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Peng Y, Wang G, Klare HFT, Oestreich M. Ring Contraction of Saturated Cyclic Amines and Rearrangement of Acyclic Amines Through Their Corresponding Hydroxylamines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202410483. [PMID: 38953245 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202410483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Compared to modifications at the molecular periphery, skeletal adjustments present greater challenges. Within this context, skeletal rearrangement technology stands out for its significant advantages in rapidly achieving structural diversity. Yet, the development of this technology for ring contraction of saturated cyclic amines remains exceedingly rare. While most existing methods rely on specific substitution patterns to achieve ring contraction, there is a persistent demand for a more general strategy for substitution-free cyclic amines. To address this issue, we report a B(C6F5)3-catalyzed skeletal rearrangement of hydroxylamines with hydrosilanes. This methodology, when combined with the N-hydroxylation of amines, enables the regioselective ring contraction of cyclic amines and proves equally effective for rapid reorganization of acyclic amine skeletons. By this, the direct scaffold hopping of drug molecules and the strategic deletion of carbon atoms are achieved in a mild manner. Based on mechanistic experiments and density functional theory calculations, a possible mechanism for this process is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Peng
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
| | - Hendrik F T Klare
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Hong D, Falvey DE. Rearrangement, Elimination, and Ring-Opening Reactions of Cyclopropyl-Substituted Nitrenium Ions: A Computational and Experimental Investigation. J Org Chem 2024; 89:10785-10795. [PMID: 39004832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
N-(4-Biphenylyl)-N-cyclopropyl nitrenium ion 5 and N-benzyl-N-cyclopropyl nitrenium ion (6) were generated through photolysis of their corresponding N-aminopyridinium ion photoprecursors. In the case of 5, stable products result from a combination of cyclopropyl ring expansion (N-biphenylazetium ion) and ethylene elimination (biphenylisonitrilium ion). When present in high concentrations, methanol can add to the cyclopropyl ring-forming N-3-methoxypropyl-N-biphenyl iminium ion. In contrast, the only detectable product from the N-benzyl-N-cyclopropyl nitrenium ion (6) is benzylisonitrile, resulting from the elimination of ethylene. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations predict the product distributions from the more stable biphenyl system 5 with reasonable accuracy. However, product distributions from the less stable benzyl system 6 are forecast with less accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Daniel E Falvey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Jin L, Cheng S, Ding W, Huang J, van Eldik R, Ji L. Insight into chemically reactive metabolites of aliphatic amine pollutants: A de novo prediction strategy and case study of sertraline. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 186:108636. [PMID: 38593692 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The uncommon metabolic pathways of organic pollutants are easily overlooked, potentially leading to idiosyncratic toxicity. Prediction of their biotransformation associated with the toxic effects is the very purpose that this work focuses, to develop a de novo method to mechanistically predict the reactive toxicity pathways of uncommon metabolites from start aliphatic amine molecules, which employed sertraline triggered by CYP450 enzymes as a model system, as there are growing concerns about the effects on human health posed by antidepressants in the aquatic environment. This de novo prediction strategy combines computational and experimental methods, involving DFT calculations upon sequential growth, in vitro and in vivo assays, dissecting chemically reactive mechanism relevant to toxicity, and rationalizing the fundamental factors. Significantly, desaturation and debenzylation-aromatization as the emerging metabolic pathways of sertraline have been elucidated, with the detection of DNA adducts of oxaziridine metabolite in mice, highlighting the potential reactive toxicity. Molecular orbital analysis supports the reactivity preference for toxicological-relevant C-N desaturation over N-hydroxylation of sertraline, possibly extended to several other aliphatic amines based on the Bell-Evans-Polanyi principle. It was further validated toward some other wide-concerned aliphatic amine pollutants involving atrazine, ε-caprolactam, 6PPD via in silico and in vitro assays, thereby constituting a complete path for de novo prediction from case study to general applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingmin Jin
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Shiyang Cheng
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China.
| | - Wen Ding
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Jingru Huang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Rudi van Eldik
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Li Ji
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China.
