Conta Str., 700106 Iaşi, Romania
| | - Diana Boboc
- Department of Medical Oncology-Radiotherapy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iaşi, Romania; (S.-R.V.); (D.B.); (F.A.)
| | - Dragos Scripcariu
- Department of Surgery, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iaşi, Romania;
| | - Florin Amurariti
- Department of Medical Oncology-Radiotherapy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iaşi, Romania; (S.-R.V.); (D.B.); (F.A.)
| | - Cipriana Stefanescu
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics-Nuclear Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iaşi, Romania; (C.S.); (C.R.S.)
| | - Cati Raluca Stolniceanu
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics-Nuclear Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iaşi, Romania; (C.S.); (C.R.S.)
| | - Maricel Agop
- Physics Department, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University, Prof. Dr. Docent Dimitrie Mangeron Rd., No. 59A, 700050 Iaşi, Romania;
| | - Cristian Lungulescu
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Cristian Constantin Volovat
- Department of Radiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iaşi, Romania; (C.L.U.); (L.G.M.); (C.C.V.)
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14
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Paus C, van der Voort R, Cambi A. Nanomedicine in cancer therapy: promises and hurdles of polymeric nanoparticles. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.37349/emed.2021.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The limitations of current cancer treatments have stimulated the application of nanotechnology to develop more effective and safer cancer therapies. Remarkable progress has been made in the development of nanomedicine to overcome issues associated with conventional cancer treatment, including low drug solubility, insufficient targeting, and drug resistance. The modulation of nanoparticles allows the improvement of drug pharmacokinetics, leading to improved targeting and reduced side effects. In addition, nanoparticles can be conjugated to ligands that specifically target cancer cells. Furthermore, strategies that exploit tumor characteristics to locally trigger drug release have shown to increase targeted drug delivery. However, although some clinical successes have been achieved, most nanomedicines fail to reach the clinic. Factors that hinder clinical translation vary from the complexity of design, incomplete understanding of biological mechanisms, and high demands during the manufacturing process. Clinical translation might be improved by combining knowledge from different disciplines such as cell biology, chemistry, and tumor pathophysiology. An increased understanding on how nanoparticle modifications affect biological systems is pivotal to improve design, eventually aiding development of more effective nanomedicines. This review summarizes the key successes that have been made in nanomedicine, including improved drug delivery and release by polymeric nanoparticles as well as the introduction of strategies that overcome drug resistance. In addition, the application of nanomedicine in immunotherapy is discussed, and several remaining challenges addressed.
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15
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Abdeen AA, Cosgrove BD, Gersbach CA, Saha K. Integrating Biomaterials and Genome Editing Approaches to Advance Biomedical Science. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2021; 23:493-516. [PMID: 33909475 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-122019-121602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery and subsequent development of the CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-CRISPR-associated protein 9) platform as a precise genome editing tool have transformed biomedicine. As these CRISPR-based tools have matured, multiple stages of the gene editing process and the bioengineering of human cells and tissues have advanced. Here, we highlight recent intersections in the development of biomaterials and genome editing technologies. These intersections include the delivery of macromolecules, where biomaterial platforms have been harnessed to enable nonviral delivery of genome engineering tools to cells and tissues in vivo. Further, engineering native-like biomaterial platforms for cell culture facilitates complex modeling of human development and disease when combined with genome engineering tools. Deeper integration of biomaterial platforms in these fields could play a significant role in enabling new breakthroughs in the application of gene editing for the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr A Abdeen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA
| | - Brian D Cosgrove
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA;
| | - Charles A Gersbach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA; .,Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Krishanu Saha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA;
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16
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Hammink R, Weiden J, Voerman D, Popelier C, Eggermont LJ, Schluck M, Figdor CG, Verdoes M. Semiflexible Immunobrushes Induce Enhanced T Cell Activation and Expansion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:16007-16018. [PMID: 33797875 PMCID: PMC8045021 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A variety of bioactive materials developed to expand T cells for adoptive transfer into cancer patients are currently evaluated in the clinic. In most cases, T cell activating biomolecules are attached to rigid surfaces or matrices and form a static interface between materials and the signaling receptors on the T cells. We hypothesized that a T cell activating polymer brush interface might better mimic the cell surface of a natural antigen-presenting cell, facilitating receptor movement and concomitant advantageous mechanical forces to provide enhanced T cell activating capacities. Here, as a proof of concept, we synthesized semiflexible polyisocyanopeptide (PIC) polymer-based immunobrushes equipped with T cell activating agonistic anti-CD3 (αCD3) and αCD28 antibodies placed on magnetic microbeads. We demonstrated enhanced efficiency of ex vivo expansion of activated primary human T cells even at very low numbers of stimulating antibodies compared to rigid beads. Importantly, the immunobrush architecture appeared crucial for this improved T cell activating capacity. Immunobrushes outperform current benchmarks by producing higher numbers of T cells exhibiting a combination of beneficial phenotypic characteristics, such as reduced exhaustion marker expression, high cytokine production, and robust expression of cytotoxic hallmarks. This study indicates that semiflexible immunobrushes have great potential in making T cell-based immunotherapies more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel Hammink
