1
|
Lin Y, Kouznetsova TB, Foret AG, Craig SL. Solvent Polarity Effects on the Mechanochemistry of Spiropyran Ring Opening. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3920-3925. [PMID: 38308653 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The spiropyran mechanophore (SP) is employed as a reporter of molecular tension in a wide range of polymer matrices, but the influence of surrounding environment on the force-coupled kinetics of its ring opening has not been quantified. Here, we report single-molecule force spectroscopy studies of SP ring opening in five solvents that span normalized Reichardt solvent polarity factors (ETN) of 0.1-0.59. Individual multimechanophore polymers were activated under increasing tension at constant 300 nm s-1 displacement in an atomic force microscope. The extension results in a plateau in the force-extension curve, whose midpoint occurs at a transition force f* that corresponds to the force required to increase the rate constant of SP activation to approximately 30 s-1. More polar solvents lead to mechanochemical reactions that are easier to trigger; f* decreases across the series of solvents, from a high of 415 ± 13 pN in toluene to a low of 234 ± 9 pN in n-butanol. The trend in mechanochemical reactivity is consistent with the developing zwitterionic character on going from SP to the ring-opened merocyanine product. The force dependence of the rate constant (Δx‡) was calculated for all solvent cases and found to increase with ETN, which is interpreted to reflect a shift in the transition state to a later and more productlike position. The inferred shift in the transition state position is consistent with a double-well (two-step) reaction potential energy surface, in which the second step is rate determining, and the intermediate is more polar than the product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Tatiana B Kouznetsova
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Alex G Foret
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mu Q, Hu J. Polymer mechanochemistry: from single molecule to bulk material. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:679-694. [PMID: 38112120 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04160c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The field of polymer mechanochemistry has experienced a renaissance over the past decades, primarily propelled by the rapid development of force-sensitive molecular units (i.e., mechanophores) and principles governing the reactivity of polymer networks for mechanochemical transduction or material strengthening. In addition to fundamental guidelines for converting mechanical energy input into chemical output, there has also been increasing focus on engineering applications of polymer mechanochemistry for specific functions, mechanically adaptive material systems, and smart devices. These endeavors are made possible by multidisciplinary approaches involving the development of multifunctional mechanophores for mechanoresponsive polymer systems, mechanochemical catalysis and synthesis, three-dimensional (3D) printed mechanochromic materials, reasonable design of polymer network topology, and computational modeling. The aim of this minireview is to provide a summary of recent advancements in covalent polymer mechanochemistry. We specifically focus on productive mechanophores, mechanical remodeling of polymeric materials, and the development of theoretical concepts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Mu
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jian Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang H, Wang D, Bi H, Ren Z, Xu M, Huang Z, Cai L. Effect of Stabilizers and Thermoplastic Polyurethane on the Properties of Three-Dimensional Printed Photochromic Wood Flour/Polylactic Acid Composites. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2023; 10:1405-1413. [PMID: 38116224 PMCID: PMC10726182 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2021.0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed at investigating the photofatigue resistance and mechanical properties of photochromic wood-plastic composites using a stabilizer complex-AH (antioxidant 1010 and hindered amine light stabilizer HALS 770)-with different contents of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), which was prepared by the melt-blending extrusion process and three-dimensional (3D) printing. Photofatigue resistance, mechanical property, microtopography, and thermal analyses of 3D printed samples were performed. The results showed that the difference in surface color of composites improved by 26.7% with addition of AH after 10 days of accelerated aging, whereas the mechanical strength decreased. Upon adding TPU, composites' impact strength significantly increased by 25.48% and 87.87% with 10% and 20% addition, respectively. Meanwhile, the interface compatibilities between the components were enhanced. The differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis results indicated that 10% TPU could improve the thermal stability of composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology of the Ministry of Education of China, College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology of the Ministry of Education of China, College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongjie Bi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology of the Ministry of Education of China, College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zechun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology of the Ministry of Education of China, College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology of the Ministry of Education of China, College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenhua Huang
- College of Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Liping Cai
- College of Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yu H, Tian P, Han N, Li M, Wang M. Nitrogen Atom Induced Contrast Effect on the Mechanofluorochromic Characteristics of Anthracene-Based Acceptor-Donor-Acceptor Fluorescent Molecules. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300712. [PMID: 37735950 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The mechanofluorochromic (MFC) characteristics of anthracene-based acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) fluorescent molecules are explored through a comprehensive investigation of their photophysical behaviors. Six 9,10-diheteroarylanthracene derivatives with varying acceptor groups (pyridin-4-yl, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-2-yl, pyrimidin-5-yl, pyrazinyl and quinoxalinyl) are synthesized and systematically characterized. The photophysical properties in both solution and solid-state are examined, revealing subtle yet significant influences of the spatial arrangement and number of nitrogen atoms within the acceptor group on fluorescence emission. Single-crystal structures of these compounds provide insights into their steric configurations and intermolecular packing modes, offering valuable insights into the fundamental mechanisms that underlie the observed MFC properties. This study illuminates the intricate interplay between MFC properties and the refined molecular structure, thus presenting promising avenues for the design and advancement of novel MFC materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Peiyuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Ningxu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
McFadden ME, Barber RW, Overholts AC, Robb MJ. Naphthopyran molecular switches and their emergent mechanochemical reactivity. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10041-10067. [PMID: 37772118 PMCID: PMC10530568 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03729k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Naphthopyran molecular switches undergo a ring-opening reaction upon external stimulation to generate intensely colored merocyanine dyes. Their unique modularity and synthetic accessibility afford exceptional control over their properties and stimuli-responsive behavior. Commercial applications of naphthopyrans as photoswitches in photochromic ophthalmic lenses have spurred an extensive body of work exploring naphthopyran-merocyanine structure-property relationships. The recently discovered mechanochromic behavior of naphthopyrans has led to their emergent application in the field of polymer mechanochemistry, enabling advances in the design of force-responsive materials as well as fundamental insights into mechanochemical reactivity. The structure-property relationships established in the photochemical literature serve as a convenient blueprint for the design of naphthopyran molecular force probes with precisely tuned properties. On the other hand, the mechanochemical reactivity of naphthopyran diverges in many cases from the conventional photochemical pathways, resulting in unexpected properties and opportunities for deeper understanding and innovation in polymer mechanochemistry. Here, we highlight the features of the naphthopyran scaffold that render it a powerful platform for the design of mechanochromic materials and review recent advances in naphthopyran mechanochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly E McFadden
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Ross W Barber
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Anna C Overholts
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Maxwell J Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shamsipur M, Ghavidast A, Pashabadi A. Phototriggered structures: Latest advances in biomedical applications. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:2844-2876. [PMID: 37521863 PMCID: PMC10372844 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive control of the drug molecules accessibility is a key issue in improving diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Some studies have explored the spatiotemporal control by light as a peripheral stimulus. Phototriggered drug delivery systems (PTDDSs) have received interest in the past decade among biological researchers due to their capability the control drug release. To this end, a wide range of phototrigger molecular structures participated in the DDSs to serve additional efficiency and a high-conversion release of active fragments under light irradiation. Up to now, several categories of PTDDSs have been extended to upgrade the performance of controlled delivery of therapeutic agents based on well-known phototrigger molecular structures like o-nitrobenzyl, coumarinyl, anthracenyl, quinolinyl, o-hydroxycinnamate and hydroxyphenacyl, where either of one endows an exclusive feature and distinct mechanistic approach. This review conveys the design, photochemical properties and essential mechanism of the most important phototriggered structures for the release of single and dual (similar or different) active molecules that have the ability to quickly reason of the large variety of dynamic biological phenomena for biomedical applications like photo-regulated drug release, synergistic outcomes, real-time monitoring, and biocompatibility potential.
