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Wang T, Ye P, Xu X, Lu M, Zhang X, Li N. Metabolic engineering combined with site-directed saturated mutations of α-keto acid decarboxylase for efficient production of 6-aminocaproic acid and 1,6-hexamethylenediamine. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024. [PMID: 38956978 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
6-Aminocaproic acid (6ACA) and 1,6-hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) are key precursors for nylon synthesis, and both are produced using petroleum-based chemical processes. However, the utilization of bio-based raw materials for biological production of monomers is crucial for nylon industry. In this study, we demonstrated that metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli and selected mutations of α-keto acid decarboxylase successfully synthesized 6ACA and HMDA. An artificial iterative cycle from l-lysine to chain-extended α-ketoacids was introduced into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Then, the extended α-ketoacids were decarboxylated and oxidized for 6ACA production. Overexpression of catalase (KatE) combined with the site-directed mutations of α-isopropylmalate synthase (LeuA) contributed synergistic enhancement effect on synthesis of 6ACA, resulting in a 1.3-fold increase in 6ACA titer. Selected mutations in α-keto acid decarboxylase (KivD) improved its specificity and 170.00 ± 5.57 mg/L of 6ACA with a yield of 0.13 mol/mol (6ACA/ l-lysine hydrochloride) was achieved by shake flask cultivation of the engineered strain with the KivD# (F381Y/V461I). Meanwhile, the engineered E. coli could accumulate 84.67 ± 4.04 mg/L of HMDA with a yield of 0.08 mol/mol (HMDA/ l-lysine hydrochloride) by replacing aldehyde dehydrogenase with bi-aminotransferases. This achievement marks a significant advancement in the biological synthesis of 6-carbon compounds, since the biosynthetic pathways of HMDA are rarely identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Wang
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Ye
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Xu
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqing Lu
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Naiqiang Li
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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2
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Seelig AH, Zahn D, Reemtsma T. Sources of persistent and mobile chemicals in municipal wastewater: a sewer perspective in Leipzig, Germany. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33259-0. [PMID: 38635091 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Persistent and mobile (PM) chemicals spread in the water cycle and have been widely detected, yet information about their sources is still scarce. In this study, 67 PM chemicals were analyzed in 19 wastewater samples taken in the sewer system of the city of Leipzig, Germany, covering different industrial, clinical, and domestic discharges. A total of 37 of these analytes could be detected, with highly variable median concentrations between substances (median: 0.5-800 µg L-1) and for single substances between samples (e.g., 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) by up to three orders of magnitude, with the highest single concentration exceeding 10 mg L-1 (p-cumenesulfonic acid). The emission of PM chemicals into the sewer system was classified as stemming from diffuse (14 analytes) or point sources (23 analytes), while 9 analytes fulfill both criteria. Many so-called industrial chemicals were also discharged from households (e.g., tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate or 1H-benzotriazole). Examples for analytes showing specific sources are tetrafluoroborate (traffic-related industry and metal production and finishing), ε-caprolactam (large-scale laundry), or cyanuric acid (likely swimming pool). Furthermore, a correlation between 1-cyanoguanidine and guanylurea was observed for the traffic-related industry. This study outlines that sewer sampling can provide valuable information on the sources of PM chemicals. This knowledge is a prerequisite for their future emission control at source or substitution as an alternative to end-of-pipe treatment in municipal wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina H Seelig
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Zahn
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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3
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Zheng L, Wang M, Li Y, Xiong Y, Wu C. Recycling and Degradation of Polyamides. Molecules 2024; 29:1742. [PMID: 38675560 PMCID: PMC11052090 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
As one of the five major engineering plastics, polyamide brings many benefits to humans in the fields of transportation, clothing, entertainment, health, and more. However, as the production of polyamide increases year by year, the pollution problems it causes are becoming increasingly severe. This article reviews the current recycling and treatment processes of polyamide, such as chemical, mechanical, and energy recovery, and degradation methods such as thermal oxidation, photooxidation, enzyme degradation, etc. Starting from the synthesis mechanism of polyamide, it discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different treatment methods of polyamide to obtain more environmentally friendly and economical treatment schemes. Finding enzymes that can degrade high-molecular-weight polyamides, exploring the recovery of polyamides under mild conditions, synthesizing environmentally degradable polyamides through copolymerization or molecular design, and finally preparing degradable bio-based polyamides may be the destination of polyamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zheng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-Weight Materials and Processing, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (L.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Mengjin Wang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-Weight Materials and Processing, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (L.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yaoqin Li
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-Weight Materials and Processing, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (L.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yan Xiong
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-Weight Materials and Processing, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (L.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang 441000, China
| | - Chonggang Wu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-Weight Materials and Processing, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (L.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang 441000, China
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4
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Feng J, Han Y, Xu S, Liao Y, Wang Y, Xu S, Li H, Wang X, Chen K. Engineering RuBisCO-based shunt for improved cadaverine production in Escherichia coli. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 398:130529. [PMID: 38437969 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The process of biological fermentation is often accompanied by the release of CO2, resulting in low yield and environmental pollution. Refixing CO2 to the product synthesis pathway is an attractive approach to improve the product yield. Cadaverine is an important diamine used for the synthesis of bio-based polyurethane or polyamide. Here, aiming to increase its final production, a RuBisCO-based shunt consisting of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) and phosphoribulate kinase (PRK) was expressed in cadaverine-producing E. coli. This shunt was calculated capable of increasing the maximum theoretical cadaverine yield based on flux model analysis. When a functional RuBisCO-based shunt was established and optimized in E. coli, the cadaverine production and yield of the final engineered strain reached the highest level, which were 84.1 g/L and 0.37 g/g Glucose, respectively. Thus, the design of in situ CO2 fixation provides a green and efficient industrial production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Han
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongtao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Kequan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Bell EL, Rosetto G, Ingraham MA, Ramirez KJ, Lincoln C, Clarke RW, Gado JE, Lilly JL, Kucharzyk KH, Erickson E, Beckham GT. Natural diversity screening, assay development, and characterization of nylon-6 enzymatic depolymerization. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1217. [PMID: 38336849 PMCID: PMC10858056 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45523-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Successes in biocatalytic polyester recycling have raised the possibility of deconstructing alternative polymers enzymatically, with polyamide (PA) being a logical target due to the array of amide-cleaving enzymes present in nature. Here, we screen 40 potential natural and engineered nylon-hydrolyzing enzymes (nylonases), using mass spectrometry to quantify eight compounds resulting from enzymatic nylon-6 (PA6) hydrolysis. Comparative time-course reactions incubated at 40-70 °C showcase enzyme-dependent variations in product distributions and extent of PA6 film depolymerization, with significant nylon deconstruction activity appearing rare. The most active nylonase, a NylCK variant we rationally thermostabilized (an N-terminal nucleophile (Ntn) hydrolase, NylCK-TS, Tm = 87.4 °C, 16.4 °C higher than the wild-type), hydrolyzes 0.67 wt% of a PA6 film. Reactions fail to restart after fresh enzyme addition, indicating that substrate-based limitations, such as restricted enzyme access to hydrolysable bonds, prohibit more extensive deconstruction. Overall, this study expands our understanding of nylonase activity distribution, indicates that Ntn hydrolases may have the greatest potential for further development, and identifies key targets for progressing PA6 enzymatic depolymerization, including improving enzyme activity, product selectivity, and enhancing polymer accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Bell
