1
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Liman G, Mutluturk E, Demirel G. Light- and Solvent-Responsive Bilayer Hydrogel Actuators with Reversible Bending Behaviors. ACS MATERIALS AU 2024; 4:385-392. [PMID: 39006397 PMCID: PMC11240406 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.4c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Light-responsive hydrogel systems have gained significant attention due to their unique ability to undergo controlled and reversible swelling behavior in response to light stimuli. Combining light-responsive hydrogels with nonresponsive polymers offers a unique self-folding feature that can be used in soft robotic actuator designs. However, simple formulation of such systems with rapid response time is still a challenging task. Herein, we demonstrate a simple but versatile bilayer polymeric design combining light-responsive spiropyran-polyacrylamide (SP-PAAm) with polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels. The photochromic spiropyran in our polymer design is a closed-ring, hydrophobic compound and turns into an open-ring, hydrophilic merocyanine isomer under light irradiation. The swelling degree of SP-PAAm and PAAm hydrogels was evaluated using LED lights with different wavelengths and solvent media (e.g., water, ethanol, DMF, and DMSO). We observed that SP-PAAm hydrogels reached a swelling ratio of ∼370% with the illumination of the blue LED in the DMF medium. By combining light-responsive SP-PAAm hydrogels with nonresponsive PAAm, a proof-of-concept demonstration was performed to demonstrate the applicability of our fabricated platforms. Although fabricated one-armed bilayer hydrogels possessed self-folding ability with a folding angle of ∼40° in 30 min, the four-armed bilayer platforms demonstrated more efficient and rapid folding behavior and reached a folding angle of ∼75° in ∼15 min. Given their simplicity and efficiency, we believe that such polymeric designs may offer new avenues for the fields of polymeric actuators and soft robotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorkem Liman
- Bio-inspired Materials Research Laboratory (BIMREL), Department of Chemistry, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Esma Mutluturk
- Department of Chemistry, Polatlı Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, 06900 Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Gokhan Demirel
- Bio-inspired Materials Research Laboratory (BIMREL), Department of Chemistry, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Türkiye
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2
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Zhu P, Song Q, Bhagwat S, Mayoussi F, Goralczyk A, Nekoonam N, Sanjaya M, Hou P, Tisato S, Kotz-Helmer F, Helmer D, Rapp BE. Generation of precision microstructures based on reconfigurable photoresponsive hydrogels for high-resolution polymer replication and microoptics. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5673. [PMID: 38971797 PMCID: PMC11227548 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Microstructured molds are essential for fabricating various components ranging from precision optics and microstructured surfaces to microfluidics. However, conventional fabrication technology such as photolithography requires expensive equipment and a large number of processing steps. Here, we report a facile method to fabricate micromolds based on a reusable photoresponsive hydrogel: Uniform micropatterns are engraved into the hydrogel surface using photo masks under UV irradiation within a few minutes. Patterns are replicated using polydimethylsiloxane with minimum feature size of 40 μm and smoothness of Rq ~ 3.4 nm. After replication, the patterns can be fully erased by light thus allowing for reuse as a new mold without notable loss in performance. Utilizing greyscale lithography, patterns with different height levels can be produced within the same exposure step. We demonstrate the versatility of this method by fabricating diffractive optical elements devices and a microlens array and microfluidic device with 100 µm wide channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pang Zhu
- Laboratory of Process Engineering, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Qingchuan Song
- Laboratory of Process Engineering, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center of Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies(FIT), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sagar Bhagwat
- Laboratory of Process Engineering, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fadoua Mayoussi
- Laboratory of Process Engineering, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Goralczyk
- Laboratory of Process Engineering, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Niloofar Nekoonam
- Laboratory of Process Engineering, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Peilong Hou
- Laboratory of Process Engineering, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Silvio Tisato
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frederik Kotz-Helmer
- Laboratory of Process Engineering, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center of Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies(FIT), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Glassomer GmbH, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dorothea Helmer
- Laboratory of Process Engineering, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Freiburg Center of Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies(FIT), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Glassomer GmbH, Freiburg, Germany.
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Bastian E Rapp
- Laboratory of Process Engineering, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center of Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies(FIT), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Glassomer GmbH, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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3
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Bril M, Saberi A, Jorba I, van Turnhout MC, Sahlgren CM, Bouten CV, Schenning AP, Kurniawan NA. Shape-Morphing Photoresponsive Hydrogels Reveal Dynamic Topographical Conditioning of Fibroblasts. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303136. [PMID: 37740666 PMCID: PMC10625123 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular environment defines a physical boundary condition with which cells interact. However, to date, cell response to geometrical environmental cues is largely studied in static settings, which fails to capture the spatiotemporally varying cues cells receive in native tissues. Here, a photoresponsive spiropyran-based hydrogel is presented as a dynamic, cell-compatible, and reconfigurable substrate. Local stimulation with blue light (455 nm) alters hydrogel swelling, resulting in on-demand reversible micrometer-scale changes in surface topography within 15 min, allowing investigation into cell response to controlled geometry actuations. At short term (1 h after actuation), fibroblasts respond to multiple rounds of recurring topographical changes by reorganizing their nucleus and focal adhesions (FA). FAs form primarily at the dynamic regions of the hydrogel; however, this propensity is abolished when the topography is reconfigured from grooves to pits, demonstrating that topographical changes dynamically condition fibroblasts. Further, this dynamic conditioning is found to be associated with long-term (72 h) maintenance of focal adhesions and epigenetic modifications. Overall, this study offers a new approach to dissect the dynamic interplay between cells and their microenvironment and shines a new light on the cell's ability to adapt to topographical changes through FA-based mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Bril
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhoven5600 MBThe Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhoven5600 MBThe Netherlands
| | - Aref Saberi
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhoven5600 MBThe Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhoven5600 MBThe Netherlands
| | - Ignasi Jorba
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhoven5600 MBThe Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhoven5600 MBThe Netherlands
| | - Mark C. van Turnhout
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhoven5600 MBThe Netherlands
| | - Cecilia M. Sahlgren
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhoven5600 MBThe Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhoven5600 MBThe Netherlands
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringÅbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFI‐20520Finland
| | - Carlijn V.C. Bouten
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhoven5600 MBThe Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhoven5600 MBThe Netherlands
