1
|
Zhang C, Chen T, Ying Y, Wu J. Detection of Dopamine Based on Aptamer-Modified Graphene Microelectrode. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2934. [PMID: 38733043 PMCID: PMC11086122 DOI: 10.3390/s24092934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel aptamer-modified nitrogen-doped graphene microelectrode (Apt-Au-N-RGOF) was fabricated and used to specifically identify and detect dopamine (DA). During the synthetic process, gold nanoparticles were loaded onto the active sites of nitrogen-doped graphene fibers. Then, aptamers were modified on the microelectrode depending on Au-S bonds to prepare Apt-Au-N-RGOF. The prepared microelectrode can specifically identify DA, avoiding interference with other molecules and improving its selectivity. Compared with the N-RGOF microelectrode, the Apt-Au-N-RGOF microelectrode exhibited higher sensitivity, a lower detection limit (0.5 μM), and a wider linear range (1~100 μM) and could be applied in electrochemical analysis fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jing Wu
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; (C.Z.); (T.C.); (Y.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moon S, Senokos E, Trouillet V, Loeffler FF, Strauss V. Sustainable design of high-performance multifunctional carbon electrodes by one-step laser carbonization for supercapacitors and dopamine sensors. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:8627-8638. [PMID: 38606506 PMCID: PMC11064777 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00588k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Laser carbonization is a rapid method to produce functional carbon materials for electronic devices, but many typical carbon precursors are not sustainable and/or require extensive processing for electrochemical applications. Here, a sustainable concept to fabricate laser patterned carbon (LP-C) electrodes from biomass-derived sodium lignosulfonate, an abundant waste product from the paper industry is presented. By introducing an adhesive polymer interlayer between the sodium lignosulfonate and a graphite foil current collector, stable, abrasion-resistant LP-C electrodes can be fabricated in a single laser irradiation step. The electrode properties can be systematically tuned by controlling the laser processing parameters. The optimized LP-C electrodes demonstrate a promising performance in supercapacitors and electrochemical dopamine biosensors. They exhibit high areal capacitances of 38.9 mF cm-2 in 1 M H2SO4 and high energy and power densities of 4.3 μW h cm-2 and 16 mW cm-2 in 17 M NaClO4, showing the best performance among biomass-derived LP-C materials reported so far. After 20 000 charge/discharge cycles, they retain a high capacitance of 81%. Dopamine was linearly detected in the range of 0.1 to 20 μM with an extrapolated limit of detection of 0.5 μM (S/N = 3) and high sensitivity (13.38 μA μM-1 cm-2), demonstrating better performance than previously reported biomass-derived LP-C dopamine sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghwa Moon
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Evgeny Senokos
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Vanessa Trouillet
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Felix F Loeffler
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Volker Strauss
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yin S, Yang H, Wu Y, Wang Z, Yu C, Tang Y, Wang G. Recent advances in biological molecule detection based on a three-dimensional graphene structure. Analyst 2024; 149:1364-1380. [PMID: 38314837 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01932b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Graphene has become an attractive material in the field of electrochemical detection owing to its unique electrical properties. Although the simple stacking structures of two-dimensional (2D) graphene sheets can provide excellent detection properties, a macroscopic three-dimensional (3D) structure needs to be constructed to enhance its functional properties. Graphene with a 3D structure has elegant functions, unlike graphene with a 2D structure. These properties include a large specific surface area, easy loading of nanomaterials with electrocatalytic and redox functions, and so on. Herein, we outline the preparation methods (self-assembly, chemical vapor deposition, templates, and 3D printing) for 3D graphene structures for obtaining excellent detection performance and applications in detecting biological molecules, bacteria, and cells. Furthermore, this review focuses on the improvement of the detection performance and enhancement of the applicability of graphene-based electrochemical sensors. We hope that this article will provide a reference for the future development of electrochemical sensors based on 3D graphene composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengyan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Hanyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Yuyang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Chenhao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Guangbin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hong Y, Weng Y, Wu Q, Qi LY, Fan LJ. Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Containing a High Density of Pendant Phenylboronic Acid Groups for Dopamine Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37931325 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