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- BOTTLE Consortium, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Gloria Rosetto
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Morgan A Ingraham
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- BOTTLE Consortium, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Kelsey J Ramirez
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- BOTTLE Consortium, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Clarissa Lincoln
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- BOTTLE Consortium, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Ryan W Clarke
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- BOTTLE Consortium, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Japheth E Gado
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- BOTTLE Consortium, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Jacob L Lilly
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA
| | | | - Erika Erickson
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- BOTTLE Consortium, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Gregg T Beckham
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
- BOTTLE Consortium, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
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6
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Choi SY, Lee Y, Yu HE, Cho IJ, Kang M, Lee SY. Sustainable production and degradation of plastics using microbes. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:2253-2276. [PMID: 38030909 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01529-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are indispensable in everyday life and industry, but the environmental impact of plastic waste on ecosystems and human health is a huge concern. Microbial biotechnology offers sustainable routes to plastic production and waste management. Bacteria and fungi can produce plastics, as well as their constituent monomers, from renewable biomass, such as crops, agricultural residues, wood and organic waste. Bacteria and fungi can also degrade plastics. We review state-of-the-art microbial technologies for sustainable production and degradation of bio-based plastics and highlight the potential contributions of microorganisms to a circular economy for plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Choi
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- BioProcess Engineering Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoon Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- BioProcess Engineering Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Eun Yu
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - In Jin Cho
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- BioProcess Engineering Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Kang
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- BioProcess Engineering Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- BioInformatics Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of Engineering Biology, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Liu M, He K, Bi H, Wang M, Chen B, Tan T, Zhang Y. Metabolic Engineering for Effective Synthesis of 2-Hydroxyadipate. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:2475-2486. [PMID: 37527188 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Adipic acid is an important monomer in the synthesis of nylon-6,6. In recent years, the biosynthesis of adipic acid has received more and more attention. The pathway with l-lysine as a precursor has potential for adipic acid synthesis, and 2-hydroxyadipate is a key intermediate metabolite in this pathway. In this Letter, the biosynthesis pathway of 2-hydroxyadipate was constructed in Escherichia coli. Through enhancement of precursor synthesis and cofactors regulation, 7.11 g/L of 2-hydroxyadipate was produced in the 5 L bioreactor, which verified the scale-up potential of 2-hydroxyadipate production. Furthermore, 11.1 g/L of 2-hydroxyadipate was produced in the 5 L bioreactor on the basis of potential optimization strategies via transcriptome analysis. This is the first time for the biosynthesis of 2-hydroxyadipate. The results lay a solid foundation for the biosynthesis of adipic acid and the production of bionylon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 15th Beisanhuan East Road, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Keqin He
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 15th Beisanhuan East Road, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Haoran Bi
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 15th Beisanhuan East Road, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Meng Wang
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 15th Beisanhuan East Road, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Biqiang Chen
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 15th Beisanhuan East Road, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 15th Beisanhuan East Road, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Yang Zhang
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 15th Beisanhuan East Road, Beijing, 100029, PR China
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8
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Zhi R, Cheng N, Li G, Deng Y. Biosensor-based high-throughput screening enabled efficient adipic acid production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12669-z. [PMID: 37421473 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12669-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Adipic acid is an industrially important chemical, but the current approach to synthesize it can be of serious pollution to the environment. Rencently, bio-based production of adipic acid has significantly advanced with the development of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. However, genetic heterogeneity-caused decrease of product titer has largely limited the industrialization of chemicals like adipic acid. Therefore, in the attempt to overcome this challenge, we constitutively expressed the reverse adipate degradation pathway, designed and optimized an adipic acid biosensor, and established a high-throughput screening platform to screen for high-performance strains based on the optimized biosensor. Using this platform, we successfully screened a strain with an adipic acid titer of 188.08 mg·L-1. Coupling the screening platform with fermentation optimization, the titer of adipic acid reached 531.88 mg·L-1 under shake flask fermentation, which achieved an 18.78-fold improvement comparing to the initial strain. Scale-up fermentation in a 5-L fermenter utilizing the screened high-performance strain was eventually conducted, in which the adipic acid titer reached 3.62 g·L-1. Overall, strategies developed in this study proved to be a potentially efficient method in reducing the genetic heterogeneity and was expected to provide guidance in helping to build a more efficient industrial screening process. KEY POINTS: • Developed a fine-tuned adipic acid biosensor. • Established a high-throughput screening platform to screen high-performance strains. • The titer of adipic acid reached 3.62 g·L-1 in a 5-L fermenter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhi
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Cheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guohui Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yu Deng
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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9
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Xu D, Ma C, Wu M, Deng Y, He YC. Improved production of adipic acid from a high loading of corn stover via an efficient and mild combination pretreatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 382:129196. [PMID: 37207697 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Adipic acid is one kind of important organic dibasic acid, which has crucial role in manufacturing plastics, lubricants, resins, fibers, etc. Using lignocellulose as feedstock for producing adipic acid can reduce production cost and improve bioresource utilization. After pretreated in the mixture of 7 wt% NaOH and 8 wt% ChCl-PEG10000 at 25 oC for 10 min, the surface of corn stover became loose and rough. The specific surface area was increased after the removal of lignin. A high loading of pretreated corn stover was enzymatically hydrolyzed by cellulase (20 FPU/g substrate) and xylanase (15 U/g substrate), and the yield of reducing sugars was as high as 75%. Biomass-hydrolysates obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis were efficiently fermented to produce adipic acid, and the yield was 0.45 g adipic acid per g reducing sugar. A sustainable approach for manufacturing adipic acid from lignocellulose via a room temperature pretreatment has great potential in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daozhu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, PR China
| | - Cuiluan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Mengjia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yu Deng
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, PR China
| | - Yu-Cai He
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, PR China.
