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Wei Y, Lv J, Zhu S, Wang S, Su J, Xu C. Enzyme-responsive liposomes for controlled drug release. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104014. [PMID: 38705509 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Compared to other nanovectors, liposomes exhibit unique advantages, such as good biosafety and high drug-loading capacity. However, slow drug release from conventional liposomes makes most payloads unavailable, restricting the therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, in the last ∼20 years, enzyme-responsive liposomes have been extensively investigated, which liberate drugs under the stimulation of enzymes overexpressed at disease sites. In this review, we elaborate on the research progress on enzyme-responsive liposomes. The involved enzymes mainly include phospholipases, particularly phospholipase A2, matrix metalloproteinases, cathepsins, and esterases. These enzymes can cleave ester bonds or specific peptide sequences incorporated in the liposomes for controlled drug release by disrupting the primary structure of liposomes, detaching protective polyethylene glycol shells, or activating liposome-associated prodrugs. Despite decades of efforts, there are still a lack marketed products of enzyme-responsive liposomes. Therefore, more efforts should be made to improve the safety and effectiveness of enzyme-responsive liposomes and address the issues associated with production scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wei
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Zhongye Hospital, Shanghai 200941, China.
| | - Jiajing Lv
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shiyu Zhu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Sicheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Zhongye Hospital, Shanghai 200941, China.
| | - Jiacan Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Can Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai 200433, China.
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2
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Zhi S, Huang M, Cheng K. Enzyme-responsive design combined with photodynamic therapy for cancer treatment. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103965. [PMID: 38552778 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a noninvasive cancer treatment that has garnered significant attention in recent years. However, its application is still hampered by certain limitations, such as the hydrophobicity and low targeting of photosensitizers (PSs) and the hypoxia of the tumor microenvironment. Nevertheless, the fusion of enzyme-responsive drugs with PDT offers novel solutions to overcome these challenges. Utilizing the attributes of enzyme-responsive drugs, PDT can deliver PSs to the target site and selectively release them, thereby enhancing therapeutic outcomes. In this review, we spotlight recent advances in enzyme-responsive materials for cancer treatment and primarily delineate their application in combination with PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Zhi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Meixin Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Kui Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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3
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Iversen A, Utterström J, Selegård R, Aili D. Enzymatically Triggered Peptide-Lipid Conjugation of Designed Membrane Active Peptides for Controlled Liposomal Release. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:19613-19619. [PMID: 38708287 PMCID: PMC11064179 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Possibilities for controlling the release of pharmaceuticals from liposomal drug delivery systems can enhance their efficacy and reduce their side effects. Membrane-active peptides (MAPs) can be tailored to promote liposomal release when conjugated to lipid head groups using thiol-maleimide chemistry. However, the rapid oxidation of thiols hampers the optimization of such conjugation-dependent release strategies. Here, we demonstrate a de novo designed MAP modified with an enzyme-labile Cys-protection group (phenylacetamidomethyl (Phacm)) that prevents oxidation and facilitates in situ peptide lipidation. Before deprotection, the peptide lacks a defined secondary structure and does not interact with maleimide-functionalized vesicles. After deprotection of Cys using penicillin G acylase (PGA), the peptide adopts an α-helical conformation and triggers rapid release of vesicle content. Both the peptide and PGA concentrations significantly influence the conjugation process and, consequently, the release kinetics. At a PGA concentration of 5 μM the conjugation and release kinetics closely mirror those of fully reduced, unprotected peptides. We anticipate that these findings will enable further refinement of MAP conjugation and release processes, facilitating the development of sophisticated bioresponsive MAP-based liposomal drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Iversen
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials,
Division of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Linköping University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden
| | - Johanna Utterström
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials,
Division of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Linköping University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden
| | - Robert Selegård
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials,
Division of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Linköping University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden
| | - Daniel Aili
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials,
Division of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Linköping University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden
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4
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Koroleva M. Multicompartment colloid systems with lipid and polymer membranes for biomedical applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:21836-21859. [PMID: 37565484 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01984e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Multicompartment structures have the potential for biomedical applications because they can act as multifunctional systems and provide simultaneous delivery of drugs and diagnostics agents of different types. Moreover, some of them mimic biological cells to some extent with organelles as separate sub-compartments. This article analyses multicompartment colloidal structures with smaller sub-units covered with lipid or polymer membranes that provide additional protection for the encapsulated substances. Vesosomes with small vesicles encapsulated in the inner pools of larger liposomes are the most studied systems to date. Dendrimer molecules are enclosed by a lipid bilayer shell in dendrosomes. Capsosomes, polymersomes-in-polymer capsules, and cubosomes-in-polymer capsules are composed of sub-compartments encapsulated within closed multilayer polymer membranes. Janus or Cerberus emulsions contain droplets composed of two or three phases: immiscible oils in O/W emulsions and aqueous polymer or salt solutions that are separated into two or three phases and form connected droplets in W/O emulsions. In more cases, the external surface of engulfed droplets in Janus or Cerberus emulsions is covered with a lipid or polymer monolayer. eLiposomes with emulsion droplets encapsulated into a bilayer shell have been given little attention so far, but they have very great prospects. In addition to nanoemulsion droplets, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers and inorganic nanoparticles can be loaded into eLiposomes. Molecular engineering of the external membrane allows the creation of ligand-targeted and stimuli-responsive multifunctional systems. As a result, the efficacy of drug delivery can be significantly enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Koroleva
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Miusskaya sq. 9, Moscow 125047.