| | - Albert P.H.J. Schenning
- Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhoven5600 MBThe Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering & ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhoven5612 AEThe Netherlands
| | - Nicholas A. Kurniawan
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhoven5600 MBThe Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhoven5600 MBThe Netherlands
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4
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Li Z, Zhou Y, Li T, Zhang J, Tian H. Stimuli‐responsive hydrogels: Fabrication and biomedical applications. VIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology Shanghai China
| | - Yanzi Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology Shanghai China
| | - Tianyue Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology Shanghai China
| | - Junji Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology Shanghai China
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology Shanghai China
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5
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Peng K, Zheng L, Zhou T, Zhang C, Li H. Light manipulation for fabrication of hydrogels and their biological applications. Acta Biomater 2022; 137:20-43. [PMID: 34637933 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of biocompatible materials with desired functions is essential for tissue engineering and biomedical applications. Hydrogels prepared from these materials represent an important class of soft matter for mimicking extracellular environments. In particular, dynamic hydrogels with responsiveness to environments are quite appealing because they can match the dynamics of biological processes. Among the external stimuli that can trigger responsive hydrogels, light is considered as a clean stimulus with high spatiotemporal resolution, complete bioorthogonality, and fine tunability regarding its wavelength and intensity. Therefore, photoresponsiveness has been broadly encoded in hydrogels for biological applications. Moreover, light can be used to initiate gelation during the fabrication of biocompatible hydrogels. Here, we present a critical review of light manipulation tools for the fabrication of hydrogels and for the regulation of physicochemical properties and functions of photoresponsive hydrogels. The materials, photo-initiated chemical reactions, and new prospects for light-induced gelation are introduced in the former part, while mechanisms to render hydrogels photoresponsive and their biological applications are discussed in the latter part. Subsequently, the challenges and potential research directions in this area are discussed, followed by a brief conclusion. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Hydrogels play a vital role in the field of biomaterials owing to their water retention ability and biocompatibility. However, static hydrogels cannot meet the dynamic requirements of the biomedical field. As a stimulus with high spatiotemporal resolution, light is an ideal tool for both the fabrication and operation of hydrogels. In this review, light-induced hydrogelation and photoresponsive hydrogels are discussed in detail, and new prospects and emerging biological applications are described. To inspire more research studies in this promising area, the challenges and possible solutions are also presented.
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6
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Meeks A, Lerch MM, Schroeder TBH, Shastri A, Aizenberg J. Spiropyran Photoisomerization Dynamics in Multiresponsive Hydrogels. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:219-227. [PMID: 34965115 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Light-responsive, spiropyran-functionalized hydrogels have been used to create reversibly photoactuated structures for applications ranging from microfluidics to nonlinear optics. Tailoring a spiropyran-functionalized hydrogel system for a particular application requires an understanding of how co-monomer composition affects the switching dynamics of the spiropyran chromophore. Such gels are frequently designed to be responsive to different stimuli such as light, temperature, and pH. The coupling of these influences can significantly alter spiropyran behavior in ways not currently well understood. To better understand the influence of responsive co-monomers on the spiropyran isomerization dynamics, we use UV-vis spectroscopy and time-dependent fluorescence intensity measurements to study spiropyran-modified hydrogels polymerized from four common hydrogel precursors of different pH and temperature responsivity: acrylamide, acrylic acid, N-isopropylacrylamide, and 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate. In acidic and neutral gels, we observe unusual nonmonotonic, triexponential fluorescence dynamics under 405 nm irradiation that cannot be explicated by either the established spiropyran-merocyanine interconversion model or hydrolysis. To explain these results, we introduce an analytical model of spiropyran interconversions that includes H-aggregated merocyanine and its light-triggered disaggregation under 405 nm irradiation. This model provides an excellent fit to the observed fluorescence dynamics and elucidates exactly how creating an acidic internal gel environment promotes the fast and complete conversion of the hydrophilic merocyanine speciesto the hydrophobic spiropyran form, which is desired in most light-sensitive hydrogel actuators. This can be achieved by incorporating acrylic acid monomers and by minimizing the aggregate concentration. Beyond spiropyran-functionalized gel actuators, these conclusions are particularly critical for nonlinear optical computing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Meeks
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Michael M Lerch
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas B H Schroeder
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Ankita Shastri
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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7
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Yang Y, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Li G, Zhang C, Song Y, Li L, Ni C, Dai N, Cai Y, Li J, Wu D, Chu J. Femtosecond Laser Regulated Ultrafast Growth of Mushroom-Like Architecture for Oil Repellency and Manipulation. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:9301-9309. [PMID: 34709839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural organisms can create various microstructures via a spontaneous growth mode. In contrast, artificial protruding microstructures are constructed by subtractive methods that waste materials and time or by additive methods that require additional materials. Here, we report a facile and straightforward strategy for a laser-induced self-growing mushroom-like microstructure on a flat surface. By simply controlling the localized femtosecond laser heating and ablation on the poly(ethylene terephthalate) tape/heat-shrinkable polystyrene bilayer surface, it is discovered that a mushroom-like architecture can spontaneously and rapidly grow out from the original surface within 0.36 s. The dimension of the re-entrant micropillar array (cap diameter, pillar spacing, and height) can be accurately controlled through the intentional control of laser scanning. Followed by a fluorination and spray coating, the obtained surface can realize the repellency and manipulation of oil droplets. This work provides new opportunities in the fields of microfabrication, microfluidics, microreactor engineering, and wearable antifouling electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing Technology for Manufacturing Process of Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Yachao Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yanlei Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Testing Technology for Manufacturing Process of Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yuegan Song
- Key Laboratory of Testing Technology for Manufacturing Process of Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Longfu Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Caiding Ni
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Nianwei Dai
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Testing Technology for Manufacturing Process of Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Jiaru Chu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
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8