- Department
of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Division
of Immunotherapy, Oncode Institute, Radboud
University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jorieke Weiden
- Department
of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Division
of Immunotherapy, Oncode Institute, Radboud
University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Institute
for Chemical Immunology, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Dion Voerman
- Department
of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Institute
for Chemical Immunology, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Carlijn Popelier
- Department
of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Loek J. Eggermont
- Department
of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Institute
for Chemical Immunology, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Schluck
- Department
of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Division
of Immunotherapy, Oncode Institute, Radboud
University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Institute
for Chemical Immunology, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Carl G. Figdor
- Department
of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Division
of Immunotherapy, Oncode Institute, Radboud
University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Institute
for Chemical Immunology, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department
of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Institute
for Chemical Immunology, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
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17
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Jahromi LP, Shahbazi M, Maleki A, Azadi A, Santos HA. Chemically Engineered Immune Cell-Derived Microrobots and Biomimetic Nanoparticles: Emerging Biodiagnostic and Therapeutic Tools. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002499. [PMID: 33898169 PMCID: PMC8061401 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, considerable attention has been dedicated to the exploitation of diverse immune cells as therapeutic and/or diagnostic cell-based microrobots for hard-to-treat disorders. To date, a plethora of therapeutics based on alive immune cells, surface-engineered immune cells, immunocytes' cell membranes, leukocyte-derived extracellular vesicles or exosomes, and artificial immune cells have been investigated and a few have been introduced into the market. These systems take advantage of the unique characteristics and functions of immune cells, including their presence in circulating blood and various tissues, complex crosstalk properties, high affinity to different self and foreign markers, unique potential of their on-demand navigation and activity, production of a variety of chemokines/cytokines, as well as being cytotoxic in particular conditions. Here, the latest progress in the development of engineered therapeutics and diagnostics inspired by immune cells to ameliorate cancer, inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular complications, and infectious diseases is reviewed, and finally, the perspective for their clinical application is delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Pourtalebi Jahromi
- Drug Research ProgramDivision of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and TechnologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShiraz71468‐64685Iran
- Present address:
Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research SaarlandHelmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchBiogenic Nanotherapeutics GroupCampus E8.1Saarbrücken66123Germany
| | - Mohammad‐Ali Shahbazi
- Drug Research ProgramDivision of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and TechnologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC)Zanjan University of Medical SciencesZanjan45139‐56184Iran
| | - Aziz Maleki
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC)Zanjan University of Medical SciencesZanjan45139‐56184Iran
| | - Amir Azadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShiraz71468‐64685Iran
- Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyShiraz University of Medical SciencesShiraz71468‐64685Iran
| | - Hélder A. Santos
- Drug Research ProgramDivision of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and TechnologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE)University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
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18
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Guo D, Ji X, Luo J. Rational nanocarrier design towards clinical translation of cancer nanotherapy. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abe35a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Zhang Z, Tang C, Hammink R, Nelissen FHT, Heus HA, Kouwer PHJ. Multivalent Sgc8c-aptamer decorated polymer scaffolds for leukemia targeting. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2744-2747. [PMID: 33595548 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc08205h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia causes a disproportional amount of immature white blood cells in the patients' bone marrow. The significant undesired side effects associated with traditional chemotherapy treatment prompted us to study a more effective treatment strategy. We decorated polyisocyanopeptide scaffolds with the selective leukemia cell binding aptamer sgc8c and found that the polymers inhibit proliferation by G0/G1-phase arrest, serving as an opportunity for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobao Zhang
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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20
