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Zhong X, Jordan R, Chen JR, Raymond J, Lahann J. Systematic Studies into the Area Selectivity of Chemical Vapor Deposition Polymerization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21618-21628. [PMID: 37079371 PMCID: PMC10165597 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As the current top-down microchip manufacturing processes approach their resolution limits, there is a need for alternative patterning technologies that offer high feature densities and edge fidelity with single-digit nanometer resolution. To address this challenge, bottom-up processes have been considered, but they typically require sophisticated masking and alignment schemes and/or face materials' compatibility issues. In this work, we report a systematic study into the impact of thermodynamic processes on the area selectivity of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization of functional [2.2]paracyclophanes (PCP). Adhesion mapping of preclosure CVD films by atomic force microscopy (AFM) provided a detailed understanding of the geometric features of the polymer islands that form under different deposition conditions. Our results suggest a correlation between interfacial transport processes, including adsorption, diffusion, and desorption, and thermodynamic control parameters, such as substrate temperature and working pressure. This work culminates in a kinetic model that predictes both area-selective and nonselective CVD parameters for the same polymer/substrate ensemble (PPX-C + Cu). While limited to a focused subset of CVD polymers and substrates, this work provides an improved mechanistic understanding of area-selective CVD polymerization and highlights the potential for thermodynamic control in tuning area selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Zhong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward St., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rob Jordan
- Intel Corporation, 2501 NE Century Blvd., Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
| | - Jiun-Ruey Chen
- Intel Corporation, 2501 NE Century Blvd., Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
| | - Jeffery Raymond
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward St., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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2
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Hassan Z, Varadharajan D, Zippel C, Begum S, Lahann J, Bräse S. Design Strategies for Structurally Controlled Polymer Surfaces via Cyclophane-Based CVD Polymerization and Post-CVD Fabrication. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201761. [PMID: 35555829 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Molecular structuring of soft matter with precise arrangements over multiple hierarchical levels, especially on polymer surfaces, and enabling their post-synthetic modulation has tremendous potential for application in molecular engineering and interfacial science. Here, recent research and developments in design strategies for structurally controlled polymer surfaces via cyclophane-based chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization with precise control over chemical functionalities and post-CVD fabrication via orthogonal surface functionalization that facilitates the formation of designable biointerfaces are summarized. Particular discussion about innovative approaches for the templated synthesis of shape-controlled CVD polymers, ranging from 1D to 3D architecture, including inside confined nanochannels, nanofibers/nanowires synthesis into an anisotropic media such as liquid crystals, and CVD polymer nanohelices via hierarchical chirality transfer across multiple length scales is provided. Aiming at multifunctional polymer surfaces via CVD copolymerization of multiple precursors, the structural and functional design of the fundamental [2.2]paracyclophane (PCP) precursor molecules, that is, functional CVD monomer chemistry is also described. Technologically advanced and innovative surface deposition techniques toward topological micro- and nanostructuring, including microcontact printing, photopatterning, photomask, and lithographic techniques such as dip-pen nanolithography, showcasing research from the authors' laboratories as well as other's relevant important findings in this evolving field are highlighted that have introduced new programmable CVD polymerization capabilities. Perspectives, current limitations, and future considerations are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Hassan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Divya Varadharajan
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christoph Zippel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Salma Begum
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jörg Lahann
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Biointerfaces Institute, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Das S, Kumar R, Yang B, Bag S, Sauter E, Hussain N, Hirtz M, Manna U. Multiplexed Covalent Patterns on Double-Reactive Porous Coating. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200157. [PMID: 35362218 PMCID: PMC9324105 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have conceptualized and demonstrated an approach based on the combination of hydrophobicity, a substrate‐independent dip coating as porous material with double residual chemical reactivities for implementing multiplexed, miniaturized and unclonable bulk‐infused patterns of different fluorophores following distinct reaction pathways. The embedded hydrophobicity (∼102°) restricted the unwanted spreading of beaded aqueous ink on the coating. The constructions of micropatterns on porous dip‐coating via ink‐jet printing or microchannel cantilever spotting offered orthogonal read‐out and remained readable even after removal of the exterior of the coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Das
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Chemistry, INDIA
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie, Institute of Nanotechnology, GERMANY
| | - Bingquan Yang
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie, Institute of Nanotechnology, GERMANY
| | - Sudipta Bag
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Chemistry, INDIA
| | - Eric Sauter
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie, Institute of Functional Interfaces, GERMANY
| | - Navid Hussain
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie, Institute of Nanotechnology, GERMANY