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5
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Ehrsam D, Sieber S, Oufir M, Porta F, Hamburger M, Huwyler J, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen HE. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of a Paclitaxel Formulation Activated by Extracellular MMP9. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:781-793. [PMID: 31894970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The concept of triggered drug release offers a possibility to overcome the toxic side effects of chemotherapeutics in cancer treatment by reducing systemic exposure to the active drug. In the present work, the concept foresees the use of the extracellular enzyme MMP9 as an enzymatic trigger for drug release in the proximity of tumor cells. METHODS A paclitaxel-hemisuccinate-peptide conjugate as a building block for self-assembling nanoparticles was synthesized using standard conjugation approaches. The building block was purified via preparative HPLC and analyzed by LC-MS. Nanoparticles were formed using the nanoprecipitation method and characterized. For selection of a suitable in vitro model system, common bioanalytical methods were used to determine mRNA expression, enzyme amount, and activity of MMP9. RESULTS The MMP9-labile prodrug was synthesized and characterized. Nanoparticles were formed out of MMP9-labile conjugate-building blocks. The nanoparticle's diameter averaged at around 120 nm and presented a spherical shape. LN-18 cells, a glioblastoma multiforme derived cell line, were chosen as an in vitro model based on findings in cancer tissue and cell line characterization. The prodrug showed cytotoxicity in LN-18 cells, which was reduced by addition of an MMP9 inhibitor. CONCLUSION taken together, we confirmed increased MMP9 in several cancer tissues (cervical, esophageal, lung, and brain) compared to healthy tissue and showed the effectiveness of MMP9-labile prodrug in in vitro tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ehrsam
- Biopharmacy, Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Sieber
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mouhssin Oufir
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabiola Porta
- Biopharmacy, Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Hamburger
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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6
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Faal Maleki M, Jafari A, Mirhadi E, Askarizadeh A, Golichenari B, Hadizadeh F, Jalilzadeh Moghimi SM, Aryan R, Mashreghi M, Jaafari MR. Endogenous stimuli-responsive linkers in nanoliposomal systems for cancer drug targeting. Int J Pharm 2019; 572:118716. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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Moosavian SA, Bianconi V, Pirro M, Sahebkar A. Challenges and pitfalls in the development of liposomal delivery systems for cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 69:337-348. [PMID: 31585213 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable advances in the application of liposomal drug delivery systems in cancer treatment, the clinical application of liposomal formulations has been limited by many factors. It seems that there is a wide gap between results of experimental studies and clinical application of liposomes. In this review, we discuss barriers which limit the translation of liposomal delivery systems in cancer therapy. The main focus of this review will be on differences between preclinical and clinical studies and potential approaches to overcome the main pitfalls in the clinical application of liposomal delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Alia Moosavian
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vanessa Bianconi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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8
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To reduce premature drug release while ensuring burst intracellular drug release of solid lipid nanoparticle-based drug delivery system with clathrin modification. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 15:108-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Tokmina-Roszyk M, Fields GB. Dissecting MMP P 10' and P 11' subsite sequence preferences, utilizing a positional scanning, combinatorial triple-helical peptide library. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:16661-16676. [PMID: 30185620 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that remodel the extracellular matrix environment and mitigate outside-in signaling. Loss of regulation of MMP activity plays a role in numerous pathological states. In particular, aberrant collagenolysis affects tumor invasion and metastasis, osteoarthritis, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. To evaluate the collagen sequence preferences of MMPs, a positional scanning synthetic combinatorial library was synthesized herein and was used to investigate the P10' and P11' substrate subsites. The scaffold for the library was a triple-helical peptide mimic of the MMP cleavage site in types I-III collagen. A FRET-based enzyme activity assay was used to evaluate the sequence preferences of eight MMPs. Deconvolution of the library data revealed distinct motifs for several MMPs and discrimination among closely related MMPs. On the basis of the screening results, several individual peptides were designed and evaluated. A triple-helical substrate incorporating Asp-Lys in the P10'-P11' subsites offered selectivity between MMP-14 and MMP-15, whereas Asp-Lys or Trp-Lys in these subsites discriminated between MMP-2 and MMP-9. Future screening of additional subsite positions will enable the design of selective triple-helical MMP probes that could be used for monitoring in vivo enzyme activity and enzyme-facilitated drug delivery. Furthermore, selective substrates could serve as the basis for the design of specific triple-helical peptide inhibitors targeting only those MMPs that play a detrimental role in a disease of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Tokmina-Roszyk
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida 33458 and
| | - Gregg B Fields
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida 33458 and .,the Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute/Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458
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10
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Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for delivery of bone therapeutics – Barriers and progresses. J Control Release 2018; 273:51-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Sun Q, Zhou Z, Qiu N, Shen Y. Rational Design of Cancer Nanomedicine: Nanoproperty Integration and Synchronization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1606628. [PMID: 28234430 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 663] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Current cancer nanomedicines can only mitigate adverse effects but fail to enhance therapeutic efficacies of anticancer drugs. Rational design of next-generation cancer nanomedicines should aim to enhance their therapeutic efficacies. Taking this into account, this review first analyzes the typical cancer-drug-delivery process of an intravenously administered nanomedicine and concludes that the delivery involves a five-step CAPIR cascade and that high efficiency at every step is critical to guarantee high overall therapeutic efficiency. Further analysis shows that the nanoproperties needed in each step for a nanomedicine to maximize its efficiency are different and even opposing in different steps, particularly what the authors call the PEG, surface-charge, size and stability dilemmas. To resolve those dilemmas in order to integrate all needed nanoproperties into one nanomedicine, stability, surface and size nanoproperty transitions (3S transitions for short) are proposed and the reported strategies to realize these transitions are comprehensively summarized. Examples of nanomedicines capable of the 3S transitions are discussed, as are future research directions to design high-performance cancer nanomedicines and their clinical translations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Sun
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuxian Zhou