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Li T, Ma T, Li J, Chen S, Ma X, Yin J, Jiang X. Micropatterns Fabricated by Photodimerization-Induced Diffusion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007699. [PMID: 34363250 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pattern technology plays an important role in the generation of microstructures with different functionalities and morphologies. In this report, a straightforward and versatile strategy is presented for spatially regulating the growth of a microstructure on a surface by the photodimerization of maleimide (MI). Upon exposure of ultraviolet (UV) light, photodimerization of MI in a film comprising furan-grafted polymer and bismaleimide (BMI) produces a chemical gradient, which can drive the diffusion of BMI from the unexposed to the exposed region and from the bottom to the surface, resulting in the growth of micropatterns. Sequential crosslinking induced by the Diels-Alder reaction between MI and furan maintains the stability of pattern shape. Theoretical modeling with reaction-diffusion equations reveal that as photodimerization moves the system far from thermodynamic equilibrium, the formation of a chemical potential gradient requires the redistribution of matter, resulting in the formation of topographies. Directional molecular motion induced by UV light can generate complex morphology, and produce materials with unique optical functions, such as charming-ordered gratings. This straightforward method of fabricating micropatterns by photodimerization-induced diffusion is successfully applied to patterned curved surfaces, microfluidic channels and encapsulation of integrated light emitting diode chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Tianjiao Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jin Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xuesong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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9
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Lavrentovich OD. Design of nematic liquid crystals to control microscale dynamics. LIQUID CRYSTALS REVIEWS 2021; 8:59-129. [PMID: 34956738 PMCID: PMC8698256 DOI: 10.1080/21680396.2021.1919576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of small particles, both living such as swimming bacteria and inanimate, such as colloidal spheres, has fascinated scientists for centuries. If one could learn how to control and streamline their chaotic motion, that would open technological opportunities in the transformation of stored or environmental energy into systematic motion, with applications in micro-robotics, transport of matter, guided morphogenesis. This review presents an approach to command microscale dynamics by replacing an isotropic medium with a liquid crystal. Orientational order and associated properties, such as elasticity, surface anchoring, and bulk anisotropy, enable new dynamic effects, ranging from the appearance and propagation of particle-like solitary waves to self-locomotion of an active droplet. By using photoalignment, the liquid crystal can be patterned into predesigned structures. In the presence of the electric field, these patterns enable the transport of solid and fluid particles through nonlinear electrokinetics rooted in anisotropy of conductivity and permittivity. Director patterns command the dynamics of swimming bacteria, guiding their trajectories, polarity of swimming, and distribution in space. This guidance is of a higher level of complexity than a simple following of the director by rod-like microorganisms. Namely, the director gradients mediate hydrodynamic interactions of bacteria to produce an active force and collective polar modes of swimming. The patterned director could also be engraved in a liquid crystal elastomer. When an elastomer coating is activated by heat or light, these patterns produce a deterministic surface topography. The director gradients define an activation force that shapes the elastomer in a manner similar to the active stresses triggering flows in active nematics. The patterned elastomer substrates could be used to define the orientation of cells in living tissues. The liquid-crystal guidance holds a major promise in achieving the goal of commanding microscale active flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg D Lavrentovich
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Department of Physics, Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
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10
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Larik FA, Fillbrook LL, Nurttila SS, Martin AD, Kuchel RP, Al Taief K, Bhadbhade M, Beves JE, Thordarson P. Ultra-Low Molecular Weight Photoswitchable Hydrogelators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6764-6770. [PMID: 33295683 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Two photoswitchable arylazopyrozoles form hydrogels at a concentration of 1.2 % (w/v). With a molecular weight of 258.28 g mol-1 , these are the lowest known molecular weight hydrogelators that respond reversibly to light. Photoswitching of the E- to the Z-form by exposure to 365 nm light results in a macroscopic gel→sol transition; nearly an order of magnitude reduction in the measured elastic and loss moduli. In the case of the meta-arylazopyrozole, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy suggests that the 29±7 nm wide sheets in the E-gel state narrow to 13±2 nm upon photoswitching to the predominantly Z-solution state. Photoswitching for meta-arylazopyrozole is reversible through cycles of 365 nm and 520 nm excitation with little fatigue. The release of a rhodamine B dye encapsulated in gels formed by the arylazopyrozoles is accelerated more than 20-fold upon photoswitching with 365 nm light, demonstrating these materials are suitable for light-controlled cargo release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayaz Ali Larik
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Lucy L Fillbrook
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Sandra S Nurttila
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Adam D Martin
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Rhiannon P Kuchel
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Karrar Al Taief
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mohan Bhadbhade
- Solid State & Elemental Analysis Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jonathon E Beves
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Pall Thordarson
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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11
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Larik FA, Fillbrook LL, Nurttila SS, Martin AD, Kuchel RP, Al Taief K, Bhadbhade M, Beves JE, Thordarson P. Ultra‐Low Molecular Weight Photoswitchable Hydrogelators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fayaz Ali Larik
- School of Chemistry The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Lucy L. Fillbrook
- School of Chemistry The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Sandra S. Nurttila
- School of Chemistry The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Adam D. Martin
- Dementia Research Centre Department of Biomedical Science Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Rhiannon P. Kuchel
- Electron Microscopy Unit Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Karrar Al Taief
- School of Chemistry The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Mohan Bhadbhade
- Solid State & Elemental Analysis Unit Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Jonathon E. Beves
- School of Chemistry The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Pall Thordarson
- School of Chemistry The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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12
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Liu S, Liao X, de Haan LT, You Y, Ye H, Zhou G, Yuan D. Light-deformable dynamic surface fabricated by ink-jet printing. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:748-757. [PMID: 33231221 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01464h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic surfaces which can change their topography with external stimuli have wide application prospects. Liquid crystal network (LCN) is an ideal material for making dynamic surfaces, but traditional methods for LCN dynamic surface manufacturing are difficult to scale up, which limits its applications. This research proposes a new method to fabricate a responsive surface using ink-jet printing technology. Using a liquid crystal monomer mixture as the ink, we printed arrays of droplets onto a glass substrate with a homeotropic alignment layer and polymerized the droplets into deformable LCN hemispheres. An azobenzene diacrylate was copolymerized into the hemispheres to make them photo-responsive to UV light. Because the ink-jet printing method can potentially be used to print countless hemispheres on a large area substrate, large area dynamic surfaces consisting of a multitude of separate dynamic structures can be manufactured. Since the deformation of the entire surface is a periodic repetition of the deformation of a single hemisphere, we characterized the deformation of individual hemispheres, and found that the optical image of hemispheres between crossed polarizers shows a "maltese cross" texture, and 3D surface profiling shows the top surface depresses into a valley after UV-irradiation. This is caused by an order parameter decrease of the homeotropically aligned LC molecules, which leads to a contraction in the alignment direction. The deformation amplitude can be modulated by UV intensity and temperature. This kind of dynamic surface fabricated by ink-jet printing technology can easily be scaled up and is promising for applications such as adjustable micro-lenses or surface wettability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunqian Liu