A fluorescent sensing system based on a conjugated polyelectrolyte was constructed to detect dopamine (DA) in complex samples. The conjugated polymer PFPE-PBA with poly[fluorenyl-alt-p-phenyleneethynylene] (PFPE) as the backbone and carrying four pendant phenylboronic acid (PBA) groups in each repeat unit was synthesized. PFPE-PBA was found to have good solubility in polar solvents. After optimization, glycine-NaOH at pH 10 was selected as the buffer, and the solvent composition of the system was set to methanol/water (9/1 by volume). Titration experiments showed that DA could effectively quench the fluorescence of the polymer solution with a response time within 60 s and a limit of detection of 23 nM. Polyols, cations, and other possible interfering substances do not significantly affect the fluorescence of the polymer, thereby allowing for the highly selective detection of DA. Furthermore, quantitative determination of DA in spiked serum and artificial urine samples was successfully demonstrated, with recoveries ranging from 96.7 to 104%. Preliminary mechanism studies suggest that the pedant PBAs capture DA via reaction with the catechol group, and the fluorescence quenching is most likely due to the photoinduced electron transfer between the aromatic part of DA and the conjugated backbone. This study provides a general strategy for the future design of conjugated polyelectrolyte-based sensing systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hong
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yuchen Weng
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Qin Wu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Lu-Yue Qi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, P.R. China
| | - Li-Juan Fan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Suriyaprakash J, Huang Y, Hu Z, Wang H, Zhan Y, Zhou Y, Thangavelu I, Wu L. Laser Scribing Turns Plastic Waste into a Biosensor via the Restructuration of Nanocarbon Composites for Noninvasive Dopamine Detection. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:810. [PMID: 37622896 PMCID: PMC10452382 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The development of affordable and compact noninvasive point-of-care (POC) dopamine biosensors for the next generation is currently a major and challenging problem. In this context, a highly sensitive, selective, and low-cost sensing probe is developed by a simple one-step laser-scribing process of plastic waste. A flexible POC device is developed as a prototype and shows a highly specific response to dopamine in the real sample (urine) as low as 100 pmol/L in a broad linear range of 10-10-10-4 mol/L. The 3D topological feature, carrier kinetics, and surface chemistry are found to improve with the formation of high-density metal-embedded graphene-foam composite driven by laser irradiation on the plastic-waste surface. The development of various kinds of flexible and tunable biosensors by plastic waste is now possible thanks to the success of this simple, but effective, laser-scribing technique, which is capable of modifying the matrix's electronic and chemical composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh Suriyaprakash
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.S.); (Y.H.); (Z.H.); (H.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.S.); (Y.H.); (Z.H.); (H.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhifei Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.S.); (Y.H.); (Z.H.); (H.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Hao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.S.); (Y.H.); (Z.H.); (H.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yiyu Zhan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.S.); (Y.H.); (Z.H.); (H.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yangtao Zhou
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road 72, Shenyang 110016, China;
| | - Indumathi Thangavelu
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India;
| | - Lijun Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.S.); (Y.H.); (Z.H.); (H.W.); (Y.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Choi Y, Jeon CS, Kim KB, Kim HJ, Pyun SH, Park YM. Quantitative detection of dopamine in human serum with surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of constrained vibrational mode. Talanta 2023; 260:124590. [PMID: 37146455 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a crucial neurotransmitter involved in the hormonal, nervous, and vascular systems being considered as an index to diagnose neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Herein, we demonstrate the quantitative sensing of DA using the peak shift in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid (4-MPBA), resulting from the concentration of DA. To enable the signal enhancement of Raman scattering, Ag nanostructure was built with one-step gas-flow sputtering. 4-MPBA was then introduced using vapor-based deposition, acting as a reporter molecule for bonding with DA. The gradual peak-shift from 1075.6 cm-1 to 1084.7 cm-1 was observed with the increasing concentration of DA from 1 pM to 100nM. The numerical simulation revealed that DA bonding induced a constrained vibrational mode corresponding to 1084.7 cm-1 instead of a C-S-coupled C-ring in-plane bending mode of 4-MPBA corresponding to 1075.6 cm-1. Proposed SERS sensors depicted reliable DA detection in human serum and good selectivity against other analytes, including glucose, creatinine, and uric acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongheum Choi
- Heat and Surface Technology R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Su Jeon
- R&D Center, Speclipse Inc., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13461, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Bok Kim