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nasha Qiu
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, 310027, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Fouladi F, Steffen KJ, Mallik S. Enzyme-Responsive Liposomes for the Delivery of Anticancer Drugs. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:857-868. [PMID: 28201868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes are nanocarriers that deliver the payloads at the target site, leading to therapeutic drug concentrations at the diseased site and reduced toxic effects in healthy tissues. Several approaches have been used to enhance the ability of the nanocarrier to target the specific tissues, including ligand-targeted liposomes and stimuli-responsive liposomes. Ligand-targeted liposomes exhibit higher uptake by the target tissue due to the targeting ligand attached to the surface, while the stimuli-responsive liposomes do not release their cargo unless they expose to an endogenous or exogenous stimulant at the target site. In this review, we mainly focus on the liposomes that are responsive to pathologically increased levels of enzymes at the target site. Enzyme-responsive liposomes release their cargo upon contact with the enzyme through several destabilization mechanisms: (1) structural perturbation in the lipid bilayer, (2) removal of a shielding polymer from the surface and increased cellular uptake, (3) cleavage of a lipopeptide or lipopolymer incorporated in the bilayer, and (4) activation of a prodrug in the liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Fouladi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Kristine J Steffen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Sanku Mallik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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13
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14
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Azevedo HS, Pashkuleva I. Biomimetic supramolecular designs for the controlled release of growth factors in bone regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 94:63-76. [PMID: 26325686 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of tissues is an assembly of insoluble macromolecules that specifically interact with soluble bioactive molecules and regulate their distribution and availability to cells. Recapitulating this ability has been an important target in controlled growth factor delivery strategies for tissue regeneration and requires the design of multifunctional carriers. This review describes the integration of supramolecular interactions on the design of delivery strategies that encompass self-assembling and engineered affinity components to construct advanced biomimetic carriers for growth factor delivery. Several glycan- and peptide-based self-assemblies reported in the literature are highlighted and commented upon. These examples demonstrate how molecular design and chemistry are successfully employed to create versatile multifunctional molecules which self-assemble/disassemble in a precisely predicted manner, thus controlling compartmentalization, transport and delivery. Finally, we discuss whether recent advances in the design and preparation of supramolecular delivery systems have been sufficient to drive real translation towards a clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena S Azevedo
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK; Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Iva Pashkuleva
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4805-017 Barco Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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15
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van Duijnhoven SMJ, Robillard MS, Langereis S, Grüll H. Bioresponsive probes for molecular imaging: concepts and in vivo applications. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2015; 10:282-308. [PMID: 25873263 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is a powerful tool to visualize and characterize biological processes at the cellular and molecular level in vivo. In most molecular imaging approaches, probes are used to bind to disease-specific biomarkers highlighting disease target sites. In recent years, a new subset of molecular imaging probes, known as bioresponsive molecular probes, has been developed. These probes generally benefit from signal enhancement at the site of interaction with its target. There are mainly two classes of bioresponsive imaging probes. The first class consists of probes that show direct activation of the imaging label (from "off" to "on" state) and have been applied in optical imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The other class consists of probes that show specific retention of the imaging label at the site of target interaction and these probes have found application in all different imaging modalities, including photoacoustic imaging and nuclear imaging. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of bioresponsive imaging probes in order to discuss the various molecular imaging strategies. The focus of the present article is the rationale behind the design of bioresponsive molecular imaging probes and their potential in vivo application for the detection of endogenous molecular targets in pathologies such as cancer and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander M J van Duijnhoven
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marc S Robillard
- Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Langereis
- Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Holger Grüll
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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16
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Li Y, San BH, Kessler JL, Kim JH, Xu Q, Hanes J, Yu SM. Non-covalent photo-patterning of gelatin matrices using caged collagen mimetic peptides. Macromol Biosci 2015; 15:52-62. [PMID: 25476588 PMCID: PMC4430332 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201400436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To address the downside of conventional photo-patterning which can alter the chemical composition of protein scaffolds, we developed a non-covalent photo-patterning strategy for gelatin (denatured collagen) hydrogels that utilizes UV activated triple helical hybridization of caged collagen mimetic peptide (caged CMP). Here we present 2D and 3D photo-patterning of gelatin hydrogels enabled by the caged CMP derivatives, as well as creation of concentration gradients of CMPs. CMP's specificity for binding to gelatin allows patterning of almost any synthetic or natural gelatin-containing matrix, such as gelatin-methacrylate hydrogels and corneal tissues. This is a radically new tool for immobilizing drugs to natural tissues and for functionalizing scaffolds for complex tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, 36 S. Wasatch Drive, 3100 SMBB, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
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17
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Kulkarni PS, Haldar MK, Nahire RR, Katti P, Ambre AH, Muhonen WW, Shabb JB, Padi SKR, Singh RK, Borowicz PP, Shrivastava DK, Katti KS, Reindl K, Guo B, Mallik S. Mmp-9 responsive PEG cleavable nanovesicles for efficient delivery of chemotherapeutics to pancreatic cancer. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2390-9. [PMID: 24827725 PMCID: PMC4096225 DOI: 10.1021/mp500108p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Significant differences in biochemical
parameters between normal
and tumor tissues offer an opportunity to chemically design drug carriers
which respond to these changes and deliver the drugs at the desired
site. For example, overexpression of the matrix metalloproteinase-9
(MMP-9) enzyme in the extracellular matrix of tumor tissues can act
as a trigger to chemically modulate the drug delivery from the carriers.
In this study, we have synthesized an MMP-9-cleavable, collagen mimetic
lipopeptide which forms nanosized vesicles with the POPC, POPE-SS-PEG,
and cholesteryl-hemisuccinate lipids. The lipopeptide retains the
triple-helical conformation when incorporated into these nanovesicles.
The PEG groups shield the substrate lipopeptides from hydrolysis by
MMP-9. However, in the presence of elevated glutathione levels, the
PEG groups are reductively removed, exposing the lipopeptides to MMP-9.