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Gerrits L, Hammink R, Kouwer PHJ. Semiflexible polymer scaffolds: an overview of conjugation strategies. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01662d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Semiflexible polymers are excellent scaffolds for the presentation of a wide variety of (bio)molecules. This manuscript reviews advantages and challenges of the most common conjugation strategies for the major classes of semiflexible polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Gerrits
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- 6525 AJ Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Roel Hammink
- Department of Tumor Immunology
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences
- Radboud University Medical Center
- 6525 GA Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Paul H. J. Kouwer
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- 6525 AJ Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
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21
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Johnson SN, Griffin JD, Hulbert C, DeKosky BJ, Thomas JW, Berkland CJ. Multimeric Insulin Desensitizes Insulin-Specific B Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6319-6330. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N. Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - J. Daniel Griffin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Chrys Hulbert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Brandon J. DeKosky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - James W. Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Cory J. Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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22
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Abstract
Personalized cancer vaccines (PCVs) are reinvigorating vaccine strategies in cancer immunotherapy. In contrast to adoptive T-cell therapy and checkpoint blockade, the PCV strategy modulates the innate and adaptive immune systems with broader activation to redeploy antitumor immunity with individualized tumor-specific antigens (neoantigens). Following a sequential scheme of tumor biopsy, mutation analysis, and epitope prediction, the administration of neoantigens with synthetic long peptide (SLP) or mRNA formulations dramatically improves the population and activity of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Despite the promising prospect of PCVs, there is still great potential for optimizing prevaccination procedures and vaccine potency. In particular, the arduous development of tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-based vaccines provides valuable experience and rational principles for augmenting vaccine potency which is expected to advance PCV through the design of adjuvants, delivery systems, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) reversion since current personalized vaccination simply admixes antigens with adjuvants. Considering the broader application of TAA-based vaccine design, these two strategies complement each other and can lead to both personalized and universal therapeutic methods. Chemical strategies provide vast opportunities for (1) exploring novel adjuvants, including synthetic molecules and materials with optimizable activity, (2) constructing efficient and precise delivery systems to avoid systemic diffusion, improve biosafety, target secondary lymphoid organs, and enhance antigen presentation, and (3) combining bioengineering methods to innovate improvements in conventional vaccination, "smartly" re-educate the TME, and modulate antitumor immunity. As chemical strategies have proven versatility, reliability, and universality in the design of T cell- and B cell-based antitumor vaccines, the union of such numerous chemical methods in vaccine construction is expected to provide new vigor and vitality in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, 100069 Beijing, China.,Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
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23
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Mao D, Li Y, Lu C, Liu X, Sheng A, Han K, Zhu X. DNA Nanomachine with Multitentacles for Integral Processing of Nanoparticles and Its Application in Biosensing. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:2940-2947. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Mao
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Yifei Li
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, P. R. China
| | - Cuicui Lu
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohao Liu
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Anzhi Sheng
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Kun Han
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
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24
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Shields CW, Wang LLW, Evans MA, Mitragotri S. Materials for Immunotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1901633. [PMID: 31250498 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Breakthroughs in materials engineering have accelerated the progress of immunotherapy in preclinical studies. The interplay of chemistry and materials has resulted in improved loading, targeting, and release of immunomodulatory agents. An overview of the materials that are used to enable or improve the success of immunotherapies in preclinical studies is presented, from immunosuppressive to proinflammatory strategies, with particular emphasis on technologies poised for clinical translation. The materials are organized based on their characteristic length scale, whereby the enabling feature of each technology is organized by the structure of that material. For example, the mechanisms by which i) nanoscale materials can improve targeting and infiltration of immunomodulatory payloads into tissues and cells, ii) microscale materials can facilitate cell-mediated transport and serve as artificial antigen-presenting cells, and iii) macroscale materials can form the basis of artificial microenvironments to promote cell infiltration and reprogramming are discussed. As a step toward establishing a set of design rules for future immunotherapies, materials that intrinsically activate or suppress the immune system are reviewed. Finally, a brief outlook on the trajectory of these systems and how they may be improved to address unsolved challenges in cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmunity is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wyatt Shields