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee CU, Chin KCH, Boydston AJ. Additive Manufacturing by Heating at a Patterned Photothermal Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:16072-16078. [PMID: 36939689 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Direct additive manufacturing (AM) of commercial silicones is an unmet need with high demand. We report a new technology, heating at a patterned photothermal interface (HAPPI), which achieves AM of commercial thermoset resins without any chemical modifications. HAPPI integrates desirable aspects of stereolithography with the thermally driven chemical modalities of commercial silicone formulations. In this way, HAPPI combines the geometric advantages of vat photopolymerization with the materials properties of, for example, injection molded silicones. We describe the realization of the new technology, HAPPI printing using a commercial Sylgard 184 polydimethylsiloxane resin, comparative analyses of material properties, and demonstration of HAPPI in targeted applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Uk Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kyle C H Chin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Andrew J Boydston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huo Z, Arora S, Kong VA, Myrga BJ, Statt A, Laaser JE. Effect of Polymer Composition and Morphology on Mechanochemical Activation in Nanostructured Triblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 2023; 56:1845-1854. [PMID: 36938512 PMCID: PMC10018773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of composition and morphology on mechanochemical activation in nanostructured block copolymers was investigated in a series of poly(methyl methacrylate)-block-poly(n-butyl acrylate)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA-b-PnBA-b-PMMA) triblock copolymers containing a force-responsive spiropyran unit in the center of the rubbery PnBA midblock. Triblock copolymers with identical PnBA midblocks and varying lengths of PMMA end-blocks were synthesized from a spiropyran-containing macroinitiatior via atom transfer radical polymerization, yielding polymers with volume fractions of PMMA ranging from 0.21 to 0.50. Characterization by transmission electron microscopy revealed that the polymers self-assembled into spherical and cylindrical nanostructures. Simultaneous tensile tests and optical measurements revealed that mechanochemical activation is strongly correlated to the chemical composition and morphologies of the triblock copolymers. As the glassy (PMMA) block content is increased, the overall activation increases, and the onset of activation occurs at lower strain but higher stress, which agrees with predictions from our previous computational work. These results suggest that the self-assembly of nanostructured morphologies can play an important role in controlling mechanochemical activation in polymeric materials and provide insights into how polymer composition and morphology impact molecular-scale force distributions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Huo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Swati Arora
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Victoria A. Kong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Brandon J. Myrga
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Antonia Statt
- Materials
Science and Engineering, Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana−Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Laaser
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tang M, Zhong Z, Ke C. Advanced supramolecular design for direct ink writing of soft materials. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1614-1649. [PMID: 36779285 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs01011a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
The exciting advancements in 3D-printing of soft materials are changing the landscape of materials development and fabrication. Among various 3D-printers that are designed for soft materials fabrication, the direct ink writing (DIW) system is particularly attractive for chemists and materials scientists due to the mild fabrication conditions, compatibility with a wide range of organic and inorganic materials, and the ease of multi-materials 3D-printing. Inks for DIW need to possess suitable viscoelastic properties to allow for smooth extrusion and be self-supportive after printing, but molecularly facilitating 3D printability to functional materials remains nontrivial. While supramolecular binding motifs have been increasingly used for 3D-printing, these inks are largely optimized empirically for DIW. Hence, this review aims to establish a clear connection between the molecular understanding of the supramolecularly bound motifs and their viscoelastic properties at bulk. Herein, extrudable (but not self-supportive) and 3D-printable (self-supportive) polymeric materials that utilize noncovalent interactions, including hydrogen bonding, host-guest inclusion, metal-ligand coordination, micro-crystallization, and van der Waals interaction, have been discussed in detail. In particular, the rheological distinctions between extrudable and 3D-printable inks have been discussed from a supramolecular design perspective. Examples shown in this review also highlight the exciting macroscale functions amplified from the molecular design. Challenges associated with the hierarchical control and characterization of supramolecularly designed DIW inks are also outlined. The perspective of utilizing supramolecular binding motifs in soft materials DIW printing has been discussed. This review serves to connect researchers across disciplines to develop innovative solutions that connect top-down 3D-printing and bottom-up supramolecular design to accelerate the development of 3D-print soft materials for a sustainable future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, 41 College Street, Hanover, 03755 NH, USA.
| | - Zhuoran Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, 41 College Street, Hanover, 03755 NH, USA.