- Digital Health Care R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan, 31056, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Kim
- Heat and Surface Technology R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Pyun
- R&D Center, Speclipse Inc., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13461, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Min Park
- Heat and Surface Technology R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao L, Xu G, Gao C, Song P. A novel RhB@MOF-808 fluorescent probe for the rapid detection of dopamine and Fe 3. Anal Biochem 2023; 671:115154. [PMID: 37100107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) and Fe3+ as the important bioactive ingredients, playing an indispensable role in human metabolism. Therefore, developing the accurate detection of DA and Fe3+ is of great significance for disease screening. Herein, we put forward a simple, rapid, and sensitive fluorescent detection strategy for the detection of dopamine and Fe3+ based on Rhodamine B-modified MOF-808 (RhB@MOF-808). RhB@MOF-808 produced strong fluorescence at 580 nm, and the fluorescence was significantly quenched after DA or Fe3+ was added, which was regarded as a static quenching process. Detection limits are as low as 60.25 nM and 48.34 nM, respectively. Furthermore, based on the responses of DA and Fe3+ to the probe, molecular logic gates were successfully designed. More importantly, RhB@MOF-808 had excellent cell membrane permeability and had been successfully used to label DA and Fe3+ in Hela cells, which presented a potential biological application value as a fluorescent probe for detecting DA and Fe3+.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lefa Zhao
- College of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China; School of General Education, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, 110115, China
| | - Guangda Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ce Gao
- School of General Education, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, 110115, China.
| | - Peng Song
- College of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xi X, Tang W, Wu D, Shen C, Ji W, Li J, Su Y, Guo X, Liu R, Yan F. All-Carbon Solution-Gated Transistor with Low Operating Voltages for Highly Selective and Stable Dopamine Sensing. ACS Sens 2023; 8:1211-1219. [PMID: 36763821 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of carbon materials makes it possible to prepare all-carbon electronic devices requiring components with different properties and functions. In this work, we fabricate an all-carbon solution-gated transistor (AC-SGT) based dopamine (DA) sensor with Nafion coated nitrogen and oxygen co-doped carbon yarn (Nafion/NOCY) as the gate electrode and graphene as the channel. The carbon materials in AC-SGT render the usage of a variety of strategies to improve its electrochemical sensing capability including the modification of the gate electrode and the modulation of the operating voltage. With a low gate-source voltage of 0.02 V as well as a low drain-source voltage of 0.05 V, AC-SGT manifests the outstanding DA sensing performances in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, limit of detection (3 nM, S/N > 3), linear range (3 nM to 300 μM), long-term stability (over 30 days), and preconditioning time (60 s). Furthermore, a smartphone controlled portable sensing system integrated with AC-SGT is fabricated herein, which shows the excellent in vitro sensing capability of DA in urine, proving the potential of all-carbon transistors in smart wearable biosensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xi
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronics Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronics Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dongqing Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chaochao Shen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronics Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronics Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronics Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuezeng Su
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronics Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaojun Guo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronics Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ruili Liu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronics Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
- Research Institute of Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shetty SS, Moosa B, Zhang L, Alshankiti B, Baslyman W, Mani V, Khashab NM, Salama KN. Polyoxometalate-cyclodextrin supramolecular entities for real-time in situ monitoring of dopamine released from neuroblastoma cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 229:115240. [PMID: 36963326 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Optimized and sensitive biomarker detection has recently been shown to have a critical impact on quality of diagnosis and medical care options. In this research study, polyoxometalate-γ-cyclodextrin metal-organic framework (POM-γCD MOF) was utilized as an electrocatalyst to fabricate highly selective sensors to detect in-situ released dopamine. The POM-γCD MOF produced multiple modes of signals for dopamine including electrochemical, colorimetric, and smartphone read-outs. Real-time quantitative monitoring of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cellular dopamine production was successfully demonstrated under various stimuli at different time intervals. The POM-CD MOF sensor and linear regression model were used to develop a smartphone read-out platform, which converts dopamine visual signals to digital signals within a few seconds. Ultimately, POM-γCD MOFs can play a significant role in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases that involve dopamine as a significant biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saptami Suresh Shetty