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Lily Li-Wen Wang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael A Evans
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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25
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Voerman D, Schluck M, Weiden J, Joosten B, Eggermont LJ, van den Eijnde T, Ignacio B, Cambi A, Figdor CG, Kouwer PHJ, Verdoes M, Hammink R, Rowan AE. Synthetic Semiflexible and Bioactive Brushes. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:2587-2597. [PMID: 31150222 PMCID: PMC6620732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymer brushes are extensively used for the preparation of bioactive surfaces. They form a platform to attach functional (bio)molecules and control the physicochemical properties of the surface. These brushes are nearly exclusively prepared from flexible polymers, even though much stiffer brushes from semiflexible polymers are frequently found in nature, which exert bioactive functions that are out of reach for flexible brushes. Synthetic semiflexible polymers, however, are very rare. Here, we use polyisocyanopeptides (PICs) to prepare high-density semiflexible brushes on different substrate geometries. For bioconjugation, we developed routes with two orthogonal click reactions, based on the strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction and the (photoactivated) tetrazole-ene cycloaddition reaction. We found that for high brush densities, multiple bonds between the polymer and the substrate are necessary, which was achieved in a block copolymer strategy. Whether the desired biomolecules are conjugated to the PIC polymer before or after brush formation depends on the dimensions and required densities of the biomolecules and the curvature of the substrate. In either case, we provide mild, aqueous, and highly modular reaction strategies, which make PICs a versatile addition to the toolbox for generating semiflexible bioactive polymer brush surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dion Voerman
- Department
of Tumor Immunology, Department of Cell Biology, and Microscopic Imaging Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud
University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Schluck
- Department
of Tumor Immunology, Department of Cell Biology, and Microscopic Imaging Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud
University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorieke Weiden
- Department
of Tumor Immunology, Department of Cell Biology, and Microscopic Imaging Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud
University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Joosten
- Department
of Tumor Immunology, Department of Cell Biology, and Microscopic Imaging Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud
University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Loek J. Eggermont
- Department
of Tumor Immunology, Department of Cell Biology, and Microscopic Imaging Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud
University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tuur van den Eijnde
- Department
of Molecular Materials, Institute for Molecules
and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bob Ignacio
- Department
of Molecular Materials, Institute for Molecules
and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Cambi
- Department
of Tumor Immunology, Department of Cell Biology, and Microscopic Imaging Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud
University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carl G. Figdor
- Department
of Tumor Immunology, Department of Cell Biology, and Microscopic Imaging Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud
University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H. J. Kouwer
- Department
of Molecular Materials, Institute for Molecules
and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department
of Tumor Immunology, Department of Cell Biology, and Microscopic Imaging Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud
University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Hammink
- Department
of Tumor Immunology, Department of Cell Biology, and Microscopic Imaging Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud
University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alan E. Rowan
- Department
of Molecular Materials, Institute for Molecules
and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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26
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Schluck M, Hammink R, Figdor CG, Verdoes M, Weiden J. Biomaterial-Based Activation and Expansion of Tumor-Specific T Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:931. [PMID: 31130945 PMCID: PMC6509561 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional tumor vaccination approaches mostly focus on activating dendritic cells (DCs) by providing them with a source of tumor antigens and/or adjuvants, which in turn activate tumor-reactive T cells. Novel biomaterial-based cancer immunotherapeutic strategies focus on directly activating and stimulating T cells through molecular cues presented on synthetic constructs with the aim of improving T cell survival, more precisely steer T cell activation and direct T cell differentiation. Synthetic artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) decorated with T cell-activating ligands are being developed to induce robust tumor-specific T cell responses, essentially bypassing DCs. In this perspective, we approach these promising new technologies from an immunological angle, first by identifying the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subtypes that are imperative for robust anti-cancer immunity and subsequently discussing the molecular cues needed to induce these cells types. We will elaborate on how biomaterials can be applied to stimulate T cells in vitro and in vivo to improve their survival, activation and function. Scaffold-based methods can also be used as delivery vehicles for adoptive transfer of T cells, including tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and chimeric antigen receptor expressing (CAR) T cells, while simultaneously stimulating these cells. Finally, we provide suggestions on how these insights could advance the field of biomaterial-based activation and expansion of tumor-specific T cells in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Schluck