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Nitrenium ion-based ipso-addition and ortho-cyclization of arenes under photo and iron dual-catalysis. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Orellana NV, Taylor MT. Targeting Tryptophan for Tagging Through Photo-induced Electron Transfer. Synlett 2021; 32:1371-1378. [PMID: 34413573 PMCID: PMC8372833 DOI: 10.1055/a-1479-6366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemical modification of tryptophan (Trp) has been the subject of interest for nearly 100 years, yet the development modification conditions that exploit Trp's inherent photolability have remained elusive. In this perspective, we discuss our recently reported method for Tryptophan (Trp) photobioconjugation that uses N -carbamoyl pyridinium salts to engage Trp in photo-induced electron transfer. We detail our inspiration and rationale as well as place our report in the context of select prior art in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norberto V Orellana
- University of Wyoming, Department of Chemistry, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, Wyoming, 82071, USA
| | - Michael T Taylor
- University of Wyoming, Department of Chemistry, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, Wyoming, 82071, USA
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Sen' VD, Golubev VA, Shilov GV, Chernyak AV, Kurmaz VA, Luzhkov VB. Oxygen Atom Transfer in the Oxidation of Dimethyl Sulfoxide by Oxoammonium Cations. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3176-3185. [PMID: 33449678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic oxoammonium salts and DMSO are known as important reagents for their diverse and unique reactivity. In the present work, we have studied the reaction of six- and five-membered oxoammonium salts with DMSO. The reaction includes ∼100% selective transfer of the O atom from the >N+═O group to the S atom of DMSO and structural rearrangement of the remaining cationic framework, leading to the formation of hydrolytically unstable iminium salts. The logarithms of the bimolecular rate constants k of the reaction correlated linearly with the reduction potentials E>N+═O/>N-O•, a relationship known for other electrophile-nucleophile combinations. The kinetic data and results of the DFT calculations allow for the suggestion that the studied process proceeds via the prereactive charge-transfer complex >N+═O···S (O)Me2 and its direct concerted rearrangement to the iminium salts. An alternative mechanism that includes intermediate steps with discrete nitrenium cations can be ruled out on the basis of product analysis and DFT computations. The obtained results allow a deeper understanding of the redox chemistry of a pair of nitroxide radicals-oxoammonium cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily D Sen'
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Valery A Golubev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Gennadii V Shilov
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander V Chernyak
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A Kurmaz
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Victor B Luzhkov
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russian Federation.,Department of Fundamental Physico-Chemical Engineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia Federation
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Dragoi AM, Radulescu I, Năsui BA, Pop AL, Varlas VN, Trifu S. Clozapine: An Updated Overview of Pharmacogenetic Biomarkers, Risks, and Safety-Particularities in the Context of COVID-19. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E840. [PMID: 33187329 PMCID: PMC7697202 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND clozapine (CLZ) use is precarious due to its neurological, cardiovascular, and hematological side effects; however, it is the gold standard in therapy-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) in adults and is underused. OBJECTIVE to examine the most recent CLZ data on (a) side effects concerning (b) recent pharmacological mechanisms, (c) therapy benefits, and (d) the particularities of the COVID-19 pandemic. DATA SOURCES a search was performed in two databases (PubMed and Web of Science) using the specific keywords "clozapine" and "schizophrenia", "side effects", "agranulocytosis", "TRS", or "bipolar affective disorder (BAF)" for the last ten years. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA clinical trials on adults with acute symptoms of schizophrenia or related disorders. RESULTS we selected 37 studies, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and clinical case series (CCS), centered on six main topics in the search area: (a) CLZ in schizophrenia, (b) CLZ in bipolar disorder, (c) side effects during the clozapine therapy, (d) CLZ in pregnancy, (e) CLZ in early-onset schizophrenia, and (f) CLZ therapy and COVID-19 infection. LIMITATIONS we considered RCTs and CCS from two databases, limited to the search topics. Conclusions and implications of key findings: (a) clozapine doses should be personalized for each patient based on pharmacogenetics testing when available; the genetic vulnerability postulates predictors of adverse reactions' severity; patients with a lower genetic risk could have less frequent hematological monitoring; (b) a CLZ-associated risk of pulmonary embolism imposes prophylactic measures for venous thromboembolism; (c) convulsive episodes are not an indication for stopping treatment; the plasma concentration of clozapine is a better side effect predictor than the dosage; (d) COVID-19 infection may enhance clozapine toxicity, generating an increased risk of pneumonia. Therapy must be continued with the proper monitoring of the white blood count, and the clozapine dose decreased by half until three days after the fever breaks; psychiatrists and healthcare providers must act together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Miruna Dragoi
- Department of Psychiatry, “Alexandru Obregia” Clinical Hospital for Psychiatry, 10 Berceni St., 041914 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ioana Radulescu
- Department of General Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu St., 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (I.R.); (V.N.V.)