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10
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Tan Z, Li J, Hou J, Gonzalez R. Designing artificial pathways for improving chemical production. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 64:108119. [PMID: 36764336 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering exploits manipulation of catalytic and regulatory elements to improve a specific function of the host cell, often the synthesis of interesting chemicals. Although naturally occurring pathways are significant resources for metabolic engineering, these pathways are frequently inefficient and suffer from a series of inherent drawbacks. Designing artificial pathways in a rational manner provides a promising alternative for chemicals production. However, the entry barrier of designing artificial pathway is relatively high, which requires researchers a comprehensive and deep understanding of physical, chemical and biological principles. On the other hand, the designed artificial pathways frequently suffer from low efficiencies, which impair their further applications in host cells. Here, we illustrate the concept and basic workflow of retrobiosynthesis in designing artificial pathways, as well as the most currently used methods including the knowledge- and computer-based approaches. Then, we discuss how to obtain desired enzymes for novel biochemistries, and how to trim the initially designed artificial pathways for further improving their functionalities. Finally, we summarize the current applications of artificial pathways from feedstocks utilization to various products synthesis, as well as our future perspectives on designing artificial pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaigao Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Bioengineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Bioengineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ramon Gonzalez
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
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Cary CM, Seymore TN, Singh D, Vayas KN, Goedken MJ, Adams S, Polunas M, Sunil VR, Laskin DL, Demokritou P, Stapleton PA. Single inhalation exposure to polyamide micro and nanoplastic particles impairs vascular dilation without generating pulmonary inflammation in virgin female Sprague Dawley rats. Part Fibre Toxicol 2023; 20:16. [PMID: 37088832 PMCID: PMC10122824 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-023-00525-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to micro- and nanoplastic particles (MNPs) in humans is being identified in both the indoor and outdoor environment. Detection of these materials in the air has made inhalation exposure to MNPs a major cause for concern. One type of plastic polymer found in indoor and outdoor settings is polyamide, often referred to as nylon. Inhalation of combustion-derived, metallic, and carbonaceous aerosols generate pulmonary inflammation, cardiovascular dysfunction, and systemic inflammation. Additionally, due to the additives present in plastics, MNPs may act as endocrine disruptors. Currently there is limited knowledge on potential health effects caused by polyamide or general MNP inhalation. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to assess the toxicological consequences of a single inhalation exposure of female rats to polyamide MNP during estrus by means of aerosolization of MNP. METHODS Bulk polyamide powder (i.e., nylon) served as a representative MNP. Polyamide aerosolization was characterized using particle sizers, cascade impactors, and aerosol samplers. Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry (MPPD) modeling was used to evaluate pulmonary deposition of MNPs. Pulmonary inflammation was assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell content and H&E-stained tissue sections. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), wire myography of the aorta and uterine artery, and pressure myography of the radial artery was used to assess cardiovascular function. Systemic inflammation and endocrine disruption were quantified by measurement of proinflammatory cytokines and reproductive hormones. RESULTS Our aerosolization exposure platform was found to generate particles within the micro- and nano-size ranges (thereby constituting MNPs). Inhaled particles were predicted to deposit in all regions of the lung; no overt pulmonary inflammation was observed. Conversely, increased blood pressure and impaired dilation in the uterine vasculature was noted while aortic vascular reactivity was unaffected. Inhalation of MNPs resulted in systemic inflammation as measured by increased plasma levels of IL-6. Decreased levels of 17β-estradiol were also observed suggesting that MNPs have endocrine disrupting activity. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate aerosolization of MNPs in our inhalation exposure platform. Inhaled MNP aerosols were found to alter inflammatory, cardiovascular, and endocrine activity. These novel findings will contribute to a better understanding of inhaled plastic particle toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M Cary
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, 08854, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Talia N Seymore
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, 08854, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Dilpreet Singh
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 02115, Boston, MA, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), 08854, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kinal N Vayas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, 08854, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Michael J Goedken
- Research Pathology Services, Rutgers University, 08854, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Samantha Adams
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, 08854, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Marianne Polunas
- Research Pathology Services, Rutgers University, 08854, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Vasanthi R Sunil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, 08854, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, 08854, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), 08854, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 02115, Boston, MA, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), 08854, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, Rutgers School of Public Health, Rutgers University, 08854, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Phoebe A Stapleton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, 08854, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), 08854, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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12
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Tournier V, Duquesne S, Guillamot F, Cramail H, Taton D, Marty A, André I. Enzymes' Power for Plastics Degradation. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5612-5701. [PMID: 36916764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are everywhere in our modern way of living, and their production keeps increasing every year, causing major environmental concerns. Nowadays, the end-of-life management involves accumulation in landfills, incineration, and recycling to a lower extent. This ecological threat to the environment is inspiring alternative bio-based solutions for plastic waste treatment and recycling toward a circular economy. Over the past decade, considerable efforts have been made to degrade commodity plastics using biocatalytic approaches. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on the recent advances in enzyme-based biocatalysis and in the design of related biocatalytic processes to recycle or upcycle commodity plastics, including polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, and polyolefins. We also discuss scope and limitations, challenges, and opportunities of this field of research. An important message from this review is that polymer-assimilating enzymes are very likely part of the solution to reaching a circular plastic economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Tournier
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sophie Duquesne
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France, 135, avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Frédérique Guillamot
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Henri Cramail
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Daniel Taton
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Alain Marty
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle André
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France, 135, avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
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13
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Hayes G, Laurel M, MacKinnon D, Zhao T, Houck HA, Becer CR. Polymers without Petrochemicals: Sustainable Routes to Conventional Monomers. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2609-2734. [PMID: 36227737 PMCID: PMC9999446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Access to a wide range of plastic materials has been rationalized by the increased demand from growing populations and the development of high-throughput production systems. Plastic materials at low costs with reliable properties have been utilized in many everyday products. Multibillion-dollar companies are established around these plastic materials, and each polymer takes years to optimize, secure intellectual property, comply with the regulatory bodies such as the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals and the Environmental Protection Agency and develop consumer confidence. Therefore, developing a fully sustainable new plastic material with even a slightly different chemical structure is a costly and long process. Hence, the production of the common plastic materials with exactly the same chemical structures that does not require any new registration processes better reflects the reality of how to address the critical future of sustainable plastics. In this review, we have highlighted the very recent examples on the synthesis of common monomers using chemicals from sustainable feedstocks that can be used as a like-for-like substitute to prepare conventional petrochemical-free thermoplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Hayes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Laurel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - Dan MacKinnon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - Tieshuai Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - Hannes A. Houck
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Advanced Study, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - C. Remzi Becer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
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14
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Son J, Sohn YJ, Baritugo KA, Jo SY, Song HM, Park SJ. Recent advances in microbial production of diamines, aminocarboxylic acids, and diacids as potential platform chemicals and bio-based polyamides monomers. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 62:108070. [PMID: 36462631 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Recently, bio-based manufacturing processes of value-added platform chemicals and polymers in biorefineries using renewable resources have extensively been developed for sustainable and carbon dioxide (CO2) neutral-based industry. Among them, bio-based diamines, aminocarboxylic acids, and diacids have been used as monomers for the synthesis of polyamides having different carbon numbers and ubiquitous and versatile industrial polymers and also as precursors for further chemical and biological processes to afford valuable chemicals. Until now, these platform bio-chemicals have successfully been produced by biorefinery processes employing enzymes and/or microbial host strains as main catalysts. In this review, we discuss recent advances in bio-based production of diamines, aminocarboxylic acids, and diacids, which has been developed and improved by systems metabolic engineering strategies of microbial consortia and optimization of microbial conversion processes including whole cell bioconversion and direct fermentative production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Son
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jung Sohn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Kei-Anne Baritugo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Young Jo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Min Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Jae Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Recent advances and perspectives on production of value-added organic acids through metabolic engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 62:108076. [PMID: 36509246 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organic acids are important consumable materials with a wide range of applications in the food, biopolymer and chemical industries. The global consumer organic acids market is estimated to increase to $36.86 billion by 2026. Conventionally, organic acids are produced from the chemical catalysis process with petrochemicals as raw materials, which posts severe environmental concerns and conflicts with our sustainable development goals. Most of the commonly used organic acids can be produced from various organisms. As a state-of-the-art technology, large-scale fermentative production of important organic acids with genetically-modified microbes has become an alternative to the chemical route to meet the market demand. Despite the fact that bio-based organic acid production from renewable cheap feedstock provides a viable solution, low productivity has impeded their industrial-scale application. With our deeper understanding of strain genetics, physiology and the availability of strain engineering tools, new technologies including synthetic biology, various metabolic engineering strategies, omics-based system biology tools, and high throughput screening methods are gradually established to bridge our knowledge gap. And they were further applied to modify the cellular reaction networks of potential microbial hosts and improve the strain performance, which facilitated the commercialization of consumable organic acids. Here we present the recent advances of metabolic engineering strategies to improve the production of important organic acids including fumaric acid, citric acid, itaconic acid, adipic acid, muconic acid, and we also discuss the current challenges and future perspectives on how we can develop a cost-efficient, green and sustainable process to produce these important chemicals from low-cost feedstocks.