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basem Moosa
- Smart Hybrid Materials Research Group (SHMs), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Li Zhang
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Buthainah Alshankiti
- Smart Hybrid Materials Research Group (SHMs), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa Baslyman
- Smart Hybrid Materials Research Group (SHMs), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Veerappan Mani
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Niveen M Khashab
- Smart Hybrid Materials Research Group (SHMs), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khaled Nabil Salama
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aqsa Batool Bukhari S, Nasir H, Sitara E, Akhtar T, Ramazan Oduncu M, Iram S, Pan L. Efficient electrochemical detection of dopamine with carbon nanocoils and copper tetra(p-methoxyphenyl)porphyrin nanocomposite. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
|
11
|
Baldina AA, Pershina LV, Noskova UV, Nikitina AA, Muravev AA, Skorb EV, Nikolaev KG. Uricase Crowding via Polyelectrolyte Layers Coacervation for Carbon Fiber-Based Electrochemical Detection of Uric Acid. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235145. [PMID: 36501541 PMCID: PMC9739113 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Urate oxidase (UOx) surrounded by synthetic macromolecules, such as polyethyleneimine (PEI), poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) is a convenient model of redox-active biomacromolecules in a crowded environment and could display high enzymatic activity towards uric acid, an important marker of COVID-19 patients. In this work, the carbon fiber electrode was modified with Prussian blue (PB) redox mediator, UOx layer, and a layer-by-layer assembled polyelectrolyte film, which forms a complex coacervate consisting of a weakly charged polyelectrolyte (PEI or PAH) and a highly charged one (PSS). The film deposition process was controlled by cyclic voltammetry and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (at the stage of PB deposition) and through quartz crystal microbalance technique (at latter stages) revealed uniform distribution of the polyelectrolyte layers. Variation of the polyelectrolyte film composition derived the following statements. (1) There is a linear correlation between electrochemical signal and concentration of uric acid in the range of 10-4-10-6 M. (2) An increase in the number of polyelectrolyte layers provides more reproducible values for uric acid concentration in real urine samples of SARS-CoV-2 patients measured by electrochemical enzyme assay, which are comparable to those of spectrophotometric assay. (3) The PAH/UOx/PSS/(PAH/PSS)2-coated carbon fiber electrode displays the highest sensitivity towards uric acid. (4) There is a high enzyme activity of UOx immobilized into the hydrogel nanolayer (values of the Michaelis-Menten constant are up to 2 μM) and, consequently, high affinity to uric acid.
Collapse
|
12
|
Kong W, Zhu D, Luo R, Yu S, Ju H. Framework-promoted charge transfer for highly selective photoelectrochemical biosensing of dopamine. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 211:114369. [PMID: 35594626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditional photoelectrochemical (PEC) systems with inorganic semiconductors as photoactive materials generally involve effortless recombination of electron-hole pairs, which greatly limit the detection sensitivity. The arrangement of multiple components with tunable bandgaps provides an effective way to accelerate charge transfer. In this work, a framework material with adjustable structure was used to promote the charge transfer in the PEC process. The framework was constructed with 9,10-di(p-carboxyphenyl)anthracene (DPA) ligands as the light collector to coordinate with Zn2+ nodes, which formed an electronegative metal-organic framework (ZnMOF), and showed good conductivity and PEC performance due to the π-π stacking of DPA and the intrareticular charge transfer. Based on the band and charge matching of dopamine (DA) with ZnMOF, the ZnMOF modified electrode as a biosensor showed excellent PEC response to DA with good selectivity, thus realized sensitive detection of DA ranging from 0.03 to 10 μM with a detection limit of 17.7 nM. The biosensor could be used to monitor the release of DA from PC12 cells and evaluate the stimulation of K+ to DA release. The conductive framework material provided an approach to develop highly selective sensing platform for trace bioanalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weisu Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Da Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Rengan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Siqi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kafle A, Thakur N, Nagaiah TC. Fabrication of NiFeB flexible electrode via electroless deposition towards selective and sensitive detection of dopamine. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:3681-3686. [DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00570k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The abstract should be a single paragraph that summarises the content of the article A novel cost effective and eco-friendly flexible electrochemical sensor was designed to deal with the problems...
