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Nagarjuna P, Gupta V, Bagui A, Singh SP. Molecular engineering of new electron acceptor for highly efficient solution processable organic solar cells using state-of-the-art polymer donor PffBT4T-2OD. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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2
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Paukov M, Kramberger C, Begichev I, Kharlamova M, Burdanova M. Functionalized Fullerenes and Their Applications in Electrochemistry, Solar Cells, and Nanoelectronics. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1276. [PMID: 36770286 PMCID: PMC9919315 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials have rapidly advanced over the last few decades. Fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene and its derivatives, graphene oxide, nanodiamonds, and carbon-based quantum dots have been developed and intensively studied. Among them, fullerenes have attracted increasing research attention due to their unique chemical and physical properties, which have great potential in a wide range of applications. In this article, we offer a comprehensive review of recent progress in the synthesis and the chemical and physical properties of fullerenes and related composites. The review begins with the introduction of various methods for the synthesis of functionalized fullerenes. A discussion then follows on their chemical and physical properties. Thereafter, various intriguing applications, such as using carbon nanotubes as nanoreactors for fullerene chemical reactions, are highlighted. Finally, this review concludes with a summary of future research, major challenges to be met, and possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Paukov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutsky Lane, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Christian Kramberger
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Strudlhofgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilia Begichev
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutsky Lane, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Center for Photonics and Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 143026 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marianna Kharlamova
- Centre for Advanced Material Application (CEMEA), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 5807/9, 854 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9-BC-2, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnologies, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskii Pereulok 9, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Maria Burdanova
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutsky Lane, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
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3
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Recent Progress in Organic Solar Cells: A Review on Materials from Acceptor to Donor. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27061800. [PMID: 35335164 PMCID: PMC8955087 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, organic solar cells (OSCs) have drawn broad interest owing to their advantages such as being low cost, flexible, semitransparent, non-toxic, and ideal for roll-to-roll large-scale processing. Significant advances have been made in the field of OSCs containing high-performance active layer materials, electrodes, and interlayers, as well as novel device structures. Particularly, the innovation of active layer materials, including novel acceptors and donors, has contributed significantly to the power conversion efficiency (PCE) improvement in OSCs. In this review, high-performance acceptors, containing fullerene derivatives, small molecular, and polymeric non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs), are discussed in detail. Meanwhile, highly efficient donor materials designed for fullerene- and NFA-based OSCs are also presented. Additionally, motivated by the incessant developments of donor and acceptor materials, recent advances in the field of ternary and tandem OSCs are reviewed as well.
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Aracena A, Rezende MC, García M, Muñoz-Becerra K, Wrighton-Araneda K, Valdebenito C, Celis F, Vásquez O. Alkylated Benzodithienoquinolizinium Salts as Possible Non-Fullerene Organic N-Type Semiconductors: An Experimental and Theoretical Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6239. [PMID: 34771765 PMCID: PMC8584425 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three photobicyclized benzodithienoquinolizinium tetrafluoroborates (BPDTQBF4) were prepared and evaluated by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectral, electrochemical analysis, and by theoretical calculations as possible organic n-type semiconductors. Evaluation and comparison of their LUMO levels, HOMO-LUMO energy gaps as monomeric and π-stacked dimers with those of other materials, suggest their potential as organic n-type semiconductors. Calculations of their relative charge carrier mobilities confirmed this potential for one derivative with a long (C-14) alkyl chain appended to the polycyclic planar π-system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Aracena
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad de las Américas, Manuel Montt 948, Santiago 7500000, Chile
| | - Marcos Caroli Rezende
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile;
| | - Macarena García
- Laboratorio de Procesos Fotónicos y Electroquímicos, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; (M.G.); (F.C.)
| | - Karina Muñoz-Becerra
- Dirección de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de Aconcagua, Pedro de Villagra 2265, Santiago 7630000, Chile;
| | - Kerry Wrighton-Araneda
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, Santiago 8940577, Chile;
| | - Cristian Valdebenito
- Centro Integrativo de Química y Biología Aplicada (CIBQA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 8320000, Chile;
| | - Freddy Celis
- Laboratorio de Procesos Fotónicos y Electroquímicos, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; (M.G.); (F.C.)
| | - Octavio Vásquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile;
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Mono- and Di-Pyrene [60]Fullerene and [70]Fullerene Derivatives as Potential Components for Photovoltaic Devices. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061561. [PMID: 33809087 PMCID: PMC7998167 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, we report the successful synthesis and characterization of six (two new) fullerene mono- and di-pyrene derivatives based on C60 and C70 fullerenes. The synthesized compounds were characterized by spectral methods (ESI-MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, UV-Vis, FT-IR, photoluminescence and photocurrent spectroscopy). The energy of HOMO and LUMO levels and the band gaps were determined from cyclic voltammetry and compared with the theoretical values calculated according to the DFT/B3LYP/6-31G(d) and DFT/PBE/6-311G(d,p) approach for fully optimized molecular structures at the DFT/B3LYP/6-31G(d) level. Efficiency of solar cells made of PTB7: C60 and C70 fullerene pyrene derivatives were analyzed based on the determined energy levels of the HOMO and LUMO orbitals of the derivatives as well as the extensive spectral results of fullerene derivatives and their mixtures with PTB7. As a result, we found that the electronic and spectral properties, on which the efficiency of a photovoltaic cell is believed to depend, slightly changes with the number and type of pyrene substituents on the fullerene core. The efficiency of constructed solar cells largely depends on the homogeneity of the photovoltaic layer, which, in turn, is a derivative of the solubility of fullerene derivatives in the solvent used to apply these layers by spincoating.