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie, Institute of Nanotechnology, GERMANY
| | - Uttam Manna
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Chemistry, CHEF 302, Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, 781039, Guwahati, INDIA
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4
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Kim J, Jang SC, Bae K, Park J, Kim HD, Lahann J, Kim HS, Lee KJ. Chemically Tunable Organic Dielectric Layer on an Oxide TFT: Poly( p-xylylene) Derivatives. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:43123-43133. [PMID: 34472836 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic materials such as SiOx and SiNx are commonly used as dielectric layers in thin-film transistors (TFTs), but recent advancements in TFT devices, such as inclusion in flexible electronics, require the development of novel types of dielectric layers. In this study, CVD-deposited poly(p-xylylene) (PPx)-based polymers were evaluated as alternative dielectric layers. CVD-deposited PPx can produce thin, conformal, and pinhole-free polymer layers on various surfaces, including oxides and metals, without interfacial defects. Three types of commercial polymers were successfully deposited on various substrates and exhibited stable dielectric properties under frequency and voltage sweeps. Additionally, TFTs with PPx as a dielectric material and an oxide semiconductor exhibited excellent device performance; a mobility as high as 22.72 cm2/(V s), which is the highest value among organic gate dielectric TFTs, to the best of our knowledge. Because of the low-temperature deposition process and its unprecedented mechanical flexibility, TFTs with CVD-deposited PPx were successfully fabricated on a flexible plastic substrate, exhibiting excellent durability over 10000 bending cycles. Finally, a custom-synthesized functionalized PPx was introduced into top-gated TFTs, demonstrating the possibility for expanding this concept to a wide range of chemistries with tunable gate dielectric layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Cheol Jang
- Department of Materials Science and, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihyeon Bae
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Park
- Department of Materials Science and, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Do Kim
- Department of Materials Science and, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hyun-Suk Kim
- Department of Materials Science and, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Jin Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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5
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Baruah U, Manna U. The synthesis of a chemically reactive and polymeric luminescent gel. Chem Sci 2020; 12:2097-2107. [PMID: 34163973 PMCID: PMC8179304 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05166g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past, chemically reactive polymeric interfaces have been considered to be of potential interest for developing functional materials for a wide range of practical applications. Furthermore, the rational incorporation of luminescence properties into such chemically reactive interfaces could provide a basis for extending the horizon of their prospective utility. In this report, a simple catalyst-free chemical approach is introduced to develop a chemically reactive and optically active polymeric gel. Branched-polyethyleneimine (BPEI)-derived, inherently luminescent carbon dots (BPEI-CDs) were covalently crosslinked with pentaacrylate (5Acl) through a 1,4-conjugate addition reaction under ambient conditions. The synthesized polymeric gel was milky white under visible light; however, it displayed fluorescence under UV light. Additionally, the residual acrylate groups in the synthesized fluorescent gel allowed its chemical functionality to be tailored through facile, robust 1,4-conjugate addition reactions with primary-amine-containing small molecules under ambient conditions. The chemical reactivity of the luminescent gel was further employed for a proof-of-concept demonstration of portable and parallel 'ON'/'OFF' toxic chemical sensing (namely, the sensing of nitrite ions as a model analyte). First, the chemically reactive luminescent gel derived from BPEI-CDs was covalently post-modified with aniline for the selective synthesis of a diazo compound in the presence of nitrite ions. During this process, the color of the gel under visible light changed from white to yellow and, thus, the colorimetric mode of the sensor was turned 'ON'. In parallel, the luminescence of the gel under UV light was quenched, which was denoted as the 'OFF' mode of the sensor. This parallel and unambiguous 'ON'/'OFF' sensing of a toxic chemical (nitrite ions, with a detection limit of 3 μM) was also achieved even in presence of other relevant interfering ions and at concentrations well below the permissible limit (65 μM) set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Furthermore, this chemically reactive luminescent gel could be of potential interest in a wide range of basic and applied contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upama Baruah
- Bio-Inspired Polymeric Materials Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati Kamrup Assam 781039 India
| | - Uttam Manna
- Bio-Inspired Polymeric Materials Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati Kamrup Assam 781039 India
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati Kamrup Assam 781039 India
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Yang T, Du Z, Qiu H, Gao P, Zhao X, Wang H, Tu Q, Xiong K, Huang N, Yang Z. From surface to bulk modification: Plasma polymerization of amine-bearing coating by synergic strategy of biomolecule grafting and nitric oxide loading. Bioact Mater 2020; 5:17-25. [PMID: 31956732 PMCID: PMC6957870 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Integration of two or more biomolecules with synergetic and complementary effects on a material surface can help to obtain multi-functions for various biomedical applications. However, the amounts of biomolecules integrated and their physiological functions are compromised due to the limited surface anchoring sites. Herein, we propose a novel concept of film engineering strategy “from surface to bulk synergetic modification”. This new concept is realized by employing the surface amine groups of plasma polymerized allylamine (PPAm) film for grafting a molecule e.g., thrombin inhibitor, bivalirudin (BVLD), meanwhile its bulk amine groups is