The resultant peptide-bond cleavage disturbs the vesicles’
lipid bilayer, leading to the release of encapsulated contents. These
PEGylated nanovesicles are capable of encapsulating the anticancer
drug gemcitabine with 50% efficiency. They were stable in physiological
conditions and in human serum. Effective drug release was demonstrated
using the pancreatic ductal carcinoma cells (PANC-1 and MIAPaCa-2)
in two-dimensional and three-dimensional “tumor-like”
spheroid cultures. A reduction in tumor growth was observed after
intravenous administration of the gemcitabine-encapsulated nanovesicles
in the xenograft model of athymic, female nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta S Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
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Paul S, Nahire R, Mallik S, Sarkar K. Encapsulated microbubbles and echogenic liposomes for contrast ultrasound imaging and targeted drug delivery. COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS 2014; 53:413-435. [PMID: 26097272 PMCID: PMC4470369 DOI: 10.1007/s00466-013-0962-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Micron- to nanometer-sized ultrasound agents, like encapsulated microbubbles and echogenic liposomes, are being developed for diagnostic imaging and ultrasound mediated drug/gene delivery. This review provides an overview of the current state of the art of the mathematical models of the acoustic behavior of ultrasound contrast microbubbles. We also present a review of the in vitro experimental characterization of the acoustic properties of microbubble based contrast agents undertaken in our laboratory. The hierarchical two-pronged approach of modeling contrast agents we developed is demonstrated for a lipid coated (Sonazoid™) and a polymer shelled (poly D-L-lactic acid) contrast microbubbles. The acoustic and drug release properties of the newly developed echogenic liposomes are discussed for their use as simultaneous imaging and drug/gene delivery agents. Although echogenicity is conclusively demonstrated in experiments, its physical mechanisms remain uncertain. Addressing questions raised here will accelerate further development and eventual clinical approval of these novel technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirshendu Paul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716, USA
| | - Rahul Nahire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo ND 58108, USA
| | - Sanku Mallik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo ND 58108, USA
| | - Kausik Sarkar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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19
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Controlling the actuation of therapeutic nanomaterials: enabling nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery. Ther Deliv 2013; 4:1411-29. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.13.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The implementation of biofunctionalized nanoparticles (NPs) as potential therapeutic materials has seen exponential growth in recent years due to their unique ability to overcome the constraints of current medicine. This has been largely driven by significant advances on a number of basic research fronts including high-quality NP synthesis, bioconjugation, cellular delivery and the controlled release or ‘actuation’ of NP-associated cargos. Cumulatively, these are the key enabling tools for the full realization of NP-mediated drug delivery. In this review, the authors’ focus is on recent developments in methodologies for the controlled actuation of therapeutic NPs. The authors discuss the critical requirements for their integration into biological systems and highlight examples from the recent literature where controlled NP actuation has been successfully demonstrated. The current state of therapeutic NPs in the clinical setting is summarized and the article concludes with a brief perspective of how we can expect to see this emerging field develop in the coming years.
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20
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Ganau M. Tackling gliomas with nanoformulated antineoplastic drugs: suitability of hyaluronic acid nanoparticles. Clin Transl Oncol 2013; 16:220-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-013-1114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Huynh E, Zheng G. Engineering multifunctional nanoparticles: all-in-one versus one-for-all. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 5:250-65. [PMID: 23450626 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional nanoparticles have been developed to overcome the conventional hurdles associated with the diagnosis and treatment of disease. However, there are often caveats involved with the development and clinical translation of multifunctional nanoparticles largely regarding the notion that additional functionality increases nanoparticle complexity. Here, we discuss two design concepts, a conventional approach, 'all-in-one', and introduce the concept of 'one-for-all' to suggest that multifunctionality does not necessarily result in multicomponent complex nanoparticles. This review focuses on the design concepts of all-in-one and one-for-all with examples of each approach and a discussion on the implications for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Huynh
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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22
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Nahire R, Haldar MK, Paul S, Mergoum A, Ambre AH, Katti KS, Gange KN, Srivastava DK, Sarkar K, Mallik S. Polymer-coated echogenic lipid nanoparticles with dual release triggers. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:841-53. [PMID: 23394107 DOI: 10.1021/bm301894z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although lipid nanoparticles are promising drug delivery vehicles, passive release of encapsulated contents at the target site is often slow. Herein, we report contents release from targeted, polymer-coated, echogenic lipid nanoparticles in the cell cytoplasm by redox trigger and simultaneously enhanced by diagnostic frequency ultrasound. The lipid nanoparticles were polymerized on the external leaflet using a disulfide cross-linker. In the presence of cytosolic concentrations of glutathione, the lipid nanoparticles released 76% of encapsulated contents. Plasma concentrations of glutathione failed to release the encapsulated contents. Application of 3 MHz ultrasound for 2 min simultaneously with the reducing agent enhanced the release to 96%. Folic acid conjugated, doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles showed enhanced uptake and higher cytotoxicity in cancer cells overexpressing the folate receptor (compared to the control). With further developments, these lipid nanoparticles have the potential to be used as multimodal nanocarriers for simultaneous targeted drug delivery and ultrasound imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Nahire
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
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23
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Allen TM, Cullis PR. Liposomal drug delivery systems: from concept to clinical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:36-48. [PMID: 23036225 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2911] [Impact Index Per Article: 264.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The first closed bilayer phospholipid systems, called liposomes, were described in 1965 and soon were proposed as drug delivery systems. The pioneering work of countless liposome researchers over almost 5 decades led to the development of important technical advances such as remote drug loading, extrusion for homogeneous size, long-circulating (PEGylated) liposomes, triggered release liposomes, liposomes containing nucleic acid polymers, ligand-targeted liposomes and liposomes containing combinations of drugs. These advances have led to numerous clinical trials in such diverse areas as the delivery of anti-cancer, anti-fungal and antibiotic drugs, the delivery of gene medicines, and the delivery of anesthetics and anti-inflammatory drugs. A number of liposomes (lipidic nanoparticles) are on the market, and many more are in the pipeline. Lipidic nanoparticles are the first nanomedicine delivery system to make the transition from concept to clinical application, and they are now an established technology platform with considerable clinical acceptance. We can look forward to many more clinical products in the future.