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Division of Immunotherapy, Oncode Institute, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Roel Hammink
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Division of Immunotherapy, Oncode Institute, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Carl G Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Division of Immunotherapy, Oncode Institute, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Institute for Chemical Immunology, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Institute for Chemical Immunology, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jorieke Weiden
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Division of Immunotherapy, Oncode Institute, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Institute for Chemical Immunology, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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27
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Arsiwala A, Castro A, Frey S, Stathos M, Kane RS. Designing Multivalent Ligands to Control Biological Interactions: From Vaccines and Cellular Effectors to Targeted Drug Delivery. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:244-255. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Arsiwala
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia- 30332 USA
| | - Ana Castro
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia- 30332 USA
| | - Steven Frey
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia- 30332 USA
| | - Mark Stathos
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia- 30332 USA
| | - Ravi S. Kane
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia- 30332 USA
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28
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Abstract
Nanomaterials offer unique advantages as drug-delivery vehicles for cancer therapeutics. For immuno-oncology applications, cancer nanomedicine should be developed beyond drug-delivery platforms. A greater emphasis on actively modulating host anticancer immunity using nanomaterials provides new avenues for developing novel cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiotherapy,
Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School
of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, P.R. China
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, The University of
Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, The University of
Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Jutaek Nam
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Biointerfaces Institute, and Department of
Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - James J. Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Biointerfaces Institute, and Department of
Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Betty Y. S. Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Cancer Biology,
and Department of Neurosciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, United States
- E-mail:
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29
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Wauters AC, Pijpers IAB, Mason AF, Williams DS, Tel J, Abdelmohsen LKEA, van Hest JCM. Development of Morphologically Discrete PEG-PDLLA Nanotubes for Precision Nanomedicine. Biomacromolecules 2018; 20:177-183. [PMID: 30265794 PMCID: PMC6335608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Precise
control over the morphological features of nanoparticles
is an important requisite for their application in nanomedical research.
Parameters such as size and shape have been identified as critical
features for effective nanotherapeutic technologies due to their role
in circulation, distribution, and internalization in vivo. Tubular
PEG–PDLLA polymersomes (nanotubes) exhibit an interesting morphology
with potential for immunotherapeutics, as the elongated shape can
affect cell–particle interactions. Developing methodologies
that permit control over the precise form of such nanotubes is important
for their biomedical implementation due to the stringent physicochemical
constraints for efficacious performance. Through careful control over
the engineering process, we demonstrate the generation of well-defined
nanotubes based on polymersomes as small as 250 and 100 nm, which
can be successfully shape transformed. The quality of the resulting
nanostructures was established by physical characterization using
AF4-MALS and cryo-TEM. Moreover, we show the successful loading of
such nanotubes with model payloads (proteins and drugs). These findings
provide a promising platform for implementation in biomedical applications
in which discrete structure and functionality are essential features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies C Wauters
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Immunoengineering , Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Imke A B Pijpers
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Alexander F Mason
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - David S Williams
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science , Swansea University , Swansea , United Kingdom
| | - Jurjen Tel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Immunoengineering , Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41), 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
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30