used as a universal depot for storing and releasing therapeutic nitric oxide (NO) gas as supplement to the functions of BVLD. It is demonstrated that such a “from surface to bulk synergetic modification” film engineering can impart the modified-substrates with anti-platelet and anti-coagulant dual functions, giving rise to a highly endothelium-mimetic thromboresistant property. We believe that our research provides a very promising strategy to deliver multifunctional surface versatilely that require NO release in combination with other properties, which will find broad biomedical applications in blood-contacting devices, and et al. Moreover, it also provides a brand-new film engineering strategy for tailoring surface multi-functionalities of a wide range of materials. A concept of “from surface to bulk synergetic modification” is proposed for tailoring surface multi-functionalities. The surface amine groups of plasma polymerized allylamine (PPAm) film were used for grafting bivalirudin. The bulk amine groups of PPAm film is utilized as the universal depots for storing and releasing nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of the Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Zeyu Du
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of the Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Hua Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of the Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of the Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huaiyu Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qiufen Tu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of the Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Kaiqin Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of the Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Nan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of the Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Zhilu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of the Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
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7
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A Cu-free clickable surface with controllable surface density. Colloid Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-019-04515-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Kumar R, Kratzer D, Cheng K, Prisby J, Sugai J, Giannobile WV, Lahann J. Carbohydrate‐Based Polymer Brushes Prevent Viral Adsorption on Electrostatically Heterogeneous Interfaces. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800530. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Michigan MI 48109 USA
- Biointerfaces Institute University of Michigan MI 48109 USA
| | - Domenic Kratzer
- Dr. D. Kratzer Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Baden‐Württemberg 76021 Germany
| | - Kenneth Cheng
- Department of Material Science & Engineering University of Michigan MI 48109 USA
- Biointerfaces Institute University of Michigan MI 48109 USA
| | - Julia Prisby
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan MI 48109 USA
- Biointerfaces Institute University of Michigan MI 48109 USA
| | - James Sugai
- School of Dentistry University of Michigan MI 48109 USA
| | | | - Joerg Lahann
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Michigan MI 48109 USA
- Department of Material Science & Engineering University of Michigan MI 48109 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan MI 48109 USA
- Biointerfaces Institute University of Michigan MI 48109 USA
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9
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Rather AM, Manna U. Green and Rapid Synthesis of Durable and Super-Oil (under Water) and Water (in Air) Repellent Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:23451-23457. [PMID: 29979031 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b06924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this letter, a single polymer is rapidly and covalently transformed into a chemically reactive and functional bulk polymeric coatings through a catalyst-free mutual chemical reaction between acrylates and amine groups at ambient condition-in the absence of any external reaction solvent, which is unprecedented in the literature. This facile and green chemical approach provided a common basis for achieving two distinct biomimicked wettabilities-that are superhydrophobicity (lotus-leaf mimicked) in air and superoleophobicity (fish-scale inspired) under water. The essential chemistry that conferred bioinspired wettability was optimized in the hierarchically featured polymeric material by postcovalent modulation of chemically reactive polymeric material with primary-amine-containing small moleculess, glucamine and octadecylamine. The inherently sticky and "chemically reactive" polymeric material having appropriate hierarchical topography is highly capable of providing substrate-independent (irrespective of chemical compositions and mechanical strength of the substrates) stable coatings with robust bioinspired (i.e., lotus leaf and fish scale) wettability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil M Rather
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati , Kamrup , Assam 781039 , India
| | - Uttam Manna
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati , Kamrup , Assam 781039 , India
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10
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Wellman SM, Eles JR, Ludwig KA, Seymour JP, Michelson NJ, McFadden WE, Vazquez AL, Kozai TDY. A Materials Roadmap to Functional Neural Interface Design. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2018; 28:1701269. [PMID: 29805350 PMCID: PMC5963731 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201701269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Advancement in neurotechnologies for electrophysiology, neurochemical sensing, neuromodulation, and optogenetics are revolutionizing scientific understanding of the brain while enabling treatments, cures, and preventative measures for a variety of neurological disorders. The grand challenge in neural interface engineering is to seamlessly integrate the interface between neurobiology and engineered technology, to record from and modulate neurons over chronic timescales. However, the biological inflammatory response to implants, neural degeneration, and long-term material stability diminish the quality of interface overtime. Recent advances in functional materials have been aimed at engineering solutions for chronic neural interfaces. Yet, the development and deployment of neural interfaces designed from novel materials have introduced new challenges that have largely avoided being addressed. Many engineering efforts that solely focus on optimizing individual probe design parameters, such as softness or flexibility, downplay critical multi-dimensional interactions between different physical properties of the device that contribute to overall performance and biocompatibility. Moreover, the use of these new materials present substantial new difficulties that must be addressed before regulatory approval for use in human patients will be achievable. In this review, the interdependence of different electrode components are highlighted to demonstrate the current materials-based challenges facing the field of neural interface engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Wellman