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Sadasivam M, Avci P, Gupta GK, Lakshmanan S, Chandran R, Huang YY, Kumar R, Hamblin MR. Self-assembled liposomal nanoparticles in photodynamic therapy. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE 2013; 5. [PMID: 24348377 DOI: 10.1515/ejnm-2013-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) employs the combination of non-toxic photosensitizers (PS) together with harmless visible light of the appropriate wavelength to produce reactive oxygen species that kill unwanted cells. Because many PS are hydrophobic molecules prone to aggregation, numerous drug delivery vehicles have been tested to solubilize these molecules, render them biocompatible and enhance the ease of administration after intravenous injection. The recent rise in nanotechnology has markedly expanded the range of these nanoparticulate delivery vehicles beyond the well-established liposomes and micelles. Self-assembled nanoparticles are formed by judicious choice of monomer building blocks that spontaneously form a well-oriented 3-dimensional structure that incorporates the PS when subjected to the appropriate conditions. This self-assembly process is governed by a subtle interplay of forces on the molecular level. This review will cover the state of the art in the preparation and use of self-assembled liposomal nanoparticles within the context of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magesh Sadasivam
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pinar Avci
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; and Department of Dermatology, Dermatooncology and Venerology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gaurav K Gupta
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Rakkiyappan Chandran
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; and Pathology Department, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Raj Kumar
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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25
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Raoof M, Cisneros BT, Guven A, Phounsavath S, Corr SJ, Wilson LJ, Curley SA. Remotely triggered cisplatin release from carbon nanocapsules by radiofrequency fields. Biomaterials 2012; 34:1862-9. [PMID: 23228421 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery is limited by its peri-vascular sequestration, thus necessitating a strategy to trigger drug release from such intra-tumoral nanocarrier-drug depots. In our efforts to explore remotely-activated nanocarriers, we have developed carbon nanocapsules comprised of an ultra-short carbon nanotube shell (US-tubes) loaded with cisplatin (CDDP@US-tubes) and covered with a Pluronic surfactant wrapping to minimize passive release. We demonstrate here that non-invasive radiofrequency (RF) field activation of the CDDP@US-tubes produces heat that causes Pluronic disruption which triggers cisplatin release in an RF-dependent manner. Furthermore, release-dependent cytotoxicity is demonstrated in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Raoof
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230-1402, USA.
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26
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Mendoza MF, Hollabaugh NM, Hettiarachchi SU, McCarley RL. Human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase type I (hNQO1) activation of quinone propionic acid trigger groups. Biochemistry 2012; 51:8014-26. [PMID: 22989153 DOI: 10.1021/bi300760u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase type I (NQO1) is a target enzyme for triggered delivery of drugs at inflamed tissue and tumor sites, particularly those that challenge traditional therapies. Prodrugs, macromolecules, and molecular assemblies possessing trigger groups that can be cleaved by environmental stimuli are vehicles with the potential to yield active drug only at prescribed sites. Furthermore, quinone propionic acids (QPAs) covalently attached to prodrugs or liposome surfaces can be removed by application of a reductive trigger stimulus, such as that from NQO1; their rates of reductive activation should be tunable via QPA structure. We explored in detail the recombinant human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase type I (rhNQO1)-catalyzed NADH reduction of a family of substituted QPAs and obtained high precision kinetic parameters. It is found that small changes in QPA structure-in particular, single atom and function group substitutions on the quinone ring at R(1)-lead to significant impacts on the Michaelis constant (K(m)), maximum velocity (V(max)), catalytic constant (k(cat)), and catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)). Molecular docking simulations demonstrate that alterations in QPA structure result in large changes in QPA alignment and placement with respect to the flavin isoalloxazine ring in the active site of rhNQO1; a qualitative relationship exists between the kinetic parameters and the depth of QPA penetration into the rhNQO1 active site. From a quantitative perspective, a very good correlation is observed between log(k(cat)/K(m)) and the molecular-docking-derived distance between the flavin hydride donor site and quinone hydride acceptor site in the QPAs, an observation that is in agreement with developing theories. The comprehensive kinetic and molecular modeling knowledge obtained for the interaction of recombinant human NQO1 with the quinone propionic acid analogues provides insight into the design and implementation of the QPA trigger groups for drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Mendoza
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1804, USA
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27
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Sykes PD, Neoptolemos JP, Costello E, Halloran CM. Nanotechnology advances in upper gastrointestinal, liver and pancreatic cancer. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 6:343-56. [PMID: 22646256 DOI: 10.1586/egh.12.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancers of the upper GI tract, liver and pancreas have some of the poorest prognoses of any malignancies. Advances in diagnosis and treatment are sorely needed to improve the outcomes of patients. Nanotechnology offers the potential for constructing tailor-made therapies capable of targeting specific cancers. The particles themselves may be endowed with multifunctional properties that can be exploited for both diagnosis and treatment. Although development of therapies is still in the early stages, the use of nanoparticles (NPs) is widespread in diagnostic applications and will probably involve all areas of medicine in the future. Research into NPs is ongoing for upper gastrointestinal, liver and pancreatic cancers, and their use is becoming increasingly popular as contrast media for radiological investigations. Although more sophisticated technologies capable of active targeting are still in the early stages of assessment for clinical use, a small number of NP-based therapies are in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Sykes
- Liverpool Cancer Research UK Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Studies, University of Liverpool, Daulby Street, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK
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28
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Albanese A, Tang PS, Chan WCW. The effect of nanoparticle size, shape, and surface chemistry on biological systems. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2012; 14:1-16. [PMID: 22524388 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071811-150124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2323] [Impact Index Per Article: 193.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of the interactions between nanoparticles and biological systems is of significant interest. Studies aimed at correlating the properties of nanomaterials such as size, shape, chemical functionality, surface charge, and composition with biomolecular signaling, biological kinetics, transportation, and toxicity in both cell culture and animal experiments are under way. These fundamental studies will provide a foundation for engineering the next generation of nanoscale devices. Here, we provide rationales for these studies, review the current progress in studies of the interactions of nanomaterials with biological systems, and provide a perspective on the long-term implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Albanese
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Zhang XX, Eden HS, Chen X. Peptides in cancer nanomedicine: drug carriers, targeting ligands and protease substrates. J Control Release 2012; 159:2-13. [PMID: 22056916 PMCID: PMC3288222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Peptides are attracting increasing attention as therapeutic agents, as the technologies for peptide development and manufacture continue to mature. Concurrently, with booming research in nanotechnology for biomedical applications, peptides have been studied as an important class of components in nanomedicine, and they have been used either alone or in combination with nanomaterials of every reported composition. Peptides possess many advantages, such as smallness, ease of synthesis and modification, and good biocompatibility. Their functions in cancer nanomedicine, discussed in this review, include serving as drug carriers, as targeting ligands, and as protease-responsive substrates for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiang Zhang
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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30
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Yesilyurt V, Ramireddy R, Azagarsamy MA, Thayumanavan S. Accessing lipophilic ligands in dendrimer-based amphiphilic supramolecular assemblies for protein-induced disassembly. Chemistry 2012; 18:223-9. [PMID: 22127994 PMCID: PMC3345162 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular nanoassemblies that respond to the presence of proteins are of great interest, as aberrations in protein concentrations represent the primary imbalances found in a diseased state. We present here a molecular design, syntheses, and study of facially amphiphilic dendrimers that respond to the presence of the protein, immunoglobulin G. It is of particular interest that the ligand functionality, utilized for causing the binding-induced disassembly, be lipophilic. Demonstration of binding with lipophilic ligands greatly expands the repertoire of binding-induced disassembly, since this covers a rather large class of ligand moieties designed for proteins and these provide specific insights into the mechanistic pathways that are available for the binding-induced disassembly process. Here, we describe the details of the binding induced disassembly, including the change in size of the assembly in response to proteins, concurrent release of noncovalently encapsulated guest molecules, and the specificity of the disassembly process.