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Hickey JW, Isser AY, Vicente FP, Warner SB, Mao HQ, Schneck JP. Efficient magnetic enrichment of antigen-specific T cells by engineering particle properties. Biomaterials 2018; 187:105-116. [PMID: 30312851 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic particles can enrich desired cell populations to aid in understanding cell-type functions and mechanisms, diagnosis, and therapy. As cells are heterogeneous in ligand type, location, expression, and density, careful consideration of magnetic particle design for positive isolation is necessary. Antigen-specific immune cells have low frequencies, which has made studying, identifying, and utilizing these cells for therapy a challenge. Here we demonstrate the importance of magnetic particle design based on the biology of T cells. We create magnetic particles which recognize rare antigen-specific T cells and quantitatively investigate important particle properties including size, concentration, ligand density, and ligand choice in enriching these rare cells. We observe competing optima among particle parameters, with 300 nm particles functionalized with a high density of antigen-specific ligand achieving the highest enrichment and recovery of target cells. In enriching and then activating an endogenous response, 300 nm aAPCs generate nearly 65% antigen-specific T cells with at least 450-fold expansion from endogenous precursors and a 5-fold increase in numbers of antigen-specific cells after only seven days. This systematic study of particle properties in magnetic enrichment provides a case study for the engineering design principles of particles for the isolation of rare cells through biological ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Hickey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ariel Y Isser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fernando P Vicente
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Samuel B Warner
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hai-Quan Mao
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan P Schneck
- Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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31
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Eggermont LJ, Hammink R, Blank KG, Rowan AE, Tel J, Figdor CG. Cytokine-Functionalized Synthetic Dendritic Cells for T Cell Targeted Immunotherapies. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loek J. Eggermont
- Department of Tumor Immunology; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences; Radboud University Medical Center; Geert Grooteplein 26 6525 GA Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Roel Hammink
- Department of Tumor Immunology; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences; Radboud University Medical Center; Geert Grooteplein 26 6525 GA Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin G. Blank
- Department of Molecular Materials; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Mechano(bio)chemistry; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Potsdam-Golm Science Park 14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Alan E. Rowan
- Department of Molecular Materials; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jurjen Tel
- Department of Tumor Immunology; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences; Radboud University Medical Center; Geert Grooteplein 26 6525 GA Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Laboratory of Immunoengineering; Eindhoven University of Technology; De Zaale 15 5612 AP Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Carl G. Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences; Radboud University Medical Center; Geert Grooteplein 26 6525 GA Nijmegen The Netherlands
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32
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Smith MR, Tolbert SV, Wen F. Protein-Scaffold Directed Nanoscale Assembly of T Cell Ligands: Artificial Antigen Presentation with Defined Valency, Density, and Ratio. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:1629-1639. [PMID: 29733631 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuning antigen presentation to T cells is a critical step in investigating key aspects of T cell activation. However, existing technologies have a limited ability to control the spatial and stoichiometric organization of T cell ligands on 3D surfaces. Here, we developed an artificial antigen presentation platform based on protein scaffold-directed assembly that allows fine control over the spatial and stoichiometric organization of T cell ligands on a 3D yeast cell surface. Using this system, we observed that the T cell activation threshold on a 3D surface is independent of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) valency but instead is determined by the overall pMHC surface density. When intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) was coassembled with pMHC, it enhanced antigen recognition sensitivity by 6-fold. Further, T cells responded with different magnitudes to varying ratios of pMHC and ICAM-1 and exhibited a maximum response at a ratio of 15% pMHC and 85% ICAM-1, introducing an additional parameter for tuning T cell activation. This protein scaffold-directed assembly technology is readily transferrable to acellular surfaces for translational research as well as large-scale T-cell manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason R. Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stephanie V. Tolbert
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Fei Wen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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33
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Abstract
In contrast to most synthetic hydrogels, biological gels are made of fibrous networks. This architecture gives rise to unique properties, like low concentration, high porosity gels with a high mechanical responsiveness as a result of strain-stiffening. Here, we used a synthetic polymer model system, based on polyisocyanides, that we crosslinked selectively inside the bundles. This approach allows us to lock in the fibrous network present at the crosslinking conditions. At minimum crosslink densities, we are able to freeze in the architecture, as well as the associated mechanical properties. Rheology and X-ray scattering experiments show that we able to accurately tailor network mechanics, not by changing the gel composition or architecture, but rather by tuning its (thermal) history. Selective crosslinking is a crucial step in making biomimetic networks with a controlled architecture. Unlike synthetic hydrogels, biological gels are made of fibrous networks which give rise to unique properties, such as high porosity and mechanical responsiveness. Here the authors use polyisocyanide-based gels and selectively crosslink inside the bundles to lock the fibrous network and thus control the architecture and the mechanics.