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou, China. and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Liao
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou, China. and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Laurens T de Haan
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou, China. and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yuxin You
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou, China. and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Huapeng Ye
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou, China. and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou, China. and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China and Shenzhen Guohua Optoelectronics Tech. Co. Ltd, Shenzhen 518110, P. R. China
| | - Dong Yuan
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou, China. and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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13
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Zhang R, Han L, Ma H, Lei L, Li C, Zhang S, Bai H, Li Y. Well-controlled spiropyran functionalized polystyrenes via a combination of anionic polymerization and hydrosilylation for photoinduced solvatochromism. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Ji W, Wu Q, Han X, Zhang W, Wei W, Chen L, Li L, Huang W. Photosensitive hydrogels: from structure, mechanisms, design to bioapplications. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:1813-1828. [PMID: 33216277 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1710-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel is a smart material with a three-dimensional network structure and has been widely used in various fields due to its good biodegradability, biocompatibility, and modification. Photosensitive hydrogel is a smart hydrogel, and its amenability to remote, precise control, and flexible and convenient regulation of stimulating factors make it an ideal candidate for use in fields such as biological materials, drug carriers, and sensors. In this review, we discuss the structure, mechanisms, design principles, and bioapplications of photosensitive hydrogels as developed in recent years. Finally, their potential for development and potential future challenges are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Ji
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China.
| | - Xisi Han
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China.,Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
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15
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Chen X, Li H, Lam K. A multiphysics model of photo-sensitive hydrogels in response to light-thermo-pH-salt coupled stimuli for biomedical applications. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 135:107584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Kuenstler AS, Lahikainen M, Zhou H, Xu W, Priimagi A, Hayward RC. Reconfiguring Gaussian Curvature of Hydrogel Sheets with Photoswitchable Host-Guest Interactions. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1172-1177. [PMID: 32864191 PMCID: PMC7445929 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced shape morphing has implications in fields ranging from soft robotics to biomedical devices. Despite considerable effort in this area, it remains a challenge to design materials that can be both rapidly deployed and reconfigured into multiple different three-dimensional forms, particularly in aqueous environments. In this work, we present a simple method to program and rewrite spatial variations in swelling and, therefore, Gaussian curvature in thin sheets of hydrogels using photoswitchable supramolecular complexation of azobenzene pendent groups with dissolved α-cyclodextrin. We show that the extent of swelling can be programmed via the proportion of azobenzene isomers, with a 60% decrease in areal swelling from the all trans to the predominantly cis state near room temperature. The use of thin gel sheets provides fast response times in the range of a few tens of seconds, while the shape change is persistent in the absence of light thanks to the slow rate of thermal cis-trans isomerization. Finally, we demonstrate that a single gel sheet can be programmed with a first swelling pattern via spatially defined illumination with ultraviolet light, then erased with white light, and finally redeployed with a different swelling pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa S. Kuenstler
- Department of Polymer
Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Markus Lahikainen
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering
and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541F1-33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hantao Zhou
- Department of Polymer
Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Wenwen Xu
- Department of Polymer
Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering
and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541F1-33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ryan C. Hayward
- Department of Polymer
Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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17
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Morim DR, Meeks A, Shastri A, Tran A, Shneidman AV, Yashin VV, Mahmood F, Balazs AC, Aizenberg J, Saravanamuttu K. Opto-chemo-mechanical transduction in photoresponsive gels elicits switchable self-trapped beams with remote interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:3953-3959. [PMID: 32029591 PMCID: PMC7049136 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902872117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation photonics envisions circuitry-free, rapidly reconfigurable systems powered by solitonic beams of self-trapped light and their particlelike interactions. Progress, however, has been limited by the need for reversibly responsive materials that host such nonlinear optical waves. We find that repeatedly switchable self-trapped visible laser beams, which exhibit strong pairwise interactions, can be generated in a photoresponsive hydrogel. Through comprehensive experiments and simulations, we show that the unique nonlinear conditions arise when photoisomerization of spiropyran substituents in pH-responsive poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) hydrogel transduces optical energy into mechanical deformation of the 3D cross-linked hydrogel matrix. A Gaussian beam self-traps when localized isomerization-induced contraction of the hydrogel and expulsion of water generates a transient waveguide, which entraps the optical field and suppresses divergence. The waveguide is erased and reformed within seconds when the optical field is sequentially removed and reintroduced, allowing the self-trapped beam to be rapidly and repeatedly switched on and off at remarkably low powers in the milliwatt regime. Furthermore, this opto-chemo-mechanical transduction of energy mediated by the 3D cross-linked hydrogel network facilitates pairwise interactions between self-trapped beams both in the short range where there is significant overlap of their optical fields, and even in the long range--over separation distances of up to 10 times the beam width--where such overlap is negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek R Morim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Amos Meeks
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Ankita Shastri
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Andy Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Anna V Shneidman
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Victor V Yashin
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Fariha Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Anna C Balazs
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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18