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16
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Li J, Akinyemi TS, Shao N, Chen C, Dong X, Liu Y, Whitman WB. Genetic and Metabolic Engineering of Methanococcus spp. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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17
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Sanz D, Díaz E. Genetic characterization of the cyclohexane carboxylate degradation pathway in the denitrifying bacterium Aromatoleum sp. CIB. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:4987-5004. [PMID: 35768954 PMCID: PMC9795900 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The alicyclic compound cyclohexane carboxylate (CHC) is anaerobically degraded through a peripheral pathway that converges with the central benzoyl-CoA degradation pathway of aromatic compounds in Rhodopseudomonas palustris (bad pathway) and some strictly anaerobic bacteria. Here we show that in denitrifying bacteria, e.g. Aromatoleum sp. CIB strain, CHC is degraded through a bad-ali pathway similar to that reported in R. palustris but that does not share common intermediates with the benzoyl-CoA degradation pathway (bzd pathway) of this bacterium. The bad-ali genes are also involved in the aerobic degradation of CHC in strain CIB, and orthologous bad-ali clusters have been identified in the genomes of a wide variety of bacteria. Expression of bad-ali genes in strain CIB is under control of the BadR transcriptional repressor, which was shown to recognize CHC-CoA, the first intermediate of the pathway, as effector, and whose operator region (CAAN4 TTG) was conserved in bad-ali clusters from Gram-negative bacteria. The bad-ali and bzd pathways generate pimelyl-CoA and 3-hydroxypimelyl-CoA, respectively, that are metabolized through a common aab pathway whose genetic determinants form a supraoperonic clustering with the bad-ali genes. A synthetic bad-ali-aab catabolic module was engineered and it was shown to confer CHC degradation abilities to different bacterial hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sanz
- Department of Microbial and Plant BiotechnologyCentro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas‐CSICMadridSpain
| | - Eduardo Díaz
- Department of Microbial and Plant BiotechnologyCentro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas‐CSICMadridSpain
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18
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Romero‐Fernandez M, Heckmann CM, Paradisi F. Biocatalytic Production of a Nylon 6 Precursor from Caprolactone in Continuous Flow. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200811. [PMID: 35671069 PMCID: PMC9546309 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
6-Aminocaproic acid (6ACA) is a key building block and an attractive precursor of caprolactam, which is used to synthesize nylon 6, one of the most common polymers manufactured nowadays. (Bio)-production of platform chemicals from renewable feedstocks is instrumental to tackle climate change and decrease fossil fuel dependence. Here, the cell-free biosynthesis of 6ACA from 6-hydroxycaproic acid was achieved using a co-immobilized multienzyme system based on horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase, Halomonas elongata transaminase, and Lactobacillus pentosus NADH oxidase for in-situ cofactor recycling, with >90 % molar conversion (m.c.) The integration of a step to synthesize hydroxy-acid from lactone by immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B resulted in >80 % m.c. of ϵ-caprolactone to 6ACA, >20 % of δ-valerolactone to 5-aminovaleric acid, and 30 % of γ-butyrolactone to γ-aminobutyric acid in one-pot batch reactions. Two serial packed-bed reactors were set up using these biocatalysts and applied to the continuous-flow synthesis of 6ACA from ϵ-caprolactone, achieving a space-time yield of up to 3.31 g6ACA h-1 L-1 with a segmented liquid/air flow for constant oxygen supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Romero‐Fernandez
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamUniversity ParkNG7 2RDNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Christian M. Heckmann
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamUniversity ParkNG7 2RDNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamUniversity ParkNG7 2RDNottinghamUnited Kingdom
- Department of ChemistryBiochemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 33012BernSwitzerland
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19
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Research Progress on the Construction of Artificial Pathways for the Biosynthesis of Adipic Acid by Engineered Microbes. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8080393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipic acid is an important bulk chemical used in the nylon industry, as well as in food, plasticizers and pharmaceutical fields. It is thus considered one of the most important 12 platform chemicals. The current production of adipic acid relies on non-renewable petrochemical resources and emits large amounts of greenhouse gases. The bio-production of adipic acid from renewable resources via engineered microorganisms is regarded as a green and potential method to replace chemical conversion, and has attracted attention all over the world. Herein we review the current status of research on several artificial pathways for the biosynthesis of adipic acid, especially the reverse degradation pathway, which is a full biosynthetic method and has achieved the highest titer of adipic acid so far. Other artificial pathways including the fatty acid degradation pathway, the muconic acid conversion pathway, the polyketide pathway, the α-ketopimelate pathway and the lysine degradation pathway are also discussed. In addition, the challenges in the bio-production of adipic acid via these artificial pathways are analyzed and the prospects are presented with the intention of providing some significant points for the promotion of adipic acid biosynthesis.
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20
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Biosynthesis of Odd-Carbon Unsaturated Fatty Dicarboxylic Acids Through Engineering the HSAF Biosynthetic Gene in Lysobacter enzymogenes. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 64:1401-1408. [PMID: 35701680 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fatty dicarboxylic acids (FDCA) are useful as starting materials or components for plastics, polyesters, nylons, and fragrances. Most of the commercially available FDCA contain an even number of carbons, and there remain few sustainable methods for production of FDCA with an odd number of carbons (o-FDCA). In this work, we explored a novel biosynthetic route to unsaturated o-FDCA. The approach was based on genetic modifications of hsaf pks-nrps, encoding a hybrid polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase (PKS-NRPS) in Lysobacter enzymogenes, an environmental bacterium emerging as a new biocontrol agent. This single-module PKS-NRPS catalyzes the biosynthesis of lysobacterene A, a polyene-containing precursor of the antifungal natural product Heat-Stable Antifungal Factor (HSAF). We genetically removed the NRPS module from this gene and generated a new strain of L. enzymogenes, in which the PKS module was fused to the thioesterase domain of hsaf pks-nrps. The chimeric gene was verified by DNA sequencing, and its expression in L. enzymogenes was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The total fatty acids were extracted, esterified, and analyzed by GC-MS. The results showed that the engineered strain produced new fatty acids that were absent in the wild type. The main product was identified as hepta-2,4-dienedioic acid, an unsaturated o-FDCA. This work sets the foundation to explore a sustainable and environment-friendly approach toward unsaturated o-FDCA, which could be used as precursors for new compounds that can serve as versatile feedstock for industrial materials.
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21
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Hans S, Kumar N, Gohil N, Khambhati K, Bhattacharjee G, Deb SS, Maurya R, Kumar V, Reshamwala SMS, Singh V. Rebooting life: engineering non-natural nucleic acids, proteins and metabolites in microorganisms. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:100. [PMID: 35643549 PMCID: PMC9148472 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01828-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The surging demand of value-added products has steered the transition of laboratory microbes to microbial cell factories (MCFs) for facilitating production of large quantities of important native and non-native biomolecules. This shift has been possible through rewiring and optimizing different biosynthetic pathways in microbes by exercising frameworks of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology principles. Advances in genome and metabolic engineering have provided a fillip to create novel biomolecules and produce non-natural molecules with multitude of applications. To this end, numerous MCFs have been developed and employed for production of non-natural nucleic acids, proteins and different metabolites to meet various therapeutic, biotechnological and industrial applications. The present review describes recent advances in production of non-natural amino acids, nucleic acids, biofuel candidates and platform chemicals.