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34
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Schoenmakers DC, Schoonen L, Rutten MGTA, Nolte RJM, Rowan AE, van Hest JCM, Kouwer PHJ. Virus-like particles as crosslinkers in fibrous biomimetic hydrogels: approaches towards capsid rupture and gel repair. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:1442-1448. [PMID: 29392267 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm02320k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biological hydrogels can become many times stiffer under deformation. This unique ability has only recently been realised in fully synthetic gels. Typically, these networks are composed of semi-flexible polymers and bundles and show such large mechanical responses at very small strains, which makes them particularly suitable for application as strain-responsive materials. In this work, we introduced strain-responsiveness by crosslinking the architecture with a multi-functional virus-like particle. At high stresses, we find that the virus particles disintegrate, which creates an (irreversible) mechanical energy dissipation pathway, analogous to the high stress response of fibrin networks. A cooling-heating cycle allows for re-crosslinking at the damaged site, which gives rise to much stronger hydrogels. Virus particles and capsids are promising drug delivery vehicles and our approach offers an effective strategy to trigger the release mechanically without compromising the mechanical integrity of the host material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniël C Schoenmakers
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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35
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Xie YQ, Wei L, Tang L. Immunoengineering with biomaterials for enhanced cancer immunotherapy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 10:e1506. [PMID: 29333729 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has recently shown dramatic clinical success inducing durable response in patients of a wide variety of malignancies. Further improvement of the clinical outcome with immune related cancer treatment requests more exquisite manipulation of a patient's immune system with increased immunity against diseases while mitigating the toxicities. To meet this challenge, biomaterials applied to immunoengineering are being developed to achieve tissue- and/or cell-specific immunomodulation and thus could potentially enhance both the efficacy and safety of current cancer immunotherapies. Here, we review the recent advancement in the field of immunoengineering using biomaterials and their applications in promoting different modalities of cancer immunotherapies, with focus on cell-, antibody-, immunomodulator-, and gene-based immune related treatments and their combinations with conventional therapies. Challenges and opportunities are discussed in applying biomaterials engineering strategies in the development of future cancer immunotherapies. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Xie
- Institute of Bioengineering, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lixia Wei
- Institute of Materials Science & Engineering, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Li Tang
- Institute of Bioengineering, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Materials Science & Engineering, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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36
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Kranz LM, Beck JD, Grunwitz C, Hotz C, Vormehr M, Diken M. CIMT 2017: Anniversary symposium - Report on the 15th CIMT Annual Meeting of the Association for Cancer Immunotherapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:2272-2279. [PMID: 28846471 PMCID: PMC5647989 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1358327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lena M Kranz
- a BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals GmbH , Mainz , Germany
| | - Jan D Beck
- b TRON-Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH , Mainz , Germany
| | | | | | - Mathias Vormehr
- c BioNTech AG , Mainz , Germany.,d Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center at the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Mustafa Diken
- b TRON-Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH , Mainz , Germany
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Hammink R, Eggermont LJ, Zisis T, Tel J, Figdor CG, Rowan AE, Blank KG. Affinity-Based Purification of Polyisocyanopeptide Bioconjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2560-2568. [PMID: 28846388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble polyisocyanopeptides (PICs) are a new class of synthetic polymers that mimic natural protein-based filaments. Their unique semiflexible properties combined with a length of several hundred nanometers have recently enabled a number of biomedical applications ranging from tissue engineering to cancer immunotherapy. One crucial step toward the further development of PICs for these applications is the efficient and controlled synthesis and purification of PIC-biomolecule conjugates. Considering the large size of PICs and the biomolecules to be conjugated, conjugation reactions do usually not proceed to completion due to steric effects. As a consequence, purification of the reaction mixture is necessary to separate the obtained bioconjugates from unreacted biomolecules. As a direct result of the semiflexible nature of PICs, standard polymer and protein purification methods based on molecular weight have not been successful. Here, we introduce a new affinity-based purification method utilizing biotin as an affinity tag. PICs decorated with a controlled and tunable density of biotin molecules (biotinPICs) were efficiently bound to and eluted from a monoavidin resin in buffered aqueous solution. Using these biotinPICs, two different protein conjugates were synthesized, one carrying the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (PhoA) and the other T-cell activating anti-CD3 antibodies. The resulting biotinPIC-protein conjugates were successfully obtained in high purity (>90%) and without any loss of protein activity. The high purity greatly simplifies the analysis of biotinPIC bioconjugates, such as the determination of the average number of biomolecules conjugated per biotinPIC chain. Most importantly, it allows for the direct and straightforward application of the obtained bioconjugates in the desired applications. The new method developed may further be adapted for the purification of other advanced bioconjugates that are difficult to obtain in high purity with the available standard methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel Hammink
- Department of Molecular Materials, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Loek J Eggermont
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Themistoklis Zisis
- Department of Molecular Materials, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jurjen Tel
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Eindhoven University of Technology , De Zaale 15, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Carl G Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alan E Rowan
- Department of Molecular Materials, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin G Blank
- Department of Molecular Materials, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Mechano(bio)chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Potsdam-Golm Science Park, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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