| | - Chenfeng Ke
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, 41 College Street, Hanover, 03755 NH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu B, Wang H, Luo Z, Yang J, Wang Z. Multi-material 3D Printing of Mechanochromic Double Network Hydrogels for On-Demand Patterning. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11122-11130. [PMID: 36802464 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cephalopods can change their color and patterns by activating the skin chromatophores for camouflage. However, in the man-made soft material systems, it is greatly challenging to fabricate the color-change structure in the desired patterns and shapes. Herein, we employ a multi-material microgel direct ink writing (DIW) printing method to make mechanochromic double network hydrogels in arbitrary shapes. We prepare the microparticles by grinding the freeze-dried polyelectrolyte hydrogel and immobilize the microparticles in the precursor solution to produce the printing ink. The polyelectrolyte microgels contain mechanophores as the cross-linkers. We adjust the rheological and printing properties of the microgel ink by tailoring the grinding time of freeze-dried hydrogels and microgel concentration. The multi-material DIW 3D printing technique is utilized to fabricate various 3D hydrogel structures which could change into a colorful pattern in response to applied force. The microgel printing strategy shows great potential in the fabrication of the mechanochromic device with arbitrary patterns and shapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Advanced Materials and Performance, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hezhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Advanced Materials and Performance, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zixiong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Advanced Materials and Performance, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Advanced Materials and Performance, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhijian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Advanced Materials and Performance, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Watabe T, Otsuka H. Swelling-induced Mechanochromism in Multinetwork Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216469. [PMID: 36524463 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel and versatile approach to achieving swelling-induced mechanochemistry using a multinetwork (MN) strategy that enables polymer networks to repeatedly swell with monomers and solvents. The isotropic expansion of the first network (FN) provides sufficient force to drive the mechanochemical scission of a radical-based mechanophore, difluorenylsuccinonitrile (DFSN). Although prompt recombination generally occurs in such highly mobile environments, the resulting pink radicals are kinetically stabilized in the gels, probably due to limited diffusion in the extended polymer chains. Moreover, the DFSN embedded in the isotropically strained chain exhibits increased thermal reactivity, which can be reasonably explained by an entropic contribution of the FN to the dissociation. The utility of the MN polymers is demonstrated not only in terms of swelling-force-induced network modification, but also in the context of tunable reactivity of the dissociative unit through proper design of the hierarchical network architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Watabe
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan.,Living Systems Materialogy (LiSM) Research Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mutlutürk E, Tamer U, Caykara T. Photo‐ and pH‐Responsive Hybrid Colloidal Particles. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Esma Mutlutürk
- Department of Chemistry Polatlı Faculty of Art and Science Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University 06900 Polatlı Ankara Turkey
| | - Uğur Tamer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Gazi University 06330 Ankara Turkey
| | - Tuncer Caykara
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Gazi University,Ankara 06500 Besevler, Ankara/ Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kozlenko AS, Ozhogin IV, Pugachev AD, Lukyanova MB, El-Sewify IM, Lukyanov BS. A Modern Look at Spiropyrans: From Single Molecules to Smart Materials. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:8. [PMID: 36624333 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Photochromic compounds of the spiropyran family have two main isomers capable of inter-switching with UV or visible light. In the current review, we discuss recent advances in the synthesis, investigation of properties, and applications of spiropyran derivatives. Spiropyrans of the indoline series are in focus as the most promising representatives of multi-sensitive spirocyclic compounds, which can be switched by a number of external stimuli, including light, temperature, pH, presence of metal ions, and mechanical stress. Particular attention is paid to the structural features of molecules, their influence on photochromic properties, and the reactions taking place during isomerization, as the understanding of the structure-property relationships will rationalize the synthesis of compounds with predetermined characteristics. The main prospects for applications of spiropyrans in such fields as smart material production, molecular electronics and nanomachinery, sensing of environmental and biological molecules, and photopharmacology are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia S Kozlenko
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia.
| | - Ilya V Ozhogin
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Artem D Pugachev
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Maria B Lukyanova
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Islam M El-Sewify
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Boris S Lukyanov
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Huo Z, Skala SJ, Falck LR, Laaser JE, Statt A. Computational Study of Mechanochemical Activation in Nanostructured Triblock Copolymers. ACS POLYMERS AU 2022; 2:467-477. [PMID: 36536889 PMCID: PMC9756960 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Force-driven chemical reactions have emerged as an attractive platform for diverse applications in polymeric materials. However, the microscopic chain conformations and topologies necessary for efficiently transducing macroscopic forces to the molecular scale are not well-understood. In this work, we use a coarse-grained model to investigate the impact of network-like topologies on mechanochemical activation in self-assembled triblock copolymers. We find that mechanochemical activation during tensile deformation depends strongly on both the polymer composition and chain conformation in these materials. Activation primarily occurs in the tie chains connecting different glassy domains and in loop chains that are hooked onto each other by physical entanglements. Activation also requires a higher stress in materials having a higher glassy block content. Overall, the lamellar samples show the highest percent activation at high stress. In contrast, at low stress, the spherical morphology, which has the lowest glassy fraction, shows the highest activation. Additionally, we observe a spatial pattern of activation, which appears to be tied to distortion of the self-assembled morphology. Higher activation is observed in the tips of the chevrons formed during deformation of lamellar samples as well as in the centers between the cylinders in the cylindrical morphology. Our work shows that changes in the network-like topology in different morphologies significantly impact mechanochemical activation efficiencies in these materials, suggesting that this area will be a fruitful avenue for further experimental research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Huo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Stephen J Skala
- Materials
Science and Engineering, Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana−Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Lavinia R Falck
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jennifer E Laaser
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Antonia Statt
- Materials
Science and Engineering, Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana−Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Su MF, Tong J, Wang XY, Yu SY. Ancillary ligand-assisted self-assembly of a pyrenylpyridine with Zn(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), and Co(II): Syntheses, structural characterization, and photoluminescence properties. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
16
|
Al-Qatatsheh A, Capricho JC, Vongsvivut JP, Tobin MJ, Juodkazis S, Hameed N. Magnetic field induced alignment of macroradical epoxy for enhanced electrical properties. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:5194-5203. [PMID: 35195649 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01731d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Improving the electrical performance of macroradical epoxy thermosets to surpass the semiconductor threshold requires a comprehensive understanding of the electrical charge transport mechanisms and characteristics. In this study, we investigate the electrical properties of a non-conjugated radical thermoset in a rigid, three-dimensional (3D) motif cured under an external magnetic field. The outcomes of the four-angle analysis of the synchrotron IRM beamline provide for the first time quantitative insights into the molecular orientation at the atomic-scale level. These insights, in turn, were utilized to apply Quantum Computational modeling theories and Monte Carlo simulation to study the effect of the magnetic field-induced molecular alignment on tuning electrical charge transport characteristics. The results explored the impact of radical density on forming percolation networks, showing a robust protocol for designing polymers with high electrical/thermal conductivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al-Qatatsheh
- School of Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia.
| | - Jaworski C Capricho
- School of Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia.
| | - Jitraporn Pimm Vongsvivut
- Infrared Microspectroscopy (IRM) Beamline, ANSTO - Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Mark J Tobin
- Infrared Microspectroscopy (IRM) Beamline, ANSTO - Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Saulius Juodkazis
- Optical Sciences Centre and ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Nishar Hameed
- School of Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schwartz JJ. Additive manufacturing: Frameworks for chemical understanding and advancement in vat photopolymerization. MRS BULLETIN 2022; 47:628-641. [PMID: 35845754 PMCID: PMC9274636 DOI: 10.1557/s43577-022-00343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing, or additive manufacturing (AM), is a broad term for a wide range of fabrication methods utilizing materials such as small-molecule, polymer, and metal feedstocks. Each method requires different chemical, physical, and engineering needs to be successful. This article will discuss some of the considerations for polymer-based AM methods. Ultimately, we focus on the chemistries of vat photopolymerization, in which light is used to cure a resin from liquid to solid, to provide an example of how chemical advancements have led to increased speed, resolution, and multimaterial printing capabilities not previously possible.