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22
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Vila-Santa A, Mendes FC, Ferreira FC, Prather KLJ, Mira NP. Implementation of Synthetic Pathways to Foster Microbe-Based Production of Non-Naturally Occurring Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121020. [PMID: 34947002 PMCID: PMC8706239 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbially produced carboxylic acids (CAs) are considered key players in the implementation of more sustainable industrial processes due to their potential to replace a set of oil-derived commodity chemicals. Most CAs are intermediates of microbial central carbon metabolism, and therefore, a biochemical production pathway is described and can be transferred to a host of choice to enable/improve production at an industrial scale. However, for some CAs, the implementation of this approach is difficult, either because they do not occur naturally (as is the case for levulinic acid) or because the described production pathway cannot be easily ported (as it is the case for adipic, muconic or glucaric acids). Synthetic biology has been reshaping the range of molecules that can be produced by microbial cells by setting new-to-nature pathways that leverage on enzyme arrangements not observed in vivo, often in association with the use of substrates that are not enzymes’ natural ones. In this review, we provide an overview of how the establishment of synthetic pathways, assisted by computational tools for metabolic retrobiosynthesis, has been applied to the field of CA production. The translation of these efforts in bridging the gap between the synthesis of CAs and of their more interesting derivatives, often themselves non-naturally occurring molecules, is also reviewed using as case studies the production of methacrylic, methylmethacrylic and poly-lactic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vila-Santa
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Department of Bioengineering, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.V.-S.); (F.C.M.); (F.C.F.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernão C. Mendes
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Department of Bioengineering, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.V.-S.); (F.C.M.); (F.C.F.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Frederico C. Ferreira
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Department of Bioengineering, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.V.-S.); (F.C.M.); (F.C.F.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Kristala L. J. Prather
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
| | - Nuno P. Mira
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Department of Bioengineering, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.V.-S.); (F.C.M.); (F.C.F.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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23
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Cheng J, Tu W, Luo Z, Liang L, Gou X, Wang X, Liu C, Zhang G. Coproduction of 5-Aminovalerate and δ-Valerolactam for the Synthesis of Nylon 5 From L-Lysine in Escherichia coli. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:726126. [PMID: 34604186 PMCID: PMC8481640 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.726126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The compounds 5-aminovalerate and δ-valerolactam are important building blocks that can be used to synthesize bioplastics. The production of 5-aminovalerate and δ-valerolactam in microorganisms provides an ideal source that reduces the cost. To achieve efficient biobased coproduction of 5-aminovalerate and δ-valerolactam in Escherichia coli, a single biotransformation step from L-lysine was constructed. First, an equilibrium mixture was formed by L-lysine α-oxidase RaiP from Scomber japonicus. In addition, by adjusting the pH and H2O2 concentration, the titers of 5-aminovalerate and δ-valerolactam reached 10.24 and 1.82 g/L from 40 g/L L-lysine HCl at pH 5.0 and 10 mM H2O2, respectively. With the optimized pH value, the δ-valerolactam titer was improved to 6.88 g/L at pH 9.0 with a molar yield of 0.35 mol/mol lysine. The ratio of 5AVA and δ-valerolactam was obviously affected by pH value. The ratio of 5AVA and δ-valerolactam could be obtained in the range of 5.63:1-0.58:1 at pH 5.0-9.0 from the equilibrium mixture. As a result, the simultaneous synthesis of 5-aminovalerate and δ-valerolactam from L-lysine in Escherichia coli is highly promising. To our knowledge, this result constitutes the highest δ-valerolactam titer reported by biological methods. In summary, a commercially implied bioprocess developed for the coproduction of 5-aminovalerate and δ-valerolactam using engineered Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenying Tu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhou Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Li Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinghua Gou
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Pandey RP, Casini A, Voigt CA, Gordon DB. Four-Step Pathway from Phenylpyruvate to Benzylamine, an Intermediate to the High-Energy Propellant CL-20. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:2187-2196. [PMID: 34491727 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Benzylamine is a commodity chemical used in the synthesis of motion-sickness treatments and anticonvulsants, in dyeing textiles, and as a precursor to the high-energy propellant CL-20. Because chemical production generates toxic waste streams, biosynthetic alternatives have been explored, recently resulting in a functional nine-step pathway from central metabolism (phenylalanine) in E. coli. We report a novel four-step pathway for benzylamine production, which generates the product from cellular phenylpyruvate using enzymes from different sources: a mandelate synthase (Amycolatopsis orientalis), a mandelate oxidase (Streptomyces coelicolor), a benzoylformate decarboxylase (Pseudomonas putida), and an aminotransferase (Salicibacter pomeroyi). This pathway produces benzylamine at 24 mg/L in 15 h (4.5% yield) in cultures of unoptimized cells supplemented with phenylpyruvate. Because the yield is low, supplementation with pathway intermediates is used to troubleshoot the design. This identifies conversion inefficiencies in the mandelate synthase-mediated synthesis of (S)-mandelic acid, and subsequent genome mining identifies a new mandelate synthase (Streptomyces sp. 1114.5) with improved yield. Supplementation experiments also reveal native redirection of ambient phenylpyruvate away from the pathway to phenylalanine. Overall, this work illustrates how retrosynthetic design can dramatically reduce the number of enzymes in a pathway, potentially reducing its draw on cellular resources. However, it also shows that such benefits can be abrogated by inefficiencies of individual conversions. Addressing these barriers can provide an alternative approach to green production of benzylamine, eliminating upstream dependence on chlorination chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Prasad Pandey
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Arturo Casini
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Christopher A. Voigt
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - D. Benjamin Gordon
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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Consolidated Bioprocessing: Synthetic Biology Routes to Fuels and Fine Chemicals. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051079. [PMID: 34069865 PMCID: PMC8157379 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The long road from emerging biotechnologies to commercial “green” biosynthetic routes for chemical production relies in part on efficient microbial use of sustainable and renewable waste biomass feedstocks. One solution is to apply the consolidated bioprocessing approach, whereby microorganisms convert lignocellulose waste into advanced fuels and other chemicals. As lignocellulose is a highly complex network of polymers, enzymatic degradation or “saccharification” requires a range of cellulolytic enzymes acting synergistically to release the abundant sugars contained within. Complications arise from the need for extracellular localisation of cellulolytic enzymes, whether they be free or cell-associated. This review highlights the current progress in the consolidated bioprocessing approach, whereby microbial chassis are engineered to grow on lignocellulose as sole carbon sources whilst generating commercially useful chemicals. Future perspectives in the emerging biofoundry approach with bacterial hosts are discussed, where solutions to existing bottlenecks could potentially be overcome though the application of high throughput and iterative Design-Build-Test-Learn methodologies. These rapid automated pathway building infrastructures could be adapted for addressing the challenges of increasing cellulolytic capabilities of microorganisms to commercially viable levels.
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26
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Escherichia coli as a platform microbial host for systems metabolic engineering. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:225-246. [PMID: 33956149 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bio-based production of industrially important chemicals and materials from non-edible and renewable biomass has become increasingly important to resolve the urgent worldwide issues including climate change. Also, bio-based production, instead of chemical synthesis, of food ingredients and natural products has gained ever increasing interest for health benefits. Systems metabolic engineering allows more efficient development of microbial cell factories capable of sustainable, green, and human-friendly production of diverse chemicals and materials. Escherichia coli is unarguably the most widely employed host strain for the bio-based production of chemicals and materials. In the present paper, we review the tools and strategies employed for systems metabolic engineering of E. coli. Next, representative examples and strategies for the production of chemicals including biofuels, bulk and specialty chemicals, and natural products are discussed, followed by discussion on materials including polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), proteins, and nanomaterials. Lastly, future perspectives and challenges remaining for systems metabolic engineering of E. coli are discussed.