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31
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Yu SM, Li Y, Kim D. Collagen Mimetic Peptides: Progress Towards Functional Applications. SOFT MATTER 2011; 7:7927-7938. [PMID: 26316880 PMCID: PMC4548921 DOI: 10.1039/c1sm05329a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, collagen mimetic peptides (CMPs) have been used for elucidating the structure of the collagen triple helix and the factors responsible for its stabilization. The wealth of fundamental knowledge on collagen structure and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions accumulated over the past decades has led to a recent burst of research exploring the potential of CMPs to recreate the higher order assembly and biological function of natural collagens for biomedical applications. Although a large portion of such research is still at an early stage, the collagen triple helix has become a promising structural motif for engineering self-assembled, hierarchical constructs similar to natural tissue scaffolds which are expected to exhibit unique or enhanced biological activities. This paper reviews recent progress in the field of collagen mimetic peptides that bears both direct and indirect implications to engineering collagen-like materials for potential biomedical use. Various CMPs and collagen-like proteins that mimic either structural or functional characteristics of natural collagens are discussed with particular emphasis on providing helpful information to bioengineers and biomaterials scientists interested in collagen engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Michael Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218 ; Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Daniel Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
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32
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33
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Barreto JA, O'Malley W, Kubeil M, Graham B, Stephan H, Spiccia L. Nanomaterials: applications in cancer imaging and therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:H18-40. [PMID: 21433100 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 616] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The application of nanomaterials (NMs) in biomedicine is increasing rapidly and offers excellent prospects for the development of new non-invasive strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. In this review, we provide a brief description of cancer pathology and the characteristics that are important for tumor-targeted NM design, followed by an overview of the different types of NMs explored to date, covering synthetic aspects and approaches explored for their application in unimodal and multimodal imaging, diagnosis and therapy. Significant synthetic advances now allow for the preparation of NMs with highly controlled geometry, surface charge, physicochemical properties, and the decoration of their surfaces with polymers and bioactive molecules in order to improve biocompatibility and to achieve active targeting. This is stimulating the development of a diverse range of nanometer-sized objects that can recognize cancer tissue, enabling visualization of tumors, delivery of anti-cancer drugs and/or the destruction of tumors by different therapeutic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Barreto
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia
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34
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Basel MT, Shrestha TB, Troyer DL, Bossmann SH. Protease-sensitive, polymer-caged liposomes: a method for making highly targeted liposomes using triggered release. ACS NANO 2011; 5:2162-75. [PMID: 21314184 DOI: 10.1021/nn103362n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes have become useful and well-known drug delivery vehicles because of their ability to entrap drugs without chemically modifying them and to deliver them somewhat selectively to tumorous tissue via the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect. Although useful, liposome preparations are still less than ideal because of imperfect specificity, slow release kinetics in the tumor, and leakiness prior to reaching the tumor site. Cancer-associated proteases (CAPs), which are differentially expressed in tumors, have also gained traction recently as a method for tumor targeting and drug delivery. By combining the EPR effect with CAPs sensitivity, a much more specific liposome can be produced. The method described here creates an improved liposome system that can target more specifically, with faster release kinetics and lower general leaking, by deliberately producing a very unstable liposome (loaded with hyperosmotic vehicle) that is subsequently stabilized by a cross-linked polymer shell containing consensus sequences for cancer-associated proteases (protease-triggered, caged liposomes). A cholesterol-anchored, graft copolymer, composed of a short peptide sequence for urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and poly(acrylic acid), was synthesized and incorporated into liposomes prepared at high osmolarities. Upon cross-linking of the polymers, the protease-triggered, caged liposomes showed significant resistance to osmotic swelling and leaking of contents. Protease-triggered, caged liposomes also showed significant and substantial differential release of contents in the presence of uPA, while bare liposomes showed no differential effect in the presence of uPA. Thus a protease-sensitive liposome system with fast release kinetics was developed that could be used for more specific targeting to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Basel
- Department of Chemistry, 213 CBC Building, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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35
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Zhang S, Zhao Y. Controlled Release from Cleavable Polymerized Liposomes upon Redox and pH Stimulation. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:523-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bc1003197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
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36
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Serda RE, Mack A, van de Ven AL, Ferrati S, Dunner K, Godin B, Chiappini C, Landry M, Brousseau L, Liu X, Bean AJ, Ferrari M. Logic-embedded vectors for intracellular partitioning, endosomal escape, and exocytosis of nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:2691-700. [PMID: 20957619 PMCID: PMC2997879 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201000727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A new generation of nanocarriers, logic-embedded vectors (LEVs), is endowed with the ability to localize components at multiple intracellular sites, thus creating an opportunity for synergistic control of redundant or dual-hit pathways. LEV encoding elements include size, shape, charge, and surface chemistry. In this study, LEVs consist of porous silicon nanocarriers, programmed for cellular uptake and trafficking along the endosomal pathway, and surface-tailored iron oxide nanoparticles, programmed for endosomal sorting and partitioning of particles into unique cellular locations. In the presence of persistent endosomal localization of silicon nanocarriers, amine-functionalized nanoparticles are sorted into multiple vesicular bodies that form novel membrane-bound compartments compatible with cellular secretion, while chitosan-coated nanoparticles escape from endosomes and enter the cytosol. Encapsulation within the porous silicon matrix protects these nanoparticle surface-tailored properties, and enhances endosomal escape of chitosan-coated nanoparticles. Thus, LEVs provide a mechanism for shielded transport of nanoparticles to the lesion, cellular manipulation at multiple levels, and a means for targeting both within and between cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita E Serda