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Zhang CT, Liu Y, Wang X, Wang X, Kolle S, Balazs AC, Aizenberg J. Patterning non-equilibrium morphologies in stimuli-responsive gels through topographical confinement. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:1463-1472. [PMID: 31859307 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02221j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive "smart" polymers have generated significant interest for introducing dynamic control into the properties of antifouling coatings, smart membranes, switchable adhesives and cell manipulation substrates. Switchable surface morphologies formed by confining stimuli-responsive gels to topographically structured substrates have shown potential for a variety of interfacial applications. Beyond patterning the equilibrium swelling behavior of gels, subjecting stimuli-responsive gels to topographical confinement could also introduce spatial gradients in the various timescales associated with gel deformation, giving rise to novel non-equilibrium morphologies. Here we show how by curing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAm)-based gel under confinement to a rigid, bumpy substrate, we can not only induce the surface curvature to invert with temperature, but also program the transient, non-equilibrium morphologies that emerge during the inversion process through changing the heating path. Finite element simulations show that the emergence of these transient morphologies is correlated with confinement-induced gradients in polymer concentration and position-dependent hydrostatic pressure within the gel. To illustrate the relevance of such morphologies in interfacial applications, we show how they enable us to control the gravity-induced assembly of colloidal particles and microalgae. Finally, we show how more complex arrangements in particle assembly can be created through controlling the thickness of the temperature-responsive gel over the bumps. Patterning stimuli-responsive gels on topographically-structured surfaces not only enables switching between two invertible topographies, but could also create opportunities for stimuli ramp-dependent control over the local curvature of the surface and emergence of unique transient morphologies. Harnessing these features could have potential in the design of multifunctional, actuatable materials for switchable adhesion, antifouling, cell manipulation, and liquid and particle transport surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy T Zhang
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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19
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Grogan C, Amarandei G, Lawless S, Pedreschi F, Lyng F, Benito-Lopez F, Raiteri R, Florea L. Silicon Microcantilever Sensors to Detect the Reversible Conformational Change of a Molecular Switch, Spiropyan. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E854. [PMID: 32041095 PMCID: PMC7039217 DOI: 10.3390/s20030854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The high sensitivity of silicon microcantilever sensors has expanded their use in areas ranging from gas sensing to bio-medical applications. Photochromic molecules also represent promising candidates for a large variety of sensing applications. In this work, the operating principles of these two sensing methods are combined in order to detect the reversible conformational change of a molecular switch, spiropyran. Thus, arrays of silicon microcantilever sensors were functionalized with spiropyran on the gold covered side and used as test microcantilevers. The microcantilever deflection response was observed, in five sequential cycles, as the transition from the spiropyran (SP) (CLOSED) to the merocyanine (MC) (OPEN) state and vice-versa when induced by UV and white light LED sources, respectively, proving the reversibility capabilities of this type of sensor. The microcantilever deflection direction was observed to be in one direction when changing to the MC state and in the opposite direction when changing back to the SP state. A tensile stress was induced in the microcantilever when the SP to MC transition took place, while a compressive stress was observed for the reverse transition. These different type of stresses are believed to be related to the spatial conformational changes induced in the photochromic molecule upon photo-isomerisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Grogan
- School of Physics & Clinical & Optometric Sciences, Technological University of Dublin, Kevin Street, D08NF82 Dublin, Ireland; (C.G.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.L.)
| | - George Amarandei
- School of Physics & Clinical & Optometric Sciences, Technological University of Dublin, Kevin Street, D08NF82 Dublin, Ireland; (C.G.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.L.)
| | - Shauna Lawless
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, 9 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Fran Pedreschi
- School of Physics & Clinical & Optometric Sciences, Technological University of Dublin, Kevin Street, D08NF82 Dublin, Ireland; (C.G.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.L.)
| | - Fiona Lyng
- School of Physics & Clinical & Optometric Sciences, Technological University of Dublin, Kevin Street, D08NF82 Dublin, Ireland; (C.G.); (G.A.); (F.P.); (F.L.)
- FOCAS Institute, Technological University Dublin, Camden Row, 8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fernando Benito-Lopez
- Analytical Microsystems & Materials for Lab-on-a-Chip Group (AMMa-LOAC), Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, Analytical Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
| | - Roberto Raiteri
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and System Engineering, University of Genova, 16145 Genova, Italy;
| | - Larisa Florea
- School of Chemistry & AMBER, the SFI Research Centre for Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, College Green, 2 Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Dattler D, Fuks G, Heiser J, Moulin E, Perrot A, Yao X, Giuseppone N. Design of Collective Motions from Synthetic Molecular Switches, Rotors, and Motors. Chem Rev 2019; 120:310-433. [PMID: 31869214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Precise control over molecular movement is of fundamental and practical importance in physics, biology, and chemistry. At nanoscale, the peculiar functioning principles and the synthesis of individual molecular actuators and machines has been the subject of intense investigations and debates over the past 60 years. In this review, we focus on the design of collective motions that are achieved by integrating, in space and time, several or many of these individual mechanical units together. In particular, we provide an in-depth look at the intermolecular couplings used to physically connect a number of artificial mechanically active molecular units such as photochromic molecular switches, nanomachines based on mechanical bonds, molecular rotors, and light-powered rotary motors. We highlight the various functioning principles that can lead to their collective motion at various length scales. We also emphasize how their synchronized, or desynchronized, mechanical behavior can lead to emerging functional properties and to their implementation into new active devices and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Dattler
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Gad Fuks
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Joakim Heiser
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Emilie Moulin
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Alexis Perrot
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Xuyang Yao
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Nicolas Giuseppone
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
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21
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Yang H, Wang H, Feng J, Ye Y, Liu W. Solventless Synthesis and Patterning of UV‐Responsive Poly(allyl methacrylate) Film. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huidong Yang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo 315211 China
| | - Hong Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo 315211 China
| | - Jingang Feng
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo 315211 China
| | - Yumin Ye
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo 315211 China
| | - Wenna Liu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo 315211 China
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22