Collapse
|
18
|
Qiu W, Scofield JMP, Gurr PA, Qiao GG. Mechanochromophore-linked Polymeric Materials with Visible Color Changes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100866. [PMID: 35338794 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical force as a type of stimuli for smart materials has obtained much attention in the past decade. Color-changing materials in response to mechanical stimuli have shown great potential in the applications such as sensors and displays. Mechanochromophore-linked polymeric materials, which are a growing sub-class of these materials, are discussed in detail in this review. Two main types of mechanochromophores which exhibit visible color change, summarized herein, involve either isomerization or radical generation mechanisms. This review focuses on their synthesis and incorporation into polymer matrices, the type of mechanical force used, factors affecting the mechanochromic properties, and their applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlian Qiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Joel M P Scofield
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A Gurr
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Greg G Qiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Truszkiewicz E, Thalhamer A, Rossegger M, Vetter M, Meier G, Rossegger E, Fuchs P, Schlögl S, Berer M. Mechanical behavior of
3D
‐printed polymeric metamaterials for lightweight applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marlene Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Leoben Austria
- HTL Kapfenberg Kapfenberg Austria
| | - Mario Vetter
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Leoben Austria
- HTL Kapfenberg Kapfenberg Austria
| | - Gerald Meier
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Leoben Austria
| | | | - Peter Fuchs
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Leoben Austria
| | | | - Michael Berer
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Leoben Austria
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Arjmand F, Mohamadnia Z. Fabrication of a light-responsive polymer nanocomposite containing spiropyran as a sensor for reversible recognition of metal ions. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01620b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(spiropyran ethylacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) grafted onto the surface of modified TiO2 (TiO2-g-P(SPEA-co-GMA)) as a novel stimuli-responsive polymer was fabricated and employed as sensor for reversible recognition of metal ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fakhri Arjmand
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Science (IASBS), Gava Zang, Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Zahra Mohamadnia
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Science (IASBS), Gava Zang, Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhao Y, Li Z, Ma J, Jia Q. Design of a Spiropyran-Based Smart Adsorbent with Dual Response: Focusing on Highly Efficient Enrichment of Phosphopeptides. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:55806-55814. [PMID: 34786943 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Smart responsive materials have attractive application prospects due to their tunable behaviors. In this work, we design novel spiropyran (SP)-based magnetic nanoparticles (MNP-SP) with dual response to ultraviolet light and pH and apply them to the enrichment of phosphopeptides. SP is modified on the surface of magnetic nanoparticles through a simple esterification reaction, based on which an MNP-SP-MS phosphopeptide identification platform is established. The capture and release of phosphopeptides are facilely adjusted by changing external light and the pH of the solution. The smart responsive MNP-SP has fast magnetic response performance, high sensitivity (detection limit of 0.4 fmol), and good reusability (6 cycles). In addition, MNP-SP is used for the enrichment of phosphopeptides in skimmed milk, human saliva, and human serum samples, indicating that it is an ideal adsorbent for enriching low-abundance phosphopeptides in complex biological environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jiutong Ma
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qiong Jia
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li J, Yuan Z, Han X, Wang C, Huo Z, Lu Q, Xiong M, Ma X, Gao W, Pan C. Biologically Inspired Stretchable, Multifunctional, and 3D Electronic Skin by Strain Visualization and Triboelectric Pressure Sensing. SMALL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Center on Nanoenergy ResearchSchool of Physical Science and Technology Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi 530004 P. R. China
| | - Zuqing Yuan
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceBeijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and SensorBeijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Xun Han
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceBeijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and SensorBeijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceBeijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and SensorBeijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Huo
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceBeijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and SensorBeijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Qiuchun Lu
- Center on Nanoenergy ResearchSchool of Physical Science and Technology Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi 530004 P. R. China
| | - Meiling Xiong
- Center on Nanoenergy ResearchSchool of Physical Science and Technology Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi 530004 P. R. China
| | - Xiaole Ma
- Center on Nanoenergy ResearchSchool of Physical Science and Technology Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi 530004 P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Gao
- Department of Civil Engineering Monash University Clayton 3800 Australia
| | - Caofeng Pan
- Center on Nanoenergy ResearchSchool of Physical Science and Technology Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi 530004 P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceBeijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and SensorBeijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100083 P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Deshmane S, Kendre P, Mahajan H, Jain S. Stereolithography 3D printing technology in pharmaceuticals: a review. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:1362-1372. [PMID: 34663145 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1994990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology is an innovative tool used in manufacturing medical devices, producing alloys, replacing biological tissues, producing customized dosage forms and so on. Stereolithography (SLA), a 3D printing technique, is very rapid and highly accurate and produces finished products of uniform quality. 3D formulations have been optimized with a perfect tool of artificial intelligence learning techniques. Complex designs/shapes can be fabricated through SLA using the photopolymerization principle. Different 3DP technologies are introduced and the most promising of these, SLA, and its commercial applications, are focused on. The high speed and effectiveness of SLA are highlighted. The working principle of SLA, the materials used and applications of the technique in a wide range of different sectors are highlighted in this review. An innovative idea of 3D printing customized pharmaceutical dosage forms is also presented. SLA compromises several advantages over other methods, such as cost effectiveness, controlled integrity of materials and greater speed. The development of SLA has allowed the development of printed pharmaceutical devices. Considering the present trends, it is expected that SLA will be used along with conventional methods of manufacturing of 3D model. This 3D printing technology may be utilized as a novel tool for delivering drugs on demand. This review will be useful for researchers working on 3D printing technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Deshmane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Malvihir, India
| | - Prakash Kendre
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Malvihir, India
| | - Hitendra Mahajan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India
| | - Shirish Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Malvihir, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Buttons on Demand Sliding Mechanism Driven by Smart Materials and Mechanical Design. ACTUATORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/act10100251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe a novel human interaction platform in a car, called buttons on demand, that will serve as buttons inside the interior of a car, which can be called upon and activated when required but remain concealed and inactive when not required. The mechanism to obtain such interaction is driven by a combination of smart materials and mechanical design. The elaboration of smart materials and mechanical design employed to achieve this mechanism is discussed. A demonstration of how the buttons on demand mechanism described in this paper can potentially substitute or minimize the use of bulkier physical buttons in cars and provide the user with haptic and tactile feedback with low power consumption and fast response time is also presented.