- Department of NanoMedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Health Science Center, 1825 Pressler Street, Suite 537, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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37
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MacEwan SR, Callahan DJ, Chilkoti A. Stimulus-responsive macromolecules and nanoparticles for cancer drug delivery. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2010; 5:793-806. [PMID: 20662649 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles and macromolecular carriers have been widely used to increase the efficacy of chemotherapeutics, largely through passive accumulation provided by the enhanced permeability and retention effect. Stimulus-responsive peptide and polymer vehicles can further enhance the efficacy of antitumor therapeutics compared with the administration of free drug by three mechanisms: increasing the overall accumulation within solid tumors; providing a homogeneous spatial distribution in tumor tissues; and increasing the intracellular localization of anticancer therapeutics. This article highlights recent developments in 'smart' - stimulus-responsive - peptide, polymer and lipid drug carriers designed to enhance the localization and efficacy of therapeutic payloads as compared with free drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R MacEwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, PO Box 90281, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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38
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Abstract
A homologous series of pore-forming amphiphiles (PFAs), derived from cholic acid, lysine, and spermine, have been used as "thermal gates" for releasing sucrose from liposomes made from 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)] (sodium salt) [DPPG]. Binding measurements have established that these PFAs are fully bound to these liposomes in their gel state and that their transfer to fluid phase membranes is negligible. Release experiments have shown that thermal gating is sensitive to both the size and the concentration of the PFA that are used. Increases in the extent of release of sucrose with increasing temperature that have been found in the gel/fluid coexistence region indicate the existence of heterogeneity among the liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravil R Petrov
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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39
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Caldorera-Moore M, Guimard N, Shi L, Roy K. Designer nanoparticles: incorporating size, shape and triggered release into nanoscale drug carriers. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:479-95. [PMID: 20331355 DOI: 10.1517/17425240903579971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Although significant progress has been made in delivering therapeutic agents through micro and nanocarriers, precise control over in vivo biodistribution and disease-responsive drug release has been difficult to achieve. This is critical for the success of next generation drug delivery devices, as newer drugs, designed to interfere with cellular functions, must be efficiently and specifically delivered to diseased cells. The chief constraint in achieving this has been our limited repertoire of particle synthesis methods, especially at the nanoscale. Recent developments in generating shape-specific nanocarriers and the potential to combine stimuli-responsive release with nanoscale delivery devices show great promise in overcoming these limitations. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW How recent advances in fabrication technology allow synthesis of highly monodisperse, stimuli-responsive, drug-carrying nanoparticles of precise geometries is discussed. How particle properties, specifically shape and stimuli responsiveness, affect biodistribution, cellular uptake and drug release is also reviewed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader is introduced to recent developments in intelligent drug nanocarriers and new nanofabrication approaches that can be combined with disease-responsive biomaterials. This will provide insight into the importance of controlling particle geometry and incorporating stimuli-responsive materials into drug delivery. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The integration of responsive biomaterials into shape-specific nanocarriers is one of the most promising avenues towards the development of next generation, advanced drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Caldorera-Moore
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1 University Station, C0800, Austin, TX 78712-0238, USA
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Light-mediated and H-bond facilitated liposomal release: the role of lipid head groups in release efficiency. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Banerjee J, Hanson AJ, Muhonen WW, Shabb JB, Mallik S. Microwave-assisted synthesis of triple-helical, collagen-mimetic lipopeptides. Nat Protoc 2009; 5:39-50. [PMID: 20057380 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2009.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Collagen-mimetic peptides and lipopeptides are widely used as substrates for matrix degrading enzymes, as new biomaterials for tissue engineering, as drug delivery systems and so on. However, the preparation and subsequent purification of these peptides and their fatty-acid conjugates are really challenging. Herein, we report a rapid microwave-assisted, solid-phase synthetic protocol to prepare the fatty-acid conjugated, triple-helical peptides containing the cleavage site for the enzyme matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). We employed a PEG-based resin as the solid support and the amino acids were protected with Fmoc- and tert-butyl groups. The amino acids were coupled at 50 degrees C (25 W of microwave power) for 5 min. The deprotection reactions were carried out at 75 degrees C (35 W of microwave power) for 3 min. Using this protocol, a peptide containing 23 amino acids was synthesized and then conjugated to stearic acid in 14 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayati Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
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Aluri S, Janib SM, Mackay JA. Environmentally responsive peptides as anticancer drug carriers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:940-52. [PMID: 19628014 PMCID: PMC2757494 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment provides multiple cues that may be exploited to improve the efficacy of established chemotherapeutics; furthermore, polypeptides are uniquely situated to capitalize on these signals. Peptides provide: 1) a rich repertoire of biologically specific interactions to draw upon; 2) environmentally responsive phase behaviors, which may be tuned to respond to signatures of disease; 3) opportunities to direct self-assembly; 4) control over routes of biodegradation; 5) the option to seamlessly combine functionalities into a single polymer via a one-step biosynthesis. As development of cancer-targeted nanocarriers expands, peptides provide a unique source of functional units that may target disease. This review explores potential microenvironmental physiology indicative of tumors and peptides that have demonstrated an ability to target and deliver to these signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhaas Aluri
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033-9121, USA