Collapse
|
14
|
Suriyaprakash J, Bala K, Shan L, Wu L, Gupta N. Molecular Engineered Carbon-Based Sensor for Ultrafast and Specific Detection of Neurotransmitters. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:60878-60893. [PMID: 34920668 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the quest for designing affordable diagnostic devices with high performance, precisely functionalized carbon-based materials with high accuracy and selectivity are required. Every material has its own unique ability to interact with the analyte, and its performance can be enhanced by probing the interaction mechanism. Herein, p-aminophenol (PAP)-functionalized reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanoscale material is developed by a one-step synthetic route as an all-organic-based sensor. As the PAP molecules are precisely covalently interacted with the rGO at the basal plane and form a wrinkled-paper-like structure, the functionalized material exhibits an outstanding sensing ability (7.5 nM neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) at a wide linear range, 0.01-100 μM) with fast electrical transduction (<3 s) and good recyclability (∼10 cycles) in a real sample. Combining various analytical and density functional theory (DFT) calculation methods, physicochemical properties and the interaction mechanism of analyte-materials transduction are discussed exclusively. Besides, the potential application of the well-dispersed rGO-PAP gravure ink in flexible-printed electronics fields is explored. This study not only provides new insights into the surface/interface chemistry and working principle of this unique anchoring of PAP on rGO but also offers a new pathway for developing other forms of metal-free/organic functionalized biosensors with high efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh Suriyaprakash
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kanchan Bala
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab 140407, India
| | - Lianwei Shan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lijun Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Neeraj Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh 176215, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Thakur N, Gupta D, Mandal D, Nagaiah TC. Ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensors for dopamine and cholesterol: recent advances, challenges and strategies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:13084-13113. [PMID: 34811563 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05271c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The rapid and accurate determination of the dopamine (neurotransmitter) and cholesterol level in bio-fluids is significant because they are crucial bioanalytes for several lethal diseases, which require early diagnosis. The level of DA in the brain is modulated by the dopamine active transporter (DAT), and is influenced by cholesterol levels in the lipid membrane environment. Accordingly, electrochemical biosensors offer rapid and accurate detection and exhibit unique features such as low detection limits even with reduced volumes of analyte, affordability, simple handling, portability and versatility, making them appropriate to deal with augmented challenges in current clinical and point-of-care diagnostics for the determination of dopamine (DA) and cholesterol. This feature article focuses on the development of ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensors for the detection of cholesterol and DA for real-time and onsite applications that can detect targeted analytes with reduced volumes and sub-picomolar concentrations with quick response times. Furthermore, the development of ultrasensitive biosensors via cost-effective, simple fabrication procedures, displaying high sensitivity, selectivity, reliability and good stability is significant in the impending era of electrochemical biosensing. Herein, we emphasize on recent advanced nanomaterials used for the ultrasensitive detection of DA and cholesterol and discuss in depth their electrochemical activities towards ultrasensitive responses. Key points describing future perspectives and the challenges during detection with their probable solutions are discussed, and the current market is also surveyed. Further, a comprehensive review of the literature indicates that there is room for improvement in the miniaturization of cholesterol and dopamine biosensors for lab-on-chip devices and overcoming the current technical limitations to facilitate full utilization by patients at home.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab - 140001, India.