Collapse
|
25
|
Jayathilaka PB, Molley TG, Huang Y, Islam MS, Buche MR, Silberstein MN, Kruzic JJ, Kilian KA. Force-mediated molecule release from double network hydrogels. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8484-8487. [PMID: 34350435 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02726c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of mechanosensitive linkages into polymers has led to materials with dynamic force responsivity. Here we report oxanorbornadiene cross-linked double network hydrogels that release molecules through a force-mediated retro Diels-Alder reaction. The molecular design and tough double network of polyacrylamide and alginate promote significantly higher activation at substantially less force than pure polymer systems. Activation at physiologically relevant forces provides scope for instilling dynamic mechanochemical behavior in soft biological materials.
Collapse
|
26
|
Noh J, Peterson GI, Choi T. Mechanochemical Reactivity of Bottlebrush and Dendronized Polymers: Solid vs. Solution States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyung Noh
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry Incheon National University 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu Incheon 22012 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae‐Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Noh J, Peterson GI, Choi TL. Mechanochemical Reactivity of Bottlebrush and Dendronized Polymers: Solid vs. Solution States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18651-18659. [PMID: 34101320 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We explored the mechanochemical degradation of bottlebrush and dendronized polymers in solution (with ultrasonication, US) and solid states (with ball-mill grinding, BMG). Over 50 polymers were prepared with varying backbone length and arm architecture, composition, and size. With US, we found that bottlebrush and dendronized polymers exhibited consistent backbone scission behavior, which was related to their elongated conformations in solution. Considerably different behavior was observed with BMG, as arm architecture and composition had a significant impact on backbone scission rates. Arm scission was also observed for bottlebrush polymers in both solution and solid states, but only in the solid state for dendronized polymers. Motivated by these results, multi-mechanophore polymers with bottlebrush and dendronized polymer architectures were prepared and their reactivity was compared. Although dendronized polymers showed slower arm-scission, the selectivity for mechanophore activation was much higher. Overall, these results have important implications to the development of new mechanoresponsive materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyung Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory I Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Giordano G, Gagliardi M, Huan Y, Carlotti M, Mariani A, Menciassi A, Sinibaldi E, Mazzolai B. Toward Mechanochromic Soft Material-Based Visual Feedback for Electronics-Free Surgical Effectors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100418. [PMID: 34075732 PMCID: PMC8336492 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A chromogenically reversible, mechanochromic pressure sensor is integrated into a mininvasive surgical grasper compatible with the da Vinci robotic surgical system. The sensorized effector, also featuring two soft-material jaws, encompasses a mechanochromic polymeric inset doped with functionalized spiropyran (SP) molecule, designed to activate mechanochromism at a chosen pressure and providing a reversible color change. Considering such tools are systematically in the visual field of the operator during surgery, color change of the mechanochromic effector can help avoid tissue damage. No electronics is required to control the devised visual feedback. SP-doping of polydimethylsiloxane (2.5:1 prepolymer/curing agent weight ratio) permits to modulate the mechanochromic activation pressure, with lower values around 1.17 MPa for a 2% wt. SP concentration, leading to a shorter chromogenic recovery time of 150 s at room temperature (25 °C) under green light illumination. Nearly three-times shorter recovery time is observed at body temperature (37 °C). To the best of knowledge, this study provides the first demonstration of mechanochromic materials in surgery, in particular to sensorize unpowered surgical effectors, by avoiding dramatic increases in tool complexity due to additional electronics, thus fostering their application. The proposed sensing strategy can be extended to further tools and scopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Goffredo Giordano
- Center for Micro‐BioRoboticsItalian Institute of TechnologyViale Rinaldo Piaggio 34Pontedera (PI)56025Italy
- The BioRobotics InstituteScuola Superiore Sant'AnnaViale Rinaldo Piaggio 34Pontedera (PI)56025Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics and AIScuola Superiore Sant'AnnaPiazza Martiri della Libertà 33Pisa (PI)56127Italy
| | - Mariacristina Gagliardi
- NESTScuola Normale Superiore and Istituto NanoscienzeConsiglio Nazionale delle RicerchePiazza S. Silvestro, 12Pisa (PI)56127Italy
| | - Yu Huan
- The BioRobotics InstituteScuola Superiore Sant'AnnaViale Rinaldo Piaggio 34Pontedera (PI)56025Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics and AIScuola Superiore Sant'AnnaPiazza Martiri della Libertà 33Pisa (PI)56127Italy
| | - Marco Carlotti
- Center for Micro‐BioRoboticsItalian Institute of TechnologyViale Rinaldo Piaggio 34Pontedera (PI)56025Italy
| | - Andrea Mariani
- The BioRobotics InstituteScuola Superiore Sant'AnnaViale Rinaldo Piaggio 34Pontedera (PI)56025Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics and AIScuola Superiore Sant'AnnaPiazza Martiri della Libertà 33Pisa (PI)56127Italy
| | - Arianna Menciassi
- The BioRobotics InstituteScuola Superiore Sant'AnnaViale Rinaldo Piaggio 34Pontedera (PI)56025Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics and AIScuola Superiore Sant'AnnaPiazza Martiri della Libertà 33Pisa (PI)56127Italy
| | - Edoardo Sinibaldi
- Center for Micro‐BioRoboticsItalian Institute of TechnologyViale Rinaldo Piaggio 34Pontedera (PI)56025Italy
| | - Barbara Mazzolai
- Center for Micro‐BioRoboticsItalian Institute of TechnologyViale Rinaldo Piaggio 34Pontedera (PI)56025Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Peterson GI, Choi TL. The influence of polymer architecture in polymer mechanochemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6465-6474. [PMID: 34132272 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02501e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Polymer architecture is an important factor in polymer mechanochemistry. In this Feature Article, we summarize recent developments in utilizing polymer architecture to modulate mechanochemical reactions within polymers, or more specifically, the location and rates of bond scission events that lead to polymer fragmentation or mechanophore activation. Various well-defined architectures have been explored, including those of cyclic, intramolecularly cross-linked, dendritic, star, bottlebrush, and dendronized polymers. We primarily focus on describing the enhancement or suppression of mechanochemical reactivity, with respect to analogous linear polymers, as well as differences in solution- and solid-state behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bettens T, Eeckhoudt J, Hoffmann M, Alonso M, Geerlings P, Dreuw A, De Proft F. Designing Force Probes Based on Reversible 6π-Electrocyclizations in Polyenes Using Quantum Chemical Calculations. J Org Chem 2021; 86:7477-7489. [PMID: 33988028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The conjugated π-system in polyenes can be interrupted by electrocyclic ring-closure reactions. In this work, this 6π-electrocylization is shown by means of density functional calculations to be reversible by the application of an external mechanical pulling force at the terminal ends of the interrupted polyene chain. The test systems were constrained in a fused ring system, thus locking the orientation of three π-bonds and generally promoting 6π-electrocyclic ring-closure reactions. For several systems, the forward reaction is exergonic and the corresponding reaction barrier is comparable to those reported in the literature. The reverse reaction is triggered by an external pulling force of 2 nN (nano-Newton) or less and also becomes exergonic in all investigated polyenes under these force conditions. Moreover, it proceeds via a low reaction barrier when a pulling force of 2 nN is active, indicating that the mechanical force is an efficient stimulus for triggering ring-opening reactions. Analysis of the strain energy induced by this mechanical force confirms an optimal activation of the corresponding C-C σ-bond that breaks upon ring opening when the pulling positions are located on the polyene chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Bettens
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jochen Eeckhoudt
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marvin Hoffmann