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Li L, Scheiger JM, Levkin PA. Design and Applications of Photoresponsive Hydrogels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1807333. [PMID: 30848524 PMCID: PMC9285504 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201807333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are the most relevant biochemical scaffold due to their tunable properties, inherent biocompatibility, and similarity with tissue and cell environments. Over the past decade, hydrogels have developed from static materials to "smart" responsive materials adapting to various stimuli, such as pH, temperature, chemical, electrical, or light. Light stimulation is particularly interesting for many applications because of the capability of contact-free remote manipulation of biomaterial properties and inherent spatial and temporal control. Moreover, light can be finely adjusted in its intrinsic properties, such as wavelength and intensity (i.e., the energy of an individual photon as well as the number of photons over time). Water is almost transparent for light in the photochemically relevant range (NIR-UV), thus hydrogels are well-suited scaffolds for light-responsive functionality. Hydrogels' chemical and physical variety combined with light responsiveness makes photoresponsive hydrogels ideal candidates for applications in several fields, ranging from biomaterials, medicine to soft robotics. Herein, the progress and new developments in the field of light-responsive hydrogels are elaborated by first introducing the relevant photochemistries before discussing selected applications in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz Pl. 176344Eggenstein‐LeopoldshafenGermany
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated MaterialsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong UniversityJinan250100P. R. China
| | - Johannes M. Scheiger
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz Pl. 176344Eggenstein‐LeopoldshafenGermany
- Institute of Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Pavel A. Levkin
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz Pl. 176344Eggenstein‐LeopoldshafenGermany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76131KarlsruheGermany
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23
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24
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Kortekaas L, Browne WR. The evolution of spiropyran: fundamentals and progress of an extraordinarily versatile photochrome. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:3406-3424. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00203k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Spiropyrans have played a pivotal role in the emergence of the field of chromism following their discovery in the early 20th century, with almost ubiquitous use in materials applications especially since their photochromism was discovered in 1952.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luuk Kortekaas
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry
- Stratingh institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- 9747AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Wesley R. Browne
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry
- Stratingh institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- 9747AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
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25
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Wang C, Liu Z, Li C, Wu Y, Wang S. Preparation of reversible photoresponsive N-hydroxyethyl spiropyran/polyacrylonitrile fiber materials with mechanical stability by electrospinning for regulating wettability and humidity automatically. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008318817802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Novel photoresponsive N-hydroxyethyl spiropyran (SP-OH)/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber materials with reversible changes in wettability and humidity were prepared by electrospinning in this work. SP-OH and PAN were mixed through a physical doping method. The wettability and humidity regulation of the electrospun films can be reversibly manipulated by the simple change of ultraviolet (UV)-visible (UV-Vis) light irradiation due to the photoisomerization mechanism of the spiropyran chromophore. Under UV light irradiation, SP-OH molecules exhibit a colored polar open-ring status, resulting in electrostatic attraction with water. However, under visible light irradiation, they are colorless and nonpolar and lose the attraction effect. Wettability and ambient humidity were regulated by this repeated transformation between polar surface and nonpolar surface. The tensile strength and the reversible change ranges of wettability and humidity under UV-Vis irradiation are all closely related to the doping amount of SP-OH. Electrospinning is a promising method to achieve large-scale production that can put such a material into practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifeng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenfu Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunhao Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhhot, People’s Republic of China
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26
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Zhang Y, Wang S. Preparation of Smart Poly(SPAA-co-MMA) Film Materials for Regulating Wettability and Humidity by Electrospinning. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis; Inner Mongolia Normal University; Huhhot 010022 People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry; Inner Mongolia Normal University; Huhhot 010022 People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis; Inner Mongolia Normal University; Huhhot 010022 People's Republic of China
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27
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Grimm O, Schacher FH. Dual Stimuli-Responsive P(NIPAAm-co-SPA) Copolymers: Synthesis and Response in Solution and in Films. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E645. [PMID: 30966679 PMCID: PMC6403943 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the synthesis and solution properties of dual stimuli-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-spiropyran acrylate) (P(NIPAAm-co-SPA)) copolymers of varying composition prepared via nitroxide-mediated copolymerization. The resulting copolymers feature molar masses from 40,000 to 100,000 g/mol according to static light scattering and an SPA content of up to 5.3%. The latter was determined by ¹H NMR spectroscopy and UV⁻Vis spectroscopy. These materials exhibit reversible response upon irradiation in polymeric films for a minimum of three cycles; their response in solution to both light and temperature was also investigated in an aqueous TRIS buffer (pH 8). Irradiation was carried out using LED setups with wavelengths of 365 and 590 nm. In aqueous solution, a custom-made setup using a fiber-coupled 200 W Hg(Xe) lamp with 340 and 540 nm filters was used and additional heating of the copolymer solutions during irradiation allowed to study influence of the presence of either the spiropyran or merocyanine form on the cloud point temperature. Hereby, it was found that increasing the SPA content leads to a more pronounced difference between both states and decreasing cloud points in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Grimm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Felix H Schacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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28
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Dunne A, Delaney C, McKeon A, Nesterenko P, Paull B, Benito-Lopez F, Diamond D, Florea L. Micro-Capillary Coatings Based on Spiropyran Polymeric Brushes for Metal Ion Binding, Detection, and Release in Continuous Flow. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18041083. [PMID: 29617290 PMCID: PMC5949026 DOI: 10.3390/s18041083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Micro-capillaries, capable of light-regulated binding and qualitative detection of divalent metal ions in continuous flow, have been realised through functionalisation with spiropyran photochromic brush-type coatings. Upon irradiation with UV light, the coating switches from the passive non-binding spiropyran form to the active merocyanine form, which binds different divalent metal ions (Zn2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Cd2+), as they pass through the micro-capillary. Furthermore, the merocyanine visible absorbance spectrum changes upon metal ion binding, enabling the ion uptake to be detected optically. Irradiation with white light causes reversion of the merocyanine to the passive spiropyran form, with simultaneous release of the bound metal ion from the micro-capillary coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishling Dunne
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Colm Delaney
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Aoife McKeon
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Pavel Nesterenko
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
| | - Brett Paull
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
| | - Fernando Benito-Lopez
- Analytical Microsystems & Materials for Lab-on-a-Chip (AMMa-LOAC) Group, Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, Analytical Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain.