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Haupka C, Brito LF, Busche T, Wibberg D, Wendisch VF. Genomic and Transcriptomic Investigation of the Physiological Response of the Methylotroph Bacillus methanolicus to 5-Aminovalerate. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:664598. [PMID: 33995329 PMCID: PMC8119775 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.664598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The methylotrophic thermophile Bacillus methanolicus can utilize the non-food substrate methanol as its sole carbon and energy source. Metabolism of L-lysine, in particular its biosynthesis, has been studied to some detail, and methanol-based L-lysine production has been achieved. However, little is known about L-lysine degradation, which may proceed via 5-aminovalerate (5AVA), a non-proteinogenic ω-amino acid with applications in bioplastics. The physiological role of 5AVA and related compounds in the native methylotroph was unknown. Here, we showed that B. methanolicus exhibits low tolerance to 5AVA, but not to related short-chain (C4–C6) amino acids, diamines, and dicarboxylic acids. In order to gain insight into the physiological response of B. methanolicus to 5AVA, transcriptomic analyses by differential RNA-Seq in the presence and absence of 5AVA were performed. Besides genes of the general stress response, RNA levels of genes of histidine biosynthesis, and iron acquisition were increased in the presence of 5AVA, while an Rrf2 family transcriptional regulator gene showed reduced RNA levels. In order to test if mutations can overcome growth inhibition by 5AVA, adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) was performed and two mutants—AVA6 and AVA10—with higher tolerance to 5AVA were selected. Genome sequencing revealed mutations in genes related to iron homeostasis, including the gene for an iron siderophore-binding protein. Overexpression of this mutant gene in the wild-type (WT) strain MGA3 improved 5AVA tolerance significantly at high Fe2+ supplementation. The combined ALE, omics, and genetics approach helped elucidate the physiological response of thermophilic B. methanolicus to 5AVA and will guide future strain development for 5AVA production from methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Haupka
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology, CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Luciana F Brito
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tobias Busche
- Technology Platform Genomics, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Daniel Wibberg
- Genome Research of Industrial Microorganisms, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology, CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Wang J, Gao C, Chen X, Liu L. Expanding the lysine industry: biotechnological production of l-lysine and its derivatives. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021; 115:1-33. [PMID: 34140131 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
l-lysine is an essential amino acid that contains various functional groups including α-amino, ω-amino, and α-carboxyl groups, exhibiting high reaction potential. The derivatization of these functional groups produces a series of value-added chemicals, such as cadaverine, glutarate, and d-lysine, that are widely applied in the chemical synthesis, cosmetics, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Here, we review recent advances in the biotechnological production of l-lysine and its derivatives and expatiate key technological strategies. Furthermore, we also discuss the existing challenges and potential strategies for more efficient production of these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Cong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
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A Genome-Scale Metabolic Model of Anabaena 33047 to Guide Genetic Modifications to Overproduce Nylon Monomers. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11030168. [PMID: 33804103 PMCID: PMC7999273 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11030168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen fixing-cyanobacteria can significantly improve the economic feasibility of cyanobacterial production processes by eliminating the requirement for reduced nitrogen. Anabaena sp. ATCC 33047 is a marine, heterocyst forming, nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria with a very short doubling time of 3.8 h. We developed a comprehensive genome-scale metabolic (GSM) model, iAnC892, for this organism using annotations and content obtained from multiple databases. iAnC892 describes both the vegetative and heterocyst cell types found in the filaments of Anabaena sp. ATCC 33047. iAnC892 includes 953 unique reactions and accounts for the annotation of 892 genes. Comparison of iAnC892 reaction content with the GSM of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 revealed that there are 109 reactions including uptake hydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase, and pyruvate-formate lyase unique to iAnC892. iAnC892 enabled the analysis of energy production pathways in the heterocyst by allowing the cell specific deactivation of light dependent electron transport chain and glucose-6-phosphate metabolizing pathways. The analysis revealed the importance of light dependent electron transport in generating ATP and NADPH at the required ratio for optimal N2 fixation. When used alongside the strain design algorithm, OptForce, iAnC892 recapitulated several of the experimentally successful genetic intervention strategies that over produced valerolactam and caprolactam precursors.
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Marjanovic A, Ramírez-Palacios CJ, Masman MF, Drenth J, Otzen M, Marrink SJ, Janssen DB. Thermostable D-amino acid decarboxylases derived from Thermotoga maritima diaminopimelate decarboxylase. Protein Eng Des Sel 2021; 34:gzab016. [PMID: 34258615 PMCID: PMC8277567 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diaminopimelate decarboxylases (DAPDCs) are highly selective enzymes that catalyze the common final step in different lysine biosynthetic pathways, i.e. the conversion of meso-diaminopimelate (DAP) to L-lysine. We examined the modification of the substrate specificity of the thermostable decarboxylase from Thermotoga maritima with the aim to introduce activity with 2-aminopimelic acid (2-APA) since its decarboxylation leads to 6-aminocaproic acid (6-ACA), a building block for the synthesis of nylon-6. Structure-based mutagenesis of the distal carboxylate binding site resulted in a set of enzyme variants with new activities toward different D-amino acids. One of the mutants (E315T) had lost most of its activity toward DAP and primarily acted as a 2-APA decarboxylase. We next used computational modeling to explain the observed shift in catalytic activities of the mutants. The results suggest that predictive computational protocols can support the redesign of the catalytic properties of this class of decarboxylating PLP-dependent enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonija Marjanovic
- Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos J Ramírez-Palacios
- Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Molecular Dynamics Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcelo F Masman
- Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Molecular Dynamics Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, HIMS-Biocat, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Drenth
- Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Otzen
- Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Siewert-Jan Marrink
- Molecular Dynamics Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dick B Janssen
- Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Li Y, Yang S, Ma D, Song W, Gao C, Liu L, Chen X. Microbial engineering for the production of C 2-C 6 organic acids. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1518-1546. [PMID: 33410446 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00062k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2020Organic acids, as building block compounds, have been widely used in food, pharmaceutical, plastic, and chemical industries. Until now, chemical synthesis is still the primary method for industrial-scale organic acid production. However, this process encounters some inevitable challenges, such as depletable petroleum resources, harsh reaction conditions and complex downstream processes. To solve these problems, microbial cell factories provide a promising approach for achieving the sustainable production of organic acids. However, some key metabolites in central carbon metabolism are strictly regulated by the network of cellular metabolism, resulting in the low productivity of organic acids. Thus, multiple metabolic engineering strategies have been developed to reprogram microbial cell factories to produce organic acids, including monocarboxylic acids, hydroxy carboxylic acids, amino carboxylic acids, dicarboxylic acids and monomeric units for polymers. These strategies mainly center on improving the catalytic efficiency of the enzymes to increase the conversion rate, balancing the multi-gene biosynthetic pathways to reduce the byproduct formation, strengthening the metabolic flux to promote the product biosynthesis, optimizing the metabolic network to adapt the environmental conditions and enhancing substrate utilization to broaden the substrate spectrum. Here, we describe the recent advances in producing C2-C6 organic acids by metabolic engineering strategies. In addition, we provide new insights as to when, what and how these strategies should be taken. Future challenges are also discussed in further advancing microbial engineering and establishing efficient biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
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32
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Du W, Huang J, Cui B, Guo Y, Wang L, Liang C. Efficient biodegradation of nitriles by a novel nitrile hydratase derived from Rhodococcus erythropolis CCM2595. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2021.1941253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Du
- Lab of Advanced Materials and Catalytic Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Jiao Huang
- Lab of Biocalyalysis and Transformation, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Baocheng Cui
- Lab of Biocalyalysis and Transformation, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yi Guo
- Lab of Biocalyalysis and Transformation, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- Lab of Biocalyalysis and Transformation, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Changhai Liang
- Lab of Advanced Materials and Catalytic Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China
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Otero-Muras I, Carbonell P. Automated engineering of synthetic metabolic pathways for efficient biomanufacturing. Metab Eng 2020; 63:61-80. [PMID: 33316374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering involves the engineering and optimization of processes from single-cell to fermentation in order to increase production of valuable chemicals for health, food, energy, materials and others. A systems approach to metabolic engineering has gained traction in recent years thanks to advances in strain engineering, leading to an accelerated scaling from rapid prototyping to industrial production. Metabolic engineering is nowadays on track towards a truly manufacturing technology, with reduced times from conception to production enabled by automated protocols for DNA assembly of metabolic pathways in engineered producer strains. In this review, we discuss how the success of the metabolic engineering pipeline often relies on retrobiosynthetic protocols able to identify promising production routes and dynamic regulation strategies through automated biodesign algorithms, which are subsequently assembled as embedded integrated genetic circuits in the host strain. Those approaches are orchestrated by an experimental design strategy that provides optimal scheduling planning of the DNA assembly, rapid prototyping and, ultimately, brings forward an accelerated Design-Build-Test-Learn cycle and the overall optimization of the biomanufacturing process. Achieving such a vision will address the increasingly compelling demand in our society for delivering valuable biomolecules in an affordable, inclusive and sustainable bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Otero-Muras
- BioProcess Engineering Group, IIM-CSIC, Spanish National Research Council, Vigo, 36208, Spain.
| | - Pablo Carbonell
- Institute of Industrial Control Systems and Computing (ai2), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Spain.