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205A, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205A, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Basu A, Wong J, Cao B, Boechler N, Boydston AJ, Nelson A. Mechanoactivation of Color and Autonomous Shape Change in 3D-Printed Ionic Polymer Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:19263-19270. [PMID: 33866782 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive materials can enhance the field of three-dimensional (3D) printing by generating objects that change shape in response to external cues. While temperature and pH are common inputs for initiating a response in a 3D-printed object, there are few examples of using a mechanical input to afford a response. Herein, we report a suite of mechanochromic ionic liquid gel inks that can be used to fabricate 3D-printed objects that use a single mechanoactivation event to elicit both a mechanochromic response and an autonomous shape change. Direct-ink write 3D printing was used to deposit ionic liquid gel inks to create multimaterial objects that underwent a predetermined mechanoactivated shape change (mechanomorphic) when the sample was pulled and then released. When spiropyran was incorporated into the inks, the onset of spiropyran isomerization into its purple merocyanine form occurred at strains dependent upon the particular ion gel ink formulation. We suggest that the color onset could be used as a simple indicator for when the strain required to achieve a predetermined change in shape has been reached, potentially serving as real-time visual cue for the user. Such morphing 3D-printed structures with integrated instructions have potential application to areas including stowable structures as well as multiresponsive autonomous components and sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Basu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jitkanya Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Bo Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Nicholas Boechler
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Andrew J Boydston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Alshakim Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Li G, Pan Z, Jia Z, Wang J, Wang J, Zhang N, Pan M, Yuan J. An effective approach for fabricating high-strength polyurethane hydrogels with reversible photochromic performance as a photoswitch. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00429h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reversible high-strength photochromic polyurethane hydrogel which can realize information storage was successfully prepared by a polyaddition reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyao Li
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Zhicheng Pan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Zhanyu Jia
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Mingwang Pan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Yuan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Liu JJ, Xia SB, Liu T, Liu JM, Cheng FX. A two-component molecular hybrid with enhanced emission characteristics and mechanoresponsive luminescence properties. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00465d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A new binary charge transfer cocrystal system was successfully fabricated by virtue of donor–acceptor interaction and exhibited enhanced emission and sensitive mechanoresponsive luminescence properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Qujing Normal University
- Qujing 655011
- China
| | - Shu-Biao Xia
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Qujing Normal University
- Qujing 655011
- China
| | - Teng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Qujing Normal University
- Qujing 655011
- China
| | - Jia-Ming Liu
- School of Metallurgy Engineering
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology
- Ganzhou 341000
- PR China
| | - Fei-Xiang Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Qujing Normal University
- Qujing 655011
- China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chen Y, Mellot G, van Luijk D, Creton C, Sijbesma RP. Mechanochemical tools for polymer materials. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4100-4140. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00940g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to provide a field guide for the implementation of mechanochemistry in synthetic polymers by summarizing the molecules, materials, and methods that have been developed in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Gaëlle Mellot
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle
- ESPCI Paris
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
| | - Diederik van Luijk
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Costantino Creton
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle
- ESPCI Paris
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gordeev EG, Ananikov VP. Widely accessible 3D printing technologies in chemistry, biochemistry and pharmaceutics: applications, materials and prospects. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
36
|
Sommer M. Substituent Effects Control Spiropyran-Merocyanine Equilibria and Mechanochromic Utility. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000597. [PMID: 33270317 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Spiropyran (SP) derivatives can be converted into the colored merocyanine (MC) form using a variety of triggers. Optical switching by light for memories and dynamic systems is long known. Recently, mechanical force has been reported as an additional stimulus that converts SP into MC. SP-based mechanochromic systems are especially interesting for polymer scientists, as the covalent attachment of polymer chains is ideal to transduce force to the SP level. Whether such materials are investigated to better understand fundamental processes or long standing questions in polymer science, to design force sensors or to self-report damage, or simply pose fascinating materials which turn colored upon deformation, they have intrigued polymer scientists for more than a decade. With the chemistry of SPs being feasible and SP functionalization important to modulate SP/MC equilibria, a significant amount of work on SP structure- mechanochromic function relations has accumulated. SPs can be used as bifunctional initiators, cross-linkers, monomers, or be synthesized during polymerization. This feature article provides an overview of how the chemistry used sets the boundaries within which the mechanochromic response of SP containing polymers can be modulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sommer
- Chemnitz University of Technology, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Micheletti C, Minei P, Carlotti M, Mattoli V, Muniz-Miranda F, Perfetto A, Ciofini I, Adamo C, Ruggeri G, Pucci A. Mechanochromic LLDPE Films Doped with NIR Reflective Paliogen Black. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000426. [PMID: 33089579 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The perylene bisimide derivative Paliogen Black (P-black) is proposed as a new chromogenic probe that shows visible (vis) and near-infrared (NIR) responses after mechanical solicitations of host linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) films. P-black is reported to display strong absorption in the vis spectrum and unusual reflective and cooling features in the NIR region. Uniaxial deformation of the 2.5, 5, and 10 wt% P-black/LLDPE films yields a dichroic absorption under polarized light with color variations attributed by the computational analysis to the distinct anisotropic behavior of the transition dipole moments of P-black chromophores. When LLDPE films are deformed, P-black aggregates reduce their size from ≈30-40 µm to ≈5-10 µm that, in turn, causes reflectivity losses of about 30-40% at the maximum elongation. This gives rise to warming of 5-6 °C of the locally oriented film placed in contact with a black substrate under the illumination with an IR lamp for 5 s. These features combined with the high sensitivity of the vis-NIR response toward mechanical solicitations render P-black as a new solution to detect uniaxial deformations of plastic films through both optical and thermal outputs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Micheletti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Minei
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Marco Carlotti
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics @SSSA, Italian Institute of Technology, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics @SSSA, Italian Institute of Technology, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
| | - Francesco Muniz-Miranda
- PSL University, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (i-CLeHS), FRE2027, 11, Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Anna Perfetto
- PSL University, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (i-CLeHS), FRE2027, 11, Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- PSL University, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (i-CLeHS), FRE2027, 11, Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Carlo Adamo
- PSL University, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (i-CLeHS), FRE2027, 11, Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Giacomo Ruggeri
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Andrea Pucci
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mao Y, Kubota Y, Kurose T, Ishigami A, Seshimo K, Aoki D, Otsuka H, Ito H. Energy Dissipation and Mechanoresponsive Color Evaluation of a Poly( n-hexyl Methacrylate) Soft Material Enhanced by a Mechanochromic Cross-Linker with Dynamic Covalent Bonds. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Mao
- Research Center for GREEN Materials & Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yuto Kubota
- Department of Systems Innovation, Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurose
- Research Center for GREEN Materials & Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Akira Ishigami
- Research Center for GREEN Materials & Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Kota Seshimo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ooayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ooayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ooayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Research Center for GREEN Materials & Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Rupp H, Binder WH. Multicomponent Stress‐Sensing Composites Fabricated by 3D‐Printing Methodologies. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000450. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Rupp