| | - Dermot Diamond
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Larisa Florea
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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29
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Babakhanova G, Turiv T, Guo Y, Hendrikx M, Wei QH, Schenning APHJ, Broer DJ, Lavrentovich OD. Liquid crystal elastomer coatings with programmed response of surface profile. Nat Commun 2018; 9:456. [PMID: 29386512 PMCID: PMC5792610 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02895-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive liquid crystal elastomers with molecular orientation coupled to rubber-like elasticity show a great potential as elements in soft robotics, sensing, and transport systems. The orientational order defines their mechanical response to external stimuli, such as thermally activated muscle-like contraction. Here we demonstrate a dynamic thermal control of the surface topography of an elastomer prepared as a coating with a pattern of in-plane molecular orientation. The inscribed pattern determines whether the coating develops elevations, depressions, or in-plane deformations when the temperature changes. The deterministic dependence of the out-of-plane dynamic profile on the in-plane orientation is explained by activation forces. These forces are caused by stretching-contraction of the polymer networks and by spatially varying molecular orientation. The activation force concept brings the responsive liquid crystal elastomers into the domain of active matter. The demonstrated relationship can be used to design coatings with functionalities that mimic biological tissues such as skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Babakhanova
- Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Taras Turiv
- Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Yubing Guo
- Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Matthew Hendrikx
- Functional Organic Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZAE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Qi-Huo Wei
- Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Albert P H J Schenning
- Functional Organic Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZAE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Broer
- Functional Organic Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZAE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Oleg D Lavrentovich
- Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.
- Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.
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30
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Ji W, Qin M, Feng C. Photoresponsive Coumarin-Based Supramolecular Hydrogel for Controllable Dye Release. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ji
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Minggao Qin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Chuanliang Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
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31
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Vassalini I, Alessandri I. "The phactalysts": carbon nanotube/TiO 2 composites as phototropic actuators for wireless remote triggering of chemical reactions and catalysis. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:11446-11451. [PMID: 28786458 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05104b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new concept of a reconfigurable smart catalyst was developed from the synergistic combination of polycarbonate/carbon nanotube bimorph photoactuators and TiO2. The addition of TiO2 provides the photoactuators with photocatalytic activity and superior opto-mechanical properties, making phototropic actuation fast, reversible and responsive to Vis-NIR light sources. These composites were tested in the wireless, light-driven and spatially controlled remote triggering of different chemical reactions, including local explosions and photocatalytic polymerizations. The same materials were also investigated as efficient opto-mechanical shutters for the light-selective inhibition or activation of specific reactions, such as the photo-induced degradation of organic dyes. These results suggest that the integration of photocatalysts with soft photoactuators can open intriguing opportunities for chemistry and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Vassalini
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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32
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ter Schiphorst J, Melpignano GG, Amirabadi HE, Houben MHJM, Bakker S, den Toonder JMJ, Schenning APHJ. Photoresponsive Passive Micromixers Based on Spiropyran Size‐Tunable Hydrogels. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen ter Schiphorst
- Functional Organic Materials and DevicesDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS)Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe G. Melpignano
- MicrosystemsDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Hossein Eslami Amirabadi
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS)Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
- MicrosystemsDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Menno H. J. M. Houben
- Functional Organic Materials and DevicesDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Sterre Bakker
- Functional Organic Materials and DevicesDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Jaap M. J. den Toonder
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS)Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
- MicrosystemsDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Albertus P. H. J. Schenning
- Functional Organic Materials and DevicesDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS)Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
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33
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Lee CW, Lee SH, Yang YK, Ryu GC, Kim HJ. Fabrication of photochromic hydrogels using an interpenetrating chitosan network. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Woo Lee
- Department of Optometry and Optic Science; Dongshin University, Naju; Jeonnam 520-714 Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- Center for Genome Engineering; Institute for Basic Science; Seoul 151-747 Korea
| | | | - Geun-Chang Ryu
- Center for Genome Engineering; Institute for Basic Science; Seoul 151-747 Korea
| | - Ho-Joong Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Chosun University; Gwangju 501-759 Korea
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34
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Kommeren S, Dongmo J, Bastiaansen CWM. Switchable surface structured hydrogel coatings. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:2239-2245. [PMID: 28255582 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00195a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Switchable surface structures based on hydrogels are an emerging field in material science, microfluidics, soft robotics and anti-fouling. Here, we describe a novel method that uses a photo-cross-linkable terpolymer to create a hydrogel coating with a switchable surface structure. The terpolymer is based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) and it is shown that simple coating technologies like slit die coating can be used under ambient conditions. It is also shown that the swelling ratio of the coating is controlled by the energy dose of ultraviolet (UV) light. Simple and complex surface structures were created using respectively single or multiple UV illumination steps through masks and it is shown that the hydrogel coatings can be reversibly switched from a structured state to a flat state with temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Kommeren
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Functional Organic Materials & Devices (SFD), Eindhoven University of Technology, Building 14 - HELIX STO 0.26, De Rondom 70 - 5612 AP, P.O. Box 513 - 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - J Dongmo
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C W M Bastiaansen
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Functional Organic Materials & Devices (SFD), Eindhoven University of Technology, Building 14 - HELIX STO 0.26, De Rondom 70 - 5612 AP, P.O. Box 513 - 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. and School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
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35
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Gao H, Guo T, Chen Y, Kong Y, Peng Z. Reversible negative photochromic sulfo-substituted spiropyrans. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Wang LF. Application of response surface methodology for exploring β-cyclodextrin effects on the decoloration of spiropyran complexes. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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37
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Han DD, Zhang YL, Ma JN, Liu YQ, Han B, Sun HB. Light-Mediated Manufacture and Manipulation of Actuators. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:8328-8343. [PMID: 27435292 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a considerable growth of research interests in developing novel technologies that permit designable manufacture and controllable manipulation of actuators. Among various fabrication and driving strategies, light has emerged as an enabler to reach this end, contributing to the development of actuators. Several accessible light-mediated manufacturing technologies, such as ultraviolet (UV) lithography and direct laser writing (DLW), are summarized. A series of light-driven strategies including optical trapping, photochemical actuation, and photothermal actuation for controllable manipulation of actuators is introduced. Current challenges and future perspectives of this field are discussed. To generalize, light holds great promise for the development of actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Han
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Lai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Jia-Nan Ma
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
- College of Physics, Jilin University, Jiefang Road 119, Changchun, 130023, P. R. China.