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Biglova YN. [2 + 1] Cycloaddition reactions of fullerene C 60 based on diazo compounds. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:630-670. [PMID: 33747235 PMCID: PMC7940820 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common variant of fullerene core functionalization is the [2 + 1] cycloaddition process. Of these, reactions leading to methanofullerenes are the most promising. They are synthesized in two main reactions: nucleophilic cyclopropanation according to the Bingel method and thermal addition of diazo compounds. This present review summarizes the material on the synthesis of monofunctionalized methanofullerenes - analogues of [60]PCBM - based on various diazo compounds. The main cyclopropanating agents for the synthesis of monosubstituted methanofullerenes, the optimal conditions and the mechanism of the [2 + 1] cycloaddition, as well as the practical application of the target products are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya N Biglova
- Department of Chemistry, Bashkir State University, 450076, Ufa, Russian Federation
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Vittala SK, Ravi R, Deb B, Joseph J. A Cross-Linkable Electron-Transport Layer Based on a Fullerene-Benzoxazine Derivative for Inverted Polymer Solar Cells. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1534-1541. [PMID: 32697036 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, optoelectronic characterization and device properties of a cross-linkable fullerene derivative, [6,6]-phenyl-C61 -butyric benzoxazine ester (PCBB) is reported. PCBB shows all the basic photophysical and electrochemical properties of the parent compound [6,6]-phenyl-C61 -butyric methyl ester (PCBM). Thermal cross-linking of the benzoxazine moiety in PCBB resulted in the formation of cross-linked, solvent resistive adhesive films (C-PCBB). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical microscopic studies showed dramatic reduction in the roughness and aggregation behaviour of P3HT-PCBM polymer blend film upon incorporation of C-PCBB interlayer. An inverted bulk heterojunction solar cell based on the configuration ITO/ZnO/C-PCBB/P3HT-PCBM/V2 O5 /Ag achieved 4.27 % power conversion efficiency (PCE) compared to the reference device ITO/ZnO/P3HT-PCBM/V2 O5 /Ag (PCE=3.28 %). This 25 % increase in the efficiency is due to the positive effects of C-PCBB on P3HT/C-PCBB and PCBM/C-PCBB heterojunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeepa Kulala Vittala
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 019, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Remya Ravi
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 019, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Biswapriya Deb
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 019, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Joshy Joseph
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 019, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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8
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Park M, Kang DG, Yoon WJ, Choi YJ, Koo J, Lim SI, Jeong KU. Programmed Hierarchical Hybrid Nanostructures from Fullerene-Dendrons and Pyrene-Dendrons. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1803291. [PMID: 30303613 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201803291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The construction of fullerene (C60 ) hierarchical nanostructures with the help of amphiphilic molecules remains a challenging task in nanoscience and nanotechnology. Utilizing the host-guest complex concept, sub-10 nm layered superstructures are constructed from a monofunctionalized C60 dendron (C60 D, guest) and tweezer-like pyrene dendron (PD, host). Since C60 D and PD are asymmetric shape amphiphiles having liquid crystal (LC) dendrons, both C60 D and PD construct head-to-head bilayer superstructures by themselves. From fluorescence titration experiments, it is realized that the host-guest complex shows 1:1 stoichiometric binding with a binding constant (Ksv = 2.45 × 105 m-1 ). Based on the morphological observations and scattering analyses, it is found that buckle-like asymmetric building blocks (C60 D·PD) are self-assembled by the host-guest complex and construct multilayer hybrid nanostructures. The hierarchical hybrid nanostructures consist of the self-assembled C60 D·PD bilayer with a 2D C60 ·P nanoarray sandwiched between LC dendrons. This advanced strategy is expected to be a practicable and rational guideline for the fabrication of programmed hierarchical hybrid nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwook Park
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team and Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Dong-Gue Kang
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team and Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Won-Jin Yoon
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team and Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Choi
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team and Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Jahyeon Koo
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team and Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Seok-In Lim
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team and Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Un Jeong
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team and Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
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9
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Vittala SK, Ravi R, Deb B, Joseph J. Rational synthesis of a polymerizable fullerene–aniline derivative: study of photophysical, morphological and photovoltaic properties
$$^{\S }$$
§. J CHEM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-018-1547-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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11
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Nagarjuna P, Chaturvedi N, Bagui A, Runjhun R, Garg A, Singh SP. Solution-Processed Organic Solar Cells Using New Electron Acceptor Derived from Naphthalene and Fluorene Unit. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Puvvala Nagarjuna
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Uppal road, Tarnaka Hyderabad 500007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi 110 025 India
| | - Neha Chaturvedi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Anirban Bagui