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry Institute of Chemistry Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics) Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg von‐Danckelmann‐Platz 4 Halle D‐06120 Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry Institute of Chemistry Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics) Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg von‐Danckelmann‐Platz 4 Halle D‐06120 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kim DW, Medvedev GA, Caruthers JM, Jo JY, Won YY, Kim J. Enhancement of Mechano-Sensitivity for Spiropyran-Linked Poly(dimethylsiloxane) via Solvent Swelling. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Woo Kim
- Structural Composite Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro,
Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Grigori A. Medvedev
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - James M. Caruthers
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jun Young Jo
- Structural Composite Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro,
Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Yeon Won
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jaewoo Kim
- Structural Composite Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro,
Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Klein IM, Husic CC, Kovács DP, Choquette NJ, Robb MJ. Validation of the CoGEF Method as a Predictive Tool for Polymer Mechanochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16364-16381. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M. Klein
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Corey C. Husic
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Dávid P. Kovács
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Nicolas J. Choquette
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Jiang Z, Diggle B, Tan ML, Viktorova J, Bennett CW, Connal LA. Extrusion 3D Printing of Polymeric Materials with Advanced Properties. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001379. [PMID: 32999820 PMCID: PMC7507554 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
3D printing is a rapidly growing technology that has an enormous potential to impact a wide range of industries such as engineering, art, education, medicine, and aerospace. The flexibility in design provided by this technique offers many opportunities for manufacturing sophisticated 3D devices. The most widely utilized method is an extrusion-based solid-freeform fabrication approach, which is an extremely attractive additive manufacturing technology in both academic and industrial research communities. This method is versatile, with the ability to print a range of dimensions, multimaterial, and multifunctional 3D structures. It is also a very affordable technique in prototyping. However, the lack of variety in printable polymers with advanced material properties becomes the main bottleneck in further development of this technology. Herein, a comprehensive review is provided, focusing on material design strategies to achieve or enhance the 3D printability of a range of polymers including thermoplastics, thermosets, hydrogels, and other polymers by extrusion techniques. Moreover, diverse advanced properties exhibited by such printed polymers, such as mechanical strength, conductance, self-healing, as well as other integrated properties are highlighted. Lastly, the stimuli responsiveness of the 3D printed polymeric materials including shape morphing, degradability, and color changing is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Jiang
- Research School of ChemistryAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Broden Diggle
- Research School of ChemistryAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Ming Li Tan
- Research School of ChemistryAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Jekaterina Viktorova
- Research School of ChemistryAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | | | - Luke A. Connal
- Research School of ChemistryAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sakai H, Aoki D, Seshimo K, Mayumi K, Nishitsuji S, Kurose T, Ito H, Otsuka H. Visualization and Quantitative Evaluation of Toughening Polymer Networks by a Sacrificial Dynamic Cross-Linker with Mechanochromic Properties. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1108-1113. [PMID: 35653216 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A difluorenylsuccinonitrile-(DFSN)-based linker, whose central C-C bond is readily cleaved under mechanical stress to generate a relatively stable pink radical species, was introduced into polymer networks. DFSN-based cross-linked polymers exhibit improved mechanical properties as compared to those of the corresponding covalently cross-linked polymers owing to the energy dissipation induced by cleavage of the central DFSN bond. The toughening mechanism of DFSN-based elastomers is qualitatively visualized by the intensity of the pink color and can be quantitatively characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance. These results demonstrate that the extent of DFSN cleavage is the main factor improving the mechanical properties of the polymer networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hio Sakai
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Kota Seshimo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Koichi Mayumi
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Shotaro Nishitsuji
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurose
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kortekaas L, Steen JD, Duijnstee DR, Jacquemin D, Browne WR. Noncommutative Switching of Double Spiropyrans. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:6458-6467. [PMID: 32691598 PMCID: PMC7458433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c02286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The spiropyran
family of photochromes are key components in molecular-based responsive
materials and devices, e.g., as multiphotochromes, covalently coupled
dyads, triads, etc. This attention is in no small part due to the
change in properties that accompany the switch between spiropyran
and merocyanine forms. Although the spiropyran is a single structural
isomer, the merocyanine form represents a family of isomers (TTT, TTC, CCT, etc.) and
protonation states. Combining two spiropyrans into one compound increases
the number of possible structures dramatically and the interaction
between the units determines, which are impeded due to intramolecular
quenching of excited states. Here, we show that the coupling of two
spiropyran photochromes through their phenol units yields favorable
interactions (crosstalk) between the components that provides access
to species inaccessible with the component monospiropyran alone. Specifically,
the ring opening of one spiropyran unit, which is thermally stable
at −30 °C, prevents ring opening of the second spiropyran
unit. Furthermore, whereas protonated E- and Z-monomerocyanines were previously shown to undergo thermal-
and photo-equilibration, the corresponding protonated E- and Z- bimerocyanines are thermally stable and
show one-way photoisomerization from the Z,Z- to an emissive E,E-bimerocyanine
form. Subsequent deprotonation at room temperature resets the system
to the bispiro ring-closed form, but deprotonation at −30 °C
yields the otherwise inaccessible bimerocyanine form. This form is
photochemically inert but undergoes a two-step thermal relaxation
via the merocyanine-spiropyran form, showing that the connection at
the phenol units provides sufficient intramolecular interaction to
fine-tune the complex isomerization pathways of spiropyrans and demonstrating
noncommutability in photo- and pH-regulated multistep isomerization
pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luuk Kortekaas
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorn D Steen
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël R Duijnstee
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Wesley R Browne
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Al-Qatatsheh A, Morsi Y, Zavabeti A, Zolfagharian A, Salim N, Z. Kouzani A, Mosadegh B, Gharaie S. Blood Pressure Sensors: Materials, Fabrication Methods, Performance Evaluations and Future Perspectives. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4484. [PMID: 32796604 PMCID: PMC7474433 DOI: 10.3390/s20164484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in materials science and fabrication techniques have contributed to the significant growing attention to a wide variety of sensors for digital healthcare. While the progress in this area is tremendously impressive, few wearable sensors with the capability of real-time blood pressure monitoring are approved for clinical use. One of the key obstacles in the further development of wearable sensors for medical applications is the lack of comprehensive technical evaluation of sensor materials against the expected clinical performance. Here, we present an extensive review and critical analysis of various materials applied in the design and fabrication of wearable sensors. In our unique transdisciplinary approach, we studied the fundamentals of blood pressure and examined its measuring modalities while focusing on their clinical use and sensing principles to identify material functionalities. Then, we carefully reviewed various categories of functional materials utilized in sensor building blocks allowing for comparative analysis of the performance of a wide range of materials throughout the sensor operational-life cycle. Not only this provides essential data to enhance the materials' properties and optimize their performance, but also, it highlights new perspectives and provides suggestions to develop the next generation pressure sensors for clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al-Qatatsheh
- Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology (FSET), Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne VIC 3122, Australia; (Y.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Yosry Morsi
- Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology (FSET), Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne VIC 3122, Australia; (Y.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Ali Zavabeti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Ali Zolfagharian
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216, Australia; (A.Z.); (A.Z.K.)