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Gordillo Sierra AR, Alper HS. Progress in the metabolic engineering of bio-based lactams and their ω-amino acids precursors. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107587. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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35
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Xu Y, Zhou D, Luo R, Yang X, Wang B, Xiong X, Shen W, Wang D, Wang Q. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for polyamides monomer δ-valerolactam production from feedstock lysine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9965-9977. [PMID: 33064187 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10939-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nylon 5 and nylon 6,5 are recently explored as new commercial polyamides, of which the monomer includes δ-valerolactam. In this study, a novel catalytic activity of lysine 2-monooxygenase (DavB) was explored to produce δ-valerolactam from L-pipecolic acid (L-PA), functioning as oxidative decarboxylase on a cyclic compound. Recombinant Escherichia coli BS01 strain expressing DavB from Pseudomonas putida could synthesize δ-valerolactam from L-pipecolic acid with a concentration of 90.3 mg/L. Through the co-expression of recombinant apoptosis-inducing protein (rAIP) from Scomber japonicus, glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) from Bacillus subtilis, Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylae reductase (DpkA) from P. putida and lysine permease (LysP) from E. coli with DavB, δ-valerolactam was produced with the highest concentration of 242 mg/L. α-Dioxygenases (αDox) from Oryza sativa could act as a similar catalyst on L-pipecolic acid. A novel δ-valerolactam synthesis pathway was constructed entirely via microbial conversion from feedstock lysine in this study. Our system has great potential in the development of a bio-nylon production process. KEY POINTS: • DavB performs as an oxidative decarboxylase on L-PA with substrate promiscuity. • Strain with rAIP, GDH, DpkA, LysP, and DavB coexpression could produce δ-valerolactam. • This is the first time to obtain valerolactam entirely via biosynthesis from lysine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Process for Clean Energy and Resource Utilization, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Process for Clean Energy and Resource Utilization, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoshi Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Process for Clean Energy and Resource Utilization, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Xizhi Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Process for Clean Energy and Resource Utilization, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Baosheng Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Process for Clean Energy and Resource Utilization, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochao Xiong
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6120, USA
| | - Weifeng Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Process for Clean Energy and Resource Utilization, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Process for Clean Energy and Resource Utilization, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qinhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.
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36
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Seguela R. Overview and critical survey of polyamide6 structural habits: Misconceptions and controversies. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Seguela
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique MATEIS, INSA de Lyon, CNRS ‐ UMR 5510, Université de Lyon, Campus LyonTech La Doua Villeurbanne France
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Zhou Y, Zhao M, Zhou S, Zhao Y, Li G, Deng Y. Biosynthesis of adipic acid by a highly efficient induction-free system in Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 2020; 314-315:8-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Metabolic engineering for the production of dicarboxylic acids and diamines. Metab Eng 2020; 58:2-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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39
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Thompson MG, Pearson AN, Barajas JF, Cruz-Morales P, Sedaghatian N, Costello Z, Garber ME, Incha MR, Valencia LE, Baidoo EEK, Martin HG, Mukhopadhyay A, Keasling JD. Identification, Characterization, and Application of a Highly Sensitive Lactam Biosensor from Pseudomonas putida. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:53-62. [PMID: 31841635 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Caprolactam is an important polymer precursor to nylon traditionally derived from petroleum and produced on a scale of 5 million tons per year. Current biological pathways for the production of caprolactam are inefficient with titers not exceeding 2 mg/L, necessitating novel pathways for its production. As development of novel metabolic routes often require thousands of designs and result in low product titers, a highly sensitive biosensor for the final product has the potential to rapidly speed up development times. Here we report a highly sensitive biosensor for valerolactam and caprolactam from Pseudomonas putida KT2440 which is >1000× more sensitive to an exogenous ligand than previously reported sensors. Manipulating the expression of the sensor oplR (PP_3516) substantially altered the sensing parameters, with various vectors showing Kd values ranging from 700 nM (79.1 μg/L) to 1.2 mM (135.6 mg/L). Our most sensitive construct was able to detect in vivo production of caprolactam above background at ∼6 μg/L. The high sensitivity and range of OplR is a powerful tool toward the development of novel routes to the biological synthesis of caprolactam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell G. Thompson
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Allison N. Pearson
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jesus F. Barajas
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Energy Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Pablo Cruz-Morales
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Centro de Biotecnologia FEMSA, Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios superiores de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | - Nima Sedaghatian
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zak Costello
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Energy Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Megan E. Garber
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Comparative Biochemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California United States
| | - Matthew R. Incha
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Luis E. Valencia
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley/San Francisco, California 94720, United States
| | - Edward E. K. Baidoo
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hector Garcia Martin
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Energy Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- BCAM, Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Aindrila Mukhopadhyay
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Comparative Biochemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California United States
| | - Jay D. Keasling
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley/San Francisco, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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40
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Fedorchuk TP, Khusnutdinova AN, Evdokimova E, Flick R, Di Leo R, Stogios P, Savchenko A, Yakunin AF. One-Pot Biocatalytic Transformation of Adipic Acid to 6-Aminocaproic Acid and 1,6-Hexamethylenediamine Using Carboxylic Acid Reductases and Transaminases. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1038-1048. [PMID: 31886667 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Production of platform chemicals from renewable feedstocks is becoming increasingly important due to concerns on environmental contamination, climate change, and depletion of fossil fuels. Adipic acid (AA), 6-aminocaproic acid (6-ACA) and 1,6-hexamethylenediamine (HMD) are key precursors for nylon synthesis, which are currently produced primarily from petroleum-based feedstocks. In recent years, the biosynthesis of adipic acid from renewable feedstocks has been demonstrated using both bacterial and yeast cells. Here we report the biocatalytic conversion/transformation of AA to 6-ACA and HMD by carboxylic acid reductases (CARs) and transaminases (TAs), which involves two rounds (cascades) of reduction/amination reactions (AA → 6-ACA → HMD). Using purified wild type CARs and TAs supplemented with cofactor regenerating systems for ATP, NADPH, and amine donor, we established a one-pot enzyme cascade catalyzing up to 95% conversion of AA to 6-ACA. To increase the cascade activity for the transformation of 6-ACA to HMD, we determined the crystal structure of the CAR substrate-binding domain in complex with AMP and succinate and engineered three mutant CARs with enhanced activity against 6-ACA. In combination with TAs, the CAR L342E protein showed 50-75% conversion of 6-ACA to HMD. For the transformation of AA to HMD (via 6-ACA), the wild type CAR was combined with the L342E variant and two different TAs resulting in up to 30% conversion to HMD and 70% to 6-ACA. Our results highlight the suitability of CARs and TAs for several rounds of reduction/amination reactions in one-pot cascade systems and their potential for the biobased synthesis of terminal amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana P Fedorchuk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E5 , Canada.,Institute of Basic Biological Problems , Russian Academy of Sciences , Pushchino , Moscow Region 142290 , Russia
| | - Anna N Khusnutdinova
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E5 , Canada.,Institute of Basic Biological Problems , Russian Academy of Sciences , Pushchino , Moscow Region 142290 , Russia
| | - Elena Evdokimova
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E5 , Canada