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for the Basis of Neural Cognition, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, 208 Center for Biotechnology, 300 Technology Dr., Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - James R Eles
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for the Basis of Neural Cognition, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, 208 Center for Biotechnology, 300 Technology Dr., Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - Kip A Ludwig
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - John P Seymour
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, 1301 Beal Ave., 2227 EECS, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Nicholas J Michelson
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for the Basis of Neural Cognition, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, 208 Center for Biotechnology, 300 Technology Dr., Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - William E McFadden
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for the Basis of Neural Cognition, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, 208 Center for Biotechnology, 300 Technology Dr., Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - Alberto L Vazquez
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for the Basis of Neural Cognition, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, 208 Center for Biotechnology, 300 Technology Dr., Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - Takashi D Y Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for the Basis of Neural Cognition, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, 208 Center for Biotechnology, 300 Technology Dr., Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
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11
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Bally‐Le Gall F, Hussal C, Kramer J, Cheng K, Kumar R, Eyster T, Baek A, Trouillet V, Nieger M, Bräse S, Lahann J. Polylutidines: Multifunctional Surfaces through Vapor‐Based Polymerization of Substituted Pyridinophanes. Chemistry 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Bally‐Le Gall
- Institute of Functional Interfaces Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute of Materials Science of Mulhouse, UMR 7361 UHA CNRS University of Strasbourg 68057 Mulhouse Cedex France
| | - Christoph Hussal
- Institute of Functional Interfaces Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Joshua Kramer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Kenneth Cheng
- Biointerfaces Institute and Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering University of Michigan 2800 Plymouth Road Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Ramya Kumar
- Biointerfaces Institute and Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering University of Michigan 2800 Plymouth Road Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Thomas Eyster
- Biointerfaces Institute and Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering University of Michigan 2800 Plymouth Road Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Amy Baek
- Biointerfaces Institute and Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering University of Michigan 2800 Plymouth Road Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Vanessa Trouillet
- Institute for Applied Materials and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinski P.O. Box 55 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Institute of Functional Interfaces Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Biointerfaces Institute and Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering University of Michigan 2800 Plymouth Road Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
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12
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Chen HY. Micro- and nano-surface structures based on vapor-deposited polymers. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:1366-1374. [PMID: 28900592 PMCID: PMC5530612 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vapor-deposition processes and the resulting thin polymer films provide consistent coatings that decouple the underlying substrate surface properties and can be applied for surface modification regardless of the substrate material and geometry. Here, various ways to structure these vapor-deposited polymer thin films are described. Well-established and available photolithography and soft lithography techniques are widely performed for the creation of surface patterns and microstructures on coated substrates. However, because of the requirements for applying a photomask or an elastomeric stamp, these techniques are mostly limited to flat substrates. Attempts are also conducted to produce patterned structures on non-flat surfaces with various maskless methods such as light-directed patterning and direct-writing approaches. The limitations for patterning on non-flat surfaces are resolution and cost. With the requirement of chemical control and/or precise accessibility to the linkage with functional molecules, chemically and topographically defined interfaces have recently attracted considerable attention. The multifunctional, gradient, and/or synergistic activities of using such interfaces are also discussed. Finally, an emerging discovery of selective deposition of polymer coatings and the bottom-up patterning approach by using the selective deposition technology is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Yeh Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Chen N, Kim DH, Kovacik P, Sojoudi H, Wang M, Gleason KK. Polymer Thin Films and Surface Modification by Chemical Vapor Deposition: Recent Progress. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2017; 7:373-93. [PMID: 27276550 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-080615-033524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization uses vapor phase monomeric reactants to synthesize organic thin films directly on substrates. These thin films are desirable as conformal surface engineering materials and functional layers. The facile tunability of the films and their surface properties allow successful integration of CVD thin films into prototypes for applications in surface modification, device fabrication, and protective films. CVD polymers also bridge microfabrication technology with chemical and biological systems. Robust coatings can be achieved via CVD methods as antifouling, anti-icing, and antihydrate surfaces, as well as stimuli-responsive or biocompatible polymers and novel nanostructures. Use of low-energy input, modest vacuum, and room-temperature substrates renders CVD polymerization compatible with thermally sensitive substrates and devices. Compared with solution-based methods, CVD is particularly useful for insoluble materials, such as electrically conductive polymers and controllably crosslinked networks, and has the potential to reduce environmental, health, and safety impacts associated with solvents. This review discusses the relevant background and selected applications of recent advances by two methods that display and use the high retention of the organic functional groups from their respective monomers, initiated CVD (iCVD) and oxidative CVD (oCVD) polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139;
| | - Do Han Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139;
| | - Peter Kovacik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139;
| | - Hossein Sojoudi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139;
| | - Karen K Gleason
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139;
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Deng X, He S, Xie F, Friedmann C, Hess H, Lahann J. Ultrasensitive In Situ Fluorescence Analysis using Modulated Fluorescence Interference Contrast at Nanostructured Polymer Surfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:2367-2373. [PMID: 26808588 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The precise modulation of fluorescence interference contrast is achieved by introducing a nanoscopically engineered spacer layer prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of functional polymers. These novel imaging substrates are chemically identical throughout their entire detection area, yet present patterns of nanoscale thickness. A protein binding cascade is studied in real time and in the presence of high background noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopei Deng
- Biointerfaces Institute & Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Siheng He
- Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Fan Xie
- Biointerfaces Institute & Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Christian Friedmann
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Henry Hess
- Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Biointerfaces Institute & Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Bally-Le Gall F, Friedmann C, Heinke L, Arslan H, Azucena C, Welle A, Ross AM, Wöll C, Lahann J. Free-standing nanomembranes based on selective CVD deposition of functional poly-p-xylylenes. ACS NANO 2015; 9:1400-1407. [PMID: 25646643 DOI: 10.1021/nn505761x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The precise engineering of ultrathin nanofilms with variable functionality remains an unmet challenge in nanotechnology. We report a strategy for generating free-standing nanomembranes based on the selective chemical vapor deposition polymerization of functional [2.2]paracyclophanes on micropatterned self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates on gold. This fabrication strategy can yield microstructured nanofilms that are between 2 and 5 nm thick. Subsequent release from the substrate results in free-standing nanoscale membranes with controlled pore size and geometry. The process allows for modification of important functional parameters, such as ultrasmall membrane thickness, membrane pore geometry, and chemical functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Bally-Le Gall
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
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Jo H, Theato P. Post-polymerization Modification of Surface-Bound Polymers. CONTROLLED RADICAL POLYMERIZATION AT AND FROM SOLID SURFACES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2015_315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Mechanical failure modes of chronically implanted planar silicon-based neural probes for laminar recording. Biomaterials 2014; 37:25-39. [PMID: 25453935 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Penetrating intracortical electrode arrays that record brain activity longitudinally are powerful tools for basic neuroscience research and emerging clinical applications. However, regardless of the technology used, signals recorded by these electrodes degrade over time. The failure mechanisms of these electrodes are understood to be a complex combination of the biological reactive tissue response and material failure of the device over time. While mechanical mismatch between the brain tissue and implanted neural electrodes have been studied as a source of chronic inflammation and performance degradation, the electrode failure caused by mechanical mismatch between different material properties and different structural components within a device have remained poorly characterized. Using Finite Element Model (FEM) we simulate the mechanical strain on a planar silicon electrode. The results presented here demonstrate that mechanical mismatch between iridium and silicon leads to concentrated strain along the border of the two materials. This strain is further focused on small protrusions such as the electrical traces in planar silicon electrodes. These findings are confirmed with chronic in vivo data (133-189 days) in mice by correlating a combination of single-unit electrophysiology, evoked multi-unit recordings, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy from traces and electrode sites with our modeling data. Several modes of mechanical failure of chronically implanted planar silicon electrodes are found that result in degradation and/or loss of recording. These findings highlight the importance of strains and material properties of various subcomponents within an electrode array.