| | - Nisa Salim
- Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology (FSET), Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne VIC 3122, Australia; (Y.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Abbas Z. Kouzani
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216, Australia; (A.Z.); (A.Z.K.)
| | - Bobak Mosadegh
- Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Saleh Gharaie
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216, Australia; (A.Z.); (A.Z.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Xu L, Varkey M, Jorgensen A, Ju J, Jin Q, Park JH, Fu Y, Zhang G, Ke D, Zhao W, Hou R, Atala A. Bioprinting small diameter blood vessel constructs with an endothelial and smooth muscle cell bilayer in a single step. Biofabrication 2020; 12:045012. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aba2b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
47
|
Deneke N, Rencheck ML, Davis CS. An engineer's introduction to mechanophores. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:6230-6252. [PMID: 32567642 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00465k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mechanophores (MPs) are a class of stimuli-responsive materials that are of increasing interest to engineers due to their potential applications as stress sensors. These mechanically responsive molecules change color or become fluorescent upon application of a mechanical stimulus as they undergo a chemical reaction when a load is applied. By incorporating MPs such as spirolactam, spiropyran, or dianthracene into a material system, the real-time stress distribution of the matrix can be directly observed through a visual response, ideal for damage and failure sensing applications. A wide array of applications that require continuous structural health monitoring could benefit from MPs including flexible electronics, protective coatings, and polymer matrix composites. However, there are significant technical challenges preventing MP implementation in industry. Effective strategies to quantitatively calibrate the photo response of the MP with applied stress magnitudes must be developed. Additionally, environmental conditions, including temperature, humidity, and ultraviolet light exposure can potentially impact the performance of MPs. By addressing these limitations, engineers can work to move MPs from the synthetic chemistry bench to the field. This review aims to highlight recent progress in MP research, discuss barriers to implementation, and provide an outlook on the future of MPs, specifically focused on polymeric material systems. Although the focus is on engineering MPs for bulk materials, a brief overview of mechanochemistry will be discussed followed by methods for activation and quantification of MP photo response (concentrating specifically on fluorescently active species). Finally, current challenges and future directions in MP research will be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Deneke
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA.
| | - Mitchell L Rencheck
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA.
| | - Chelsea S Davis
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cao Z. Highly Stretchable Tough Elastomers Crosslinked by Spiropyran Mechanophores for Strain‐Induced Colorimetric Sensing. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziquan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of ChemistryBeihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Narupai B, Nelson A. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Macromolecular Materials for Additive Manufacturing. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:627-638. [PMID: 35648567 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) has drawn tremendous attention as a versatile platform for the on-demand fabrication of objects with excellent spatial control of chemical compositions and complex architectures. The development of materials that are specifically designed for AM is highly desirable for a variety of applications ranging from personal healthcare, tissue engineering, biomedical devices, self-folding origami structures, and soft robotics. Polymeric macromolecules have received increasing attention due to a wide variety of materials, the versatility for novel chemistries, and the ability to tune chemical composition and architecture. This Viewpoint highlights the development of polymeric materials for direct-ink writing and vat photopolymerization for 3D printing applications. Recent chemical innovations and polymer architectures are overviewed, which also includes recent developments in responsive and adaptive objects from AM. Polymers for biological interface and sustainability in AM are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjaporn Narupai
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alshakim Nelson
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Fu S, Yang D, Zhang P, Sun G. Antibacterial Polylactic- co-glycolic Acid Braided Threads Using Plasma and Coating Modifications for Acupoint Catgut Embedding Therapy Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:1902-1912. [PMID: 35025313 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) thread is frequently used for acupoint catgut embedding therapy (ACET), but the poor hydrophilicity and biocompatibility largely limited its wider applications. The aim of this study is to functionalize the PLGA braided thread and improve its cell adhesion property. The PLGA strands are first processed into threads on a circular braiding machine, and then, antibacterial treatment was introduced with and without oxygen plasma treatments. Afterward, functional characterizations such as antibacterial activity (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli), cytotoxicity, cell attachment and cell morphology, histological observation, and biodegradation experiments of threads were measured. Moreover, tensile properties and flexibility of the threads were determined to evaluate their mechanical properties. The modified threads showed rougher surfaces than those of the unmodified ones from SEM observations, and the weights and fiber diameters of the threads increased correspondingly, together with the improved surface hydrophilicity. All coated sutures showed durable antimicrobial function and slow drug releasing features for more than 5 days and good cell viability (more than 75%), according to the standard of ISO 10993-5:2009. Besides, cell attachment, tissue growth, and collagen regeneration of plasma-treated samples were greatly improved compared to those of without the plasma treatment. The threads presented slow degradation behavior after the antibacterial treatment. The threads with only plasma-treated revealed a promising prospect for clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoju Fu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Dongchao Yang
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Peihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Gang Sun
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| |
Collapse
|