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Banerjee J, Hanson AJ, Gadam B, Elegbede AI, Tobwala S, Ganguly B, Wagh AV, Muhonen WW, Law B, Shabb JB, Srivastava DK, Mallik S. Release of liposomal contents by cell-secreted matrix metalloproteinase-9. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1332-9. [PMID: 19601658 DOI: 10.1021/bc9000646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes have been widely used as a drug delivery vehicle, and currently, more than 10 liposomal formulations are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for clinical use. However, upon targeting, the release of the liposome-encapsulated contents is usually slow. We have recently demonstrated that contents from appropriately formulated liposomes can be rapidly released by the cancer-associated enzyme matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Herein, we report our detailed studies to optimize the liposomal formulations. By properly selecting the lipopeptide, the major lipid component, and their relative amounts, we demonstrate that the contents are rapidly released in the presence of cancer-associated levels of recombinant human MMP-9. We observed that the degree of lipid mismatch between the lipopepides and the major lipid component profoundly affects the release profiles from the liposomes. By utilizing the optimized liposomal formulations, we also demonstrate that cancer cells (HT-29) which secrete low levels of MMP-9 failed to release a significant amount of the liposomal contents. Metastatic cancer cells (MCF7) secreting high levels of the enzyme rapidly release the encapsulated contents from the liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayati Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA
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Boomer JA, Qualls MM, Inerowicz HD, Haynes RH, Patri VS, Kim JM, Thompson DH. Cytoplasmic delivery of liposomal contents mediated by an acid-labile cholesterol-vinyl ether-PEG conjugate. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:47-59. [PMID: 19072698 DOI: 10.1021/bc800239b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An acid-cleavable PEG lipid, 1'-(4'-cholesteryloxy-3'-butenyl)-omega-methoxy-polyethylene[112] glycolate (CVEP), has been developed that produces stable liposomes when dispersed as a minor component (0.5-5 mol %) in 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE). Cleavage of CVEP at mildly acidic pHs results in dePEGylation of the latently fusogenic DOPE liposomes, thereby triggering the onset of content release. This paper describes the synthesis of CVEP via a six-step sequence starting from the readily available precursors 1,4-butanediol, cholesterol, and mPEG acid. The hydrolysis rates and release kinetics from CVEP/DOPE liposome dispersions as a function of CVEP loading, as well as the cryogenic transmission electron microscopy and pH-dependent monolayer properties of 9:91 CVEP/DOPE mixtures, also are reported. When folate receptor-positive KB cells were exposed to calcein-loaded 5:95 CVEP/DOPE liposomes containing 0.1 mol % folate-modified 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-polyethylene[76] glycolamide (folate-PEG-DSPE), delivery of the calcein cargo to the cytoplasm of the cells was observed as determined by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis of lipid mixing in these cells was consistent with membrane-membrane fusion between the liposome and endosomal membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Boomer
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393, USA
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Azagarsamy MA, Gomez-Escudero A, Yesilyurt V, Vachet RW, Thayumanavan S. Amphiphilic nanoassemblies for the detection of peptides and proteins using fluorescence and mass spectrometry. Analyst 2009; 134:635-49. [DOI: 10.1039/b818484d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Abstract
An exciting new direction in responsive liposome research is endogenous triggering of liposomal payload release by overexpressed enzyme activity in affected tissues and offers the unique possibility of active and site-specific release. Bringing to fruition the fully expected capabilities of this new class of triggered liposomal delivery system requires a collection of liposome systems that respond to different upregulated enzymes; however, a relatively small number currently exist. Here we show that stable, approximately 100 nm diameter liposomes can be made from previously unreported quinone-dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (Q-DOPE) lipids, and complete payload release (quenched fluorescent dye) from Q-DOPE liposomes occurs upon their redox activation when the quinone headgroup possesses specific substituents. The key component of the triggerable, contents-releasing Q-DOPE liposomes is a "trimethyl-locked" quinone redox switch attached to the N-terminus of DOPE lipids that undergoes a cleavage event upon two-electron reduction. Payload release by aggregation and leakage of "uncapped" Q-DOPE liposomes is supported by results from liposomes wherein deliberate alteration of the "trimethyl-locked" switch completely deactivates the redox-destructible phenomena (liposome opening). We expect that Q-DOPE liposomes and their variants will be important in treatment of diseases with associated tissues that overexpress quinone reductases, such as cancers and inflammatory diseases, because the quinone redox switch is a known substrate for this group of reductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winston Ong
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biomodular Multiscale Systems, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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Elegbede AI, Banerjee J, Hanson AJ, Tobwala S, Ganguli B, Wang R, Lu X, Srivastava DK, Mallik S. Mechanistic studies of the triggered release of liposomal contents by matrix metalloproteinase-9. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:10633-42. [PMID: 18642903 PMCID: PMC2644422 DOI: 10.1021/ja801548g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute a class of extracellular-matrix-degrading enzymes overexpressed in many cancers and contribute to the metastatic ability of the cancer cells. We have recently demonstrated that liposomal contents can be released when triggered by the enzyme MMP-9. Herein, we report the results of our mechanistic studies of the MMP-9-triggered release of liposomal contents. We synthesized peptides containing the cleavage site for MMP-9 and conjugated them with fatty acids to prepare the corresponding lipopeptides. By employing circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, we demonstrated that the lipopeptides, when incorporated into liposomes, are demixed in the lipid bilayers and generate triple-helical structures. MMP-9 cleaves the triple-helical peptides, leading to the release of the liposomal contents. Other MMPs, which cannot hydrolyze triple-helical peptides, fail to release the contents from the liposomes. We also observed that the rate and extent of release of the liposomal contents depend on the mismatch between the acyl chains of the synthesized lipopeptide and phospholipid components of the liposomes. CD spectroscopic studies imply that the observed differences in the release reflect the ability of the liposomal membrane to anneal the defects following the enzymatic cleavage of the liposome-incorporated lipopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adekunle I. Elegbede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105
| | - Jayati Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105
| | - Andrea J. Hanson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105
| | - Shakila Tobwala
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105
| | - Bratati Ganguli
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105
| | - Rongying Wang
- Proteomics Core Facility, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202
| | - Xiaoning Lu
- Proteomics Core Facility, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202
| | - D. K. Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105
| | - Sanku Mallik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105
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