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38
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Dunne A, Delaney C, Florea L, Diamond D. Solvato-morphologically controlled, reversible NIPAAm hydrogel photoactuators. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra16807h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we demonstrate the ability to control the swelling and photo-induced shrinking kinetics of hydrogels by changing the polymerisation solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishling Dunne
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Glasnevin
| | - Colm Delaney
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Glasnevin
| | - Larisa Florea
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Glasnevin
| | - Dermot Diamond
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Glasnevin
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39
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Naumov P, Chizhik S, Panda MK, Nath NK, Boldyreva E. Mechanically Responsive Molecular Crystals. Chem Rev 2015; 115:12440-90. [PMID: 26535606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panče Naumov
- New York University Abu Dhabi , P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Stanislav Chizhik
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences , ul. Kutateladze, 18, Novosibirsk 630128, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University , ul. Pirogova, 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Manas K Panda
- New York University Abu Dhabi , P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naba K Nath
- New York University Abu Dhabi , P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Elena Boldyreva
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences , ul. Kutateladze, 18, Novosibirsk 630128, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University , ul. Pirogova, 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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40
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Jain A, Achari A, Mothi N, Eswaramoorthy M, George SJ. Shining light on clay-chromophore hybrids: layered templates for accelerated ring closure photo-oxidation. Chem Sci 2015; 6:6334-6340. [PMID: 30090251 PMCID: PMC6054095 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02215k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Templates with specific microenvironments have been long employed to facilitate specialized reactions. From enzymes to metal organic frameworks (MOFs), various systems have exerted their prowess to affect specific chemical reactions. Here we report, for the first time, the acceleration of a ring closure photo-oxidation reaction due to the specific structural constraints provided by layered materials. A stilbene derivative has been used as a prototype reactant and the di-hydrophenanthrene intermediate has been isolated and characterized en route to the complete photo-oxidation. Combining the gathered evidence, a possible mechanism for the chemical transformation has been proposed. Kinetic analysis showed that layered materials help to manipulate the rate of the electrocyclic ring closure and, in turn, accelerate the complete reaction sequence. The structural microenvironment induced by layered materials could be a unique platform to probe and stabilize a plethora of photo-oxidative reactions and intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Jain
- Supramolecular Chemistry Laboratory , New Chemistry Unit , Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur P.O. , Bangalore 560064 , India . ;
| | - Amritroop Achari
- Nanomaterials and Catalysis Lab , Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit , Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur P.O. , Bangalore 560064 , India
| | - Nivin Mothi
- Supramolecular Chemistry Laboratory , New Chemistry Unit , Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur P.O. , Bangalore 560064 , India . ;
| | - Muthuswamy Eswaramoorthy
- Supramolecular Chemistry Laboratory , New Chemistry Unit , Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur P.O. , Bangalore 560064 , India . ;
- Nanomaterials and Catalysis Lab , Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit , Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur P.O. , Bangalore 560064 , India
| | - Subi J George
- Supramolecular Chemistry Laboratory , New Chemistry Unit , Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur P.O. , Bangalore 560064 , India . ;
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41
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Liao Y, An N, Wang N, Zhang Y, Song J, Zhou J, Liu W. Photoactive Self-Shaping Hydrogels as Noncontact 3D Macro/Microscopic Photoprinting Platforms. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:2129-36. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Ning An
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures and School of Aerospace; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
- National Technology Testing Center for Footwear (Wenzhou); Wenzhou 325007 China
| | - Yinyu Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Junfei Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jinxiong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures and School of Aerospace; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Wenguang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
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Stumpel JE. Responsive Polymer Photonics. ChemistryOpen 2015; 4:533-5. [PMID: 26478850 PMCID: PMC4603416 DOI: 10.1002/open.201500104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jelle E. Stumpel
- Laboratory of Functional Organic Materials & Devices (SFD); Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry; Eindhoven University of Technology; Building 14-Helix De Rondom 70 5612 AP Eindhoven The Netherlands
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Abstract
Hygroinduced motion is a fundamental process of energy conversion that is essential for applications that require contactless actuation in response to the day–night rhythm of atmospheric humidity. Here we demonstrate that mechanical bistability caused by rapid and anisotropic adsorption and desorption of water vapour by a flexible dynamic element that harnesses the chemical potential across very small humidity gradients for perpetual motion can be effectively modulated with light. A mechanically robust material capable of rapid exchange of water with the surroundings is prepared that undergoes swift locomotion in effect to periodic shape reconfiguration with turnover frequency of <150 min−1. The element can lift objects ∼85 times heavier and can transport cargos ∼20 times heavier than itself. Having an azobenzene-containing conjugate as a photoactive dopant, this entirely humidity-driven self-actuation can be controlled remotely with ultraviolet light, thus setting a platform for next-generation smart biomimetic hybrids. Hygroinduced motion is fundamental for applications that require actuation in response to changes in atmospheric humidity. Here, the authors report an actuating material that is capable of fast and perpetual motion driven by humidity gradient incorporating a photoactive dopant that can be controlled by light.
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Stumpel JE, Broer DJ, Schenning APHJ. Stimuli-responsive photonic polymer coatings. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:15839-48. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc05072j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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