| | - Divyani Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab - 140001, India.
| | - Debaprasad Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab - 140001, India.
| | - Tharamani C Nagaiah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab - 140001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Islam S, Shaheen Shah S, Naher S, Ali Ehsan M, Aziz MA, Ahammad AJS. Graphene and Carbon Nanotube-based Electrochemical Sensing Platforms for Dopamine. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:3516-3543. [PMID: 34487610 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is an important neurotransmitter, which is created and released from the central nervous system. It plays a crucial role in human activities, like cognition, emotions, and response to anything. Maladjustment of DA in human blood serum results in different neural diseases, like Parkinson's and Schizophrenia. Consequently, researchers have started working on DA detection in blood serum, which is undoubtedly a hot research area. Electrochemical sensing techniques are more promising to detect DA in real samples. However, utilizing conventional electrodes for selective determination of DA encounters numerous problems due to the coexistence of other materials, such as uric acid and ascorbic acid, which have an oxidation potential close to DA. To overcome such problems, researchers have put their focus on the modification of bare electrodes. The aim of this review is to present recent advances in modifications of most used bare electrodes with carbonaceous materials, especially graphene, its derivatives, and carbon nanotubes, for electrochemical detection of DA. A brief discussion about the mechanistic phenomena at the electrode interface has also been included in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santa Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Syed Shaheen Shah
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage (IRC-HES), King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, KFUPM Box 5040, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.,Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, KFUPM Box 5047, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shamsun Naher
- Department of Chemistry, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Ali Ehsan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage (IRC-HES), King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, KFUPM Box 5040, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Abdul Aziz
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage (IRC-HES), King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, KFUPM Box 5040, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - A J Saleh Ahammad
- Department of Chemistry, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Polypyrrole-coated carbon fibre electrodes for paracetamol and clozapine drug sensing. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
18
|
Mourzina YG, Ermolenko YE, Offenhäusser A. Synthesizing Electrodes Into Electrochemical Sensor Systems. Front Chem 2021; 9:641674. [PMID: 33869143 PMCID: PMC8044375 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.641674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical sensors that can determine single/multiple analytes remain a key challenge in miniaturized analytical systems and devices. In this study, we present in situ synthesis and modification of gold nanodendrite electrodes to create an electrochemical system for the analysis of hydrogen peroxide. The sensor system consisted of the reference and counter electrodes as well as the working electrode. Electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide, ErGO, on the thin-film gold and gold nanodendrite working electrodes was used to achieve an efficient sensor interface for the adsorption of a biomimetic electrocatalytic sensor material, Mn(III) meso-tetra(N-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin complex, with as high as 10-10 mol cm-2 surface coverage. The sensor system demonstrated a detection limit of 0.3 µM H2O2 in the presence of oxygen. Electrochemical determination of hydrogen peroxide in plant material in the concentration range from 0.09 to 0.4 µmol (gFW)-1 using the electrochemical sensor system was shown as well as in vivo real-time monitoring of the hydrogen peroxide dynamics as a sign of abiotic stress (intense sunlight). Results of the electrochemical determination were in good agreement with the results of biochemical analysis with the spectrophotometric detection. We anticipate that this method can be extended for the synthesis and integration of multisensor arrays in analytical microsystems and devices for the quantification and real-time in vivo monitoring of other analytes and biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia G Mourzina
- Institute of Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Yuri E Ermolenko
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang M, Zhang X, Niu P, Shen T, Yuan Y, Bai Y, Wang Z. On-site low-power sensing nodes for distributed monitoring of heavy metal ions in water. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0003511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Menglun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Pengfei Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tao Shen
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yuantao Bai
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhilin Wang
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
A 433-MHz surface acoustic wave sensor with Ni-TiO 2-poly(L-lysine) composite film for dopamine determination. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:671. [PMID: 33225378 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04635-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A ternary hybrid material composed of Ni nanoparticles (NPs), TiO2 NPs, and poly(L-lysine) (Ply) was used as a sensing material. It was electrodeposited in situ onto a commercial 433-MHz surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator to construct a Ni-TiO2-Ply/SAW sensor. The Ni-TiO2-Ply sensing layer fully covered the resonant cavity of the SAW resonator. As the sensing layer completely covers the interdigital transducer and piezoelectric substrate, the sensing area is significantly increased, and the resonator is protected from damage or contamination. To detect the level of dopamine (DA) in serum, the fabrication of the Ni-TiO2-Ply sensing layer, distributions of various components in the sensing layer, and responses of the SAW biosensor to DA were investigated in detail. In addition, an electric field-assisted liquid-phase oxidation technique was developed for loading analytes onto the SAW sensors. After optimizing the pH value and L-lysine content of the sensing layer electrolyte and the pH value of the DA solution, the SAW biosensor responded to DA with a linear concentration range of 1 to 1000 nM, sensitivity of 5.77 MHz nM-1 cm-2, and limit of detection of 0.067 nM. Moreover, the sensor exhibited good selectivity, reproducibility, and stability at ambient temperature.Graphical abstract.