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Uppal road, Tarnaka Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Rashmi Runjhun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Ashish Garg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Surya Prakash Singh
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Uppal road, Tarnaka Hyderabad 500007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi 110 025 India
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12
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Tang Q, Zhang S, Liu X, Sumita M, Ishihara S, Fuchs H, Ji Q, Shrestha LK, Ariga K. Manipulation of fullerene superstructures by complexing with polycyclic aromatic compounds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:29099-29105. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04553k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fullerene superstructures with various nanofeatures were fabricated by the intercalation of polycyclic aromatic compounds (naphthalene, anthracene and pyrene) during the growth of fullerene crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Tang
- Herbert Gleiter Institute for Nanoscience
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Shufang Zhang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science & Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Xinbang Liu
- Herbert Gleiter Institute for Nanoscience
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Masato Sumita
- WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics
- National Institute For Materials Science
- Ibaraki
- Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ishihara
- WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics
- National Institute For Materials Science
- Ibaraki
- Japan
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Herbert Gleiter Institute for Nanoscience
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
- Center for Nanotechnology
| | - Qingmin Ji
- Herbert Gleiter Institute for Nanoscience
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Lok Kumar Shrestha
- WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics
- National Institute For Materials Science
- Ibaraki
- Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics
- National Institute For Materials Science
- Ibaraki
- Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences
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13
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Kathiravan A, Panneerselvam M, Sundaravel K, Pavithra N, Srinivasan V, Anandan S, Jaccob M. Unravelling the effect of anchoring groups on the ground and excited state properties of pyrene using computational and spectroscopic methods. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:13332-45. [PMID: 27121202 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00571c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anchoring groups play an important role in dye sensitized solar cells (DSCs). In order to acquire a suitable anchoring group for DSCs, a deeper understanding of the effect of anchoring groups on the ground and excited state properties of the dye is significant. In this context, various anchoring group connected pyrene derivatives are successfully synthesized and well characterized by using (1)H, (13)C-NMR, FT-IR and EI-MS spectrometry. The anchoring groups employed are carboxylic acid, malonic acid, acrylic acid, malononitrile, cyanoacrylic acid, rhodanine and rhodanine-3-acetic acid. The optimized geometries, HOMO-LUMO energy gap, light harvesting efficiency (LHE) and electronic absorption spectra of these dyes are studied by using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The results show that pyrene connected with anchoring groups with weak electron pulling strength (PC, PAC and PMC) has a larger HOMO-LUMO energy gap, whereas that connected with anchoring groups with strong electron pulling strength (PCC, PMN, PR and PRA) has a reduced HOMO-LUMO energy gap. These molecules with a reduced energy gap are primarily preferred for DSC applications. Moreover, P, PC, PAC and PMC molecules undergo π→π* transition, whereas PCC, PMN, PR and PRA molecules show significant charge transfer along with π→π* transition. UV-visible absorption spectral studies on these dyes reveal that connecting various anchoring groups with different electron pulling abilities enables the pyrene chromophore to absorb in the longer wavelength region. Notably, an efficient bathochromic shift is observed for PCC, PMN, PR and PRA molecules in both electronic absorption and fluorescence spectral measurements, which suggests that the excitation is delocalized throughout the entire π-system of the molecules. Both theoretical and spectral studies reveal that dyes with an ICT character (PCC, PMN, PR and PRA) are suitable for dye sensitized solar cell applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunkumar Kathiravan
- National Centre for Ultrafast Processes, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai - 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Kim HU, Park JB, Grimsdale AC, Hwang DH. Methyl and Dimethyl o-Xylenyl-Substituted Fullerene Acceptors for Polymer Solar Cells. Isr J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Rafiq SM, Sivasakthikumaran R, Karunakaran J, Mohanakrishnan AK. Synthesis of Annulated Anthracenes, Carbazoles, and Thiophenes Involving Bradsher-Type Cyclodehydration or Cyclization-Reductive-Dehydration Reactions. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Kim JH, Song CE, Shin WS, Kim B, Kang IN, Hwang DH. Modulation of optical and electronic properties of quinoxailine-based conjugated polymers for organic photovoltaic cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry; and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials; Pusan National University; Busan 609-735 Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Eun Song
- Energy Materials Research Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Won Suk Shin
- Energy Materials Research Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - BongSoo Kim
- Department of Science Education; Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu; Seoul 120-750 Republic of Korea
| | - In-Nam Kang
- Department of Chemistry; The Catholic University of Korea; Bucheon 420-743 Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hoon Hwang
- Department of Chemistry; and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials; Pusan National University; Busan 609-735 Republic of Korea
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