| | - Robert Flick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E5 , Canada
| | - Rosa Di Leo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E5 , Canada
| | - Peter Stogios
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E5 , Canada
| | - Alexei Savchenko
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E5 , Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1 , Canada
| | - Alexander F Yakunin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E5 , Canada.,Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences , Bangor University , Gwynedd LL57 2UW , U.K
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41
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Systems biology based metabolic engineering for non-natural chemicals. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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42
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Production of nonnatural straight-chain amino acid 6-aminocaproate via an artificial iterative carbon-chain-extension cycle. Metab Eng 2019; 55:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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43
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Bhattacharjee J, Harinath A, Sarkar A, Panda TK. Polymerization of ϵ‐Caprolactam to Nylon‐6 Catalyzed by Barium σ‐Borane Complex under Mild Condition. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayeeta Bhattacharjee
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Kandi- 502 285, Sangareddy, Telangana India
| | - Adimulam Harinath
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Kandi- 502 285, Sangareddy, Telangana India
| | - Alok Sarkar
- Momentive Performance Materials Pvt. Ltd. Survey No. 09 Hosur Road, Electronic City (West) Bangalore- 560100 India
| | - Tarun K. Panda
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Kandi- 502 285, Sangareddy, Telangana India
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44
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Palacio CM, Rozeboom HJ, Lanfranchi E, Meng Q, Otzen M, Janssen DB. Biochemical properties of a Pseudomonas aminotransferase involved in caprolactam metabolism. FEBS J 2019; 286:4086-4102. [PMID: 31162815 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradation of the nylon-6 precursor caprolactam by a strain of Pseudomonas jessenii proceeds via ATP-dependent hydrolytic ring opening to 6-aminohexanoate. This non-natural ω-amino acid is converted to 6-oxohexanoic acid by an aminotransferase (PjAT) belonging to the fold type I pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) enzymes. To understand the structural basis of 6-aminohexanoatate conversion, we solved different crystal structures and determined the substrate scope with a range of aliphatic and aromatic amines. Comparison with the homologous aminotransferases from Chromobacterium violaceum (CvAT) and Vibrio fluvialis (VfAT) showed that the PjAT enzyme has the lowest KM values (highest affinity) and highest specificity constant (kcat /KM ) with the caprolactam degradation intermediates 6-aminohexanoate and 6-oxohexanoic acid, in accordance with its proposed in vivo function. Five distinct three-dimensional structures of PjAT were solved by protein crystallography. The structure of the aldimine intermediate formed from 6-aminohexanoate and the PLP cofactor revealed the presence of a narrow hydrophobic substrate-binding tunnel leading to the cofactor and covered by a flexible arginine, which explains the high activity and selectivity of the PjAT with 6-aminohexanoate. The results suggest that the degradation pathway for caprolactam has recruited an aminotransferase that is well adapted to 6-aminohexanoate degradation. DATABASE: The atomic coordinates and structure factors P. jessenii 6-aminohexanoate aminotransferase have been deposited in the PDB as entries 6G4B (E∙succinate complex), 6G4C (E∙phosphate complex), 6G4D (E∙PLP complex), 6G4E (E∙PLP-6-aminohexanoate intermediate), and 6G4F (E∙PMP complex).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyntia M Palacio
- Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henriëtte J Rozeboom
- Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Lanfranchi
- Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Qinglong Meng
- Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Otzen
- Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dick B Janssen
- Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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45
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Lin GM, Warden-Rothman R, Voigt CA. Retrosynthetic design of metabolic pathways to chemicals not found in nature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coisb.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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46
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Lyu Z, Whitman WB. Transplanting the pathway engineering toolbox to methanogens. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 59:46-54. [PMID: 30875664 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Biological methanogenesis evolved early in Earth's history and was likely already a major process by 3.5 Ga. Modern methanogenesis is now a key process in virtually all anaerobic microbial communities, such as marine and lake sediments, wetland and rice soils, and human and cattle digestive tracts. Owing to their long evolution and extensive adaptations to various habitats, methanogens possess enormous metabolic and physiological diversity. Not only does this diversity offers unique opportunities for biotechnology applications, but also reveals their direct impact on the environment, agriculture, and human and animal health. These efforts are facilitated by an advanced genetic toolbox, emerging new molecular tools, and systems-level modelling for methanogens. Further developments and convergence of these technical advancements provide new opportunities for bioengineering methanogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lyu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - William B Whitman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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47
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Skoog E, Shin JH, Saez-Jimenez V, Mapelli V, Olsson L. Biobased adipic acid – The challenge of developing the production host. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:2248-2263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Yeom SJ, Kim M, Kwon KK, Fu Y, Rha E, Park SH, Lee H, Kim H, Lee DH, Kim DM, Lee SG. A synthetic microbial biosensor for high-throughput screening of lactam biocatalysts. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5053. [PMID: 30498220 PMCID: PMC6265244 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07488-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocatalytic cyclization is highly desirable for efficient synthesis of biologically derived chemical substances, such as the commodity chemicals ε-caprolactam and δ-valerolactam. To identify biocatalysts in lactam biosynthesis, we develop a caprolactam-detecting genetic enzyme screening system (CL-GESS). The Alcaligenes faecalis regulatory protein NitR is adopted for the highly specific detection of lactam compounds against lactam biosynthetic intermediates. We further systematically optimize the genetic components of the CL-GESS to enhance sensitivity, achieving 10-fold improvement. Using this highly sensitive GESS, we screen marine metagenomes and find an enzyme that cyclizes ω-amino fatty acids to lactam. Moreover, we determine the X-ray crystal structure and catalytic residues based on mutational analysis of the cyclase. The cyclase is also used as a helper enzyme to sense intracellular ω-amino fatty acids. We expect this simple and accurate biosensor to have wide-ranging applications in rapid screening of new lactam-synthesizing enzymes and metabolic engineering for lactam bio-production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Yeom
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonjeong Kim
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kil Koang Kwon
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yaoyao Fu
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eugene Rha
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Park
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Lee
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Haseong Kim
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hee Lee
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Myung Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Goo Lee
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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49
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Escherichia coli as a host for metabolic engineering. Metab Eng 2018; 50:16-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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50
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Expanding lysine industry: industrial biomanufacturing of lysine and its derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 45:719-734. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
l-Lysine is widely used as a nutrition supplement in feed, food, and beverage industries as well as a chemical intermediate. At present, great efforts are made to further decrease the cost of lysine to make it more competitive in the markets. Furthermore, lysine also shows potential as a feedstock to produce other high-value chemicals for active pharmaceutical ingredients, drugs, or materials. In this review, the current biomanufacturing of lysine is first presented. Second, the production of novel derivatives from lysine is discussed. Some chemicals like l-pipecolic acid, cadaverine, and 5-aminovalerate already have been obtained at a lab scale. Others like 6-aminocaproic acid, valerolactam, and caprolactam could be produced through a biological and chemical coupling pathway or be synthesized by a hypothetical pathway. This review demonstrates an active and expansive lysine industry, and these green biomanufacturing strategies could also be applied to enhance the competitiveness of other amino acid industry.
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