| | - Bogdana Adriana Năsui
- Department of Community Health, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur St., 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; or
| | - Anca Lucia Pop
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Food Safety, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia St., 020945 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valentin Nicolae Varlas
- Department of General Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu St., 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (I.R.); (V.N.V.)
| | - Simona Trifu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu St., 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
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Zeppuhar AN, Falvey DE. Generation of N, N-Di(4-bromophenyl)nitrenium Ion under Acidic Conditions: Search for a Nitrenium Dication. J Org Chem 2020; 85:8844-8850. [PMID: 32589031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The behavior of the N,N-di(4-bromophenyl)nitrenium ion under acidic aqueous conditions was examined via laser flash photolysis experiments. A long-lived species forms and can be assigned as the cation radical or the dication. This species is unreactive toward nucleophiles and reactive toward strong electron donors, consistent with a cation radical. Mechanistic analysis indicates that its formation is through a separate pathway compared to that of the nitrenium ion, suggestive of a triplet mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Zeppuhar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 United States
| | - Daniel E Falvey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 United States
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Tower SJ, Hetcher WJ, Myers TE, Kuehl NJ, Taylor MT. Selective Modification of Tryptophan Residues in Peptides and Proteins Using a Biomimetic Electron Transfer Process. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9112-9118. [PMID: 32348670 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We report here a photochemical process for the selective modification of tryptophan (Trp) residues in peptides and small proteins using electron-responsive N-carbamoylpyridinium salts and UV-B light. Preliminary mechanistic experiments suggest that the photoconjugation process proceeds through photoinduced electron transfer (PET) between Trp and the pyridinium salt, followed by fragmentation of the pyridinium N-N bond and concomitant transfer of this group to Trp. The reaction displays excellent site selectivity for Trp and is tolerant to other, redox-active amino-acid residues. Moreover, the reaction proceeds in pure aqueous conditions without the requirement of organic cosolvents or photocatalysts, is enhanced by glutathione, and operates efficiently over a wide range of peptide concentrations (10-700 μM). The scope of the process was explored through the labeling of 6-Trp-containing peptides and proteins ranging from 1 to 14 kDa. We demonstrate the versatility of the N-carbamoylpyridinium salt both by tuning the electrochemical and photochemical properties of the pyridinium scaffold to enable challenging photoconjugation reactions and by using the carbamoyl moiety to tether a plethora of productive functional groups, including reactive handles, purification tags, and removable protecting groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Tower
- University of Wyoming, Department of Chemistry, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Wesley J Hetcher
- University of Wyoming, Department of Chemistry, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Tyler E Myers
- University of Wyoming, Department of Chemistry, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Nicholas J Kuehl
- University of Wyoming, Department of Chemistry, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Michael T Taylor
- University of Wyoming, Department of Chemistry, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
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Bellotti P, Brocus J, El Orf F, Selkti M, König B, Belmont P, Brachet E. Visible Light-Induced Regioselective Cycloaddition of Benzoyl Azides and Alkenes To Yield Oxazolines. J Org Chem 2019; 84:6278-6285. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bellotti
- University of Regensburg, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julien Brocus
- Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC), Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris,UMR CNRS 8638 (COMETE), 4 avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Fatima El Orf
- Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC), Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris,UMR CNRS 8638 (COMETE), 4 avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Selkti
- Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC), Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, UMR CNRS 8015 (LCRB), 4 avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Burkhard König
- University of Regensburg, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Philippe Belmont
- Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC), Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris,UMR CNRS 8638 (COMETE), 4 avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Etienne Brachet
- Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC), Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris,UMR CNRS 8638 (COMETE), 4 avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
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