Collapse
|
21
|
Peng B, Zhao F, Ping J, Ying Y. Recent Advances in Nanomaterial-Enabled Wearable Sensors: Material Synthesis, Sensor Design, and Personal Health Monitoring. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2002681. [PMID: 32893485 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202002681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors have gained much attention due to their potential in personal health monitoring in a timely, cost-effective, easy-operating, and noninvasive way. In recent studies, nanomaterials have been employed in wearable sensors to improve the sensing performance in view of their excellent properties. Here, focus is mainly on the nanomaterial-enabled wearable sensors and their latest advances in personal health monitoring. Different kinds of nanomaterials used in wearable sensors, such as metal nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, metallic nanomaterials, hybrid nanocomposites, and bio-nanomaterials, are reviewed. Then, the progress of nanomaterial-based wearable sensors in personal health monitoring, including the detection of ions and molecules in body fluids and exhaled breath, physiological signals, and emotion parameters, is discussed. Furthermore, the future challenges and opportunities of nanomaterial-enabled wearable sensors are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Peng
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Fengnian Zhao
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Ping
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yibin Ying
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nikolaev K, Kalmykov EV, Shavronskaya DO, Nikitina AA, Stekolshchikova AA, Kosareva EA, Zenkin AA, Pantiukhin IS, Orlova OY, Skalny AV, Skorb EV. ElectroSens Platform with a Polyelectrolyte-Based Carbon Fiber Sensor for Point-of-Care Analysis of Zn in Blood and Urine. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:18987-18994. [PMID: 32775900 PMCID: PMC7408235 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe an electrochemical sensing platform-ElectroSens-for the detection of Zn based on self-assembled polyelectrolyte multilayers on the carbon fiber (CF) electrode surface. The CF-extended surface facilitates the usage of a small volume electrochemical cell (1 mL) without stirring. This approach allows making a low-cost three-electrode platform. Working electrode modification with layer-by-layer assembly of polyethyleneimine (PEI), poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS), and mercury nitrate layers eliminates solution toxicity and provides stable stripping voltammetry measurements. The stable, robust, sustainable, and even reusable Ag/AgCl reference electrode consists of adsorbed 32 PEI-KCl/PSS-KCl bilayers on the CF/silver paste separated from the outer solution by a polyvinyl chloride membrane. The polyelectrolyte-based sensor interface prevents adsorption of protein molecules from biological liquids on the CF surface that leads to a sensitivity increase of up to 2.2 μA/M for Zn2+ detection and provides a low limit of detection of 4.6 × 10-8 M. The linear range for Zn detection is 1 × 10-7 to 1 × 10-5 M. A portable potentiostat connected via wireless to a smartphone with an android-based software is also provided. The ElectroSens demonstrates reproducibility and repeatability of data for the detection of Zn in blood and urine without the digestion step.
Collapse
|