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Arnold RM, Patton DL, Popik VV, Locklin J. A dynamic duo: pairing click chemistry and postpolymerization modification to design complex surfaces. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:2999-3008. [PMID: 25127014 DOI: 10.1021/ar500191m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in key 21st century technologies such as biosensors, biomedical implants, and organic light-emitting diodes rely heavily on our ability to imagine, design, and understand spatially complex interfaces. Polymer-based thin films provide many advantages in this regard, but the direct synthesis of polymers with incompatible functional groups is extremely difficult. Using postpolymerization modification in conjunction with click chemistry can circumvent this limitation and result in multicomponent surfaces that are otherwise unattainable. The two methods used to form polymer thin films include physisorption and chemisorption. Physisorbed polymers suffer from instability because of the weak intermolecular forces between the film and the substrate, which can lead to dewetting, delamination, desorption, or displacement. Covalent immobilization of polymers to surfaces through either a "grafting to" or "grafting from" approach provides thin films that are more robust and less prone to degradation. The grafting to technique consists of adsorbing a polymer containing at least one reactive group along the backbone to form a covalent bond with a complementary surface functionality. Grafting from involves polymerization directly from the surface, in which the polymer chains deviate from their native conformation in solution and stretch away from the surface because of the high density of chains. Postpolymerization modification (PPM) is a strategy used by our groups over the past several years to immobilize two or more different chemical functionalities onto substrates that contain covalently grafted polymer films. PPM exploits monomers with reactive pendant groups that are stable under the polymerization conditions but are readily modified via covalent attachment of the desired functionality. "Click-like" reactions are the most common type of reactions used for PPM because they are orthogonal, high-yielding, and rapid. Some of these reactions include thiol-based additions, activated ester coupling, azide-alkyne cycloadditions, some Diels-Alder reactions, and non-aldol carbonyl chemistry such as oxime, hydrazone, and amide formation. In this Account, we highlight our research combining PPM and click chemistry to generate complexity in polymer thin films. For the purpose of this Account, we define a complex coating as a polymer film grafted to a planar surface that acts as a template for the patterning of two or more discrete chemical functionalities using PPM. After a brief introduction to grafting, the rest of the review is arranged in terms of the sequence in which PPM is performed. First, we describe sequential functionalization using iterations of the same click-type reaction. Next, we discuss the use of two or more different click-like reactions performed consecutively, and we conclude with examples of self-sorting reactions involving orthogonal chemistries used for one-pot surface patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle M Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, and the Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Kuzmyn AR, de los Santos Pereira A, Pop-Georgievski O, Bruns M, Brynda E, Rodriguez-Emmenegger C. Exploiting end group functionalization for the design of antifouling bioactive brushes. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00281d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Diels–Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and maleimide is exploited to immobilize proteins on the chain-end of polymer brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Kuzmyn
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A. de los Santos Pereira
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - O. Pop-Georgievski
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M. Bruns
- Institute for Applied Materials and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - E. Brynda
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - C. Rodriguez-Emmenegger
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
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